Latins (Italic tribe)

1840:(Cassian treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the Romans on one side and the other Latin city-states combined. It provided for a perpetual peace between the two parties; a defensive alliance by which the parties pledged mutual assistance in case of attack; a promise not to aid or allow passage to each other's enemies; the equal division of spoils of war (half to Rome, half to the other Latins) and provisions to regulate trade between the parties. In addition the treaty probably provided for overall command of the allies' joint forces to alternate between a Roman and a commander from one of the other Latin city-states each year. As the nature of the Tarquinian hegemony over the Latins is unknown, it is impossible to tell how the terms of the Cassian treaty differed from those imposed by the Tarquins. But it is likely that Tarquin rule was more onerous, involving the payment of tribute, while the Republican terms simply involved a military alliance. The impetus to form such an alliance was probably provided by the acute insecurity caused by a phase of migration and invasion of the lowland areas by Italic mountain tribes in the period after 500 BC. The Latins faced repeated incursions by the 1983:. The Imperial population of Rome was found to have been extremely diverse, with barely any of the examined individuals being of primarily local, central Italian ancestry. It was suggested that the observed genetic shift in the city's founding populations was a result of heavy migration of merchants and slaves from the populous urban centres of the Middle East and Greece. During late antiquity, after the Imperial era, Rome's population was drastically reduced as a result of political instability, epidemics and economic changes. In this period, more local or central Italian ancestry is evident in Rome; its inhabitants started to again approximate present-day Italians, and can be modeled as a genetic mixture of Imperial-era inhabitants of the city of Rome and populations from central or northern Italy. In the following Early Medieval period, invasions of barbarians may have brought central and/or northern European ancestry into Rome, resulting in the further loss of genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By the 511:), even though some scholars believe that the Lemnian language might have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Other scholars, however, argue that the presence of a language similar to Etruscan in Lemnos was due to Etruscan commercial adventurers arrived from the west shortly before 700 BC. The archaeological evidence available from Iron Age Etruria shows no sign of any invasion, migration, or arrival of small immigrant-elites from the Eastern Mediterranean who may have imposed their language. Between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, Etruria shows above all contacts with Central Europe and the 1694: 619: 3380:, p. 673. "People from the city's earliest eras and from after the Western empire's decline in the fourth century C.E. genetically resembled other Western Europeans. But during the imperial period most sampled residents had Eastern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern ancestry... The study suggests the vast majority of immigrants to the city came from the East. Of 48 individuals sampled from this period, only two showed strong genetic ties to Europe... Invading barbarians brought in more European ancestry. Rome gradually lost its strong genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By medieval times, city residents again genetically resembled European populations." 895:, rather than a cultural symbol, by the Vinca people). Whatever its origin, it was widely adopted by the Indo-Europeans, among whom it probably symbolised the Sun (which was seen as a wheel rolling across the sky) and/or the Sky and was thus closely associated with their male supreme Sky-god. Among the Romans, it was not traditionally associated with the sky god Jupiter. It became associated with the sky god in Celtic southwest Gaul, where numerous dedications to Jupiter have been discovered adorned with swastikas. In the later empire (4th century onwards), when pagan symbolism lost favour due to the advance of Christianity, it came to represent the Universe, or eternal life. 4149: 1247:), so archaeology cannot be used to support the tradition that Rome was founded by people from Alba Longa. If Alba Longa did not exist, then nor did the "Alban kings", whose genealogy was almost certainly fabricated to "prove" Romulus' descent from Aeneas. The genealogy's dubious nature is shown by the fact that it ascribes the 14 Alban kings an average reign of 30 years' duration, an implausibly high figure. The false nature of the Aeneas-Romulus link is also demonstrated by the fact that, in some early versions of the tradition, Romulus is denoted as Aeneas' grandson, despite being chronologically separated from Aeneas by some 450 years. 420: 905: 750: 1033: 1256: 946:, Alban Hills, SE of Rome), an extinct volcano. The climax of the festival was a number of sacrifices to Jupiter Latiaris ("Jupiter of Latium"); the sacrificed meat was shared by the representatives of the Latin communities. These elaborate rituals, as did all Roman religious ceremonies, had to be performed with absolute precision and, if any procedural mistakes were made, had to be repeated from the start. The Latin Festival continued to be held long after all 6221: 4093: 2452:

antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.

95: 1122: 6210: 283: 1159:, by the Greeks in 1184 BC, according to one ancient calculation. After many adventures, Aeneas and his Trojan army landed on the coast of Latium near the mouth of the Tiber. Initially, King Latinus attempted to drive them out, but he was defeated in battle. Later, he accepted Aeneas as an ally and eventually allowed him to marry his daughter, Lavinia. Aeneas supposedly founded the city of 416:, and more specifically, for an ancestral European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European", ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic branches. All these groups were descended from Proto-Indo-European speakers from Yamna-culture, whose migrations in Central Europe probably split off Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic from Proto-Indo-European. 1805: 3357:, p. 4. "ompared to Iron Age individuals, the Imperial population shares more alleles with early Bronze Age Jordanians... Notably, only 2 out of 48 Imperial-era individuals fall in the European cluster (C7) to which 8 out of 11 Iron Age individuals belong... ew Imperial individuals (n = 2) have strong genetic affinities to western Mediterranean populations." 641:. It thus appears that the Latins occupied Latium Vetus not earlier than around 1000 BC. Initially, the Latin immigrants into Latium were probably concentrated in the low hills that extend from the central Apennine range into the coastal plain (much of which was then marshy and malarial, and thus uninhabitable). A notable area of early settlement were the 1097:). The legend provided the Romans with a heroic "Homeric" pedigree, as well as a (spurious) ethnic distinctiveness from the other Latins. It also provided a rationale (as poetic revenge for the destruction of Troy) for Rome's hostilities against, and eventual subjugation of, the Greek cities of southern Italy, especially 1865:, to attempt to defend their independence and territorial integrity by challenging Rome, often in alliance with their erstwhile enemies, mountain-tribes such as the Volsci. Finally, in 341 BC, all the Latin city-states combined in what proved to be a final effort to regain/preserve their independence. The so-called 1263:, a bronze statue of the She-Wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. Date is controversial. Traditionally it has been attributed to the Etruscans and dated to the 5th century BC (although the twins were added in the 15th century). More recent scholarship dates the original piece to the medieval era. 1855:

The new Romano-Latin military alliance proved strong enough to repel the incursions of the Italic mountain tribes in the period 500–400 BC. During the succeeding century, after Rome had recovered from the catastrophic Gallic invasion of 390 BC, the Romans began a phase of expansionism. In addition to

1777:

There followed a war between Rome and the other Latin city-states, which probably took advantage of the political turmoil in Rome to attempt to regain/preserve their independence. It appears that Tusculum and Aricia took the lead in organising an anti-Roman alliance. One ancient source names Egerius

1202:

There is controversy about how and when Aeneas and his Trojans were adopted as ethnic ancestors by the Romans. One theory is that the Romans appropriated the legend from the Etruscans, who in turn acquired themselves the legend from the Greeks. There is evidence that the Aeneas legend was well known

427:

Leaving archaeology aside, the geographical distribution of the ancient languages of the peninsula may plausibly be explained by the immigration of successive waves of peoples with different languages, according to Cornell. On this model, it appears likely that the "West Italic" group (including the

221:

550–500 BC), Rome apparently acquired political hegemony over the other states. After the fall of the Roman monarchy around 500 BC, there appears to have been a century of military alliance between Rome and the other Latin states to confront the threat posed to all Latium by raiding by the

1749:

and Ardea, among others, as "Roman subjects". Although the text acknowledged that not all the Latin cities were subjects of Rome, it clearly placed them under Rome's hegemony, as it provided that if Carthage captured any Latin city, it was obliged to hand it over to Rome's control. Rome's sphere of

1239:

But whatever the origin of the legend, it is clear that the Latins had no historical connection with Aeneas and none of their cities were founded by Trojan refugees. Furthermore, Cornell regards the city of Alba Longa itself as probably mythical. Early Latial-culture remains have been discovered on

1670:

From an early stage, the external relations of the Latin city-states were dominated by their largest and most powerful member, Rome. The vast amount of archaeological evidence uncovered since the 1970s has conclusively discredited A. Alföldi's once-fashionable theory that Rome was an insignificant

808:

The kinship-system of PIEs is considered by anthropologists to best fit the so-called "Omaha" system, i.e. a patrilineal exogamous society, i.e. a society in which descent is recognised through the father's line and spouses are taken from outside the kinship-group. This is certainly the case with

519:

was an artistic-cultural phenomenon not exclusively Etruscan, also spread to other areas of Italy and the Greek world, and that can be better explained by trade and exchange rather than by migrations. Genetic studies on samples of Etruscan individuals, both on mitochondrial and autosomal DNA, are

