Laudabiliter - Knowledge

41: 3044:... the kings of England ... have in direct violation of , for a long period past kept down that people in a state of intolerable bondage, accompanied with unheard-of hardships and grievances. Nor was there found during all that time, any person to redress the grievances they endured or be moved with a pitiful compassion for their distress; although recourse was had to you ... and the loud cry of the oppressed fell, at times at least, upon your own ear. In consequence whereof, unable to support such a state of things any longer, they have been compelled to withdraw themselves from your jurisdiction and to invite another to come and be ruler over them ... 3093:... in the year of the Lord 1155, at the false and wicked representation of King Henry of England, under whom and perhaps by whom St. Thomas of Canterbury, as you know, in that very year suffered death for justice and defence of the church, Pope Adrian, your predecessor, an Englishman not so much by birth as by feeling and character, did in fact, but unfairly, confer upon that same Henry (whom for his said offence he should rather have been deprived of his own kingdom) this lordship of ours by a certain form of words, the course of justice entirely disregarded and the moral vision of that great pontiff blinded, alas! by his English proclivities. 2975:

yearly pension of one penny from each house. If, therefore, you bring your purpose to good effect, let it be your study to improve the habits of that people, and take such orders by yourself, or by others whom you shall think fitting, for their lives, manners and conversation, that the Church there may be adorned by them, the Christian faith be planted and increased, and all that concerns the honour of God and the salvation of souls be ordered by you in like manner; so that you may receive at God's hands the blessed reward of everlasting life, and may obtain on earth a glorious name in ages to come.

2587: 3011: 2578:, Father Burke notes that "Henry obliged every man in England, from the boy of twelve years up to the old man, to renounce their allegiance to the true Pope, and go over to an anti-Pope"; and asks whether it was likely that Alexander would give Henry a letter to settle ecclesiastical matters in Ireland. Father Burke, citing Alexander who wrote to Henry, notes that instead of referring to a document giving him permission to settle Church matters in Ireland Alexander said: 2050: 2535: 2481: 2967:... You have signified to us, our well-beloved son in Christ, that you propose to enter the island of Ireland in order to subdue the people and make them obedient to laws, and to root out from among them the weeds of sin; and that you are willing to yield and pay yearly from every house the pension of one penny to St Peter, and to keep and preserve the rights of the churches in that land whole and inviolate. 2189:

suggests that some historians have stated that John of Salisbury accompanied this mission but this is a mistake, based on a confusion of the fact that John had many interviews with the Pope at Beneventum. The mistake may be due to the fact that the King, hearing John intended to visit the Pope, sent messages and letters through him in addition to employing a regular messenger, in the person of Robert the Abbot.

2129: 2557:. The letters, he says, recognise no title or claim of Henry to dominion except "the power of the monarch, and the submission of the chiefs". They do mention the Pope's rights over all islands, and ask Henry to preserve these rights. This proves, he says, that the grant of Adrian was unknown in Rome as completely as it was in England and Ireland. Such a deduction is confirmed, he says, by the action later of 1821: 2102:, John of Salisbury states that on the occasion of his visit to Adrian IV at Benevento between November 1155 and July 1156, the latter, at his request, granted to Henry II of England the "hereditary possession" of Ireland; he mentioned documentation as well as a ring of investiture, preserved in the public treasury, which he, John, had conveyed from the pope to the king. Alfread H. Tarleton in 1931:, and exaggerated the obstacles Malachy had to overcome: "Never before had he known the like, in whatever depth of barbarism; never had he found men so shameless in regard of morals, so dead in regard of rites, so stubborn in regard of discipline, so unclean in regard of life. They were Christians in name, in fact pagans." Bernard's characterization did much to form the general view of 3113:. In its date, style and contents the Remonstrance argues against the attempts to negate the bull centuries later. It is also clear from these documents that Clement V wanted Edward II to promote a more tolerant administration in Ireland, but without going so far as to revoke the bull of 1155. Given that he was a Pope during the controversial 2011:, the ousted King of Leinster, who had sought help in regaining his kingdom. Henry authorised Diarmait to seek help from the soldiers and mercenaries in his kingdom in exchange for an oath of allegiance. In October 1171, Henry landed a large army in Ireland to establish control over both the Cambro-Normans and the Irish. 2095:, Burke states that Pope Adrian was elected on the 3rd of December 1154 and suggests that it must have taken at least a month in those days before news of the election would have arrived in England, and at least another before John of Salisbury arrived in Rome making his arrival there around March 1155. 2699:

in the Book of Leinster. To the text of the bull are prefixed the following headings: "Ah! men of the faith of the world, how beautiful when over the cold sea in ships Zephyrus wafts glad tidings" a Bull granted to the King of the English on the collation, i.e. grant, of Hibernia, in which nothing

2524:

In the letter to Henry, according to Thatcher, Alexander beseeches Henry to preserve whatever rights St. Peter already actually exercises in Ireland, and expresses confidence that Henry will be willing to acknowledge his duty. In this letter, Thatcher notes, there is no mention of Adrian IV, or any

2419:

McCormick says that it is extremely difficult, in any hypothesis, to explain in a satisfactory way this silence, nor is it easy to understand how a fact so important to the interests of Ireland could remain so many years concealed, including from those in the Irish Church. Throughout this period he

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is a falsification of a genuine letter, now lost. Professor Duggan demonstrated that arranging the paragraphs in a more conventional manner, reveals a more cautious statement that "fits very closely with a known letter of Adrian IV, advising the kings of France and England not to go forward with a

2632:

According to Curtis, the Pope sent another privilege which was published by papal envoys after the Synod of Waterford, which he said conferred on Henry the dominion over the Irish people. Whatever we may think of the so-called Bull of Adrian, says Curtis, there can be no doubt that the letters and

2620:

could always come and go as he pleased and that no Irish king obstructed him and that no Irishman's hand was ever raised against a bishop, "much less against the Papal Legate". However, of the very first Legate that came to Ireland after the Norman Invasion, Father Burke writes, in passing through

2184:

also gives 9 October 1155. While both mention Robert of Gorham assisting in some royal business and being a part of deputation including three bishops selected by Henry neither mention John of Salisbury. However, John D. Hosler thinks "It is clear that John of Salibury did indeed travel to Rome as

1999:

However, the plans were put aside for the time being when Henry's mother, the Empress Matilda, spoke against it. Henry, had his hands full of domestic troubles with the refractory barons in England, with the Welsh, and with the discordant elements in his French dominions, and could not undertake a

2974:

And, further, we do also strictly charge and require that the people of that land shall accept you with all honour, and dutifully obey you, as their liege lord, saving only the rights of the churches, which we will have inviolably preserved; and reserving to St Peter and the holy Roman Church the

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We, therefore, regarding your pious and laudable design with due favour, and graciously assenting to your petition, do hereby declare our will and pleasure, that, for the purpose of enlarging the borders of the Church, setting bounds to the progress of wickedness, reforming evil manners, planting

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as authentic can be equally divided on its significance. Some use it with the object of exposing the Papacy's venality, corruption, and "ingratitude towards mankind in general, and towards faithful Ireland in particular" while others cite it as proof that Ireland has always been the object of the

2188:

According to L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Abbot Robert of Gorham evidently saw with the elevation of Adrian IV an opportunity of acquiring privileges for St. Albans with the ostensible object of assisting in the settlement of some royal business which was in progress at the curia. Alfread H Tarleton

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suggests that Henry was at this time in May 1172 reconciled with the Papacy. Father Burke notes that Alexander's letter carried the date 1172 and asked whether it is likely that the Pope would have given a letter to Henry, asking him to take care of the Church and put everything in order.

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to have served in that office. Existence of the bull has been disputed by scholars over the centuries; no copy is extant but scholars cite the many references to it as early as the 13th century to support the validity of its existence. The bull purports to grant the right to the

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England, Henry "took him by the throat, and imposed upon him an oath that, when he went to Ireland, he would not do anything that would be against the interest of the King". It was unheard of that a bishop, archbishop, or cardinal should be persecuted, Burke says, until the

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according to Edmund Curtis, Henry sent envoys to Pope Alexander III asking for a papal privilege for Ireland. Alexander from Tusculum then published three letters on the Irish question. The three letters, according to Thatcher, are numbered 12,162, 12,163, and 12,164 in the

2700:

is derogated from the rights of the Irish, as appears by the words of the text. Ua Clerigh holds this was almost certainly written, and probably by his old tutor Aedh McCrimthainn, during the lifetime of Diarmaid MacMurchada, who was banished in 1157, and died in 1171.

2328:

According to Thatcher, Giraldus Cambrensis apparently drew a false inference from John of Salisbury's works by saying that John went as the king's ambassador to the pope. Thatcher notes that other historians have since then unthinkingly copied this statement.

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suggest that Adrian was purposely deceived as to the state of Ireland at the time thus giving rise to the necessity of the English interference by the king, and have regarded the "Bull" as a document granted in error as to the real circumstances of the case.

