1323:
65:
557:
1570:
153:
24:
245:
1477:
758:
who was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing
Christian nations. The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown. When he and the Portuguese missionaries arrived they found no Christians in the country, except in Malabar known as St. Thomas Christians who
890:
The Latin
Catholics of Malabar consists of many subgroups which trace different origins. The Anjoottikkar, Ezhunnoottikkar and Munnoottikkar are significant among these groups. Each of the groups claim superior origins and social status over the others. Bitter divisions and mutual animosity between
759:
represented less than 2% of the total population and the then-largest
Christian church within India. The Christians were friendly to Portuguese missionaries at first; there was an exchange of gifts between them, and these groups were delighted at their common faith.
1085:
The Nadar Latin
Catholics form a significant part of the Malabarese Latin Catholics. The Latin Nadars prefer maritial alliances with Hindu Nadars instead of other Latin subgroups. They are concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of the
631:
describing the marvels of the East. He furnished the best account of Indian regions and the
Christians, the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flora given by any European in the Middle Ages which was considered superior even to
2538:
910:
has two sects among them the White
Munnuttikkar and the Black Munnuttikkar. The division was not based on skin colour instead by their caste origins. The White Munnuttikkar were descendants of
770:. He allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus Portuguese missionaries established Portuguese Mission in 1500. Dom
906:) who form an endogamous subgroup among the Keralite Latin Catholics. They were also called as Toppassis/ Toppessis/Tupasis as they wore hats and used other western descended clothing. The
1951:
782:(founded 1506) using stones and mortar which was unheard of at that time as the local prejudices were against such a structure for any purpose other than a royal palace or a temple.
1977:
1630:
2739:
922:
women while the Black
Munnuttikkar were descendants of Portuguese and women of lower castes. The Munnuttikkar are found mostly in the coastal towns of Kerala like
2836:
1589:
decoration. They were initially built from laterite blocks veneered with lime plaster (chunam). Later after the Dutch and
British conquest, today they resemble
2787:
727:
as
Europeans were seeking alternative routes east by sea along with the goal of forging alliances with pre-existing Christian nations. Along with pioneer
1082:. The Aruwathinalukkar are numerically lower than the other subgroups but lead all others in accordance with wealth, property ownership and literacy.
2376:
2188:
1233:
2401:
1004:
who converted to Latin
Catholicism were known as the St Thomas Latin Catholics, they practice strict endogamy with marriages conducted only with the
94:
1955:
679:", the same Pope, on 21 August 1329 appointed the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani de Severac as the first Bishop of Quilon. In 1347,
2707:
2674:
825:
form a multi-ethnic religious community with members of different castes and origins. Majority of the Latin Catholics were converts by the
655:, having been first erected on 9 August 1329 and re-erected on 1 September 1886. In 1329 Pope John XXII (in captivity at Avignon) erected
2811:
37:
110:
1142:) from 1813 to 1859. Eventually in 1859 the King of Travancore proclaimed the right for all women in Travancore to cover themselves.
1059:
The Aruvathinalukkar/Aravatnalukar are an endogamous subsect among the Latin Catholics who are believed to be descended from several
898:
soldiers and merchants had intermarried within the natives and their descendants came to be known as the Munnuttikkar/Munnoottikkar (
735:
in the late 15th century, came Portuguese missionaries who introduced the Latin Catholic church in India. They made contact with the
1981:
891:
these groups have often led to creation of overlapping boundaries of dioceses which tend to be dominated by one group or the other.
513:
2162:
2022:
1377:
chant which is chanted as a prayer by a small group. The leader holds a huge wooden cross and ceremonially chants the prayer. The
3045:
660:
509:
3125:
2989:
2962:
2657:
2634:
2613:
2483:
2458:
2129:
2102:
2058:
1664:
2902:
1914:
1582:
1504:(Indo-Portuguese fish curry), Pigadosi (Desert made with milk and bananas) and various seafood items are the most popular.
2937:
Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala: A Study of Caste Elements in the Inter Rite Relationships of Syrians and Latins
2887:
Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala: A Study of Caste Elements in the Inter Rite Relationships of Syrians and Latins
2077:
Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala: A Study of Caste Elements in the Inter Rite Relationships of Syrians and Latins
236:
1330:
The Artforms of the Latin Catholics of Kerala were hugely influenced by the Portuguese and the native Keralite culture.
3154:
2979:
214:
196:
134:
51:
2048:
178:
2119:
2092:
2075:
1578:
640:
86:
2763:
1464:
Several customs of the Malabar Latin Catholics such as in engagement, marriage and funeral rituals are similar to
1169:(fishing community) forms 45% of the Latin Catholic community of Kerala. Mainly focused in the coastal regions of
3149:
1586:
1322:
43:
1561:
due to the Portuguese influence. Consumption of bread and other baked goods are also high in the Latin cuisine.