1312:

Mainstream scholarly opinion regards Romulus as an entirely mythical character, and the legend fictitious. On this view, Romulus was a name fabricated to provide Rome with an eponymous founding hero, a common feature of classical foundation-myths; it is possible that Romulus was named after Rome

731:

Around 650 BC began a period of urbanisation, with the establishment of political city-states in Latium. The most notable example is Rome itself, which was originally a group of separate settlements on the various hills. It appears that they coalesced into a single entity around 625 BC, when the

1769:

suggests that Porsenna's army succeeded in occupying the city. The fact that there is no evidence of Tarquin's restoration during this occupation has led some scholars to suggest that it Porsenna was the real agent of the Tarquin's downfall, and that he aimed to replace him as king of Rome. Any

803:

branch of IE. On the basis of common steppe-nomadic features in the cultures of the various Indo-European peoples in the historical era, scholars have reconstructed elements of proto-Indo-European culture. Relics of such elements have been discerned in Roman and Latin customs. Examples include:

2674:

Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or

205:

that appeared in parts of the Italian peninsula in the first half of the 12th century BC. The Latins maintained close culturo-religious relations until they were definitively united politically under Rome in 338 BC, and for centuries beyond. These included common festivals and religious

2451:

Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age

1789:

in the presence of representatives of Latin states, including Tusculum, Aricia, Lanuvium, Lavinium, Cora, Tibur, Pometia and Ardea. This event was probably contemporaneous with, and connected with, the launch of the Latin alliance. The Latins could apparently count on the support of the

816:, deriving from archaic "Dieus - pater" ("sky-father"). PIEs also venerated a god of thunder and lightning. Among the Latins, this deity appears to have been merged with the sky-god, as Jupiter was ascribed the power to hurl thunderbolts. Among others, Jupiter was ascribed the epithets 533: 1024:, or Latin ancestor-gods. Cornell suggests that the "Sanctuary of the 13 altars" discovered in the 1960s at Lavinium was the site of the Penates cult. Since each of the altars differ in style and date, it has been suggested that each was erected by a separate Latin city-state. 1211:

argued that the original Etruscans were in fact descendants of those Trojan refugees and that the Aeneas legend has a historical basis. Georgiev disputes the mainstream view that Etruscan was not Indo-European: he argues that Etruscan was closely related to the Indo-European

1236:. There is also much archaeological evidence of contacts between the cities of archaic Latium and the Greek world e.g. the archaic sanctuary of the Penates at Lavinium, which shows "heavy Greek influence in architectural design and religious ideology", according to Cornell. 1228:

in Anatolia, it cannot be argued conclusively that Luwian was the everyday language of Troy. Cornell points out that the Romans may have acquired the legend directly from the Italiote Greeks. The earliest Greek literary reference to Rome as a foundation of Aeneas dates to

1667:. Rome was by far the largest state, controlling some 35% of the total land area. The next four largest states ranged from just under half the size of Rome down to a fifth of the size; the remaining ten ranged from a tenth of the size down to less than a twentieth. 520:

also against an eastern origin of the Etruscans and have supported a deep, local origin. A 2019 Stanford genetic study, which has analyzed the autosomal DNA of Iron Age samples from the areas around Rome, has concluded that Etruscans were similar to the Latins from

49: 1112:

lent itself to his adoption as the Roman "Abraham": a mighty warrior of (minor) royal blood who personally slew 28 Achaeans in the war, he was twice saved from certain death by the gods, implying that he had a great destiny to fulfil. A passage in Homer's

710:–900 BC) these hut-urns only appear in some burials, but they become standard in Phase II cremation burials (900–770 BC). They represent the typical single-roomed hovels of contemporary peasants, which were made from simple, readily available materials: 1765:, who led an invasion of Roman territory at the time of the revolution, was probably distorted for propaganda reasons by later Roman chroniclers. Livy claims that Porsenna aimed to restore Tarquin to his throne, but failed to take Rome after a siege. 1741:. He was engaged in besieging Ardea when the revolt against his monarchy broke out. Rome's political control over Latium Vetus is apparently confirmed by the text of the first recorded Romano-Carthaginian treaty, dated by the ancient Greek historian 477:

part of an older European linguistic substratum, spoken long before the arrival of proto Indo-European speakers. Some scholars have earlier speculated that Etruscan language could have been introduced by later migrants. The ancient Greek historian

1333:

Romulus, it is plausible that he was historical. Nevertheless, Cornell argues that "Romulus probably never existed... His biography is a complex mixture of legend and folk-tale, interspersed with antiquarian speculation and political propaganda".

1360:

The traditional number of Latin communities for the purposes of the joint religious festivals is given as 30 in the sources. The same number is reported, probably erroneously, as the membership of the Romano-Latin military alliance, labelled the

4563: 428:

Latins) were the first wave, followed, and largely displaced by, the East Italic (Osco-Umbrian) group. This is deduced from the marginal locations of the surviving West Italic niches. Besides Latin, putative members of the West Italic group are

1671:

settlement until about 500 BC, and thus that the Republic was not established before about 450, and possibly as late as 400 BC. There is now no doubt that Rome was a unified city (as opposed to a group of separate hilltop settlements) by

448:

dialects spoken over much of central and southern Italy. The chronology of Indo-European immigration remains elusive, as does the relative chronology between the Italic IE languages and the non-IE languages of the peninsula, notably the

1117:

contains the prophecy that Aeneas and his descendants would one day rule the Trojans. Since the Trojans had been expelled from their own city, it was speculated that Aeneas and other Trojan survivors must have migrated elsewhere.

783:(southern Russia, northern Caucasus and central Asia). Their livelihood was based on horses and herding. In the historical era, the same socio-cultural lifestyle was maintained, in the same regions, by peoples descended from the 230:. This system progressively broke down after roughly 390 BC, when Rome's aggressive expansionism led to conflict with other Latin states, both individually and collectively. In 341–338 BC, the Latin states jointly fought the 498:

language, completely different from the Etruscan language. Despite, a possible support for an eastern origin for Etruscan may be provided by two inscriptions in a language closely related to Etruscan found on the island of

1860:

on territories annexed from the mountain tribes, Rome annexed a number of neighbouring Latin city-states in steady succession. The increasing threat posed by Roman encroachment led the more powerful Latin states, such as

694:

valley. In contrast, the Osco-Umbrian tribes do not exhibit the same features of the Latins, who thus shared the broadly same material culture as the Etruscans. The variant of Villanovan found in Latium is dubbed the

588:, it indicates that the Romans remained Latin-speakers in the period when some historians have suggested that Rome had become "Etruscanised" in both language and culture. It also lends support to the existence of the 322:, which began around 900 BC. The most widely accepted theory suggests that Latins and other proto-Italic tribes first entered Italy in the late Bronze Age proto-Villanovan culture, then part of the central European 1351:

In contrast to the legend of Aeneas, which was clearly imported into the Latin world from an extraneous culture, it appears that the Romulus legend of the suckling she-wolf is a genuine indigenous Latin myth.

831:

Fire-worship: A central feature of PIE life was the domestic hearth. It is thus considered certain that PIEs worshipped fire. The best-known derivative is the fire-worship of the ancient Iranian religion (see

1372:

there were just 15 independent Latin city-states in Latium Vetus, including Rome itself (the other 15 were annexed by the former as they expanded, especially Rome). The size of the city-state territories in

1129:, a volcanic plateau 20km SE of Rome. The region saw early Latin settlement and was the site of the legendary city of Alba Longa, supposedly the capital of Latium for 400 years before the foundation of Rome 3692:

Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Kivisild, Toomas; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Hui, Ruoyun; Solnik, Anu; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Larson, Greger; Alessandri, Luca (2021-06-21).

2021:

By contrast, the following results were obtained for Medieval/Early Modern period: the eye color is blue in 26% of the examined and dark in the remaining 74%. Hair color is 22% blond or dark blond, 11%

1240:

the shore of the Alban lake, but they indicate a series of small villages, not an urbanised city-state. In any case, traces of the earliest phase of Latial culture also occur at Rome at the same time (

234:

against Rome in a final attempt to preserve their independence. The war ended in 338 BC with a decisive Roman victory. The other Latin states were either annexed or permanently subjugated to Rome.

2573:

Leonardi, Michela; Sandionigi, Anna; Conzato, Annalisa; Lari, Martina; Tassi, Francesca (2018). "The female ancestor's tale: Long‐term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany".