2371:

which he said he got from Pope Adrian IV, permitting him to go to Ireland. For twenty years, according to McCormick, that is from 1155 to 1175, there was no mention of the gift of Adrian. Henry did not refer to it when authorising his vassals to join

2289:, an account of the transaction between John and Pope Adrian and in this passage is an almost insurmountable difficulty. It become necessary he says to assume that it is an interpolation, and this can only be done "in the face of all probability." 2247:, though still living, was "weighed down by many infirmities." Pope Adrian died in 1159 he says and the death of Archbishop, Theobald of Bec occurred in 1161. Gile and other editors of John of Salisbury's works, without a dissent, refer the 2192:

Gasquet suggests that there is almost conclusively evidence, that while a request of the nature described by Salisbury was made about this time to the Pope, Salisbury was not the envoy sent to make it. John of Salisbury, he notes, claims in

2612:. Father Burke then asks, "is this the man that Alexander would send to Ireland to settle affairs, and make the Irish good children of the Pope?" Responding again to Froude, who then said that "the Irish never loved the Pope till the 2410:

was present and had Adrian's Bull existed it should necessarily have engaged the attention of the assembled Fathers. However, "not a whisper" as to Adrian's grant he says was to be heard at that Council. Even the learned editor of

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against some Irish clans, basing their request on their understanding that "the holy apostolic see in the time of Pope Adrian of blessed memory conceded the land to the illustrious king of the English". The request was refused.

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Dr. Kelly, while asserting the genuineness of Adrian's Bull, admits "there is not any, even the slightest authority, for asserting that its existence was known in Ireland before the year 1172, or for three years later".

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says the character of the man himself ought to be taken into account, and Michael Richter says that as no copy of the text survives, the issue becomes the credibility of those authors who recorded it on their works.

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as ambassadors to Adrian IV. The date of this mission is the same as that claimed by Salisbury for his visit, 1155. Alfread H. Tarleton gives the date of 9 October, St. Dionysius's day, when the ambassadors set out.

2242:

was written is fixed according to the author himself, pointing to the fact that John of Salisbury immediately before he tells us that the news of Pope Adrian's death had reached him his own patron, Theobald of Bec,

4570:(London: George Bell and Sons) 1896 with Henderson's note: "That a papal bull was dispatched to England about this time and concerning this matter is certain. That this was the actual bull sent is doubted by many". 2686:, was the most strenuous upholder of both letters. English historians according to Gasquet, have universally taken the genuineness of the document for granted. Michael Richter concludes the bull is authentic. 2507:, Vol, CC, cols. 883 ff. They all have the same date, 20 September, and it is certain, he says, that they were written in 1172. Cardinal Gasquet writes that they were first published in 1728 by Hearne in the 2992:

The Irish people are to accept the King of England with all honour and obey him dutifully as their liege lord, with the exception that the rights of the churches of Ireland are to be "inviolably preserved".

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written around 1188, though in it his dating is not accurate, he says he must have had some such "genuine document before him". He suggests that better evidence for the grant of Ireland can be found in

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That an actual bull was sent is not doubted by many and its authenticity has been questioned without success according to P. S. O'Hegarty who suggests that the question now is purely an academic one.

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were written. One was composed in 1331 and the second in 1356. In neither is there any mention of this important act of the Pope, although the authors find a place for many less important documents.

2340:

has simply accepted it on Giraldus's authority. James F. Dimock notes that some late Irish writers seemed to him to put more faith in Giraldus's history than it really deserves. Dimock, who edited

2061:. The document supposedly commissioned the King Henry II to intervene in Ireland to assist in the reform of the governance of the Irish Church and the Irish system of governance according to the 1876:, in the fifth volume says, "it is well known from history that everywhere towards the close of the 12th century there were forged or corrupted Papal Letters or Diplomas. That such was the case 2571:

does not agree with Dr. Moran as to the authentic character of these documents, he admits that they, at least, form some very powerful arguments against the genuineness of Pope Adrian's grant.

1201: 2224:

and later a saint, who at this time was with Henry at the siege of Toulouse. This was in 1159; and in that year, Salisbury was presented to Henry apparently for the first time, by Thomas.

2723:, in which he had urged Henry II of England to conquer Ireland, was regarded even by enemies of the English as a key element in the English monarchy’s claims to the lordship of Ireland". 1857:

was a lump of clay moulded around a cord and stamped with a seal. When dry, the container could not be violated without visible damage to the bulla, thereby ensuring the contents remain

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in 1167, or when he himself set out for Ireland to receive the homage of the Irish princes and not even after he assumed his new title and accomplished the purpose of his expedition.

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virtue, and increasing the Christian religion, you do enter and take possession of that island, and execute therein whatsoever shall be for God's honour and the welfare of the same.

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and had a detailed account of the various incidents of his embassy to Pope Adrian, yet in it he makes no mention of the Bull, or of the gold ring and its fine emerald, mentioned in

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and its description of the Irish as little more than savages, John of Salisbury found a ready audience in Rome when he spoke about the barbaric and impious people of Ireland.

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writes, "I recollect a journey I once made into Apulia for the purpose of visiting his Holiness, Pope Adrian IV. I stayed with him at Beneventum for nearly three months". In

681: 4461:, Giraldus Cambrensis, Frederick J. Furnivall M.A.. ed, Published for The Early English Text Society. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited (London 1891). 1161: 2964:

ADRIAN, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his most dearly beloved son in Christ, the illustrious king of the English, greeting and apostolical blessing.

4593: 4261: 2517:, and are addressed to the Irish Bishops, to the English king, and to the Irish princes. While they all have the same date of 20 September, and are written from 1031: 431: 2582:

Instead of remedying the disorders caused by your predecessors, you have oppressed the Church, and you have endeavored to destroy the canons of apostolic men.

2046:, he says, that one hardly knows how to describe it. He suggests that as long as it is realised that it was only a commendatory letter no mistake can arise. 1328: 971: 2928:

in the papal archives, Mackie suggests that this proves nothing, for there is at Rome no document dealing with the affairs of Ireland before the year 1215.

4102: 2262:, in 1155, Pope Adrian IV, granted the investiture of Ireland Henry II of England. However, John of Salisbury also kept a diary, later published, entitled 1191: 2899:, but in such condition that he could not determine its date. Patrick F. Moran determined that the codex mentioned was a manuscript copy of a history by 3001:

The King of England is charged to ensure that the Christian Church is adopted by the people of Ireland, and the Christian faith "planted and increased".

2360:

was first publicized, most of those who deny its authenticity believe that it was first made known about 1180 according to Ginnell. Ua Clerigh believes

2767:, puts forward a number of arguments against both the Bull of Adrian and the letters of his successor, Pope Alexander III. Burke questions the date on 2749: 1131: 2364:

was probably prepared in 1156, but not forwarded at that time because the offer of Adrian was not then acted on, though the investiture was accepted.

2865:, is that it would be tantamount to the Pope having made a shockingly bad choice of an instrument in Henry II for reducing Ireland to law and order. 293: 1321: 650: 205: 1981:, Canterbury's jurisdiction over the bishops of Wales. Theobald exercised a theoretical claim to jurisdiction over Irish sees in consecrating the 1051: 215: 161: 2773:, in addition to the terms contained in it and how it was obtained, questioning also the date in which it was first produced by Henry and why. 1291: 1251: 4555: 1281: 1241: 1021: 1231: 343: 2657:

generally focusses on one of three perspectives: the document is authentic; it is a forgery, or it is a modified version of the original.

2849:". Duggan suggests that Adrian IV did not wish to alienate the most powerful prince in Europe, but insisted on the consent of the Irish. 1996:

of Ireland. With his metropolitan aspirations frustrated, Theobald was likely one of Henry's advisors who urged the conquest of Ireland.

2274:. If Adrian granted this Bull to Henry at the solicitation of John of Salisbury in 1155 there is but one explanation for the silence in 2399:

except Henry, and it was said that Henry kept this a secret, because his mother, the Empress Matilda, did not want Henry to act on it.

871: 721: 561: 4618: 4583: 861: 2989:

The Pope grants the King of England the right to "enter and take possession of" Ireland for God's honour and the welfare of Ireland.

3769:. Vol. 1. Published for The Early English Text Society. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited. pp. xiii. 2026:, believe the letters written in the 12th century relating to Ireland were never sealed with any seal and are not correctly called 3161:

with the Kingdom of England. This was not recognised by Europe's Roman Catholic monarchs. Therefore, in 1555 a further papal bull

2998:

The King of England is charged to improve the habits of the people of Ireland, particularly their lives, manners and conversation.

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on 17 December 1538, causing his opponents to question his continuing claim to be Lord of Ireland, which was based ultimately on

1271: 421: 3349: 3085:, requesting the bull be revoked and the papacy recognise Edward Bruce as King of Ireland. Led by Domnall mac Brian Ó Néill and 1868:, notes that it was well known that the forgery of both Papal and other documents was fairly common in the 12th century. Citing 4633: 1384: 711: 393: 2391:, in addition to the Empress Matilda's having protested against this invasion of Ireland. The date, Burke writes, that was on 3209: 2604:

Burke points out that Adrian did not know Henry, but Alexander knew him well. Henry, he says, in 1159 supported the antipope

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was the ultimate legal basis for their continuing problems at that time. In the meantime they had misremembered the year of

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is a falsification of an existing letter and that was not in fact Adrian's intention to grant Henry the rights he claimed.

