351:
31:
1001:
Priests and bishops who had gathered in
Convocation to draft the canons of 1640, within months, were unable to enforce them. By December 1640 thirteen bishops had been impeached, with another dozen having followed them by December 1641. Within eight weeks of the opening of Parliament, the Houses were
896:
The 1630s saw deepening polarization of religious opinion influenced by reactions to tracts, sermons and lobbying. The religious changes Laud and King
Charles tried to implement in Scotland culminating with the Prayer Book of 1637 which was produced under Laud for Scotland led to the formation of the
233:
The
Sacraments are emphasized as means of Grace open to all who confess their sins and truly repent, and Baptism and Communion were raised over the preaching of sermons. Personal holiness and the necessity of good works are emphasized and taught, and the Daily Office was encouraged and the "Beauty of
282:, that the Puritan Calvinists were aberrant brethren, erring but deserving some level of leniency; instead he believed that the Puritan non-conformists presented a direct threat to the establishment and that there was more common ground between Anglicanism and Lutheranism or even that of the pre-
749:
and the press. Although the King tried to quiet such opposition through proclamations, the confinement of offenders and a set of
Directions to Preachers in 1622, opposition came from senior figures within the established Church, such as several royal chaplains, Dean
162:. “Furthermore we must receive God’s promises in such wise as they be generally set forth in holy Scripture; and in our doings that will of God is to be followed, which we have expressly declared to us in the word of God.” The word generally is in the Latin
300:, who were defined as "a kind of heretic that held fatal predestination of every particular matter person or action, and that all things come to passe, and fell out necessarily; especially touching the salvation and damnation of particular men".
274:
was the unifying feature of the
Continental Reformed Churches, and the Puritans of all types. The rejection and suppression of this view of election led to deep friction within the Church of England between the Anglican and Puritan parties.
974:
Their removal temporarily ended censorship, and especially in London led to an explosion in the printing of pamphlets, books and sermons, many advocating radical religious and political ideas, like doing away with
Bishops in favor of a
946:
One reason was that bishops held a variety of non-religious roles which impacted all levels of society; they acted as state censors, who were able to ban sermons and writings, while ordinary people could be tried by
166:, which means not usually, but universally and Article 31 says "Christ once made is that perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction, for all the sins of the whole world, both original and actual"
919:. Furthermore attacks on the episcopacy increased as both issues were linked, because in the 17th century 'true religion' and 'good government' were seen as mutually dependent. In general, Laudian
307:
made a statute in 1636 instructing all clergy to wear short hair, many
Puritans rebelled to show their contempt for his authority and began to grow their hair even longer
230:, and prayers for the dead were rejected, as were the Roman doctrines concerning the Sacrifice of the Mass. Laudianism was as opposed to the "Papists" as the Puritans.
728:
207:
is the replacement of the teaching that salvation necessarily came from the Church through the
Sacraments, but rather instead came through the individual, and
150:. The doctrine of predestination was to be handled with care at a parish level in order to offset despair and the ensuing disobedience, the seventeenth of the
453:
827:
had the communion table transformed into an altar at the east end of the cathedral and supported Laud (then under his patronage) in a similar action at the
390:
1013:
meant that the
Established Church was unprotected on a parish level since the Church could no longer charge anyone with a crime. Prayer books and
103:, and hence the possibility of salvation for all men through objective work of the sacraments. Laudianism had a significant impact on the Anglican
173:
and the free will of all men to obtain salvation in Christ's Church through the
Sacraments as means of grace thus, various Reformed theories of
721:
606:
1010:
1002:
calling not for the restoration of the Anglican church, but the abolition of the entire ecclesiastical order and its reconstruction in a
834:
In the 1630s, Laud declared that "the altar is the greatest place of God's residence upon earth, greater than the pulpit for there it is
548:
1615:
714:
503:
334:
1610:
805:
792:. As bishop of London, he had been controlling the printing presses since 1628 and prohibiting discussion of predestination. The
812:
and all predestinarian teaching was subsequently banned. This was supported by a royal proclamation which effectively outlawed
189:
1489:
1338:
1313:
971:
was a major step on the road to war, since it meant Charles could no longer prevent passage of legislation that he opposed.