847:

ritual involves the sacrifice of a stallion and the ritual copulation with its corpse by the queen, followed by the distribution of the horse's parts. The Romans practised a ritual known as the

928:

Despite their frequent internecine wars, the Latin city-states maintained close culturo-religious relations throughout their history. Their most important common tribal event was the four-day

4578: 1757:

The fall of the Roman monarchy was probably a more lengthy, violent and international process than the swift, bloodless and internal coup related by tradition. The role of the Etruscan king

3581:"The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.", 4453: 1348:, as related by the ancient chroniclers, by ploughing a symbolic sacred furrow to define the city's boundary. But Carandini's views have received scant support among fellow scholars. 1040:' legendary landing on the shores of Latium (note prow of his beached ship, right). Aeneas is holding his son, Ascanius, by the hand. A sow (left) shows him where to found his city ( 1682:, 510 hectares) by around 550 BC, when it had an area of about 285 hectares (1.1 sq mile) and an estimated population of 35,000. Rome was thus about half the size of contemporary 524:. According to British archeologist Phil Perkins, "there are indications that the evidence of DNA can support the theory that Etruscan people are autochthonous in central Italy". 2279:"Almagro-Gorbea - La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la península ibérica", 2001 p.95. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., Mariné, M. and Álvarez-Sanchís, J. R. (eds) 1167:), named after his wife, on the coast not far from Laurentum. It became the Latin capital after Latinus' death. Aeneas' son (by his previous Trojan wife, a daughter of king 724:") on the southern slope of the Palatine Hill, supposedly built by the legendary founder of Rome with his own hands and which reportedly survived until the time of emperor 843:

Horse-sacrifice: Originally a nomadic steppe-people, the life of PIEs was centred on horses. The sacrifice of horses was probably practised to consecrate kings. The Indic

2003:

of the 11 individuals of the Iron Age/Republican period, coming from Latium and Abruzzo, and the 27 individuals of Medieval/Early Modern period, coming from Latium.

1778:

Baebius, the leader of Tusculum, as the "Latin dictator" (i.e. commander-in-chief of the Latin forces). It appears that Baebius dedicated a sacred grove to Diana at

1713:

The size of Rome at this time lends credence to the Roman tradition, dismissed by Alföldi, that in the late regal period (550–500 BC), traditionally the rule of the

1341:, an archaeologist who has spent most of his career excavating central Rome, advanced the theory that Romulus was a historical figure who indeed founded the city in 4423: 812:

Supreme sky-god: It has been securely reconstructed that the chief god of PIEs was a male sky-god, known as "Father Sky", from which descends the chief Latin god,

1873:. A few of the larger Latin states, such as Praeneste and Tibur, were allowed to retain a degree of political autonomy, but only in a subordinate status as Roman 1834:

Instead of restoring their previous hegemony, the Romans apparently settled for a military alliance on equal terms with the Latins. According to the sources, the

4498: 1179:

in the Alban Hills, which replaced Lavinium as capital city. Alba Longa supposedly remained the Latin capital for some 400 years under Aeneas' successors, the

4523: 2026:

and 67% dark brown or black. The skin color is pale for 15%, intermediate for 68%, intermediate or dark for 10% and dark or very dark for the remaining 7%.

4428: 3955: 3863: 3695:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula, Supplemental information Data S6A–S6D" 877:). According to one theory, it was invented, and used as an ethnic emblem, by the Proto-Indo-Europeans, although it is also a documented symbol of the 767:

Germans and severely dehydrated, were saved by a thunderstorm, which reportedly materialised out of a clear sky. Note the god's wings. Detail from the

714:

walls and straw roofs supported by wooden posts. The huts remained the main form of Latin housing until about 650 BC. The most famous exemplar was the

2784: 4568: 4443: 4433: 2750: 4573: 4553: 4543: 4508: 1207:

discovered a series of statuettes portraying Aeneas fleeing Troy carrying his father on his back, as in the legend. Indeed, the Bulgarian linguist

1220:

languages. Georgiev's thesis hasn't received support from other scholars. Excavations at Troy have yielded a single written document, a letter in

256:("wide, broad"), referring, by extension, to the plains of the region (in contrast to the mainly-mountainous Italian Peninsula). If that is true, 5280: 4588: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4418: 4054: 4593: 4548: 4528: 4513: 4463: 4448: 4438: 4413: 5312: 4558: 4538: 4503: 4488: 4408: 1558: 1068:, the Romans acquired their own national origin myth sometime during the early Republican era (500–300 BC). It was centred on the figure of 5943: 5295: 4583: 397:(which succeeded the Urnfield culture), that it is not possible to tell them apart in their earlier stages. Furthermore, the contemporary 401:

of Northern Italy represented a typical western example of the western Hallstatt culture, whose diffusion most probably took place in a

5907: 4837: 2538:

Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G, et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia".

1964:, and then Spaniards, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians. Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, 1329:("teat"), presumably because the shape of the Palatine Hill and/or Capitoline Hill resembled a woman's breasts. If the city was named 6041: 645:, a plateau about 20 km (13 mi) SE of Rome containing a number of extinct volcanoes and 5 lakes, of which the largest are 5948: 1636: 5513: 4533: 1745:

to 507 BC, a date accepted by Cornell (although some scholars argue a much later date). The treaty describes the Latin cities of

4725: 6191: 5354: 2794: 2760: 2404: 2080: 840:, who was the goddess of the hearth. To symbolise the hearth, it is the only Roman temple which was round, instead of square. 5988: 5263: 5071: 359: 213:

600 BC led to volatile relations with the other Latin states, which numbered about 14 in 500 BC. In the period of the

3476:"Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean" 1952:. Two out of six individuals from Latin burials were found have a mixture of local Iron Age ancestry and ancestry from an 440:. The West Italic languages were thus spoken in limited and isolated areas, whereas the "East Italic" group comprised the 74:. The region's two main lakes, Nemi and Albanus, are visible under the "I". The leading Latin city-states of Rome, Tibur ( 5317: 5180: 1975:(27 BCE – 300 CE) bore far less genetic resemblance to Rome's founding populations, and were instead shifted towards the 4059: 584:, according to the traditional Roman chronology, but more likely close to its inception. Written in a primitive form of 6036: 5621: 5248: 5081: 4842: 3401: 2721: 2696: 3632:

Raveane, A.; Aneli, S.; Montinaro, F.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G. (4 September 2019).

3585:"Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome" 5268: 5243: 5086: 4128: 2444: 2374: 1794:

Italic tribe. In addition, they were joined by the deposed Roman king Tarquin the Proud and his remaining followers.

1191:(traditional reign-dates 673–642 BC), the Romans razed Alba Longa to the ground and resettled its inhabitants on the 618: 286:

The mainstream scenario for the migration of the Indo-European (IE) peoples in the period 4000–1000 BC: Known as the

2628:(6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708–714. 6255: 5640: 4921: 4807: 3634:"Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe" 2035: 1717:

dynasty, Rome established its political hegemony over the other city-states of Old Latium. According to Livy, king

302:

2500 BC, the orange zone by around 1000 BC. Note the movement of the Italic branch from the secondary zone (around

5764: 5676: 5523: 5518: 5349: 5217: 4081: 3390:

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi (1994).

971: 676:

The Latins appear to have become culturally differentiated from the surrounding Osco-Umbrian Italic tribes from

6245: 5712: 5300: 4777: 2040: 1693: 347: 3391: 1721:

bound the Latin city-states into a military alliance under Roman leadership. Reportedly, Tarquin also annexed

1663:

The table above shows the tiny size of Latium Vetus - only about two-thirds the size of the English county of

1309:

convent. They were washed ashore by the river, and after a few days with the wolf, were rescued by shepherds.

5963: 5794: 5681: 5212: 5207: 4193: 4185: 335: 981:

Latin cultural-religious events were also held at other common cult-centres e.g. the major common shrine to

5722: 5661: 5646: 5498: 5359: 4812: 3819: 2143:

John M. Coles - The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000–700 BC, p.422

1948:. These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of 30% 661:). These hills provided a defensible, well-watered base. Also the hills on the site of Rome, certainly the 3367:

Supplementary Materials for "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" (page 27)

855:, the god of war. Its head was severed and fought over by two teams of people, and its tail hung from the 6066: 5784: 5630: 5412: 5322: 5222: 5108: 5076: 4761: 4662: 1937: 869:

in Latin), was widely used by IE-speaking peoples in both Europe and Asia (especially in India: the term

466: 6121: 5749: 5569: 5476: 5449: 5384: 5258: 4792: 4718: 3781: 3300: 1737:

by a marriage alliance with its leader, Octavus Mamilius; and established Roman colonies at Signia and

629:

There is no archaeological evidence at present that Old Latium hosted permanent settlements during the

214: 3694: 2204: 170:

100 km (62 mi) southeast of Rome. Following the Roman expansion, the Latins spread into the

6151: 5917: 5840: 5804: 4822: 4787: 4782: 4138: 2294:

Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe

768: 637:

pottery shards have been found in Latium, most likely belonging to transient pastoralists engaged in

6270: 6260: 6166: 6156: 6136: 6106: 6061: 5759: 5601: 5533: 5503: 5483: 5364: 5040: 5005: 4802: 4148: 2952: 967: 474: 470: 331: 277: 202: 1913: 1321:, so it means simply "Roman" or "little Roman". It has been suggested that the name "Roma" was of 775:

According to the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis, the earliest Indo-European speakers were a nomadic

625:

cinerary hut-urn, showing the likely shape of Romulus' Hut in Rome: a simple mud-and-straw shelter

6265: 6250: 6046: 5809: 5666: 5636: 5611: 5528: 5488: 5427: 5326: 5091: 5061: 2018:

is intermediate for 82%, intermediate or dark for 9% and dark or very dark for the remaining 9%.