2042:

says that the grant of Ireland by Adrian is erroneously styled "the Bull Laudabiliter". It has been so long spoken of as a

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preservation, has nothing to do with the question of its genuineness, and should be left out of the discussion. However,

881: 781: 551: 40: 2605: 1151: 661: 24: 4603: 4338: 3870: 3571: 3360: 3316: 851: 701: 2798:

A number of scholars have drawn a distinction between the letter given to John of Salisbury and the subsequent bull

4459:

The English Conquest of Ireland a.d. 1166–1185: Mainly from the 'Expugnato Hibernica' of Giraldus Cambrensis Part 1

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was 1154, therefore it was consequently twenty years old. During this twenty-year period nobody ever heard of this

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was proved by this later letter. However, Father Burke said that he preferred to believe that it was a forgery.

1111: 981: 353: 303: 3840: 2741: 2460: 2035: 4216: 3767:

The English Conquest of Ireland a.d. 1166–1185: Mainly from the 'Expugnato Hibernica' of Giraldus Cambrensis

4613: 3251: 2678:, and English writers generally have accepted it as genuine. According to Ginnell, Sylvester Malone, D.D., 991: 921: 801: 485: 4417:

Ireland and the Pope: A Brief History of Papal Intrigues Against Irish Liberty from Adrian IV. to Leo XIII

449: 411: 373: 1887:

Currently, any attempt at sourcing the original document is impossible as the Vatican says the original

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put upon him to execute government in Ireland for the welfare of the Irish. He warned Edward II that:

4598: 4474: 3844: 3164: 3064: 1448: 1001: 911: 671: 1958:. Less than three weeks earlier, an Englishman, Nicholas Breakspear had become Pope taking the name 2669: 2244: 2181: 1955: 1372: 639: 151: 1414: 2818: 1444: 1061: 951: 751: 265: 3308: 2525:

document issued by him, and there is nothing that can possibly be interpreted as a reference to

2406:

in 1172, McCormick notes was the first Episcopal assembly after Henry's arrival in Ireland. The

2946:

was used by the Papacy as evidence showing the clergy of England and Ireland were solely under

2936:

Gerald of Wales asserts the Bulls of Adrian and Alexander were read at a meeting of Bishops in

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privilege of Alexander conferred the lordship of Ireland upon Henry II. Herbert Paul says that

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planned crusade to Spain unless they consulted the 'princes, churches and people of the region

2383:

was not published by Henry when in Ireland, that can be explained by his being alienated from

323: 4344: 4233: 3463: 3136: 3060: 2882: 2774: 2745: 2316:

Oliver Joseph Thatcher suggests that the trustworthiness of Giraldus, to whom he says we owe

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for him and gives the year 1155 as the date when it was granted. With Bernard of Clairvaux's

2008: 1452: 931: 901: 609: 313: 235: 225: 3300: 2425: 2420:

says, Ireland numbered among its Bishops one who held the important office of Legate of the

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around the year 1188. According to Gasquet every subsequent English chronicler who mentions

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or of the grant of Ireland, all of which would have been so important for his narrative in

1990: 1916: 1410: 1402: 1369: 629: 111: 4283: 2717:

has said that "it demonstrates that in the early fourteenth century Pope Adrian IV's bull

2586: 2424:, and that the Church had had constant intercourse with England and the continent through 8: 4588: 4501:

A History of England from the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of Henry VIII

3950: 2995:

The Papacy and Church of Rome are to receive one penny a year from each house in Ireland.

2731: 2132: 2109: 2066: 1970: 1943: 831: 731: 275: 91: 2616:

taught them", Father Burke notes that until "the accursed Normans came to Ireland", the

1435:

After almost four centuries of the Lordship, the declaration of the independence of the

4056: 3301: 3178: 3154: 3072: 2484: 2444: 2373: 1982: 1474: 1456: 1429: 1301: 363: 121: 71: 3117:, John XXII was not in a position to alienate the support of kings such as Edward II. 2693:

writings. However, Arthur Ua Clerigh argues in favor of the bull based upon a text of

2305:

does not give its text and it was at least thirty years after Adrian's death that the

4334: 4060: 4036: 3866: 3567: 3356: 3350:

Martin, Francis Xavier. "Dairmait Mac Murchada and the coming of the Anglo-Normans",

3312: 3205: 3174: 2859:"Pope's special paternal care". Another argument, again assuming the authenticity of 2714: 2172: 2168: 2148: 2088: 2085:), which is the opening word in the bull, the usual manner in which bulls are named. 1881: 1478: 1436: 1171: 1081: 941: 841: 761: 2278:, according to McCormick and that this secrecy was required by the English monarch. 1463:. A competing, Catholic claim to sovereignty in Ireland was issued in 1555, through 4354: 4048: 3052: 3026:

was to be invoked again, this time in aid of the rights of the Gaelic Irish clans.

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against Alexander and opposed him again in 1166, this time supporting the antipope

2538: 2348:

is, in great measure, rather "a poetical fiction than a prosaic truthful history."

2164: 2023: 1993: 1869: 1848: 1406: 1380: 1011: 599: 505: 3010: 2672:, Stephen J. McCormick, and P. S. O'Hegarty have defended the authenticity of the 4381: 3532: 3272: 3199: 3140: 3086: 3049: 3005: 2947: 2876: 2814: 2690: 2491: 2403: 2384: 1978: 1974: 1951: 1908: 1829: 1460: 1425: 195: 141: 61: 3252:"Hadrian IV (1154–1159) and the 'Bull' Laudabiliter: A Historiographical Review" 2565:

at the beginning of the 14th century. Although the author of the article in the

1946:

came to the throne of England on 19 December 1154, after almost twenty years of

4366: 3729:. Vol. 2 (New ed.). London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green. p. 342. 3158: 3114: 3082: 3068: 3027: 3020:

Within a century-and-a-half, Norman misrule in Ireland became so apparent that

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in an appendix of doubtful documents. He indicated that he derived it from the

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Hadrian IV (1154–1159) and the "Bull" Laudabiliter: A Historiographical Review

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Textual scholar Anne Duggan of King's College, London, is of the opinion that

4577: 3408: 3144: 3104: 2679: 2626: 2622: 2448: 2388: 2258:(lib. iv., cap. 42) writes, that while he was in an official capacity at the 2217: 2004: 1900: 1398: 3423:

The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV. To King Henry Investigated

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The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV to King Henry Investigated

4161:

The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV to King Henry Investigated

2545:

On the letters of Alexander III, Cardinal Gasquet cites the editor of the

4437:, P. S. O’Hegarty, Maunsel & Company Ltd, (Dublin & London 1918). 4407:, P. S. O'Hegarty, Maunsel & Company, Ltd (Dublin & London 1918). 2281:

J. Duncan Mackie writes that those who desire to do away altogether with

2259: 2093:

English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A. Froude

2039: 1969:

and discussed invading Ireland and giving it to Henry's youngest brother

1947: 1924: 4324:

English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude

4039:(1990). "The Irish remonstrance of 1317: an international perspective". 3952:

English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude

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also disputed the bull's authenticity in a November 1872 article in the

2765:

English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude

2176: 1966: 1928: 1851:

that takes its name from the leaden seal attached to it. The original

1841: 1825: 1815: 1421: 1364: 1356: 2813:, but a formal letter of investiture, such as was used in the case of 2128: 2106:, suggests that the letter and the ring were deposited at Winchester. 4419:

Third Edition, James G. Maguire, James H. Barry (San Francisco 1890).

3829:. Vol. 1. Dublin & London: Maunsel & Company. p. 3. 2937: 2562: 4431:, L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Longman's Green & Co. (London 1917). 4333:, Routledge (London, 1936, 6th edn, 1950; reprinted New York 2002), 3120: 2049: 4508:

A History of Ireland, from the first settlement to the present time

4467:, L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Longman's Green & Co. (London 1917) 4455:, Louis Francis Salzman, W. Heffer & Sons Ltd (Cambridge 1921). 4449:, J. H. Round M.A., Archibald Constable and Co. (Westminster 1899). 4129:

Mittheilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung

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Volume 4, part 1, page 315 (1743 edition; facsimile reprint 1965).

2703:

Irish historians who have accepted John of Salisbury's account of

2065:

ecclesiastical system. This followed the structural reform of the

2833:

Studies Concerning Adrian IV; I. The Offer of Ireland to Henry II

2753: 2613: 2468: 1936: 1927:

rather than history, Bernard presented his friend as a reforming

1443:

required the creation of a new basis to legitimise the continued

1376: 4425:, Edited by Thomas Wright, George Bell & Sons (London 1905). 3739:

Richter, Michael. "The First Century of Anglo-Irish Relations",

2922:

in the papal archives. While accepting that there is no copy of

4413:, Herbert Paul, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons E.C. (London 1905). 3765:

Giraldus Cambrensis (1891). Frederick J. Furnivall M.A. (ed.).