694:
762:, Archbishop of Canterbury. Indeed, James reacted to this episode by moving his support to anti-Calvinist churchmen such as
1055:
591:
112:
1600:
543:
385:
1482:
Religious Thought in England, from the Reformation to the End of Last Century; A Contribution to the History of Theology
255:
and that power flows from God down to the King, not from the people up to the King. Those who followed it were called
138:
of 1559, which set the tone for English religious policy until the rise of Laudianism, was theologically a mixture of
1581:
1524:
1467:
991:
699:
626:
169:
Building on this, Laudianism is based in the universality and objectivity of God's grace through the Sacraments, the
876:
Laud was concerned with conformity in the Church and the Puritans who did not follow the services as written in the
244:
Subjective means of determining ones state with God or ones vocation were rejected in favor of objective means, and
472:
342:
1605:
417:
412:
318:, to the extent that Anglicans and Puritans could no longer be united in one church, which ultimaty led to the
915:. More books were published by Puritans attacking the Divine right of Kings, the most well known of which is
885:
881:
641:
563:
480:
440:
427:
380:
1429:
1275:
846:
King Charles I established the precedent that all parochial churches should follow the by then general
212:
869:
practice and deemphasized the Calvinist practice of having the pulpit at the centre, which emphasized
177:
were rejected, and predestination was based on God's promise to the Church as the Ark of Salvation in
518:
1499:
Marsh, Bethany (2020). "A War of Words; politics, propaganda and censorship during the Civil Wars".
1512:
789:
689:
558:
375:
193:
38:
963:
and other 'sins of the flesh', as well as matrimonial or inheritance disputes. As members of the
1046:
998:
994:
and they included as Canon VI, a pledge to uphold episcopacy and the current Anglican hierarchy.
308:
17:
1477:
967:, bishops often blocked legislation opposed by the Crown; their ousting from Parliament by the
523:
271:
223:
208:
135:
1455:
1565:
1075:
1070:
759:
674:
508:
498:
252:
227:
124:
1620:
1050:
828:
809:
785:
767:
631:
488:
151:
107:
movement and its emphasis on the sacraments, personal holiness, beautiful liturgy, and the
42:
8:
679:
493:
404:
283:
170:
1442:
1025:
793:
742:
571:
553:
448:
435:
350:
178:
1577:
1543:
1535:
1520:
1485:
1463:
1334:
1309:
1080:
976:
940:
924:
819:
There was also a break with Calvinism on a visual level. Upon his translation to the
763:
751:
315:
69:
65:
1434:
1060:
928:
902:
820:
775:
771:
654:
636:
596:
278:
In addition, Archbishop Laud disagreed with the views of his predecessors, such as
185:
143:
116:
968:
755:
684:
158:, as one of the founding principles of the English Church and omits reference to
120:
61:
1099:
On Laudianism: Piety, Polemic and Politics During the Personal Rule of Charles I
1279:
964:
797:
782:, thus radically shifting the power-base in favour of the emerging movement.
649:
513:
422:
319:
286:
174:
92:
77:
1594:
1032:, who gave King Charles I his last rites, was made Archbishop of Canterbury.
1029:
1011:
the removal of ecclesiastical judges and the abolition of the High Commission
858:
843:
824:
801:
458:
279:
1555:
Tyacke, Nicholas (1990). "Arminianism during the Personal Rule and after'".
1438:
1041:
980:
948:
936:
796:
had been filled with a succession of Laudians since the death of Calvinist
304:
293:
88:
34:
1065:
960:
898:
219:
159:
139:
104:
1570:
Reformation to revolution: politics and religion in early modern England
292:
The 1633 edition of the standard Latin-English Dictionary, dedicated to
1547:
1446:
1085:
1018:
932:
779:
245:
235:
119:, of which Laud was one of the first. The expression of this since the
108:
85:
81:
73:
1422:(1st ed.). London: The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
1573:
1014:
952:
912:
870:
862:
847:
813:
788:
took these personnel changes even further when Laud was promised the
359:
204:
197:
147:
100:
96:
1024:
The re-establishment of the Anglican Church, would not occur until
920:
916:
908:
866:
851:
850:
practice of placing communion tables altar-wise at the east end of
256:
1003:
877:
1359:
956:
746:
30:
64:, was an early seventeenth-century reform movement within the
314:
These conflicts exacerbated the deep polarization within the
238:
practice of the Calvinists. The services were referred to as
1557:
Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism c.1590-1640
260:
911:
who supported him, found themselves under attack from the
1427:
Cressy, David (2003). "Revolutionary England 1640-1642".