3159:
1590:
1438:
1127:
1001:
163:
2425:
2952:
2935:
2885:
2837:"St Joseph's College: Campus: Who said students are not interested in culture? | Kochi News - Times of India"
1725:
99:
2037:
Mathias Mundadan, (1967), "The Arrival of Portuguese in India and Saint Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob"
3005:
1855:
1766:
1750:
1465:
1442:
1198:
1170:
1131:
1087:
774:, the first Portuguese Viceroy, got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two church edifices โ namely
1573:
Vallarapadam St Mary's Basilica is one of the most important pilgrimage churches of the Latin Catholics.
1608:
303:
1598:
1497:
779:
762:
During the second expedition, the Portuguese fleet comprising 13 ships and 18 priests, under Captain
2360:
2293:
2277:
1244:
and migrated to Kanara in 16th and 17th centuries. These Konkani Catholics have many subgroups like
170:
1699:
1265:
1213:
683:
visited the shrine of Saint Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the
569:
529:
388:
244:
1454:
1406:
1302:
1241:
1045:
806:
736:
505:
446:
174:
90:
763:
3144:
2501:"Clothing: A Global History. By Robert Ross (Cambridge, U.K., Polity: 2008. viii plus 221 pp.)"
1742:
1245:
1205:
872:
704:
680:
343:
2860:
1850:
1237:
1225:
573:
627:, that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329
2426:"Kerala includes Nadar Christian community in Socially and Educationally Backward category"
1280:
1272:
1135:
949:
Another subgroup known as Ezhunoottikkar/Ezhunuttikkar hailed from the various castes like
771:
740:
2861:"Devastha Vili - a Christian Artform | Artforms in Kerala | Christianity | Kerala Tourism"
2539:"Why Kerala's Latin Catholic church is backing fishermen's protest against Vizhinjam port"
2478:. Princeton studies in culture/power/history. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
572:
traces its early origins to the Fransciscan missions sent to Asia under the leadership of
8:
1621:
1402:
958:
903:
775:
750:
The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the neo-apostles who reached
668:
577:
75:
2580:
2236:
2212:
2018:
1834:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1643:
1489:
1358:
1354:
1284:
1276:
1209:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1060:
744:
623:
missionary, followed in 1321โ22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on the
601:
475:
384:
79:
3052:
2764:"Why Christo-Racist Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Rhetoric Are Gaining Ground in Kerala"
2564:
2310:
2121:
Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700โ1900
3121:
2985:
2958:
2910:
2715:
2682:
2653:
2609:
2520:
2479:
2454:
2125:
2098:
2054:
1253:
1049:
982:
911:
895:
845:
767:
450:
114:
2402:"Kerala govt decides to include Christian Nadar community, except SIUC, in OBC list"
2512:
2344:
2261:
1458:
1410:
1336:
1150:
1146:
1075:
986:
864:
852:
810:
786:
724:
716:
695:. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms.
624:
541:
442:
103:
1044:. According to tradition the St Thomas Latin Catholics are descended from the 400
556:
3115:
3104:
3093:
3082:
2026:
1918:
1908:
1840:
1770:
1754:
1353:
and is prevalent among the Keralite Latin Catholic community of the districts of
1249:
1194:
1174:
954:
620:
533:
492:
religious group in Kerala adhering to the Roman Rite liturgical practices of the
413:
396:
1952:"Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: Fall of Constantinople and spurring "age of discovery""
1397:
The Attire of the Latin Catholics differed from various classes among them. The
1845:
1709:
1594:
1430:
1382:
1221:
1217:
1139:
712:
392:
1345:
in is one among the most popular artforms performed by the Latin Catholics of
1145:
The Anjuttikkar/Anjoottikkar consists of the various fishing communities like
766:, anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the
3138:
3030:
2914:
2719:
2686:
2524:
2327:
1790:
1689:
1123:
1111:
1095:
1063:
1017:
841:
755:
743:
practices and still follow Syrian liturgy and were under the jurisdiction of
732:
616:
497:
438:
2451:
Converting women: gender and protestant christianity in colonial South India
2500:
1715:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1450:
1053:
876:
794:
719:, and severed European trade links by land with Asia. This massive blow to
525:
493:
489:
417:
331:
3006:"St. Sebastian Church | Churches in Kerala | Kerala Archaeology"
2516:
2005:
1721:
1683:
1677:
1653:
1638:
1501:
1398:
1189:
district are known as Kochikkar and those who reside in the districts of
1162:
1029:
1021:
899:
856:
798:
790:
720:
672:
589:
537:
532:. They trace their origins to the evangelization of Malabar Coast by the
454:
339:
1369:
is a ritual artform traditionally performed as part of the 50 days long
1806:
1647:
1625:
1434:
1426:
1350:
1115:
1079:
1033:
1025:
927:
708:
648:
633:
545:
371:
355:
335:
3018:
2094:
The Christians of Kerala: History, Belief, and Ritual Among the Yakoba
1441:
for worship and the Roman Rite being the most used. Some parts of the
1814:
1794:
1786:
1703:
1695:
1577:
The Latin Catholics churches in the initial stages were built in the
1569:
1554:
1261:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1067:
1009:
939:
931:
919:
597:
585:
581:
521:
400:
359:
279:
691:
of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been
181:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1550:
1539:
1493:
1306:
1154:
1037:
974:
868:
829:
826:
728:
652:
517:
430:
367:
1542:
are all important aspects of the Keralite Latin Catholic cuisine.