3409:

Ua Clerigh, Arthur. "Pope Adrian IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia

2807:

According to Arthur Ua Clerigh, the letter referred to was not

2740:

was denounced as a forgery by Stephen White, to be followed by

2713:

Writing about the 1317 Remonstrance (see below), the historian

1932: 1904: 1439:

from papal supremacy and the rejection of the authority of the

1261: 3955:. Vol. 1. New York: Lynch, Cole & Meehan. p. 28. 3354:, Volume II, (Art Cosgrove, ed.) Oxford University Press, 2008 3097:

One could interpret this to mean that the kings believed that

3006:

Papal letter of 1311 and the Irish Kings' Remonstrance of 1317

1428:

and claimed that it had been conferred by Adrian's successor,

4103:"Laudabiliter: a new interpretation by Professor Anne Duggan" 3411:

Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 21 Jul. 2015

1820: 3440:. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 171–172. 3135:

had a continuing political relevance into the 16th century.

2432:, who enjoyed in the fullest manner the confidence of Rome. 2367:

According to Burke, in the year 1174 King Henry II produced

51: 3620: 3591: 3107:

death (1170, not 1155), but painfully recalled the date of

1912: 1845: 4483:, Thomas Moore, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green (London 1840). 3512: 2379:

Curtis, however, while accepting that it is true that the

3925: 3805: 3803: 3686: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3071:, before their defeat and the death of the Bruce, at the 4351:, Cardinal Gasquet, G. Bell and Sons, Ltd, (London 1922) 3333:

St. Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St. Malachy of Armagh

2629:, and concentration of power in the hands of the king". 2521:, he suggest that they are attributed to the year 1170. 1420:

Successive kings of England, from Henry II (1171) until

4489:, edited by Josef Lewis Altholz, M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 2000 4443:, Stephen Gwynn, The MacMillan Company (New York 1923). 4006: 4004: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3790: 3788: 3444: 2551:

who notes that they completely ignore the existence of

2163:

At the beginning of his reign, Henry II sent Rotrodus,

1977:

was Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1148, he secured from

4232:"Pope Adrian's Bull 'Laudabiliter' and Note upon it". 4079: 4067: 3959: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3893: 3800: 3746: 3603: 2821:

regards the donation as indisputable, while rejecting

2197:

to have been the ambassador for Henry II and obtained

4471:

Cambrensis Eversus: The History of Ireland Vindicated

4196: 3849:

Cambrensis Eversus: The History of Ireland Vindicated

3833: 3773: 3534:

Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.): Englishman and Pope

2475: 2447:, Dean of London, and those of Roger de Wendover and 4392:

Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.) Englishman and Pope

4001: 3997:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 288. 3876: 3785: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3639: 3637: 3635: 2285:, find in the last chapter of the sixth book of the 2104:

Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.) Englishman and Pope

1383:

on the semi-autonomous Christian Church in Ireland.

