280:
589:
227:
346:). With the exception of Leontios, these were also the highest-ranking bishops present. The other ninety-eight bishops were essentially spectators, speaking (allegedly) in unison only five times, present only to bolster the council's claim to ecumenical status. Most of these were not well-educated enough to understand the complexities of the Monothelite controversy, with many knowing only that Monothelitism diverged from the
287:
315:, a Palestinian, was the only bishop whose See was not in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, or Africa. Transalpine Europe, Spain, Greece, and Crete—despite lying within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Rome—were not represented. One-fourth of the bishops were (as indicated by their names) likely of Eastern ethnicity or origin and thus probably Greek-speaking.
620:, one of the leading proponents of Monothelitism. Neither Theodore nor the Roman public desired political independence from Constantinople, but Theodore calculated that "the time was now particularly propitious to press Rome's position against Constantinople on the Monothelite question with even greater vigor."
267:
News of the impending council reached
Constantinople as Martin prepared for it during the summer and fall, but the empire was "far too occupied with crises in the East to divert its attention." Far from being spontaneous or extemporaneous, the council had been meticulously prepared and rehearsed over
166:
Maximus and
Theodore did not regard the council as merely a meeting of the Roman church, but rather one "in the nature of a general or ecumenical council." In a letter to a Cypriot priest, Maximus referred to the council as the "sixth synod, which through the divine inspiration of God set forth with
147:
was viewed as an unacceptable threat to the legacy of
Chalcedon, and thus hardened the determination of Theodore and Maximus to convene a council. Maximus and other monks from his order did all the "planning, preparation, and scripting" of the council. In contrast, there is little evidence that Pope
263:
to
Constantinople and well respected in the East, Martin's election was an indisputable "battle cry against Constantinople." Martin's stature and proficiency in Greek are attested to by Theodore's offer to appoint Martin as his personal representative to an earlier proposed synod in Constantinople.
437:
A delegation of Greek abbots, priests, and monks (many of whom had been resident in Rome for years) were then admitted to the synod by
Theophylaktos to present their own tract denouncing Monothelitism. As the bishop of Aquileia insisted, Theodoros translated these remarks into Latin. The tract was
237:
Pope
Theodore died on 14 May 649 while preparing for the council. His death left Maximus without his patron and collaborator of the last three years and the "Papacy vacant at one of the most crucial times in the church's history." The Roman clergy was faced with the impossible dilemma of finding a
17:
536:
Until recently, the predominant historical view was that the acts and proceedings of the council were written in Latin and then translated into Greek; Riedinger's more recent analysis of the texts suggests the opposite to be true. None of the council's prime movers were native Latin speakers, in
94:
Most members of the contemporary Roman clergy would have been too uneducated in theology to "grasp even the fundamental issues presented in the
Monothelite controversy" due to centuries of decay in both religious and secular learning in the city. However, Rome had been the beneficiary of a
268:
the previous three years. Despite Martin's nominal role in presiding over the council, none of its participants were ignorant of the decisive influence of
Maximus in bringing it about. According to Ekonomou, the council was "in form as well as substance, a manifestly Byzantine affair."
540:
The council's formal pronouncements amounted to 20 canons. Canons X and XI are the ones which specifically take up the subject of Christ's two wills and two energies, based predominately on
Maximus's earlier disputation against Pyrrhus while in Carthage.
508:. Excerpts from fifty-eight texts by twenty-one authors (sixteen Greek and five Latin) were then read. After more texts were read, the Council proclaimed its adherence to the five previous ecumenical councils and condemned all those who disagreed.
202:
for ratification, there was little doubt that this would be viewed as "form without substance." Theodore and
Maximus were undoubtedly aware that they were "claiming nothing less than a revolutionary role for the Papacy."
111:, "for the first time in well over a century, the church of Rome would be in a position to debate theological issues with Byzantium from a position of equality in both intellectual substance and rhetorical form."
669:." Demosthenes exclaimed in reply that the Roman pontiff had been deposed. Maximus responded that the validity of the argument of the Council did not depend on the legitimacy of the pontiff that convened it.