612:. He writes he had found the place where Saint Thomas was buried.
560:
Francis Xavier, the patron saint of the Latin Catholics of Kerala.
2954:
Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste
1798:
1523:
1515:
1485:
1409:
who adopted Latin Christianity continued to wear the traditional
1291:
1232:
region (coastal Karnataka) to Kerala in the 1780's to escape the
1224:
Latin Catholic Christians are found. They are descendants of the
1107:
990:
970:
785:
Historically the Latin Catholics of Kerala were protected by the
754:
near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with the Portuguese explorer
609:
605:
363:
327:
323:
311:
307:
2981:
Eating With History: Ancient Trade-Influenced Cuisines of Kerala
2740:"For Latin Catholic Church, community matters more than issues"
2362:
Anthropology Of The Syrian Christians / L K Anantakrishna Ayyar
2295:
Anthropology Of The Syrian Christians / L K Anantakrishna Ayyar
2279:
Anthropology Of The Syrian Christians / L K Anantakrishna Ayyar
1818:
1802:
1746:
1738:
1527:
1519:
1386:
1346:
1295:
1229:
1041:
1013:
950:
943:
923:
884:
837:
822:
751:
656:
644:
593:
434:
351:
347:
315:
299:
283:
275:
2050:
India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World
1008:
community. They are spread across the districts of Ernakulam (
2606:
Sarasvati's children: a history of the Mangalorean Christians
1822:
1810:
1616:
1535:
1446:
1414:
1374:
1342:
1298:
1257:
1158:
1119:
962:
935:
880:
860:
848:
833:
688:
659:
as the first Diocese in the whole Indies as suffragan to the
501:
319:
291:
287:
2476:
Colonialism and its forms of knowledge: the British in India
981:
are descendants of seven hundred Latinized soldiers of the
1511:
1507:
1476:
1370:
1279:. The Roman or Latin Catholics of Kerala are grouped under
1138:) rebelled against the enforcement of upper body exposure (
1071:
915:
692:
664:
295:
1749:. The community is concentrated in the coastal regions of
580:
arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at
2566:
Encyclopaedia Of Art And Culture In India Vol. 3 - Kerala
1941:"Romanus Pontifix" dated 9 th August 1329 Pope John XXII
1745:
in the state. They form 2.37% of the total population of
1271:
The Roman or Latin Catholics of Kerala are grouped under
867:
were converted to Christianity after the 15th century by
97:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
3117:
The Latin Christians of Kerala: A Study on Their Origins
1484:
The cuisine of the Latin Catholics of Kerala is majorly
1312:
2183:
2181:
1557:
lack in the Latin Catholic cuisine and are replaced by
851:, along with the various fishing community castes like
667:. Its territorial jurisdiction extended throughout the
2325:
2163:"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA (CORRECTED).pdf ..."
1165:, who were differentiated from the other groups. The
2788:"Chavittu nadakam artists struggle to make ends meet"
2178:
2138:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1671:
1644:
Basilica of Our lady of Mount Carmel & St Joseph
731:
long-distance maritime travellers, that reached the
1923:
1373:by the Latin Catholics of Kerala. It consists of a
1122:were prohibited from coveing their upper body. The
2951:Bauman, Chad M.; Young, Richard Fox (2014-08-07).
2349:. Kerala State Library. Government Press, Madras.
2266:. Kerala State Library. Government Press, Madras.
2019:Catholic Church of India Responds with Leadership
1868:
1712:- Indian politician, former Member of Parliament.
3136:
3051:. Center for Development Studies. Archived from
2940:. Department of Sociology, St. Teresa's College.
2927:
2890:. Department of Sociology, St. Teresa's College.
2608:(1st ed.). Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications.
2377:"Neyyatinkara: The fertile ground of sub-castes"
2189:"Neyyatinkara: The fertile ground of sub-castes"
2080:. Department of Sociology, St. Teresa's College.
1765:districts. Forming 65% of the Christians in the
1597:in India. Some churches were also built the way
278:, significant migrant populations also found in
2834:
1904:
1902:
483:
3043:
3031:"History | Holy Cross Church mattanchery"
1631:National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom
1468:community and several Hindu castes of Kerala.
2157:
2155:
2153:
2021:Field note on Glocal Health Council website.
1970:
1944:
1686:- Malayalam film director, producer and actor
1185:districts. The Anjuttikkar who reside in the
739:in Kerala, which at that time were following
249:Depiction of Francis Xavier converting local
2933:
2883:
2633:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPrabhu1999 (
2073:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1294:community and tend to intermarry with other
698:
548:missionaries, mainly French and Portuguese.
78:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
2950:
2090:
1665:St. Joseph's Metropolitan Cathedral Palayam
1290:The Latin Catholics of Kerala are a highly
801:. The Latin Catholics were referred to as "
596:(Kollam) proceeding thence, apparently, to
93:and maintains a consistent citation style.
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3080:
3037:
2708:"Kerala has 164 forward caste communities"
2675:"Kerala has 164 forward caste communities"
2346:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1
2312:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar, vol. i
2263:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1
2150:
1658:Basilica of Our Lady of Snows, Pallippuram
1604:Some notable Latin Catholic churches are:
243:
3091:
1887:
1425:The Latin Catholics of Kerala follow the
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
2562:
2046:
1680:- National Award winning playback singer
1568:
1475:
1381:has its origin in the 15th century when
1321:
969:consists of the untouchable castes like
717:Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire
675:, and the Far East. By a separate Bull "
555:
504:. Ecclesiastically, they constitute the
2977:
2944:
2647:
2622:
2603:
1896:Britannica CD 97, S.V "Gama, Vasco da "
1781:, they have significant populations in
1349:. It originated in the 16th century in
1118:, women belonging to castes below the
3137:
3113:
2650:History, Religion and Culture of India
2628:
2144:
1881:
1564:
1449:. The Holy Mass is often referred as "
1420:
961:and various lower subcastes among the
3102:
2900:
2705:
2672:
2498:
2342:
2308:
2259:
2117:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1929:
1652:St. Sebastian's Church, (Est. 1833),
1313:Socio-cultural and religious identity
2473:
2448:
2006:Factfile: Catholics around the world
1613:Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Esperanรงa
269:Regions with significant populations
146:
58:
17:
3046:"Religious Denominations of Kerala"
3019:https://www.manjumathabasilica.org/
2453:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2399:
1724:- First Malayalam actor to win the
85:Please consider converting them to
13:
3092:MacKenzie, Gordon Thomson (1901).
2812:"In Memory of Chinnathambi Annavi"
2053:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1996:
1635:Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Resgate
836:. Many backward Hindus especially
14:
3171:
2326:Innes C. A.; Evans F. B. (1908).
1777:and 23% of the Christians in the
1718:- Indian International cricketer.
1672:Prominent Malabar Latin Catholics
1268:(Kshatriya) and Gaudos(Vaishya).
989:for leading a battle against the
584:(Koyilandy) (20 m. north of
564:
33:This article has multiple issues.
2835:Deepika Jayaram (Jan 17, 2019).
1978:"Overview of Age of Exploration"
1417:which they used to wear before.
464:Latin Catholics of Malabar Coast
151:
63:
22:
3074:
3023:
3012:
2998:
2971:
2894:
2877:
2853:
2828:
2804:
2780:
2756:
2732:
2699:
2666:
2641:
2597:
2573:
2556:
2531:
2492:
2467:
2442:
2418:
2393:
2369:
2353:
2336:
2319:
2302:
2286:
2270:
2253:
2229:
2205:
2111:
2084:
2067:
2047:Varghese, Alexander P. (2008).
2040:
2031:
1773:, 24% of the Christians in the
1769:, 36% of the Christians in the
1732:
707:, a bastion of Christianity in
524:language, though a subgroup of
41:or discuss these issues on the
2124:. Cambridge University Press.
1935:
1407:Saint Thomas Syrian Christians
1303:Saint Thomas Syrian Christians
1204:In northern Kerala, mainly in
1002:Saint Thomas Syrian Christians
807:Saint Thomas Syrian Christians
647:is the first Latin diocese in
290:and other major cities); UAE (
89:to ensure the article remains
1:
3120:. Kristu Jyoti Publications.
3044:K.C. Zachariah (April 2016).
2934:Koilparampil, George (1982).
2884:Koilparampil, George (1982).
2074:Koilparampil, George (1982).
1861:
1726:National Award for Best Actor
1702:politician and present MP of
1661:Holy Cross Church, Mattachery
1492:influenced diet. Dishes like
873:Saint Thomas Syrian Christian
600:and to the shrine of Apostle
237:เดฎเดฒเดฌเดพเตผ เดฑเตเดฎเตป เดฒเดคเตเดคเตเตป เดเดคเตเดคเตเดฒเดฟเดเตเดเตผ
3103:Menon, A Sreedhara (1964).
1591:modern Anglican architecture
1480:Vindhaloo (Portuguese curry)
1242:accepted Christianity in Goa
1238:Konkani Manglorean Catholics
1226:Konkani Manglorean Catholics
816:
500:, the southwestern coast of
7:
3084:The Travancore State Manual
2648:Gajrani, Shiv, ed. (2004).
2563:Bhargava, Gopal Ed (2003).
2332:. Government Press, Madras.
2118:Bayly, Susan (2004-04-22).
2097:. Oxford University Press.
2091:Visvanathan, Susan (1993).