3982:. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons. p. 218. 3937: 3764: 3587:. London: Longman's Green & Co. pp. 70–71. 3487: 2689:Ginnell notes the entire absence of any mention in 3470:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. p. 66. 1705:Christ, the sun of justice, has shed His rays, and 1677:reveal the truth of the Christian faith to peoples 1657:servants of God, to his dearest son in Christ, the 4524:, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., London, 1905 3714:. Chicago: The Decennial Publications. p. 4. 3664: 3632: 3551:, Longman's Green & Co. London 1917, pp.70–71 3279:. San Francisco: A. Waldteufel. pp. Preface. 3034:in 1311 reminding him of the responsibility that 2793: 2238:According to Stephen J. McCormick, the date that 2073:. The bull derives its title from the Latin word 2000:military operation like the invasion of Ireland. 1965:The following September the royal council met at 1781:instruct that people in right behaviour and, both 1727:son in Christ, that you wish to enter this island 1719:faith, an offshoot pleasing to God, as we realise 1717:eager to implant in those islands the offshoot of 1679:still untaught and barbarous, and to root out the 1495:English translation by Sebastian Lidbetter, 2019 4575: 4331:A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922 3371:Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" 3303:A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3157:in 1542, whereby the kingdom was to be ruled in 2914:A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922 2784:Professor Anne Duggan's research indicates that 2297:John of Salisbury, speaking of the existence of 2112:incorporated what was purported to be a copy of 2007:mercenaries landed in Ireland at the request of 1775:every household. Therefore, if you wish to bring 1765:and respect you as their lord, all this being on 1733:vices, that you are willing to pay St. Peter the 1673:while striving as a true Catholic prince should, 1671:yourself in heaven the reward for eternal bliss, 4144:Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 3921:. London: G. Bell & Sons. pp. 163–164. 2744:in 1662 and later still by Abbé Mac Geoghegan. 2227: 1785:consider well-suited for this purpose by reason 1777:to a successful conclusion the design which you 1769:intact and unimpaired, and without prejudice to 1747:we consider it pleasing and acceptable that you 1729:of Ireland, to make that people obedient to the 1725:You have indeed indicated to us, dearly beloved 1723:requires of us that we should take this action. 1691:success which is in proportion to the loftiness 1687:See. We are confident that in this matter, with 4594:British constitutional laws concerning Ireland 4568:Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages 4481:The History of Ireland Vol.2 (New Edition ed.) 3563:Henry II: A Medieval Soldier at War, 1147-1189 3414: 2185:part of Henry's first embassy to Pope Adrian. 2057:In 1155, Pope Adrian IV issued the papal bull 1985:in 1140. But in 1152, in conjunction with the 1793:the salvation of men's souls may be so ordered 1791:everything pertaining to the honour of God and 1787:of their strong faith, eloquence and Christian 1767:condition that the rights of the church remain 1763:the people of that land receive you honourably 1759:pursue policies directed towards the honour of 1755:morals and implanting virtues, and encouraging 1753:checking the descent of wickedness, correcting 1745:deserves and, granting our benevolent consent, 1711:blessed St. Peter and the holy Roman church is 1709:Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of 1701:ultimately successful in achieving their goal. 1697:enterprises which have their starting point in 1669:name of Christ on earth, and thus store up for 4401:, The Decennial Publications, (Chicago 1903). 3824: 3283: 2868: 2351: 1799:and may obtain on earth glorious name for all 1797:God that crowning reward of everlasting life, 1761:God and the well-being of that land, and that 1731:laws, and to root out from there the weeds of 1703:That Ireland, and indeed all islands on which 1699:burning faith and love of religion are always 1693:of your aims and the amount of discretion you 1667:considering how to spread abroad the glorious 1659:illustrious king of the English, greeting and 1473:, which bestowed the crown of the Kingdom on 1329: 4225: 4142: 4127: 2916:states that there is no original or copy of 2660: 1783:in person, and acting through those whom you 1779:have thus conceived, take particular care to 1739:churches of that land intact and unimpaired. 1737:household, and to preserve the rights of the 1721:that an examination of our own heart sternly 1685:seek the counsel and favour of the Apostolic 1681:weeds of vice from the Lord's field; and the 4423:The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis 4326:, Lynch, Cole & Meehan (New York 1873). 4304: 4260:. University of Strathclyde. Archived from 3861:Davidson, L. S., & Ward, J. O. (1993). 3851:. Dublin: The Celtic Society. pp. iii. 3705: 3703: 3701: 3682:. San Francisco: A. Waldteufel. p. 30. 3648:. San Francisco: A. Waldteufel. p. 29. 3507:The Historical works of Giraldus Cambrensis 3162: 3148: 3130: 3121: 3108: 3098: 3076: 3035: 3021: 2980: 2955: 2941: 2923: 2917: 2904: 2903:, which he copied from Roger de Wendover's 2894: 2888: 2880: 2860: 2853: 2839: 2822: 2808: 2799: 2785: 2768: 2735: 2718: 2704: 2694: 2673: 2652: 2638: 2566: 2552: 2546: 2526: 2508: 2502: 2501:of Jaffé-Loewenfeld, and printed in Migne, 2496: 2251:to the year 1159, a view shared by Curtis. 1771:the payment to St. Peter and the holy Roman 1757:the growth of the faith in Christ; that you 1749:should enter that island for the purpose of 1743:praiseworthy intention with favour which it 1715:nobility recognises. So we are all the more 1683:more expeditiously to achieve this end, you 1675:to enlarge the boundaries of the Church, to 1468: 1392: 1349: 4155: 4153: 4096: 4094: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3435: 3365: 2931: 2852:Ginnell has written that those who accept 1789:religion may be planted and grow, and that 1689:God's help, you will attain that degree of 1336: 1322: 1032:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act 4214: 3677: 3643: 3271: 3249: 3197: 3063:, his younger brother Edward launched an 1795:that you may be deemed worthy to win from 1773:church of an annual tax of one penny from 1292:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 441:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929 27:and events relevant to the status of the 4035: 3931: 3899: 3779: 3709: 3698: 3597: 3582: 3530: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3009: 2953: 2748:writes that during the residence of the 2585: 2533: 2479: 2435: 2138:According to Curtis for the text of the 2127: 2048: 1864:Stephen J. McCormick, in his preface to 1819: 1242:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 1022:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 403:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925 4447:The Commune of London and other Studies 4172: 4150: 4091: 4085: 4010: 3916: 3905: 3794: 3752: 3626: 3614: 3518: 3462: 3438:The Commune of London and other Studies 3420: 3389:. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. p. 111. 2835:reproduces the arguments of Boichorst. 2726: 1751:enlarging the boundaries of the church, 1713:a fact beyond doubt, and one which your 1707:which have received the teaching of the 1632:ad hoc fide, verbo et vita idoneos esse 1616:illibato et integro permanente et salva 1612:honorifice te recipiat et sicut dominum 1558:tua etiam nobilitas recognoscit non est 1516:in celis tua magnificentia cogitat, dum 1506:filio illustri Anglorum regi salutem et 344:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 4576: 4531:; Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1960 4477:ed., The Celtic Society (Dublin 1848). 4378:, A. Waldteufel, (San Francisco 1889). 4202: 4100: 3949:Burke, Thomas N. (1873). "Chapter 1". 3887: 3820: 3818: 3692: 3658: 3450: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3384: 3298: 2637:also maintained that the existence of 2292: 2123: 2069:as defined shortly before at the 1152 1646:et in terris gloriosum nomen valeas in 1642:taliter ordinentur ut a Deo sempiterne 1634:prospexeris ut decoretur ibi ecclesia, 1630:et agas tam per te quam per illos quos 1566:id a nobis interno examine districtius 1554:Christiane ceperunt ad ius beati Petri 1526:exstirpanda, sicut catholicus princeps 1514:et eterne felicitatis premio cumulando 1445:rule of the English monarch in Ireland 972:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 872:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act 4566:as reprinted in Ernest F. Henderson, 4394:, Arthur L. Humphreys, (London 1896). 4073: 3992: 3965: 3948: 3839: 3809: 3724: 3493: 3425:. Dublin: Fallon & Co. p. 1. 3338: 3335:, The Macmillan Company, London, 1920 3325: 1874:Dissertationes Historiœ Ecclesiasticœ 1695:display as you proceed with them. For 1663:In right praiseworthy fashion, and to 1655:Adrian the bishop, the servant of the 1636:plantetur et crescat fidei Christiane 1602:virtutibus inserendis, pro Christiane 1544:finem soleant attingere que de ardore 1532:sedis exigis et favorem. In quo facto 1522:populis Christiane fidei veritatem et 962:Representation of the People Act 2000 822:Representation of the People Act 1985 812:Representation of the People Act 1983 722:House of Commons Disqualification Act 496:Representation of the People Act 1948 459:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 432:Representation of the People Act 1928 334:Representation of the People Act 1918 196:Representation of the People Act 1867 4386:Vol 1, Clarendon Press (Oxford 1911) 4166: 3977: 3126:and the Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1555 2158: 2014: 1861:until they reach their destination. 