1241:
1395:
931:, appointed by, and answerable to, the king, while most
196:
from it, as well as being nourished and strengthened by
1371:
1258:
1256:
891:
1456:"The Ecclesiastical Policies of James I and Charles I"
1347:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1139:
838:, This is my body; but in the other it is at most but
741:
Following the royal marriage negotiations with Spain,
1383:
266:
1253:
1217:
935:
were Puritans and believed he was answerable to the
804:, the one-time mentor of William Laud. In 1628, the
203:
This is significant since one of the main points of
1205:
1193:
1166:
234:Holiness" in aesthetics was emphasized against the
1017:were torn up; communion tables were relocated and
218:However Roman Catholic practices condemned in the
146:Catholic doctrines, and some minor elements from
27:Early seventeenth-century English reform movement
1592:
1566:"Puritanism, Arminianism and Counter-revolution"
842:, This is my word." In November 1633, by act of
111:. Laudianism was the culmination of the move to
1108:. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
939:, appointed by their congregations, or to the
154:sets out a doctrine of predestination to life,
1484:. Vol. 2. General Books LLC. p. 5.
907:After the 1640s, King Charles and any of the
722:
251:The political theology of Laudianism was the
1534:
1365:
857:The visual emphasis that this placed on the
607:History of the Puritans under King Charles I
60:as they styled themselves when debating the
1453:
1247:
729:
715:
549:History of the Puritans under King James I
349:
184:Salvation was conditioned on entering the
800:in 1628 and from 1632 it was occupied by
504:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I
1328:
1280:"The influence of Calvinism on politics"
988:Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiasticall
296:, contained for the first time the word
29:
1511:
1401:
1389:
1274:
1130:
745:faced an upsurge in hostility from the
14:
1593:
1563:
1554:
1454:Fincham, Kenneth; Lake, Peter (1993).
1426:
1417:
1377:
1303:
1262:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1145:
1498:
1353:
37:, for whom "Laudianism" is named, as
1517:The Nature of the English Revolution
1476:
1235:
1157:
1056:Arminianism in the Church of England
892:Laudianism and the English Civil War
778:, and at last elevating Laud to the
592:Arminianism in the Church of England
113:Arminianism in the Church of England
91:and his supporters. It rejected the
68:that tried to avoid the extremes of
1333:(1983 ed.). Penguin Classics.
386:Convocations of Canterbury and York
24:
1091:
267:Laudianism & Puritan Calvinism
25:
1632:
1519:. Routledge. pp. 73–74, 82.
1306:The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646
700:History of the Anglican Communion
627:History of the Puritans from 1649
1616:History of the Church of England
343:History of the Church of England
1611:Christian theological movements
1559:. Oxford Historical Monographs.
1420:The Anglicanism of William Laud
1322:
1297:
1268:
1106:The Anglicanism of William Laud
1229:
1151:
1133:The Oxford Movement in Context
1124:
1021:were burned by the Puritans.
473:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)
418:Dissolution of the Monasteries
303:After the Anglican Archbishop
13:
1:
1462:. Stanford University Press.
1458:. In Fincham, Kenneth (ed.).
1112:
1101:. Cambridge University Press.
1117:
544:James I and religious issues
381:Religion in Medieval England
7:
1035:
790:archbishopric of Canterbury
585:Caroline period (1625–1649)
537:Jacobean period (1603–1625)
211:of God, which could not be
129:
76:by building on the work of
10:
1637:
1601:17th-century Protestantism
1411:
325:
115:, and led directly to the
1564:Tyacke, Nicholas (1994).
1331:The King's War, 1641–1647
1104:Bourne, E. C. E. (1947).
1568:. In Todd, Margo (ed.).
1542:(2nd ed.). Archon.
990:were passed by the 1640
983:form of Church Polity.
690:Disestablishmentarianism
559:Hampton Court Conference
376:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
259:and it later became the
39:Archbishop of Canterbury
1460:The Early Stuart church
1418:Bourne, Edward (1947).
1329:Wedgwood, C.V. (1958).
1304:Hutton, Ronald (2003).
1248:Fincham & Lake 1993
1131:Nockles, Peter (1997).
1047:King Charles the Martyr
999:First English Civil War
808:was made Chancellor of
405:Reformation (1509–1559)
391:Development of dioceses
248:was not to be trusted.