1856:Syrian Catholics of Malabar
1828:
1767:Thiruvananthapuram district
1466:Syrian Catholics of Malabar
1439:Friars Minor Capuchin Rites
1234:persecution by Tippu Sultan
977:. According to legend, the
485:เดฎเดฒเดฌเดพเตผ เดฒเดคเตเดคเตเตป เดเตเดฐเดฟเดธเตเดคเตเดฏเดพเดจเดฟเดเตพ
177:the claims made and adding
10:
3176:
3095:Christianity in Travancore
2706:Sudhi, K. s (2021-03-25).
2673:Sudhi, K. s (2021-03-25).
1609:Church of Our Lady of Hope
1471:
1401:had hugely differentiable
1048:families who rejected the
985:who were converted by the
965:. The lower strata of the
687:, and identifies with the
570:Latin Catholicism in India
551:
472:Latin Christians of Kerala
304:New York metropolitan area
3106:Quilon District Gazetteer
2505:Journal of Social History
2474:Cohn, Bernard S. (1996).
1912:on University of Michigan
1599:Syrian Churches in Kerala
1392:
875:families also joined the
699:Arrival of the Portuguese
677:Venerabili Fratri Jordano
516:. They are predominantly
484:
479:
429:
424:
411:
406:
382:
377:
273:
268:
263:
258:
242:
235:
3155:Catholic Church in India
2901:Deepa, J. (2013-04-07).
2499:Ruane, C. (2010-09-01).
1910:Vasco da Gama collection
1593:due to influence of the
1214:Tellicherry (Thalassery)
1201:are known as Kollamkar.
1126:Latin Catholic women of
1006:St Thomas Latin Catholic
811:Portuguese in their rule
715:, marked the end of the
530:Cochin Portuguese Creole
506:ecclesiastical provinces
480:เดฎเดฒเดฌเดพเตผ เดฒเดคเตเดคเตเตป เดเดคเตเดคเตเดฒเดฟเดเตเดเตผ
389:Cochin Portuguese Creole
274:India (predominantly in
3114:Thayil, Thomas (2003).
3081:Nagam Aiya, V. (1906).
2978:Abraham, Tanya (2020).
2449:Kent, Eliza F. (2004).
1917:16 October 2007 at the
1737:The Latin Catholics of
1706:Lok Sabha constituency.
1455:Saint Thomas Christians
1385:evangelized natives in
1317:
1285:positive discrimination
1277:positive discrimination
869:Portuguese missionaries
844:, Viswakarmas, Vellala/
821:The Latin Catholics of
468:Malabar Latin Catholics
447:Saint Thomas Christians
231:Malabar Latin Catholics
3150:Indian Roman Catholics
2816:The New Indian Express
2792:The New Indian Express
2744:The New Indian Express
2604:Machado, Alan (1999).
2381:The New Indian Express
2193:The New Indian Express
1574:
1498:carne de vinha d'alhos
1481:
1453:", the name which the
1327:
1281:Other Backward Classes
1273:Other Backward Classes
1228:who migrated from the
1220:a small population of
1206:Kassergode (Kasaragod)
1114:. In the 19th century
809:were oppressed by the
705:fall of Constantinople
681:Giovanni de Marignolli
661:Archdiocese of Sultany
561:
344:San Francisco Bay Area
3160:Christianity in India
2903:"Ciao to the chatta?"
2652:. Delhi: Isha books.
2517:10.1353/jsh.2010.0038
2343:Innes, C. A. (1951).
2260:Innes, C. A. (1951).
1851:Mangalorean Catholics
1572:
1479:
1461:Eucharistic liturgy.
1325:
1054:Latin Catholic Church
830:Padroado missionaries
574:John of Monte Corvino
559:
520:people and speak the
425:Related ethnic groups
2581:"Topasses of Cochin"
2309:Evans, F.B. (1933).
2237:"Topasses of Cochin"
2213:"Topasses of Cochin"
2025:3 March 2008 at the
1667:, Thiruvananthapuram
1496:(meat dish based on
1305:who practice strict
772:Francisco de Almeida
764:Pedro รlvares Cabral
737:St Thomas Christians
2329:Malabar and Anjengo
1622:Santa Cruz Basilica
1585:and long naves and
1583:Renaissance facades
1579:Portuguese colonial
1565:Church architecture
1421:Religion and Ritual
1128:Southern Travancore
1088:Trivandrum district
778:(founded 1505) and
776:Santa Cruz Basilica
669:Indian subcontinent
625:west coast of India
578:Odoric of Pordenone
358:) The Netherlands (
232:
2841:The Times of India
2400:PTI (2022-02-23).