1798: 1697:

Detail of a 4th-century AD Roman mosaic showing two hunters wearing the dress of officers of the

1224:. But as Luwian (which certainly is closely related to Hittite) was used as a kind of diplomatic 564: 495: 311: 103: 31: 1004:, Egerius Baebius. Cornell argues that the temple of Diana reportedly founded by the Roman king 5744: 5732: 5508: 5493: 5185: 4827: 3920: 2712:

Perkins, Phil (2009). "DNA and Etruscan identity". In Perkins, Phil; Swaddling, Judith (eds.).

1945: 1941: 175: 42: 17: 1933: 1925: 916:, 949m), the sacred mount of the Latins in the Alban Hills. The annual religious rites of the 699:. The most distinctive feature of Latial culture were cinerary urns in the shape of miniature 6051: 5978: 5958: 5872: 5821: 5579: 5559: 5369: 4963: 4817: 4797: 4711: 4267: 4113: 1976: 1987:, the people of Rome again genetically resembled central and southern European populations. 1921: 290:, the scenario envisages the IE peoples migrating outwards from an original homeland in the 5902: 5717: 5606: 5584: 5238: 5136: 5020: 4888: 4683: 3959: 3932: 3867: 3645: 3487: 3430: 2629: 2492: 2436: 2357:(2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). 1929: 1208: 784: 516: 413: 592:

in this era, whom some historians regarded as mythical: the inscription contains the word

8: 6186: 6176: 6131: 5897: 5862: 5857: 5574: 5195: 5131: 5051: 4308: 4242: 4133: 4089: 4074: 2687:

Perkins, Phil (2017). "Chapter 8: DNA and Etruscan identity". In Naso, Alessandro (ed.).

1827: 1819: 1609: 813: 759: 150:). From about 1000 BC, the Latins inhabited the small region known to the Romans as 3963: 3871: 3649: 3491: 3434: 2633: 2496: 851:, whereby the right-hand horse of a victorious team in a chariot-race was sacrificed to 419: 6161: 6146: 6126: 5983: 5924: 5877: 5799: 5656: 5626: 5616: 5591: 5564: 5471: 5464: 5400: 5156: 5151: 4868: 4657: 4118: 4105: 3888: 3849: 3740: 3666: 3633: 3609: 3584: 3559: 3532: 3508: 3475: 3451: 3418: 2660: 2617: 2598: 2515: 2480: 2479:

Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al. (2013).

1996: 1679: 622: 375: 298:

Mountains (purple zone). The red zone indicates the possible extent of IE expansion by

3366: 1968:

and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.

962:, writing around AD 20, ascribed Rome's disastrous defeat by the Carthaginian general 904: 891:– 4500 BC), which was probably pre-Indo-European (although it may have been used as a 749: 570:

The oldest extant inscription in the Latin language is believed to be engraved on the

6111: 6101: 5973: 5887: 5852: 5779: 5769: 5547: 5417: 5331: 5161: 5141: 5115: 5103: 4898: 4893: 4878: 4873: 4858: 4649: 4393: 4318: 4232: 4123: 3975: 3946: 3893: 3854: 3744: 3732: 3724: 3671: 3614: 3564: 3513: 3456: 3397: 2790: 2756: 2717: 2692: 2665: 2590: 2555: 2520: 2440: 2370: 2076: 1917: 1909: 1900: 1718: 1322: 1306: 1264: 982: 874: 800: 450: 429: 398: 394: 379: 287: 190: 189:

of Indo-European. Speakers of Italic languages are assumed to have migrated into the

159: 2602: 1797:

The Romans apparently prevailed, scoring a notable victory over the Latin forces at

64:, a region of early Latin settlement (from around 1000 BC) and the site of the 6181: 6003: 5953: 5934: 5929: 5882: 5789: 5727: 5707: 5695: 5651: 5454: 5434: 5422: 5285: 5166: 4883: 4746: 4738: 4493: 4388: 4368: 4358: 4348: 4227: 3967: 3883: 3875: 3714: 3706: 3661: 3653: 3604: 3596: 3554: 3544: 3503: 3495: 3446: 3438: 3149: 2655: 2645: 2637: 2582: 2547: 2510: 2500: 2432: 2362: 2064: 1836: 1683: 1338: 1213: 1188: 1077: 852: 780: 754: 634: 560: 512: 508: 462: 402: 323: 186: 38: 5253: 1032: 881: 6091: 6081: 6076: 6071: 5968: 5892: 5754: 5273: 5171: 5056: 4956: 4863: 4629: 4619: 4609: 4287: 4272: 4257: 4247: 3971: 3549: 2505: 2354: 1949: 1869:

ended in 338 with a decisive Roman victory, following which Rome annexed most of

1810: 1706: 1698: 1260: 1221: 1217: 1005: 837: 711: 666: 454: 327: 171: 4035:

Ancient Italy In Its Mediterranean Setting: Studies In Honour of Ellen Macnamara

3944:

Wade, Lizzie (November 8, 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome".

2069:

The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome

6224: 6171: 6141: 6086: 5993: 5867: 5814: 5774: 5444: 5439: 5290: 5190: 5146: 5098: 5046: 5000: 4968: 4926: 4903: 4694: 4624: 4373: 4363: 4282: 4222: 4067: 3499: 2424: 2010:

is blue in 27% of the examined and dark in the remaining 73%. Hair color is 9%

1957: 1857: 1852:, whose territories surrounded Latium Vetus on its eastern and southern sides. 1801:

sometime in the period 499-493 BC (the exact year is disputed among scholars).

1722: 1271:

Romulus himself was the subject of the famous legend of the suckling she-wolf (

1052: 934: 917: 833: 696: 687: 552: 409: 367: 269: 198: 139: 115: 3710: 2405:"An 'Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples" 2366: 1999:

of eyes, hair and skin, the following results were obtained from the study on

1297:. The latter had usurped the throne of Alba from the twins' grandfather, king 1147:, who gave his name to the tribe and founded the first capital of the Latins, 1143:(published around AD 20). According to this, the Latin tribe's first king was 6239: 6096: 5737: 5307: 4995: 4973: 4832: 4678: 4403: 4398: 4383: 4343: 4277: 4237: 3728: 1961: 1758: 1280: 1168: 1009: 662: 589: 585: 581: 423:

The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion

355: 343: 315: 75: 3879: 3442: 2641: 1133:

The legend is given its most vivid and detailed treatment in the Roman poet

6214: 6021: 5826: 5596: 5200: 5066: 5015: 4990: 4614: 4458: 4378: 4353: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4252: 4217: 4180: 4175: 4009: 3979: 3897: 3736: 3675: 3657: 3618: 3568: 3517: 3460: 2669: 2594: 2559: 2524: 2191: 2072: 2045: 1972: 1888: 1815: 1770:

danger of an Etruscan takeover of Rome was removed by Porsenna's defeat at

1621: 1460: 1415: 1362: 1203:

among the Etruscans by 500 BC: excavations at the ancient Etruscan city of

1196: 951: 638: 606: 521: 371: 350:. According to David W. Anthony proto-Latins originated in today's eastern 273: 209:

The rise of Rome as by far the most populous and powerful Latin state from

167: 147: 83: 68:, the most important Latin communal festival, are located under the "U" in 3600: 6116: 6056: 6026: 5379: 5010: 4313: 4212: 3765: 3389: 2000: 1984: 1980: 1302: 1180: 1126: 921: 733: 716: 658: 642: 577: 572: 537: 61: 4028:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

4003:

Prehistoric Metal Artefacts From Italy (3500-720BC)In the British Museum

3719: 2752:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

2650: 2134:

M.Gimbutas - Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe p.339-345

1255: 1183:, until his descendant (supposedly in direct line after 15 generations) 753:

The "Rain Miracle": Jupiter the Rainmaker rescues the Romans during the

362:

associated the proto-Villanovans with the Velatice-Baierdorf culture of

5374: 4983: 4328: 2586: 2551: 2015: 1953: 1714: 1176: 1000:, by various Latin communities under the leadership of the dictator of 955: 950:

was integrated into the Roman Republic after 338 BC (from then on, the

943: 913: 892: 792: 691: 630: 504: 366:

and Austria. This is further confirmed by the fact that the subsequent

194: 151: 79: 53: 1956:

population. Among modern populations, four out of six were closest to

4292: 4262: 3312: 2716:. London: The British Museum Research Publications. pp. 95–111. 2007: 1965: 1904:

in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near

1866: 1862: 1751: 1445: 1148: 1065: 878: 788: 650: 556: 479: 231: 197:(1200–900 BC). The material culture of the Latins, known as the 3850:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 3419:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 2618:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 1012:

at Rome was also a common Latin shrine, as it was built outside the

6031: 6016: 6011: 5912: 4946: 4941: 4518: 2023: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1726: 1702: 1577: 1571: 1523: 1493: 1475: 1285: 1172: 1160: 1041: 1017: 1016:

or City boundary. There was also an important Latin cult-centre at

1001: 989:. This may be the sacred grove to Diana which a fragment of Cato's 975: 963: 862: 725: 684: 670: 491: 433: 383: 319: 295: 99: 37:"Latini" redirects here. For people with the last name Latini, see 4037:. London: Accordia Research Institute, University of London, 2000. 1971:

Examined individuals from the city of Rome during the time of the

1155:

and his men fled by sea after the capture and sack of their city,

974:, who, in his eagerness to join his army at its assembly-point of 4978: 4703: 4001:

Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria, Ellen Macnamara, and Duncan R Hook.