190:remaining in the church
179:Ecclesiastical Election
84:and was promulgated by
1606:Anglican Churchmanship
829:dioceses of Gloucester
754:of Exeter, Archdeacon
524:Marprelate Controversy
519:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
413:Reformation Parliament
369:Middle Ages (597–1500)
272:Unconditional election
224:Intercession of saints
209:Unconditional election
136:Elizabethan Settlement
54:Old High Churchmanship
46:
1439:10.1093/past/181.1.35
1076:Divine right of kings
1071:Central churchmanship
1009:During the conflicts
951:for crimes including
937:leaders of the church
901:and the start of the
882:Book of Common Prayer
816:on a national level.
675:Bangorian Controversy
643:Book of Common Prayer
565:Book of Common Prayer
509:Vestments controversy
499:The Books of Homilies
482:Book of Common Prayer
442:Book of Common Prayer
429:Book of Common Prayer
253:Divine right of kings
228:Eucharistic adoration
125:Central churchmanship
33:
1287:Theology in Scotland
1160:Evangelical Theology
1158:Toon, Peter (1980).
1097:Lake, Peter (2023).
1051:Charles I of England
810:Cambridge University
632:Westminster Assembly
489:Thirty-nine Articles
188:through Baptism and
152:Thirty-Nine Articles
58:Orthodox Anglicanism
41:during the reign of
1368:, pp. 390–391.
840:Hoc est verbum meum
836:Hoc est corpus meum
821:bishopric of Durham
768:Winchester dioceses
680:Evangelical Revival
494:Convocation of 1563
171:universal atonement
1536:Trevor-Roper, Hugh
806:Duke of Buckingham
695:Prayer Book Crisis
572:King James Version
554:Millenary Petition
449:Forty-two Articles
436:Edwardine Ordinals
47:
1515:(July 15, 2014).
1491:978-1-150-98096-1
1404:, pp. 73–74.
1380:, pp. 35–71.
1366:Trevor-Roper 1962
1356:, pp. 79–80.
1340:978-0-1400-6991-4
1315:978-0-4153-0540-2
1081:English Civil War
977:Congregationalist
925:Church of England
764:Lancelot Andrewes
739:
738:
356:Westminster Abbey
316:Church of England
70:Roman Catholicism
66:Church of England
16:(Redirected from
1628:
1587:
1560:
1551:
1530:
1508:
1495:
1473:
1450:
1430:Past and Present
1423:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
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1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
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1320:
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1294:
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1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1190:, p. 67-68.
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1148:, p. 60-61.
1143:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1061:Caroline Divines
933:Parliamentarians
731:
724:
717:
655:Nonjuring schism
637:Savoy Conference
597:Caroline Divines
353:
330:
329:
298:Praedestinatiani
144:council of Trent
123:is often called
117:Caroline Divines
21:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1540:Archbishop Laud
1527:
1492:
1470:
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1408:
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1364:
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1348:
1341:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1302:
1298:
1282:
1278:(Autumn 2009).
1276:Macleod, Donald
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:, pp. 181.
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1156:
1152:
1144:
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1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1094:
1092:Further reading
1038:
1026:the Restoration
969:Clergy Act 1640
894:
776:London dioceses
735:
706:
705:
704:
685:Oxford Movement
669:
661:
660:
659:
621:
613:
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611:
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538:
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528:
475:
465:
464:
463:
407:
397:
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328:
309:their portraits
269:
132:
121:Oxford movement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1618:
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1603:
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1588:
1582:
1561:
1552:
1532:
1525:
1509:
1496:
1490:
1474:
1468:
1451:
1433:(181): 35–71.
1424:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1392:, pp. 82.
1382:
1370:
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893:
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886:Nonconformists
758:of Surrey and
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650:Great Ejection
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514:Richard Hooker
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423:Thomas Cranmer
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339:
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327:
324:
320:Great Ejection
287:Roman Catholic
268:
265:
175:predestination
131:
128:
93:predestination
78:Richard Hooker
52:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1633:
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1619:
1617:
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1583:0-415-09691-X
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1549:
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1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:9781317895817
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:Morrill, John
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:History Today
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1493:
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1469:0-8047-2196-3
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1374:
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1342:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1308:. Routledge.
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1265:, p. 53.
1264:
1259:
1257:
1250:, p. 34.
1249:
1244:
1238:, p. 5
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1214:, p. 93.