1835:Bombay East Indian
1779:Alappuzha district
1775:Ernakulam district
1751:Thiruvananthapuram
1741:form 13.2% of the
1575:
1482:
1341:, loaned from the
1328:
1210:Cannanore (Kannur)
1199:Thiruvananthapuram
1171:Thiruvananthapuram
991:Zamorin of Calicut
780:St. Francis Church
745:Church of the East
562:
230:
162:possibly contains
3127:978-81-87370-18-5
2991:978-93-89136-26-5
2964:978-1-317-56027-2
2659:978-81-8205-059-4
2615:978-81-86778-25-8
2585:The Kerala Museum
2485:978-0-691-03293-1
2460:978-0-19-516507-4
2241:The Kerala Museum
2217:The Kerala Museum
2131:978-0-521-89103-5
2104:978-0-19-563189-0
2060:978-81-269-0903-2
1692:- Malayalam actor
1500:), Chicken Stew,
1403:Portuguese attire
1254:Saraswat Brahmins
1068:Nambudiri Brahmin
1050:Coonan Cross Oath
983:Kingdom of Cochin
920:Nambudiri Brahmin
741:Eastern Christian
643:headquartered at
641:Diocese of Quilon
617:Jordanus Catalani
466:, also known as
460:
459:
264:Approx. 1,000,000
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
199:
164:original research
145:
144:
137:
95:Several templates
56:
3167:
3131:
3110:
3099:
3088:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3058:on 17 April 2018
3057:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2984:. Niyogi Books.
2975:
2969:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2017:Megan Galbraith
2015:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1954:. Archived from
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1615:), (Est. 1605),
1459:East Syriac Rite
1411:Chattayum Mundum
1252:sub-castes like
1076:Pushpaka Brahmin
1046:Syrian Christian
879:, especially in
871:in Kerala. Many
725:Age of Discovery
487:
486:
481:
259:Total population
247:
233:
229:
220:
213:
202:
195:
191:
188:
182:
179:inline citations
155:
154:
147:
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
118:
107:
67:
66:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2899:
2895:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2307:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:Wayback Machine
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1919:Wayback Machine
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1869:
1864:
1841:Reddy Catholics
1831:
1771:Kollam district
1735:
1674:
1624:, (Estd.1505),
1587:Italian Baroque
1567:
1474:
1423:
1395:
1337:Chavittunadakam
1326:Chavittunadakam
1320:
1315:
1250:Konkani Brahmin
1052:and joined the
819:
701:
685:kingdom of Saba
567:
554:
414:Catholic Church
254:
238:
228:
221:
210:
209:
208:
203:
192:
186:
183:
168:
156:
152:
141:
130:
124:
121:
109:
98:
84:
68:
64:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3111:
3100:
3089:
3087:. Vol. 2.
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3036:
3022:
3011:
2997:
2990:
2970:
2963:
2943:
2926:
2893:
2876:
2852:
2827:
2803:
2779:
2755:
2731:
2698:
2665:
2658:
2640:
2621:
2614:
2596:
2572:
2555:
2530:
2511:(1): 268โ269.
2491:
2484:
2466:
2459:
2441:
2417:
2392:
2368:
2352:
2335:
2318:
2301:
2285:
2269:
2252:
2228:
2204:
2177:
2149:
2137:
2130:
2110:
2103:
2083:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2030:
2010:
1995:
1984:on 9 July 2012
1969:
1958:on 4 June 2015
1943:
1934:
1932:, p. 185.
1922:
1898:
1886:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Goan Catholics
1843:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1710:Sebastian Paul
1707:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1628:
1619:
1566:
1563:
1473:
1470:
1457:use for their
1422:
1419:
1394:
1391:
1383:Francis Xavier
1343:European Opera
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1218:Cochin (Kochi)
1140:Channar Revolt
979:Ezhunoottikkar
967:Ezhunoottikkar
818:
815:
803:Our Christians
768:Raja of Cochin
713:Ottoman Empire
700:
697:
566:
565:Early missions
563:
553:
550:
458:
457:
427:
426:
422:
421:
409:
408:
404:
403:
380:
379:
375:
374:
271:
270:
266:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
248:
240:
239:
226:
223:
222:
205:
204:
159:
157:
150:
143:
142:
125:September 2022
87:full citations
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3172:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Malabar Coast
3143:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2957:. Routledge.
2956:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2631:, p. 156
2630:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2147:, p. 25.
2146:
2145:Thayil (2003)
2141:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:Thayil (2003)
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Neyyantinkara
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:Balu Varghese
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Devastha Vili
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:Devastha Vili
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:, unlike the
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Malayinkeezhu
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Neyyantinkara
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1056:in AD 1599.
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:), Alappuzha(
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:North Paravur
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:Anglo Indians
901:
897:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
756:Vasco da Gama
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Malabar Coast
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:In 1453, the
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Malabar Coast
495:
491:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Nadar (caste)
436:
432:
428:
423:
419:
415:
410:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
246:
241:
234:
219:
216:
201:
198:
190:
180:
176:
172:
166:
165:
160:This article
158:
149:
148:
139:
136:
128:
116:
115:documentation
112:
105:
104:documentation
101:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
72:This article
70:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3116:
3105:
3094:
3083:
3075:Bibliography
3060:. Retrieved
3053:the original
3039:
3025:
3014:
3000:
2980:
2973:
2953:
2946:
2936:
2929:
2918:. Retrieved
2906:
2896:
2886:
2879:
2868:. Retrieved
2865:Christianity
2864:
2855:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2758:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2678:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2624:
2605:
2599:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2565:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2545:. 2022-08-16
2542:
2533:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2450:
2444:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2338:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2262:
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2140:
2120:
2113:
2093:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2013:
2008:on BBC news.