3631: 1908:

between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups

1841: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1738: 1687: 1589: 1553: 1481: 1298: 1294: 1184: 1164: 1144: 1121: 1102: 1098: 1021: 986: 721: 445: 363: 351: 339: 303: 243: 94: 2292:

J.P. Mallory, 'The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe', in

2268:Überlingen: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt, 1355: 683:

onwards. From this time, the Latins exhibit the features of the

5671: 4639: 4170: 4044:. London: Accordia Research Centre, University of London, 1992. 2537: 1849: 1791: 1508: 1152: 1139: 1134: 1069: 1037: 776: 597: 500: 473:. Most scholars consider that Etruscan is a pre-IE survival, a 461:. Other examples of non-IE languages in Iron Age Italy are the 437: 318:, that populated central and southern Italy during the Italian 291: 282: 223: 60:

that were eventually annexed by Rome to form "New Latium": The

2361:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17–33. 2270:

Oberbadische Verlag, Singen, 1949, pp. 11–17, specifically 15.

532: 4951: 4734: 4634: 4097: 4092: 3801: 3797: 3691: 2572: 2478: 2299: 2011: 1875: 1845: 1730: 1604: 1538: 1430: 1290: 1276: 1086: 1081: 856: 796: 764: 487: 441: 227: 182: 163: 87: 57: 5459: 4936: 4042:

Underground Religion: Cult and Culture In Prehistoric Italy

3815: 3336: 3324: 2616:

Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019).

2173:

David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.367

2164:

David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.344

1905: 1879:("allies"), tied to Rome by treaties of military alliance. 1804: 1664: 1204: 1156: 1073: 959: 458: 412:

of Central and Western Europe was a candidate for an early

143: 3172: 2714:

Etruscan by Definition: Papers in Honour of Sybille Haynes

2427:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). 2335: 836:). The Romans kept a perpetual sacred fire burning in the 732:

first buildings were established on the site of the later

3583:

Di Gaetano, C; Cerutti, N; Crobu, F; et al. (2009).

3235: 3233: 3132: 3130: 3079: 3067: 48: 3533:"The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe" 3012: 2935: 2933: 2866: 2864: 2837: 2730: 2462: 2460: 2431:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–102. 2296:, eds J. T. Koch and B. Cunliffe (Oxford, 2013), p.17-40 2103: 2101: 1678:

and had become the second-largest city in Italy (after

3848:

Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019).

3582: 3474:

Sarno, S; Boattini, A; Pagani, L; et al. (2017).

3288: 3276: 3230: 3205: 3193: 3160: 3127: 3055: 3000: 2988: 2976: 673:, hosted permanent settlements at a very early stage. 432:(now regarded as merely a Latin dialect), and perhaps 3115: 3103: 3091: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2861: 2849: 2810: 2457: 2359:

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

2323: 2311: 2283:, pp. 115-121. Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila. 1151:, whose exact location is uncertain. The Trojan hero 4564:

Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola

2827: 2825: 2194:

finds are conserved in the Museum of Agro Picentino.