1213:
1208:
1202:, p. 76.
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 65.
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1054:
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1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1030:William Juxon
1028:in 1660 when
1027:
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1016:
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1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
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970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:church courts
944:
942:
941:congregations
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
904:
903:Bishops' Wars
900:
889:
887:
884:were labeled
883:
880:found in the
879:
874:
872:
868:
865:aligned with
864:
860:
859:Real Presence
855:
853:
849:
845:
844:Privy Council
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
825:Richard Neile
822:
817:
815:
811:
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799:
795:
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483:
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469:
468:
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459:Marian exiles
457:
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323:
321:
317:
312:
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306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
285:
281:
280:John Whitgift
276:
273:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
242:
241:
240:high and dry.
237:
231:
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206:
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137:
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114:
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106:
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99:in favour of
98:
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90:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1569:
1556:
1539:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1481:
1459:
1428:
1419:
1402:Morrill 2014
1397:
1390:Morrill 2014
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1270:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1105:
1098:
1042:William Laud
1023:
1008:
996:
987:
985:
981:Presbyterian
973:
945:
943:themselves.
927:governed by
923:supported a
906:
895:
875:
856:
839:
835:
833:
818:
794:York primacy
784:
760:George Abbot
740:
642:
601:
564:
481:
441:
428:
355:
313:
305:William Laud
302:
297:
294:William Laud
291:
277:
270:
250:
243:
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232:
217:
202:
183:
168:
163:
155:
133:
89:William Laud
57:
53:
49:
48:
35:William Laud
1621:Arminianism
1378:Cressy 2003
1263:Tyacke 1994
1224:Tyacke 1990
1212:Bourne 1947
1200:Bourne 1947
1188:Bourne 1947
1176:Bourne 1947
1146:Bourne 1947
1066:High church
1019:altar rails
997:During the
992:Convocation
961:fornication
899:Covenanters
220:39 Articles
164:generaliter
160:reprobation
142:, some pre-
140:Lutheranism
105:high church
62:Tractarians
1595:Categories
1548:B0007G148O
1478:Hunt, John
1354:Marsh 2020
1113:References
1086:Puritanism
913:Roundheads
780:episcopate
602:Laudianism
358:(1749) by
289:Church.
263:movement.
246:Enthusiasm
236:low church
222:like, the
109:episcopate
95:upheld by
86:Archbishop
82:John Jewel
74:Puritanism
50:Laudianism
1574:Routledge
1480:(2010) .
1236:Hunt 2010
1118:Citations
1015:surplices
953:blasphemy
921:Royalists
909:Cavaliers
871:preaching
863:Eucharist
848:cathedral
823:in 1617,
814:Calvinism
786:Charles I
772:Montaigne
752:Sutcliffe
668:1700–1950
620:1649–1688
360:Canaletto
257:Cavaliers
213:forfeited
205:Calvinism
198:Communion
194:departing
156:in Christ
148:Calvinism
101:free will
97:Calvinism
43:Charles I
1538:(1962).
1036:See also
917:Lex, Rex
897:Puritan
867:Lutheran
861:and the
852:chancels
798:Matthews
756:Hakewill
335:a series
333:Part of
284:Reformed
192:and not
130:Theology
1447:3600785
1412:Sources
1006:mold.
1004:Puritan
929:bishops
878:Liturgy
743:James I
454:Martyrs
326:History
18:Laudian
1580:
1546:
1523:
1488:
1466:
1445:
1337:
1312:
957:heresy
747:pulpit
645:(1662)
567:(1604)
484:(1559)
444:(1552)
431:(1549)
337:on the
186:Church
80:, and
1443:JSTOR
1283:(PDF)
802:Neile
56:, or
1578:ISBN
1544:ASIN
1521:ISBN
1507:(B).
1486:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1293:(2).
1049:and
986:The
770:and
322:.
261:Tory
215:.
134:The
72:and
1435:doi
1291:XVI
979:or
854:.
774:at
766:at
200:.
1597::
1576:.
1572:.
1505:70
1503:.
1441:.
1289:.
1285:.
1255:^
1168:^
959:,
955:,
888:.
873:.
831:.
311:)
226:,
181:.
1586:.
1550:.
1531:}
1529:.
1494:.
1472:.
1449:.
1437::
1343:.
1318:.
1162:.
1135:.
730:e
723:t
716:v
45:.
20:)
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