1628:gentem illam bonis moribus informare 1622:unius denarii pensione. Si ergo quod 1606:ingrediaris et que ad honorem Dei et 1584:ecclesiarum illius terre illibata et 1578:velle intrare et de singulis domibus 1550:insulas quibus sol iustitie Christus 1546:fidei et religionis amore principium 1512:glorioso nomine propagando in terris 1488: 862:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 4487:Selected Documents in Irish History 4453:Original Sources of English History 4384:Ireland Under the Normans 1169–1216 4235:A History of Ireland and Her People 4163:. Dublin: Fallon & Co. pp. 4–5. 3995:Ireland Under the Normans 1169–1216 3815: 3468:Original Sources of English History 3393: 2979:Paraphrased, the terms of the Bull 2909:which included a copy of Giraldus. 2208:Salisbury finished his work called 1741:We therefore support your pious and 1614:veneretur, iure nimirum ecclesiarum 1600:decursu, pro corrigendis moribus et 1598:terminis, pro vitiorum restringendo 1586:integra conservare. Nos itaque pium 1568:prospicimus exigendum. Significasti 1560:dubium pertinere. Unde tanto in eis 1556:et sacrosancte Romane ecclesie quod 1548:acceperunt. Sane Hiberniam et omnes 1538:feliciorem progressum te, prestante 1524:vitiorum plantaria de agro dominico 1518:ad dilatandos ecclesie terminos, ad 1451:was passed by both the English and 1409:, as an ally in his fight with the 1192:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 552:European Convention on Human Rights 13: 4493: 3863:The sorcery trial of Alice Kyteler 3583:Williams, L. F. Rushbrook (1917). 3204:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 26. 2625:brought with them "their accursed 2476:Four letters of Pope Alexander III 2428:and a hundred other distinguished 2142:we only have Giraldus Cambrensis' 1665:good purpose, your magnificence is 1644:mercedis cumulum conseque merearis 1620:ecclesie de singulis domibus annua 1610:exequaris, et illius terre populus 1604:religionis augmento, insulam illam 1596:habemus ut pro dilatandis ecclesie 1592:petitioni tue benignum impendentes 1576:vitiorum plantaria inde extirpanda 1574:subdendum illum populum legibus et 1564:germen gratum Deo inserimus quanto 1455:. The Act established a sovereign 422:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 14: 4645: 4535: 4465:History of the Abbey of St. Alban 4429:History of the Abbey of St. Alban 4361:, Fallon & Co, (Dublin 1899). 4126:Scheffer-Boichorst, Paul (1893). 4101:Duggan, Anne (13 February 2013). 3585:History of the Abbey of St. Alban 3549:History of the Abbey of St. Alban 3387:Pope Adrian IV. The Lothian Essay 2356:On the question of the date when 1989:, the papal legate appointed the 1735:annual tax of one penny from each 1640:salutem pertinent animarum per te 1618:beato Petro et sacrosancte Romane 1608:salutem illius terre spectaverint 1572:carissime, te Hibernie insulam ad 1562:libentius plantationem fidelem et 1534:quanto altiori consilio et maiori 1510:Laudabiliter et satis fructose de 1504:servorum Dei carissimo in Christo 1132:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 682:UK joins the European Communities 394:Irish Free State Constitution Act 4619:Christianity in medieval England 4584:Christianity in medieval Ireland 4517:, Whiting & Co, London, 1889 4349:Monastic Life in the Middle Ages 4284:"Full Text of 1317 Remonstrance" 3919:Monastic Life in the Middle Ages 3710:Thatcher, Oliver Joseph (1903). 2463:and Council of Ireland wrote to 1880:is inferred from the Letters of 1638:religio et que ad honorem Dei et 1624:concepisti animo effectu duxeris 1588:et laudabile desiderium tuum cum 1580:annuam unius denarii beato Petro 1540:Domino, confidimus habiturum, eo 1536:discretione procedis tanto in eo 1528:intendis, et ad id convenientius 1389:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland 1102:Scottish independence referendum 1092:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 620:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 590:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 516:Statute of the Council of Europe 384:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 82:Succession to the Crown Act 1707 39: 4510:, Patrick Donahoe, Boston, 1853 4371:, B. H. Blackwell (Oxford 1907) 4298: 4276: 4250: 4208: 4135: 4120: 4029: 4016: 3986: 3971: 3855: 3758: 3733: 3725:Moore, Thomas (1840). "XXXII". 3718: 3576: 3554: 3541: 3531:Tarleton, Alfred Henry (1896). 3524: 3499: 3474: 3456: 3429: 3307:. New York: Routledge. p. 2175:and Robert of Gorham, Abbot of 1582:velle solvere pensionem et iura 1570:siquidem nobis, fili in Christo 1530:exequendum consilium apostolice 1520:declarandam indoctis et rudibus 1397:authorised the invasion. These 1212:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 692:Local Government (Scotland) Act 132:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801 4175:"An Bullae Pontificiae an non" 4132:IV, supplementary vol., p. 101 3825:O'Hegarty, P. S. (1918). "1". 3678:McCormick, Stephen J. (1889). 3644:McCormick, Stephen J. (1889). 3378: 3265: 3243: 3218: 3191: 3177:and her husband Philip (later 3089:, their petition was refused: 2794:In favour of an edited version 2646: 1590:favore congruo prosequentes et 1552:illuxit et que documenta fidei 1542:quod ad bonum exitum semper et 1385:Richard de Clare ("Strongbow") 882:Scottish devolution referendum 782:Scottish devolution referendum 304:Government of Ireland Act 1914 112:Constitution of Ireland (1782) 1: 4316: 4258:"Robert Bruce, King of Scots" 4215:Lidbetter, Sebastian (2019). 3993:Orpen, Goddard Henry (1911). 3373:English Church and the Papacy 3250:Lidbetter, Sebastian (2019). 3198:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1972). 3165:Ilius, per quem Reges regnant 2763:Thomas N. Burke O.P., in his 2309:itself first appeared in the 1894: 1872:, who in the appendix to his 1832:, 1637, sealed with a leaden 1809: 1626:prosequente complendum, stude 1470:Ilius, per quem Reges regnant 1387:and the other leaders of the 1252:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 1152:European Union Referendum Act 651:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act 4399:Studies Concerning Adrian IV 4246:– via Library Ireland. 3712:Studies Concerning Adrian IV 3075:in 1318, enclosed a copy of 2734:notes that as early as 1615 1891:is no longer in existence. 1282:EU (Future Relationship) Act 1262:UK leaves the European Union 992:Government of Wales Act 2006 852:Local Government (Wales) Act 571:HC Disqualification Act 1957 486:British Nationality Act 1948 7: 4609:Documents of Pope Adrian IV 3547:Williams, L. F. Rushbrook. 2831:. Oliver Joseph Thatcher's 2779:Irish Ecclesiastical Record 2515:Black Book of the Exchequer 2301:in the last chapter of the 1594:assensum gratum et acceptum 1052:Alternative Vote referendum 1042:Welsh devolution referendum 892:Welsh devolution referendum 792:Welsh devolution referendum 412:Balfour Declaration of 1926 374:Church of Scotland Act 1921 187:Judicial Committee Act 1844 179:Judicial Committee Act 1843 171:Judicial Committee Act 1833 10: 4650: 4629:England–Holy See relations 4624:Holy See–Ireland relations 4173:Ginnell, Laurence (1898). 4159:Ginnell, Laurence (1899). 4141:Liebermann, Felix (1892). 3917:Gasquet, Cardinal (1922). 3436:Round M.A., J. H. (1899). 3421:Ginnell, Laurence (1899). 3385:Mackie, J. Duncan (1907). 3201:Ireland Before the Normans 3181:) as monarchs of Ireland. 3081:on a Remonstrance sent to 2651:The controversy regarding 2352:Date the Bull was produced 2254:John of Salisbury, in his 1813: 1508:apostolicam benedictionem. 1072:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 324:Royal Proclamation of 1917 246:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 206:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868 4634:England–Ireland relations 4548:from Eleanor Hull, 1931, 4503:, J. Mawman, London, 1819 4435:The Indestructible Nation 4405:The Indestructible Nation 4397:Thatcher, Oliver Joseph. 4053:10.1017/S0021121400018265 3827:The Indestructible Nation 3484:, VI, 24; P.L. CXCIX, 623 2719: 2661:In favour of authenticity 2490:On the conclusion of the 2467:asking him to proclaim a 2346:De Expugnatione Hiberniae 2332:Giraldus first published 2120:("Conquest of Ireland"). 1502:Adrianus episcopus servus 1494: 1491: 1401:knights were retained by 1391:(1169–1171) claimed that 1232:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act 1202:Invocation of Article 50 1112:House of Lords Reform Act 1002:Northern Ireland Act 2009 982:Constitutional Reform Act 354:Government of Ireland Act 294:Status of Aliens Act 1914 216:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868 4604:12th-century papal bulls 4552:, Volume One, Appendix I 4374:McCormick, Stephen J.., 4369:. The Lothian Essay 1907 4322:Burke, O.P., Thomas N., 4306:Magnum Bullarium Romanum 4221:(MA thesis). p. 16. 4041:Irish Historical Studies 3865:. New York. Appendix 8. 3352:A New History of Ireland 3184: 3153:. Henry established the 2561:with the Ambassadors of 2342:Giraldi Cambrensis Opera 2313:of Giraldus Cambrensis. 2245:Archbishop of Canterbury 2182:L. F. Rushbrook Williams 2083:in a praiseworthy manner 1950:between his mother, the 1942:The twenty-one-year old 1500: 1373:King Henry II of England 1162:EU membership referendum 742:EC membership referendum 662:European Communities Act 152:Scottish Reform Act 1832 25:Constitutional documents 3299:Curtis, Edmund (2002). 2932:Synod of Waterford 1175 2819:Paul Scheffer-Boichorst 2758:Lives of Pope Adrian IV 2596:However, Curtis in his 2053:Cameo of Pope Adrian IV 1484: 1432:(c. 1100/1105 – 1181). 1424:(1542), used the title 1062:European Union Act 2011 922:Government of Wales Act 802:British Nationality Act 562:Interpretation Act (NI) 266:Interpretation Act 1889 16:12th-century papal bull 4441:The History of Ireland 4390:Tarleton, Alfread H., 4382:Orpen, Goddard Henry. 4345:Gasquet, Francis Aidan 4305: 4238:. Volume 1, Appendix I 4143: 4128: 3978:Paul, Herbert (1905). 3743:, 59, 1974, pp.195-210 3727:The History of Ireland 3464:Salzman, Louis Francis 3226:"Documents on Ireland" 3163: 3149: 3131: 3122: 3109: 3099: 3095: 3077: 3046: 3036: 3022: 3017: 2981: 2977: 2956: 2942: 2940:in 1175, during which 2924: 2918: 2905: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2861: 2854: 2840: 2827:as a forgery, as does 2823: 2809: 2800: 2786: 2769: 2736: 2705: 2695: 2674: 2653: 2639: 2593: 2584: 2576:Matthew of Westminster 2567: 2553: 2547: 2542: 2527: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2487: 2155:, written about 1159. 