2098: 5218:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

3956:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

3864:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

3473: 1072:, a supposed Trojan survivor of the destruction of 938:("Latin Festival"), held each winter on the sacred 408:Similarly, several authors have suggested that the 314:-speaking (IE) tribes, conventionally known as the 222:surrounding Italic mountain tribes, especially the 142:that included the early inhabitants of the city of 3417:Antonio, M; Gao, Z; Lucci, M; et al. (2019). 2615: 2429:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 1027: 744: 515:, as there is great consensus that the subsequent 382:, were so closely related to the Central European 4030:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 2822: 2782: 252:has been suggested to derive from the Latin word 6237: 3996:Landscape and Society: Prehistoric Central Italy 3383: 3309:, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37. 1826:("wings-and-thunderbolts") emblem, representing 540:, probably the oldest extant Latin inscription ( 4016:. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2007. 3416: 2481:"Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA" 2014:or dark blond and 91% dark brown or black. The 330:, had noted important similarities between the 326:system. In particular various authors, such as 3847: 3575: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 2755:. University of California Press. p. 74. 2419: 2417: 2182:K. Kristiansen - Europe Before History p. 388. 1705:emblem on the left-hand officer's tunic. From 899: 4719: 4075: 3687: 3685: 1356:Political unification under Rome (550–338 BC) 1325:, or that it was derived from the Latin word 2783:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (25 November 2011). 2566: 2472: 2347: 1924:(two samples), and the maternal haplogroups 1750:influence is implied as extending as far as 1690:) and far larger than any other Latin city. 1289:) after they had been thrown into the river 920:were held on its summit. In foreground, the 703:("huts"). In Phase I of the Latium culture ( 4055:Distinguishing the terms: Latins and Romans 3625: 3396:. Princeton University Press. p. 295. 2414: 1187:founded Rome in 753 BC. Under a later king 924:, filling the caldera of an extinct volcano 4726: 4712: 4082: 4068: 3682: 2130: 2128: 1365:" by modern scholars. But it appears that 610:, rather than the political king of Rome. 576:("Black Stone") discovered in 1899 in the 4014:Ancient Italy: Regions without Boundaries 3887: 3718: 3665: 3608: 3558: 3548: 3530: 3507: 3467: 3450: 3148: 2659: 2649: 2575:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2540:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2531: 2514: 2504: 2160: 2158: 1317:. The name contains the Latin diminutive 1108:The figure of Aeneas as portrayed in the 559:), a member of the western branch of the 465:, spoken in the Alps, and the unattested 3931: 3393:The History and Geography of Human Genes 3085: 3073: 3061: 2957:Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art 2748: 2742: 2675:extensive genetic exchange between them. 2353: 2221: 1803: 1692: 1254: 1120: 1064:Under the ever-growing influence of the 1031: 903: 748: 617: 580:, dating from around 600 BC: in the mid- 531: 418: 281: 93: 47: 3919: 3904: 3294: 3282: 3239: 3211: 3199: 3178: 3166: 3136: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2939: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2870: 2855: 2843: 2816: 2736: 2711: 2691:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 109–18. 2686: 2680: 2609: 2466: 2423: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2251: 2125: 2107: 978:, failed to attend the Latin Festival. 970:in 217 BC to the impiety of the consul 865:symbol: This symbol, the hooked cross ( 378:, which introduced iron-working to the 56:and surrounding regions in present-day 14: 6238: 2786:Law and Religion in the Roman Republic 2155: 2152:Massimo Pallottino-Etruscologia p. 40. 1990: 4707: 4063: 3916:15th Ed. (1995): Micropædia: "Latium" 2951: 2410:. ALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 151-172. 2241:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 89–102. 2236: 2063: 1293:on the orders of their wicked uncle, 453:, which is considered related to the 260:originally meant "men of the plain". 104:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy 5264:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 4579:Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando 3943: 3937:La Lingua e l'Origine degli Etruschi 3377: 2437:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001 787:(PIEs) known to the Greco-Romans as 757:(AD 166–80). The soldiers of legion 98:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the 2776: 2402: 828:("Jupiter the Thunderbolt-Flinger") 613: 567:(IE) family of languages in Europe 354:, kurganized around 3100 BC by the 24: 4733: 4454:Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci) 4147: 3988: 3925:Indo-European Language and Culture 3759: 3589:European Journal of Human Genetics 2006:For Iron Age/Republic period, the 1893: 1301:, and then confined their mother, 1020:. Lavinium hosted the cult of the 799:, whose languages belonged to the 310:The Latins belonged to a group of 201:, was a distinctive subset of the 130:(m. pl.)), sometimes known as the 25: 6282: 4048: 4023:. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1980. 3834: 1856:the establishment of a series of 1380:were estimated by Beloch (1926): 1275:) that kept Romulus and his twin 954:presided over them) and into the 739: 482:preserves the tradition that the 294:of southern Russia, north of the 27:Italic tribe in ancient antiquity 6220: 6219: 6208: 4091: 2749:Forsythe, Gary (7 August 2006). 2036:List of ancient peoples of Italy 1626:Marcigliana Vecchia, Settebagni 5949:Orders, decorations, and medals 4021:Ancient Italy before the Romans 4005:. London: British Museum, 2007. 3998:. London: Academic Press, 1981. 3524: 3410: 3371: 3360: 3348: 3267: 3258: 3245: 3217: 3184: 3142: 3046: 3037: 3024: 2963: 2945: 2885: 2876: 2705: 2396: 2383: 2286: 2273: 2260: 2245: 2230: 2215: 2197: 2185: 2176: 1384:Latin city-states in existence 1105:) in the period ending 275 BC. 1028:Latins in the Roman origin myth 859:(the old royal palace in Rome). 824:("Jupiter the Rainmaker"), and 745:Relics of Indo-European culture 2254:Old Celtic Languages - Addenda 2167: 2146: 2137: 2113: 2089: 2057: 2041:List of ancient Italic peoples 1995:As regards to the data on the 604:in classical Latin, or to the 348:Middle-Danube Urnfield culture 13: 1: 3824: 3806: 3788: 3772: 2051: 1898:A genetic study published in 1783: 1672: 1385: 1374: 1366: 1342: 1241: 1230: 1091: 1045: 994: 993:recorded dedicated, probably 885: 763:, who were surrounded by the 704: 677: 633:. Some very small amounts of 596:, the word for "king" in the 541: 387: 336:South-German Urnfield culture 218: 210: 3972:10.1126/science.366.6466.673 3550:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555 2506:10.1371/journal.pone.0055519 1882: 1754:, 100 km to the south. 1044:). Roman marble bas-relief, 600:singular in archaic Latin - 306:) into the Italian peninsula 237: 7: 5989:Water supply and sanitation 5413:Italian geographical region 5281:Monarchy and the World Wars 5223:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 5109:War of the Sicilian Vespers 4762:Timeline of Italian history 4663:List of presidents of Lazio 2029: 1733:; established control over 1650:Total Size of Latium Vetus 900:Latin communal tribal cults 820:("Jupiter the Thunderer"), 779:people, originating in the 527: 10: 6287: 5908:Inventions and discoveries 5318:Fall of the Fascist regime 5301:Fourth War of Independence 5259:Expedition of the Thousand 5249:Second War of Independence 3782:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3754: 3531:Ralph, P; Coop, G (2013). 3500:10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4 2071:(1st ed.). New York: 1886: 1814:(shields), as used by the 1250: 563:, in turn a branch of the 486:(Etruscans) originated in 267: 263: 241: 36: 29: 6204: 6002: 5848: 5839: 5703: 5694: 5682:Security and intelligence 5555: 5546: 5408: 5399: 5342: 5269:Third War of Independence 5244:First War of Independence 5231: 5124: 5033: 4914: 4851: 4770: 4754: 4745: 4692: 4671: 4648: 4602: 4301: 4205: 4158: 4145: 4104: 3843:Early Rome and the Latins 3841:Alföldi, Andreas (1966): 3711:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 2367:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2 2237:Kruta, Venceslas (1991). 1686:(585 hectares, including 1080:, as related in the poet 1059: 769:Column of Marcus Aurelius 690:found in Etruria and the 471:Paleo-Sardinian languages 5360:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 5355:Institutional referendum 2119:Encyclopædia Britannica 1782:(a wood near Aricia) in 968:Battle of Lake Trasimene 332:proto-Villanovan culture 278:Indo-European migrations 203:proto-Villanovan culture 52:Map of fifth-century BC 30:Not to be confused with 6256:Ancient Italian history 5883:Emigration and diaspora 5092:Guelphs and Ghibellines 5077:the Sardinian Judicates 3914:Encyclopædia Britannica 3905:Cornell, T. J. (1995). 3880:10.1126/science.aay6826 3443:10.1126/science.aay6826 2642:10.1126/science.aay6826 2308:, p. 31-34, map 1. 2252:Stifter, David (2008). 2222:Chadwick, Nora (1970). 2209:Encyclopædia Britannica 1830:, the highest Roman god 1279:alive in a cave on the 728:(ruled 30 BC - AD 14). 494:, but Lydians spoke an 475:Paleo-European language 32:Latino (disambiguation) 5765:Science and technology 5713:Italian regions by GDP 5514:Marine protected areas 5186:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4152: 3907:The Beginnings of Rome 3658:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 3321:, p. 4 Table S15. 1831: 1710: 1268: 1175:, founded a new city, 1130: 1056: 925: 772: 626: 548: 424: 307: 166:and the promontory of 107: 91: 43:Latin (disambiguation) 41:. For other uses, see 6246:Latins (Italic tribe) 5964:Public administration 5072:the Holy Roman Empire 4268:Lago di Posta Fibreno 4151: 4008:Bradley, Guy Jolyon, 3933:Georgiev, Vladimir I. 3705:(12): 2576–2591.e12. 3601:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 2789:. BRILL. p. 74. 