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1946:
1937:
1930:Menon (1964)
1925:
1909:
1736:
1733:Demographics
1716:Sanju Samson
1634:
1612:
1603:
1601:were built.
1576:
1559:Black Pepper
1545:Spices like
1544:
1532:Black Pepper
1506:
1483:
1463:
1451:Holy Qurbana
1445:are sung in
1424:
1399:Luso-Indians
1396:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1289:
1270:
1203:
1166:
1144:
1084:
1064:upper castes
1058:
1028:), Thrissur(
1005:
999:
994:
978:
966:
959:Vishwakarmas
948:
908:Munnuttikkar
907:
900:Luso-Indians
893:
889:
877:Latin Church
846:Vilakkithala
820:
805:" while the
802:
784:
761:
749:
723:spurred the
702:
684:
676:
638:
628:
614:
602:Saint Thomas
568:
526:Luso-Indians
494:Latin Church
490:multi-ethnic
471:
467:
463:
461:
418:Latin Church
391:Liturgical:
383:Vernacular:
332:Philadelphia
250:
227:Ethnic group
211:
193:
184:
161:
131:
122:
111:Citation bot
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
2629:Prabhu 1999
2543:India Today
1722:P.J. Antony
1684:Lal (actor)
1678:K J Yesudas
1654:Thoppumpady
1639:Vallarpadam
1581:Style with
1167:Anjuttikkar
1136:Kanyakumari
1030:Kodungallur
1022:Mattanchery
721:Christendom
711:to Islamic
673:East Indies
619:, a French
528:speaks the
455:Luso-Indian
340:Los Angeles
3139:Categories
2920:2021-06-20
2870:2021-06-20
2846:2021-06-20
2821:2021-06-20
2797:2021-06-20
2773:2021-06-11
2768:thewire.in
2749:2021-06-11
2725:2021-06-11
2692:2021-06-11
2590:2024-07-03
2549:2024-07-03
2435:2024-07-03
2430:Onmanorama
2411:2024-07-03
2386:2021-07-01
2246:2024-07-09
2222:2024-07-03
2198:2021-06-20
2171:2021-06-19
2166:pdfkul.com
1862:References
1783:Trivandrum
1743:Christians
1648:Varappuzha
1626:Fort Kochi
1547:Red Chilli
1502:Fish Molee
1490:Portuguese
1435:Franciscan
1351:Fort Kochi
1262:Daivadnyas
1132:Trivandrum
1116:Travancore
1104:Kattakkada
1080:Ambalavasi
1034:Mathilakam
1026:Venduruthy
995:Samoothiri
987:Portuguese
928:Tellichery
912:Portuguese
896:Portuguese
827:Portuguese
787:Portuguese
729:Portuguese
709:Asia Minor
649:South Asia
634:Marco Polo
590:Cranganore
538:Franciscan
514:Trivandrum
451:Portuguese
412:primarily
372:Whitehorse
362:) Canada (
356:Birmingham
336:New Jersey
171:improve it
91:verifiable
38:improve it
2915:0971-751X
2907:The Hindu
2720:0971-751X
2712:The Hindu
2687:0971-751X
2679:The Hindu
2525:0022-4529
1988:18 August
1962:18 August
1837:Catholics
1819:Cannanore
1795:Parassala
1763:Ernakulam
1759:Alappuzha
1704:Ernakulam
1696:Hibi Eden
1555:Coriander
1494:Vindhaloo
1431:Carmelite
1359:Alappuzha
1355:Ernakulam
1292:exogamous
1191:Alappuzha
1187:Ernakulam
1183:Ernakulam
1179:Alappuzha
1147:Mukkuvars
1100:Vellarada
1092:Parassala
1010:Varapuzha
853:Mukkuvars
817:Subgroups
629:Mirabilia
621:Dominican
592:, and at
582:Pandarani
546:Carmelite
534:Dominican
522:Malayalam
496:, on the
476:Malayalam
443:Dheevaras
431:Malayalis
401:Malayalam
385:Malayalam
378:Languages
360:Amsterdam
280:Bangalore
187:July 2021
175:verifying
76:bare URLs
44:talk page
2406:ThePrint
2023:Archived
1915:Archived
1829:See also
1807:Verapoly
1787:Alleppey
1551:Turmeric
1540:Rosemary
1413:and the
1307:endogamy
1155:Paravars
1151:Dheevars
1078:and the
1038:Purakkad
940:Alleppey
924:Cananore
914:men and
865:Dheevars
838:Ezhavars
797:and the
653:Far East
651:and the
576:. Friar
518:Malayali
510:Verapoly
488:) are a
435:Ezhavars
407:Religion
368:Edmonton