2135: 2054: 1837: 1653: 1469: 1393: 1350: 1272:UK Internal Market Act 1222:EU Withdrawal Act 2019 640:EC Treaty of Accession 450:Statute of Westminster 285:Aliens Restriction Act 4542:"Pope Adrians's bull 3273:McCormick, Stephen J. 3137:Henry VIII of England 3091: 3042: 3013: 2962: 2883:Annales Ecclesiastici 2775:Patrick Francis Moran 2746:Francis Aidan Gasquet 2589: 2580: 2537: 2510:Liber Niger Scaccarii 2483: 2436:Evidence for the bull 2222:Chancellor of England 2131: 2052: 1915:. Shortly thereafter 1878:frequently in England 1823: 1415:Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1375:to invade and govern 902:Good Friday Agreement 542:Royal Titles Act 1953 236:Royal Titles Act 1876 162:Irish Reform Act 1832 102:Wales and Berwick Act 4550:A History of Ireland 4376:The Pope and Ireland 4179:The New Irish Review 4026:, xxvi, Dublin, 1906 4022:Ua Clerigh, Arthur. 3680:The Pope and Ireland 3646:The Pope and Ireland 3629:, pp. 155, 157. 3277:The Pope and Ireland 3067:, in 1316. Edward's 3057:Edward II of England 3032:Edward II of England 2817:in Italy. Historian 2727:Against authenticity 2635:James Anthony Froude 2591:James Anthony Froude 2334:Expugnatio Hibernica 2311:Expugnatio Hibernica 2118:Expugnatio Hibernica 1991:Archbishop of Armagh 1923:. As an exercise in 1911:while on his way to 1866:The Pope and Ireland 1449:Crown of Ireland Act 1411:High King of Ireland 1403:Diarmuid MacMorrough 912:Northern Ireland Act 672:Local Government Act 4614:Henry II of England 4515:Gerald the Welshman 4364:Mackie, J. Duncan. 3695:, pp. 114–115. 3600:, pp. 133–134. 3521:, pp. 155–156. 3480:John of Salisbury, 3065:invasion of Ireland 2879:, in his work, the 2732:Goddard Henry Orpen 2455:is cited as a Bull. 2426:St Laurence O'Toole 2387:over the murder of 2293:Giraldus Cambrensis 2216:he dedicated it to 2144:Conquest of Ireland 2133:Henry II of England 2124:Authenticity debate 2110:Giraldus Cambrensis 2022:Historians such as 1661:apostolic blessing. 1379:and to enforce the 832:Single European Act 712:NI Constitution Act 525:Parliament Act 1949 4558:Life of Henry II., 4522:The Life of Froude 4411:The Life of Froude 4037:Phillips, J. R. S. 4024:History of Ireland 3980:The Life of Froude 3537:. A. L. Humphreys. 3179:Philip II of Spain 3155:Kingdom of Ireland 3073:Battle of Faughart 3018: 2598:History of Ireland 2594: 2543: 2488: 2485:Pope Alexander III 2445:Radulfus de Diceto 2413:Cambrensis Eversus 2374:Dermot MacMurrough 2136: 2055: 1983:Bishop of Limerick 1870:Professor Jungmann 1838: 1648:seculis obtinere. 1475:Philip II of Spain 1457:Kingdom of Ireland 1430:Pope Alexander III 1359:issued in 1155 by 952:House of Lords Act 752:Interpretation Act 364:Anglo-Irish Treaty 122:Acts of Union 1800 4546:and note upon it" 4355:Ginnell, Laurence 4076:, pp. 27–32. 3968:, pp. 29–30. 3934:, pp. 24–25. 3812:, pp. 27–28. 3561:Hosler, John D., 3453:, pp. 39–40. 3211:978-0-7171-0559-5 2715:J. R. S. Phillips 2504:Patrologia Latina 2212:, written before 2173:Bishop of Le Mans 2169:Bishop of Lisieux 2159:John of Salisbury 2149:John of Salisbury 2089:John of Salisbury 2067:Church in Ireland 2009:Dermot MacMurragh 1944:Henry FitzEmpress 1882:John Sarisbiensis 1807: 1806: 1479:Mary I of England 1453:Irish parliaments 1437:Church of England 1381:Gregorian Reforms 1346: 1345: 1310: 1309: 1172:Scotland Act 2016 1142:Recall of MPs Act 1082:Scotland Act 2012 842:Maastricht Treaty 762:Scotland Act 1978 580:Life Peerages Act 4641: 4599:1150s in England 4506:Mooney, Thomas. 4329:Curtis, Edmund. 4310: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4264:on 15 April 2023 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4047:(106): 112–129. 4033: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3707: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3574: 3558: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3347: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3306: 3296: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3195: 3168: 3152: 3134: 3125: 3112: 3102: 3080: 3053:Robert the Bruce 3039: 3025: 2984: 2959: 2945: 2927: 2921: 2908: 2901:Matthew of Paris 2898: 2892: 2886: 2864: 2857: 2848: 2843: 2829:Felix Liebermann 2826: 2812: 2803: 2789: 2772: 2750:pontifical court 2739: 2722: 2721: 2708: 2698: 2677: 2656: 2642: 2570: 2556: 2550: 2539:Laurence Ginnell 2530: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2165:Bishop of Evreux 2024:Laurence Ginnell 1956:Stephen of Blois 1954:and her cousin, 1884:and of others." 1489: 1472: 1407:King of Leinster 1396: 1353: 1338: 1331: 1324: 932:Human Rights Act 653: 610:Royal Assent Act 533:Regency Act 1953 506:Ireland Act 1949 477:Regency Act 1943 468:Regency Act 1937 314:Welsh Church Act 226:Irish Church Act 58: 57: 52: 43: 21: 20: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4574: 4573: 4538: 4520:Paul, Herbert. 4499:Lingard, John. 4496: 4494:Further reading 4319: 4314: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4171: 4167: 4158: 4151: 4140: 4136: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4107:History Ireland 4099: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3947: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3915: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3877: 3860: 3856: 3838: 3834: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3723: 3719: 3708: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3676: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3642: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3581: 3577: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3475: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3434: 3430: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3297: 3284: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3128: 3030:had written to 3008: 2961: 2948:papal supremacy 2934: 2896:Codex Vaticanus 2877:Caesar Baronius 2874: 2846: 2815:Robert Guiscard 2796: 2729: 2691:Scottish Gaelic 2663: 2649: 2492:Synod of Cashel 2478: 2438: 2404:Synod of Cashel 2354: 2295: 2236: 2203:Life of Malachy 2161: 2126: 2020: 1979:Pope Eugene III 1975:Theobald of Bec 1952:Empress Matilda 1921:Life of Malachy 1897: 1830:Pope Urban VIII 1818: 1812: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1487: 1461:King of Ireland 1447:. In 1542, the 1426:Lord of Ireland 1342: 1313: 1312: 1311: 649: 630:Immigration Act 256:Reform Act 1884 142:Reform Act 1832 62:Treaty of Union 54: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4647: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4572: 4571: 4553: 4537: 4536:External links 4534: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4473:, John Lynch, 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4379: 4372: 4367:Pope Adrian IV 4362: 4352: 4342: 4327: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4297: 4275: 4249: 4224: 4207: 4205:, p. 110. 4195: 4165: 4149: 4134: 4119: 4090: 4088:, p. 171. 4078: 4066: 4028: 4015: 4000: 3985: 3970: 3958: 3936: 3924: 3904: 3892: 3875: 3854: 3832: 3814: 3799: 3784: 3772: 3757: 3755:, p. 160. 3745: 3732: 3717: 3697: 3685: 3663: 3651: 3631: 3619: 3617:, p. 153. 3602: 3590: 3575: 3553: 3540: 3523: 3511: 3498: 3486: 3473: 3455: 3443: 3428: 3413: 3392: 3377: 3364: 3337: 3331:Lawlor, H.J., 3324: 3317: 3282: 3264: 3242: 3217: 3210: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3169:was issued by 3159:personal union 3141:excommunicated 3127: 3119: 3115:Avignon Papacy 3083:Pope John XXII 3055:defeated King 3050:excommunicated 3028:Pope Clement V 3015:Pope John XXII 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2960: 2952: 2933: 2930: 2912:Curtis in his 2873: 2869:Papal copy of 2867: 2795: 2792: 2728: 2725: 2662: 2659: 2648: 2645: 2559:Pope John XXII 2477: 2474: 2465:Pope John XXII 2457: 2456: 2437: 2434: 2353: 2350: 2294: 2291: 2235: 2226: 2160: 2157: 2125: 2122: 2071:Synod of Kells 2019: 2013: 1987:Synod of Kells 1896: 1893: 1814:Main article: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1651: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1465:Pope Paul IV's 1459:with Henry as 1405:, the deposed 1361:Pope Adrian IV 1344: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1182:Wales Act 2017 1178: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1122:Wales Act 2014 1118: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 994: 988: 987: 984: 978: 977: 974: 968: 967: 964: 958: 957: 954: 948: 947: 944: 938: 937: 934: 928: 927: 924: 918: 917: 914: 908: 907: 904: 898: 897: 894: 888: 887: 884: 878: 877: 874: 868: 867: 864: 858: 857: 854: 848: 847: 844: 838: 837: 834: 828: 827: 824: 818: 817: 814: 808: 807: 804: 798: 797: 794: 788: 787: 784: 778: 777: 774: 772:Wales Act 1978 768: 767: 764: 758: 757: 754: 748: 747: 744: 738: 737: 734: 732:Referendum Act 728: 727: 724: 718: 717: 714: 708: 707: 704: 702:NI border poll 698: 697: 694: 688: 687: 684: 678: 677: 674: 668: 667: 664: 658: 657: 654: 646: 645: 642: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 586: 585: 582: 576: 575: 572: 568: 567: 564: 558: 557: 554: 548: 547: 544: 538: 537: 534: 530: 529: 526: 522: 521: 518: 512: 511: 508: 502: 501: 498: 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463: 460: 456: 455: 452: 446: 445: 442: 438: 437: 434: 428: 427: 424: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 400: 399: 396: 390: 389: 386: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 366: 360: 359: 356: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 326: 320: 319: 316: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 276:Parliament Act 272: 271: 268: 262: 261: 258: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 158: 157: 154: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 94: 92:Septennial Act 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 49: 48: 45: 44: 36: 35: 29:United Kingdom 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4646: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560:vol. v p. 371 4559: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4513:Owen, Henry. 