1977:Eastern Mediterranean 1954:Eastern mediterranean 1807: 1696: 1258: 1124: 1035: 907: 752: 621: 535: 422: 414:Indo-European culture 285: 97: 51: 6192:World Heritage Sites 5647:Council of Ministers 5385:Coronavirus pandemic 4783:Currency and coinage 4684:Marino Wine Festival 4499:Monte Lauro in Gaeta 4106:Provinces and places 4012:, and Corinna Riva. 3921:Fortson, Benjamin W. 3264:Alfoldi (1965) 49-52 2344:, p. 42, Map 2. 2205:"Villanovan culture" 785:Proto-Indo-Europeans 551:The tribe spoke the 517:orientalizing period 436:, spoken in eastern 360:Kristian Kristiansen 5723:Automotive industry 5662:Metropolitan cities 5208:Early Modern period 5181:Kingdom of Sardinia 5132:Italian city-states 4524:Maschio delle Faete 4424:Maschio dell'Ariano 4309:Seven hills of Rome 4243:Lago di Giulianello 3964:2019Sci...366..673W 3872:2019Sci...366..708A 3650:2019SciA....5.3492R 3492:2017NatSR...7.1984S 3435:2019Sci...366..708A 3355:Antonio et al. 2019 3343:Antonio et al. 2019 3331:Antonio et al. 2019 3319:Antonio et al. 2019 3307:Antonio et al. 2019 2634:2019Sci...366..708A 2497:2013PLoSO...855519G 1991:Physical appearance 1820:Imperial Roman army 1808:Modern replicas of 1610:Gallicano nel Lazio 1391: 1181:Latin kings of Alba 405:-speaking context. 158:), the area in the 5785:Telecommunications 5152:Maritime republics 4658:Elections in Lazio 4429:Maschio di Lariano 4153: 4040:Whitehouse, Ruth. 3480:Scientific Reports 3181:, p. 204-205. 2587:10.1002/ajpa.23679 2552:10.1002/ajpa.22319 1832: 1711: 1383: 1269: 1163:(Pratica di Mare, 1131: 1057: 956:Roman imperial era 926: 826:Jupiter Fulgurator 773: 627: 623:Villanovan culture 549: 425: 376:Villanovan culture 308: 185:, belonged to the 162:between the river 108: 92: 6233: 6232: 6200: 6199: 5835: 5834: 5770:Southern question 5690: 5689: 5622:Political parties 5570:Foreign relations 5542: 5541: 5395: 5394: 5116:Kingdom of Naples 5104:Kingdom of Sicily 4701: 4700: 4394:Monti della Tolfa 4319:Aurunci Mountains 4233:Lago di Caprolace 4198: 4190: 3785:Roman Antiquities 3429:(6466): 708–714. 3150:Carandini, Andrea 2796:978-90-04-21920-5 2762:978-0-520-24991-2 2281:Celtas y Vettones 2082:978-0-393-05974-8 2065:Bauer, Susan Wise 1719:Tarquin the Proud 1661: 1660: 1480:Pratica di Mare, 1265:Capitoline Museum 1209:Vladimir Georgiev 818:Jupiter Tonitrans 665:and possibly the 655:lacus Tusculensis 399:Canegrate culture 395:Hallstatt culture 380:Italian peninsula 288:Kurgan hypothesis 191:Italian Peninsula 160:Italian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 6278: 6223: 6222: 6215:Italy portal 6212: 6211: 6152:National symbols 5846: 5845: 5701: 5700: 5553: 5552: 5406: 5405: 5286:Kingdom of Italy 5213:Napoleonic Italy 4752: 4751: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4494:Monte Guadagnolo 4389:Monte Terminillo 4369:Monti Prenestini 4359:Monti della Meta 4349:Monti della Laga 4228:Lago di Canterno 4196: 4188: 4139:List of communes 4096: 4095: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4033:Ridgway, David. 4026:Forsythe, Gary. 3994:Barker, Graeme. 3983: 3940: 3928: 3910: 3901: 3891: 3829: 3826: 3811: 3808: 3793: 3790: 3777: 3774: 3749: 3748: 3722: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3638:Science Advances 3629: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3552: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3088:, p. 20-25. 3083: 3077: 3076:, p. 86-98. 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3021:, p. 64-65. 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2846:, p. 54-55. 2841: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2746: 2740: 2739:, p. 94-95. 2734: 2728: 2727: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2663: 2653: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2508: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2355:Haarmann, Harald 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2096: 2095:Alfoldi (1966) 9 2093: 2087: 2086: 2061: 1962:Central Italians 1837:foedus Cassianum 1788: 1785: 1780:lucus Ferentinae 1677: 1674: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1347: 1344: 1339:Andrea Carandini 1246: 1243: 1235: 1232: 1189:Tullus Hostilius 1096: 1093: 1050: 1047: 1036:The Trojan hero 999: 996: 958:. The historian 890: 887: 781:Eurasian steppes 755:Marcomannic Wars 709: 706: 682: 679: 647:lacus Nemorensis 635:Apennine culture 614:Material culture 561:Italic languages 546: 543: 513:Urnfield culture 509:Lemnian language 503:in the northern 467:ancient Ligurian 463:Camunic language 392: 389: 384:Urnfield culture 324:Urnfield culture 220: 212: 193:during the late 181:Their language, 73: 72: 39:Latini (surname) 21: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6271:Romance peoples 6261:History of Rome 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6209: 6196: 6167:Public holidays 5998: 5944:Life expectancy 5831: 5686: 5602:Law enforcement 5538: 5391: 5338: 5327:Social Republic 5291:Colonial Empire 5274:Capture of Rome 5227: 5120: 5029: 4922:Ancient peoples 4910: 4847: 4808:Historic states 4766: 4741: 4732: 4702: 4697: 4688: 4667: 4644: 4620:Pontine marshes 4610:Castelli Romani 4598: 4569:Monte di Cambio 4444:Monte Carbonaro 4434:Monte Artemisio 4297: 4288:Lago del Turano 4273:Lago di Rascino 4258:Lago dei Monaci 4248:Lake Martignano 4201: 4194:Roman Republic 4186:Roman Republic 4154: 4143: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4051: 3991: 3989:Further reading 3986: 3837: 3827: 3820:Ab urbe condita 3809: 3791: 3775: 3762: 3760:Ancient sources 3757: 3752: 3699:Current Biology 3690: 3683: 3644:(9): eaaw3492. 3630: 3626: 3580: 3576: 3543:(5): e1001555. 3529: 3525: 3472: 3468: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273:Livy II.21. 3-4 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2971:Ab Urbe Condita 2968: 2964: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2685: 2681: 2614: 2610: 2571: 2567: 2536: 2532: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2447: 2425:Wallace, Rex E. 2422: 2415: 2407: 2403:De Ligt, Luuk. 2401: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2266:Alfons Semler, 2265: 2261: 2250: 2246: 2235: 2231: 2220: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2075:. p. 355. 2062: 2058: 2054: 2032: 1993: 1950:steppe ancestry 1920:, R-PF7589 and 1896: 1894:Genetic studies 1891: 1885: 1824:alae et fulgura 1786: 1707:Piazza Armerina 1699:Late Roman army 1675: 1513:Monte Compatri 1406: 1401: 1396: 1388: 1377: 1369: 1358: 1345: 1323:Etruscan origin 1261:Capitoline Wolf 1253: 1244: 1233: 1094: 1066:Italiote Greeks 1062: 1048: 1030: 1006:Servius Tullius 997: 972:Gaius Flaminius 902: 888: 838:Temple of Vesta 822:Jupiter Pluvius 747: 742: 712:wattle-and-daub 707: 680: 616: 544: 530: 390: 328:Marija Gimbutas 280: 268:Main articles: 266: 246: 240: 174:, inhabited by 172:Latium adiectum 70: 69: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6284: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6266:Latial culture 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Italic peoples 6248: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5775:Stock exchange 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5677:Municipalities 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5637:Prime Minister 5634: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5524:Regional parks 5521: 5519:National parks 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5428:Climate change 5420: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5191:Duchy of Savoy 5188: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5099:Lombard League 5096: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5021:Western Empire 5013: 5008: 5006:Roman conquest 5003: 4998: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4927:Italic peoples 4918: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4625:Roman Campagna 4622: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574:Monte le Pezze 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554:Monte Sorgenze 4551: 4546: 4544:Monte Cervello 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4509:Le Rave Fosche 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4374:Monti Sabatini 4371: 4366: 4364:Monte Petrella 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4283:Lago del Salto 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4223:Lake Bracciano 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4197:(19th century) 4191: 4189:(18th century) 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4049:External links 4047: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4006: 3999: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3911: 3902: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3835:Modern sources 3833: 3832: 3831: 3813: 3795: 3779: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3681: 3624: 3574: 3523: 3466: 3409: 3403:978-0691087504 3402: 3382: 3370: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3297:, p. 305. 3287: 3285:, p. 299. 3275: 3266: 3257: 3244: 3242:, p. 293. 3229: 3216: 3214:, p. 210. 3204: 3202:, p. 209. 3192: 3183: 3171: 3169:, p. 246. 3159: 3141: 3139:, p. 119. 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3023: 3011: 3009:, p. 109. 2999: 2997:, p. 295. 2987: 2985:, p. 297. 2975: 2962: 2959:. p. 166. 2953:Green, Miranda 2944: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2884: 2882:Dionysius I.79 2875: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2821: 2809: 2795: 2775: 2761: 2741: 2729: 2723:978-0861591732 2722: 2704: 2698:978-1934078495 2697: 2679: 2608: 2581:(3): 497–506. 2565: 2530: 2471: 2456: 2445: 2413: 2395: 2382: 2375: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2259: 2244: 2229: 2214: 2196: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2097: 2088: 2081: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2028: 1992: 1989: 1895: 1892: 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1858:Latin colonies 1659: 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265: 262: 239: 236: 199:Latial culture 78:), Praeneste ( 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6283: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6226: 6218: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Years of Lead 5368: 5366: 5365:Economic Boom 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308:Fascist Italy 5306: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5254:Niçard exodus 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974:Magna Graecia 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4589:Monte Pizzuto 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4484:Mont Fogliano 4482: 4480: 4479:Monte Fammera 4477: 4475: 4474:Monte Faggeto 4472: 4470: 4469:Monte Dragone 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419:Monte Appiolo 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Monte Cassino 4402: 4400: 4399:Monti Volsini 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384:Monte Soratte 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344:Monte Gorzano 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Lake Sabaudia 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Lago di Fondi 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4019:Brown, A. C. 4018: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3810: 800 BC 3804: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3776: AD 250 3770: 3769:Roman History 3767: 3764: 3763: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3155: 3154:Rome: Day One 3151: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3124:, p. 71. 