80:link rot
1815:Calicut
1799:Punalur
1595:British
1524:Paprika
1516:Vinegar
1486:seafood
1472:Cuisine
1266:Chardos
1246:Bammons
1222:Konkani
1163:Arayans
1108:Kovalam
1061:Savarna
975:Parayar
971:Pulayar
955:Thiyyas
951:Ezhavas
932:Calicut
857:Arayans
799:British
615:Father
606:Mylapur
586:Calicut
552:History
364:Toronto
328:Atlanta
324:Detroit
312:Houston
308:Chicago
302:; USA (
253:in 1542
251:Paravas
169:Please
3124:
3062:8 July
2988:
2961:
2913:
2718:
2685:
2656:
2612:
2523:
2482:
2457:
2128:
2101:
2057:
1823:Cochin
1811:Vypeen
1803:Quilon
1755:Kollam
1747:Kerala
1739:Kerala
1617:Vypeen
1520:Garlic
1405:. The
1393:Attire
1387:Cochin
1347:Kerala
1299:castes
1258:Padyes
1236:. The
1230:Canara
1195:Kollam
1175:Kollam
1159:Valans
1042:Quilon
1040:) and
1014:Vypeen
944:Quilon
936:Cochin
885:Quilon
881:Cochin
861:Valans
842:Nadars
823:Kerala
795:French
752:Kappad
665:Persia
657:Quilon
645:Kollam
610:Madras
598:Ceylon
594:Quilon
588:), at
542:Jesuit
397:French
352:London
350:โ UK (
348:Europe
316:Dallas
300:Kuwait
284:Mumbai
276:Kerala
100:reFill
3056:(PDF)
3049:(PDF)
1536:Thyme
1447:Latin
1427:Roman
1415:Mundu
1375:Latin
1296:Hindu
1124:Nadar
1120:Nairs
1090:like
1066:like
963:Nairs
849:Nairs
834:India
791:Dutch
689:Sheba
608:near
502:India
393:Latin
320:Tampa
292:Dubai
288:Delhi
74:uses
3122:ISBN
3064:2018
2986:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2911:ISSN
2716:ISSN
2683:ISSN
2654:ISBN
2635:help
2610:ISBN
2521:ISSN
2480:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2055:ISBN
1990:2012
1964:2012
1821:and
1761:and
1553:and
1538:and
1528:Mint
1512:Beef
1508:Pork
1488:and
1443:Mass
1437:and
1371:Lent
1357:and
1333:The
1318:Arts
1240:had
1216:and
1197:and
1181:and
1161:and
1134:and
1110:and
1072:Nair
1000:The
997:).
973:and
942:and
916:Nair
894:The
883:and
863:and
693:Java
639:The
636:'s.
544:and
512:and
462:The
296:Oman
108:and
2513:doi
1700:INC
1637:),
1633:, (
1283:by
1275:by
1264:),
1024:,
832:in
663:in
604:at
508:of
482:or
470:or
346:);
294:);
173:by
3141::
2909:.
2905:.
2863:.
2839:.
2814:.
2790:.
2766:.
2742:.
2714:.
2710:.
2681:.
2677:.
2583:.
2541:.
2519:.
2509:44
2507:.
2503:.
2428:.
2404:.
2379:.
2239:.
2215:.
2191:.
2180:^
2152:^
1998:^
1901:^
1889:^
1870:^
1825:.
1817:,
1813:,
1809:,
1805:,
1801:,
1797:,
1793:,
1789:,
1785:,
1757:,
1753:,
1698:-
1646:,
1549:,
1534:,
1530:,
1526:,
1522:,
1518:,
1514:,
1510:,
1433:,
1429:,
1389:.
1361:.
1309:.
1287:.
1260:,
1256:,
1212:,
1208:,
1193:,
1177:,
1173:,
1157:,
1153:,
1149:,
1106:,
1102:,
1098:,
1094:,
1074:,
1070:,
1032:,
1020:,
1016:,
1012:,
957:,
953:,
946:.
938:,
934:,
930:,
926:,
887:.
859:,
855:,
840:,
813:.
793:,
789:,
747:.
671:,
540:,
536:,
478::
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
399:,
395:,
387:,
370:,
366:,
354:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
298:;
286:,
282:,
47:.
3130:.
3109:.
3098:.
3066:.
3033:.
3008:.
2994:.
2967:.
2923:.
2873:.
2849:.
2824:.
2800:.
2776:.
2752:.
2728:.
2695:.
2662:.
2637:)
2618:.
2593:.
2569:.
2552:.
2527:.
2515::
2488:.
2463:.
2438:.
2414:.
2389:.
2365:.
2315:.
2298:.
2282:.
2249:.
2225:.
2201:.
2174:.
2134:.
2107:.
2063:.
1992:.
1966:.
1884:.
1728:.
1611:(
1248:(
1130:(
993:(
918:/
902:/
474:(
420:)
416:(
218:)
212:(
200:)
194:(
189:)
185:(
167:.
138:)
132:(
127:)
123:(
119:.
117:)
113:(
106:)
102:(
82:.
54:)
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