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475:Matthew Kelly 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4339:0-415-27949-6 4336: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4307: 4301: 4285: 4279: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4237: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932:Thatcher 1903 3928: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3902:, p. 24. 3901: 3900:Thatcher 1903 3896: 3890:, p. 48. 3889: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3871:0-86698-171-3 3868: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3845:Matthew Kelly 3842: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3780:Thatcher 1903 3776: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3661:, p. 39. 3660: 3655: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3598:Tarleton 1896 3594: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3572:9789004157248 3569: 3566: 3565:, BRILL, 2007 3564: 3557: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3509:(1913) London 3508: 3502: 3496:, p. 27. 3495: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3361:9780199539703 3358: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3318:0-415-27949-6 3314: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3253: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3145:Pope Paul III 3142: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3069:Gaelic allies 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2887:, groups the 2885: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2680:Vicar General 2676: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2627:feudal system 2624: 2623:Anglo-Normans 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2449:Matthew Paris 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389:Thomas Becket 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2218:Thomas Becket 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2005:Cambro-Norman 2003:In May 1169, 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1802: 1652: 1649: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Cambro-Norman 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1305: 1303: 1302:Elections Act 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 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123: 120: 119: 115: 113: 110: 109: 105: 103: 100: 99: 95: 93: 90: 89: 85: 83: 80: 79: 75: 73: 72:Acts of Union 70: 69: 65: 63: 60: 59: 53:List per year 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 23: 22: 19: 4567: 4564:Laudabiliter 4563: 4557: 4549: 4544:Laudabiliter 4543: 4528: 4527:Warren W.L. 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4486: 4480: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4365: 4358: 4348: 4330: 4323: 4300: 4288:. Retrieved 4278: 4266:. Retrieved 4262:the original 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4234: 4227: 4217: 4210: 4198: 4186:. Retrieved 4182: 4178: 4168: 4160: 4137: 4122: 4110:. Retrieved 4106: 4086:Gasquet 1922 4081: 4069: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4013:, p. 3. 4011:Ginnell 1899 3994: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3961: 3951: 3927: 3918: 3895: 3862: 3857: 3848: 3835: 3826: 3797:, p. 7. 3795:Ginnell 1899 3782:, p. 4. 3775: 3766: 3760: 3753:Gasquet 1922 3748: 3740: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3688: 3679: 3654: 3645: 3627:Gasquet 1922 3622: 3615:Gasquet 1922 3593: 3584: 3578: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3533: 3526: 3519:Gasquet 1922 3514: 3506: 3501: 3489: 3482:Polycraticus 3481: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3446: 3437: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3351: 3332: 3327: 3302: 3276: 3267: 3255:. Retrieved 3245: 3235:15 September 3233:. Retrieved 3229: 3220: 3200: 3193: 3171:Pope Paul IV 3150:Laudabiliter 3132:Laudabiliter 3129: 3123:Laudabiliter 3110:Laudabiliter 3100:Laudabiliter 3096: 3092: 3078:Laudabiliter 3047: 3043: 3037:Laudabiliter 3023:Laudabiliter 3019: 2982:Laudabiliter 2978: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2957:Laudabiliter 2943:Laudabiliter 2935: 2925:Laudabiliter 2919:Laudabiliter 2913: 2911: 2890:Laudabiliter 2875: 2871:Laudabiliter 2870: 2862:Laudabiliter 2855:Laudabiliter 2851: 2841:Laudabiliter 2837: 2832: 2824:Laudabiliter 2810:Laudabiliter 2806: 2801:Laudabiliter 2797: 2787:Laudabiliter 2783: 2778: 2770:Laudabiliter 2764: 2762: 2757: 2737:Laudabiliter 2730: 2720:Laudabiliter 2712: 2706:Laudabiliter 2702: 2696:Laudabiliter 2688: 2675:Laudabiliter 2670:John Lanigan 2666:John Lingard 2664: 2654:Laudabiliter 2650: 2640:Laudabiliter 2631: 2618:Papal Legate 2603: 2597: 2595: 2581: 2573: 2554:Laudabiliter 2544: 2528:Laudabiliter 2523: 2514: 2489: 2459:In 1331 the 2458: 2453:Laudabiliter 2452: 2439: 2418: 2412: 2408:Papal Legate 2401: 2397:Laudabiliter 2396: 2393:Laudabiliter 2392: 2381:Laudabiliter 2380: 2378: 2369:Laudabiliter 2368: 2366: 2362:Laudabiliter 2361: 2358:Laudabiliter 2357: 2355: 2345: 2344:, says that 2341: 2338:Laudabiliter 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322:Thomas Moore 2318:Laudabiliter 2317: 2315: 2310: 2307:Laudabiliter 2306: 2302: 2299:Laudabiliter 2298: 2296: 2286: 2283:Laudabiliter 2282: 2280: 2276:Polycraticus 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264:Polycraticus 2263: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2239: 2237: 2233:Polycraticus 2232: 2228: 2213: 2210:Polycraticus 2209: 2207: 2202: 2199:Laudabiliter 2198: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2162: 2152: 2143: 2140:Laudabiliter 2139: 2137: 2117: 2116:in his 1189 2114:Laudabiliter 2113: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2098:In his 1159 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2075:laudabiliter 2074: 2063:Latin Church 2059:Laudabiliter 2058: 2056: 2043: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2017:Laudabiliter 2016: 2002: 1998: 1964: 1941: 1935:towards the 1920: 1898: 1889:Laudabiliter 1888: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1859:tamper-proof 1853: 1839: 1654: 1501: 1434: 1419: 1394:Laudabiliter 1351:Laudabiliter 1348: 1347: 942:Scotland Act 18: 4556:Lyttleton, 4290:12 February 4242:24 November 4203:Mackie 1907 4188:12 February 3888:Curtis 2002 3841:Lynch, John 3693:Mackie 1907 3659:Curtis 2002 3505:Wright, T. 3451:Curtis 2002 3375:pp. 101–102 3061:Bannockburn 2647:Controversy 2541:(1854–1923) 2303:Metalogicus 2287:Metalogicus 2272:Metalogicus 2268:Metalogicus 2260:Papal Court 2256:Metalogicus 2249:Metalogicus 2240:Metalogicus 2229:Metalogicus 2214:Metalogicus 2195:Metalogicus 2153:Metalogicus 2100:Metalogicon 2040:J. H. Round 2030:but rather 1925:hagiography 1492:Latin text 1363:, the only 600:Peerage Act 4589:1155 works 4578:Categories 4562:: text of 4317:References 4112:30 January 4074:Burke 1873 3966:Burke 1873 3810:Burke 1873 3494:Burke 1873 3257:10 January 3175:Queen Mary 3087:Tír Eógain 3048:After the 2985:are that: 2742:John Lynch 2606:Octavianus 2177:St. Albans 2167:, Arnold, 2036:privileges 2032:privilegia 1967:Winchester 1929:Archbishop 1919:wrote the 1895:Background 1826:Papal bull 1816:Papal bull 1810:Papal bull 1422:Henry VIII 1365:Englishman 4529:King John 4061:156521212 3230:Heraldica 2954:Terms of 2938:Waterford 2563:Edward II 2461:Justiciar 2451:in which 2077:(meaning 1948:civil war 1909:Clairvaux 1899:In 1148, 33:countries 4286:. Ucc.ie 4268:15 April 3843:(1848). 3466:(1921). 3275:(1889). 3105:Becket's 2906:Chronica 2684:Killaloe 2568:Analecta 2548:Analecta 2519:Tusculum 2430:Prelates 2422:Holy See 2079:laudably 1907:died at 1441:Holy See 31:and its 3847:(ed.). 3741:History 3173:naming 2754:Avignon 2614:Normans 2574:Citing 2498:Regesta 2469:crusade 2220:, then 1994:primate 1971:William 1917:Bernard 1901:Malachy 1377:Ireland 1370:Angevin 4337: 4059: 3869: 3570: 3359: 3315: 3208: 2513:, the 2171:, the 1960:Adrian 1933:Europe 1905:Armagh 1849:letter 1801:ages. 1355:was a 4147:I, 58 4057:S2CID 3185:Notes 2610:Guido 2028:bulls 2015:Bull 1937:Irish 1854:bulla 1846:papal 1844:is a 1834:bulla 1467:bull 4335:ISBN 4292:2019 4270:2023 4244:2017 4190:2019 4114:2016 3867:ISBN 3568:ISBN 3357:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3259:2022 3237:2021 3206:ISBN 3139:was 2756:two 2402:The 2385:Rome 2231:and 2044:bull 1913:Rome 1842:bull 1485:Text 1477:and 1357:bull 1306:2022 1296:2022 1286:2020 1276:2020 1266:2020 1256:2020 1246:2019 1236:2019 1226:2019 1216:2018 1206:2017 1196:2017 1186:2017 1176:2016 1166:2016 1156:2015 1146:2015 1136:2015 1126:2014 1116:2014 1106:2014 1096:2013 1086:2012 1076:2011 1066:2011 1056:2011 1046:2011 1036:2011 1026:2010 1016:2009 1006:2009 996:2006 986:2005 976:2000 966:2000 956:1999 946:1998 936:1998 926:1998 916:1998 906:1998 896:1997 886:1997 876:1997 866:1994 856:1994 846:1993 836:1985 826:1985 816:1983 806:1981 796:1979 786:1979 776:1978 766:1978 756:1978 746:1975 736:1975 726:1975 716:1973 706:1973 696:1973 686:1973 676:1972 666:1972 656:1972 644:1972 634:1971 624:1968 614:1967 604:1963 594:1962 584:1958 574:1957 566:1954 556:1953 546:1953 536:1953 528:1949 520:1949 510:1949 500:1948 490:1948 480:1943 472:1937 462:1936 454:1931 444:1929 436:1928 426:1927 416:1926 406:1925 398:1922 388:1922 378:1921 368:1921 358:1920 348:1919 338:1918 328:1917 318:1914 308:1914 298:1914 288:1914 280:1911 270:1889 260:1884 250:1876 240:1876 230:1869 220:1868 210:1868 200:1867 190:1844 182:1843 174:1833 166:1832 156:1832 146:1832 136:1801 126:1800 116:1782 106:1746 96:1716 86:1707 76:1707 66:1706 4049:doi 3143:by 3059:at 2752:at 2682:of 2151:'s 2081:or 2034:or 1903:of 1828:of 4580:: 4357:. 4347:, 4181:. 4177:. 4152:^ 4105:. 4093:^ 4055:. 4045:27 4043:. 4003:^ 3939:^ 3907:^ 3878:^ 3817:^ 3802:^ 3787:^ 3700:^ 3666:^ 3634:^ 3605:^ 3395:^ 3340:^ 3311:. 3309:49 3285:^ 3228:. 2950:. 2804:. 2781:. 2668:, 2531:. 2038:. 1973:. 1962:. 1939:. 1840:A 1824:A 1481:. 1417:. 1413:, 4341:. 4294:. 4272:. 4192:. 4183:8 4116:. 4063:. 4051:: 3873:. 3321:. 3261:. 3239:. 3214:. 2847:' 1836:. 1337:e 1330:t 1323:v

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