529:
claiming the "faith of the universal church" by virtue of having "exercised the collective power of the episcopate." Of course, as Martin and Maximus were aware, all the previous councils regarded as
434:. Bishop Stephen had arrived to deliver his own tract against Monothelitism, which was translated from Greek to Latin by papal notary Anastasios. The pope endorsed the speech upon its completion.
721:
608:
The Roman public, independent of their distaste for Monothelitism, harbored a "growing resentment toward Byzantine political domination," as expressed by the recent revolt of Mauricius against
688:
normalized relations with Constantinople, and although he avoided pressing the issues of the Christological controversy, he ceremonially refused a letter from the Patriarch of Constantinople.
629:
nor his attempted deposition of the Patriarch to be sufficient to defeat Monothelitism; rather he hoped that the strength of the argument of the Council itself would win the day.
442:. The presence of these Easterners was designed to bolster the claim to ecumenical status of the council, anticipating that Constantinople would decry it as a regional assembly.
157:
279:
364:
327:
82:
and tried in Constantinople for their role in the council (Martin I being replaced as pope before dying in exile), their position was ultimately endorsed by the
577:
557:
339:
323:
565:
505:
455:
561:
513:
335:
705:. Translated with commentary by Richard Price and contributions by Phil Booth and Catherine Cubitt, Translated Texts for Historians 61, Liverpool 2014.
573:
431:
331:
122:
in late 646/early 647 denounced Monothelitism before the Roman clergy and laity. However, Pyrrhus changed his mind upon leaving Rome and arriving in
423:
312:
367:, the principal notary of the Apostolic See, chief of the papal chancery and library, invoking the regnal year of the "august and most pious lord
198:), he defended the practice by claiming the synod was not meant to be general or ecumenical. Although the Council planned to send its canons to
170:
Never before had the pope—or any prominent Christian leader—challenged the authority of the Roman emperor alone to convene an
450:
The third session took place on 17 October and consisted of Pope Martin responding to eleven excerpts of pro-Monothelite arguments by
107:
fled from Africa and the Middle East to Rome. Although the position of the council was substantially similar to that espoused by the
118:
and Maximus dating to 646, before the latter's arrival in Rome. The momentum for the council was almost extinguished when Patriarch
722:"Did St. Maximus the Confessor Believe in Papal Infallibility? | Part I | Rebuttal to Catholic Apologists Erick Ybarra"
1076:
Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752
143:
in 648 which prohibited any discussion of the issue of "one will and one energy, or two energies and two wills" in Christ. The
1092:
218:. In an attempt to legitimize the council, neither Maximus nor Theodore attempted to innovate further with its methodology.
1107:
66:, the irony of the council was that the denunciation of the theology of Constantinople came from the "collaboration of a
70:
and a Constantinopolitan monk employing a style of theological discourse whose tradition was purely Eastern." Although
211:
83:
593:
199:
134:
79:
1102:
422:
The second session was convened on 8 October by Theophylaktos, who acknowledged the presence of late arrival
190:. The papacy also had long regarded ecumenical councils as the prerogative of the emperor; for example, when
666:
215:
36:
467:
1117:
617:
616:. Two years later, Theodore I took the "bold and unprecedented act of presuming to depose" Patriarch
214:(680). Nevertheless, the Lateran Council of 649 constituted a watershed moment in the history of the
127:
119:
1122:
501:
533:
were convened by the emperor, not the pope. This encyclical itself was likely written by Maximus.
588:
1075:
238:
successor with the intellectual reputation to convene the Council who would not be denied the
642:
601:
545:
439:
408:
104:
75:
20:
414:
The entire convocation together assented to the previous remarks and recessed for two days.