3123: 3118: 3112:, p. 66. 3111: 3106: 3100:, p. 65. 3099: 3094: 3087: 3086:Georgiev 1979 3082: 3075: 3074:Georgiev 1979 3070: 3064:, p. 90. 3063: 3062:Georgiev 1979 3058: 3049: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2942:, p. 27. 2941: 2936: 2934: 2927:, p. 26. 2926: 2921: 2915:, p. 25. 2914: 2909: 2903:, p. 20. 2902: 2897: 2891:Dio XLVIII.43 2888: 2879: 2873:, p. 57. 2872: 2867: 2865: 2858:, p. 51. 2857: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2819:, p. 32. 2818: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491:(2): e55519. 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2469:, p. 47. 2468: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2446:9780195170726 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2376:9781444337341 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2332:, p. 43. 2331: 2326: 2320:, p. 41. 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2269: 2263: 2256:. p. 25. 2255: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2226:. p. 30. 2225: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2110:, p. 44. 2109: 2104: 2102: 2092: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1799:Lake Regillus 1795: 1793: 1787: 500 BC 1781: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:Lars Porsenna 1755: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 625 BC 1668: 1666: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1389: 500 BC 1381: 1378: 500 BC 1370: 500 BC 1364: 1353: 1349: 1346: 753 BC 1340: 1337:In contrast, 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281:Palatine Hill 1278: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1248: 1237: 1234: 400 BC 1227: 1226:lingua franca 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Priam of Troy 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1137:'s epic, the 1136: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 800 BC 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1054: 1049: AD 140 1043: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Aventine hill 1007: 1003: 998: 500 BC 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Roman consuls 949: 945: 941: 937: 936: 931: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 894: 883: 882:Vinča culture 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:crux uncinata 864: 861: 858: 854: 850: 849:October Equus 846: 842: 839: 835: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 766: 762: 761: 760:XII Fulminata 756: 751: 737: 735: 729: 727: 723: 719: 718: 713: 702: 698: 693: 689: 686: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 624: 620: 611: 609: 608: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:Kings of Rome 587: 586:Archaic Latin 583: 582:Roman kingdom 579: 575: 574: 568: 566: 565:Indo-European 562: 558: 554: 545: 600 BC 539: 534: 525: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 496:Indo-European 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 421: 417: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:Yamna culture 353: 349: 345: 344:Upper Austria 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:Italic tribes 313: 312:Indo-European 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 279: 275: 271: 261: 259: 255: 251: 245: 235: 233: 229: 225: 216: 207: 206:sanctuaries. 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187:Italic branch 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 105: 102:, before the 101: 96: 89: 85: 81: 77: 67: 63: 59: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6052:Architecture 6022:Quattrocento 5979:Social class 5959:Prostitution 5873:Demographics 5795:Trade unions 5738:Central Bank 5580:Human rights 5560:Constitution 5343:Contemporary 5313:World War II 5201:Italian Wars 5125:Early modern 5067:Papal States 5045:Italy under 4991:Ancient Rome 4931: 4615:Valle Latina 4594:Monte Ruazzo 4549:Monte Revole 4529:Meta (monte) 4514:Monte Livata 4464:Monte Crispi 4449:Monte Cefalo 4439:Monte Autore 4414:Monte Altino 4379:Monti Sabini 4354:Monti Lepini 4339:Monti Ernici 4334:Cimini Hills 4324:Monti Ausoni 4253:Lake Mezzano 4218:Lake Bolsena 4181:Papal States 4176:Ancient Rome 4165: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4010:Elena Isayev 4002: 3995: 3951: 3945: 3936: 3924: 3913: 3906: 3859: 3853: 3842: 3828: AD 20 3818: 3800: 3792: 10 BC 3784: 3768: 3720:11585/827581 3702: 3698: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3595:(1): 91–99. 3592: 3588: 3577: 3540: 3537:PLOS Biology 3536: 3526: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3392: 3385: 3373: 3362: 3350: 3345:, p. 3. 3338: 3333:, p. 2. 3326: 3314: 3302: 3295:Cornell 1995 3290: 3283:Cornell 1995 3278: 3269: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3240:Cornell 1995 3224: 3219: 3212:Cornell 1995 3207: 3200:Cornell 1995 3195: 3186: 3179:Cornell 1995 3174: 3167:Cornell 1995 3162: 3153: 3144: 3137:Cornell 1995 3122:Cornell 1995 3117: 3110:Cornell 1995 3105: 3098:Cornell 1995 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3019:Cornell 1995 3014: 3007:Cornell 1995 3002: 2995:Cornell 1995 2990: 2983:Cornell 1995 2978: 2970: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2940:Fortson 2010 2925:Fortson 2010 2920: 2913:Fortson 2010 2908: 2901:Fortson 2010 2896: 2887: 2878: 2871:Cornell 1995 2856:Cornell 1995 2851: 2844:Cornell 1995 2839: 2832: 2817:Cornell 1995 2812: 2800:. Retrieved 2785: 2778: 2766:. Retrieved 2751: 2744: 2737:Cornell 1995 2732: 2713: 2707: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2651:2318/1715466 2625: 2621: 2611: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2546:(1): 11–18. 2543: 2539: 2533: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2467:Cornell 1995 2450: 2428: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2358: 2349: 2342:Cornell 1995 2337: 2330:Cornell 1995 2325: 2318:Cornell 1995 2313: 2306:Cornell 1995 2301: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2192:Pontecagnano 2187: 2178: 2169: 2148: 2139: 2120: 2115: 2108:Cornell 1995 2091: 2073:W. W. Norton 2068: 2059: 2046:Valle Latina 2020: 2005: 1997:pigmentation 1994: 1973:Roman Empire 1970: 1899: 1897: 1889:Roman people 1874: 1871:Latium Vetus 1870: 1854: 1835: 1833: 1823: 1809: 1796: 1779: 1776: 1756: 1712: 1669: 1662: 1622:Crustumerium 1543:Castiglione 1400:Modern name/ 1363:Latin League 1359: 1350: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1284: 1272: 1270: 1238: 1225: 1201: 1197:Caelian Hill 1193:mons Caelius 1192: 1138: 1132: 1125:View of the 1114: 1109: 1107: 1085: 1084:'s epic the 1063: 1013: 990: 980: 948:Latium Vetus 947: 940:mons Albanus 939: 933: 929: 927: 910:Albanus mons 909: 870: 866: 848: 844: 825: 821: 817: 774: 758: 730: 715: 700: 675: 654: 646: 639:transhumance 628: 607:rex sacrorum 605: 601: 593: 571: 569: 550: 522:Latium vetus 483: 426: 407: 372:Este culture 309: 299: 274:Latium vetus 257: 253: 249: 247: 208: 180: 176:Osco-Umbrian 168:Mount Circeo 156:Latium vetus 155: 148:Roman people 140:Italic tribe 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 111: 109: 65: 6117:Italophilia 6077:Coat of arm 6027:Cinquecento 5903:Immigration 5853:Aristocracy 5718:Agriculture 5612:Nationality 5585:LGBT rights 5499:Earthquakes 5380:Mani pulite 5296:World War I 5239:Unification 5232:Late modern 5196:Renaissance 5041:Middle Ages 5034:Middle Ages 5011:Roman Italy 4778:Citizenship 4559:Monte Trina 4539:Monte Caira 4504:Monte Lauzo 4489:Monte Fusco 4409:Monte Abate 4314:Alban Hills 4213:Lake Albano 3866:: 708–714. 3766:Dio Cassius 3486:(1): 1984. 2831:Britannica 2689:Etruscology 2001:ancient DNA 1985:Middle Ages 1981:Middle East 1822:. Note the 1774:in 504 BC. 1701:. Note the 1559:Villa Spada 1450:Palestrina 1313:instead of 1303:Rhea Silvia 1199:) in Rome. 1127:Alban Hills 889: 5500 734:Roman Forum 717:Casa Romuli 708: 1000 659:Lake Albano 643:Alban Hills 578:Roman Forum 573:Lapis Niger 538:Lapis Niger 391: 1300 62:Alban Hills 6240:Categories 6187:Traditions 6177:Television 6162:Philosophy 6127:Literature 6067:Cathedrals 6037:Settecento 5898:Healthcare 5863:Corruption 5858:Censorship 5617:Parliament 5575:Government 5375:Maxi Trial 5323:Resistance 5052:Ostrogoths 4984:Messapians 4869:Villanovan 4859:Prehistory 4852:Prehistory 4695:Categories 4584:Monte Orso 4329:Monte Cavo 2802:15 October 2768:15 October 2389:Herodotus 2052:References 2016:skin color 1315:vice versa 1177:Alba Longa 1090:(composed 944:Monte Cavo 922:Alban lake 914:Monte Cavo 893:hieroglyph 793:Sarmatians 667:Capitoline 631:Bronze Age 505:Aegean Sea 242:See also: 217:monarchy ( 195:Bronze Age 154:(in Latin 152:Old Latium 138:, were an 90:are shown. 80:Palestrina 6147:Mythology 6122:Libraries 6042:Ottocento 5984:Terrorism 5925:Languages 5878:Education 5800:Transport 5750:Companies 5657:Provinces 5627:President 5592:Judiciary 5565:Elections 5477:Volcanoes 5472:Volcanism 5465:Apennines 5450:Mountains 5418:Peninsula 5401:Geography 5332:Civil War 5057:Byzantium 4964:Etruscans 4899:Canegrate 4894:Golasecca 4879:Rinaldone 4874:Terramare 4864:Neolithic 4603:Geography 4302:Mountains 4293:Lake Vico 4263:Lake Nemi 4114:Frosinone 3745:234471370 3729:0960-9822 3378:Wade 2019 3190:Livy I.52 3052:Livy I.23 2391:Histories 2239:The Celts 2224:The Celts 2008:eye color 1966:Etruscans 1883:Aftermath 1867:Latin War 1863:Praeneste 1752:Terracina 1446:Praeneste 1305:, to the 1149:Laurentum 879:Stone Age 845:asvamedha 789:Scythians 720:("Hut of 651:Lake Nemi 557:Old Latin 484:Tyrrhenoi 480:Herodotus 248:The name 238:Etymology 232:Latin War 178:peoples. 6225:Category 6112:Internet 6102:Folklore 6032:Seicento 6017:Trecento 6012:Duecento 5974:Religion 5935:Regional 5913:Italians 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