1112:
347:
343:
108:
8:
1070:
463:
459:
195:
458:, and the citing of Eastern patristic sources in response. Martin appealed to a text of
609:
483:
451:
171:
63:
48:
544:
The council's canons were promulgated widely in Western Europe, being sent to: bishop
407:
spoke next, with remarks in much the same fashion, followed by representatives of the
249:
Due to the influence of Maximus, on 5 July 649, a deacon from Todi was consecrated as
673:
613:
479:
47:
espoused by many Eastern Christians, and Pope Honorius. The Council did not achieve
647:
526:
308:
254:
139:
100:
67:
504:
on how to determine appropriate authority of texts was read at the suggestion of
379:(a view held by the Patriarchs of Constantinople and Alexandria), denouncing the
160:
115:
179:
899:
1086:
1013:
Concilium Lateranense a. 649 celebratum, ed. Rudolf Riedinger (Berlin, 1984).
699:, ed. Rudolf Riedinger (Berlin, 1984). Includes both Greek and Latin texts.
685:
677:
638:
597:
569:
376:
372:
319:
259:
253:, the first (and only) pope consecrated without imperial approval during the
250:
230:
226:
191:
71:
56:
40:
1097:
549:
243:
511:
Al together 161 texts were quoted to the fifth session, 27 from Maximus's
657:
645:
were arrested and brought to Constantinople for trial, for violating the
625:
427:
368:
96:
44:
530:
496:
396:
318:
The most prominent speaking roles were taken by (in descending order):
175:
494:
The last session of the Council took place on 31 October, relying on
680:, was elected in 654 while he still lived and his name retained its
16:
681:
404:
400:
381:
183:
553:
286:
210:
repudiate this usurpation by allowing the emperor to convene the
123:
233:, the first pope since 537 consecrated without imperial approval
684:, escaping mention by even any of his successors for 75 years.
392:
304:
187:
51:
in either East or West, but represented the first attempt of a
525:
The council's acts and decrees were disseminated along with a
363:
The council was convoked on 5 October 649 by the Greek cleric
194:
convened a synod to rehabilitate Athanasius (condemned by the
156:
114:
The synod has its roots in a series of correspondence between
387:
32:
430:
in Palestine, deputized to depose the Monothelite clergy of
391:, and claiming for Rome the apostolic authority to weed out
295:
52:
580:, and the Christian communities of Jerusalem and Antioch.
676:
in May 655. In an unusual move, a successor to Martin I,
655:
During his first trial in June 654 Maximus was asked by
478:
On 19 October the synod referenced the two letters of
500:
from various Greek theologians. An excerpt from the
395:. Martin quoted five Greek authors and two texts by
186:, had conceded this to the emperor he regarded as a
55:
to convene an ecumenical council independent of the
167:all pure piety the doctrines of the holy Fathers."
898:Ekonomou, 2007, pp. 131-132; Derek Krueger, 1996,
517:, with the vast majority originating in the East.
637:Within four years of the closing of the council,
1084:
342:from Corsica, and Leontios of Naples (probably
307:, all but one from the western portion of the
148:Theodore did much to prepare for the council.
572:George of St. Theodosios's monastery, bishop
672:Martin I was exiled, eventually arriving in
375:then read a pre-prepared speech criticizing
623:Theodore did not believe his own authority
632:
652:s prohibition on discussing the subject.
665:He replied "at the synod of Rome in the
587:
334:(in lieu of the archbishop of Ravenna),
225:
155:
15:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
982:
980:
970:
968:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
918:
916:
914:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
697:Concilium Lateranense a. 649 celebratum
438:signed by thirty-six monks, among them
1085:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
845:
843:
841:
839:
829:
827:
817:
815:
813:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
783:
781:
779:
777:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
1043:
1034:
1025:
989:
977:
965:
945:
925:
911:
872:
703:The Acts of the Lateran Synod of 649
604:abducted and tried in Constantinople
221:
151:
23:, the author of the council's canons
852:
836:
824:
810:
790:
774:
756:
728:
661:Troilus where he had condemned the
13:
537:particular Maximus the Confessor.
14:
1134:
473:
417:
901:Symeon the Holy Fool: Leontius's
489:
445:
358:
303:The council was attended by 105
285:
278:
1052:
1016:
1007:
908:University of California Press.
892:
212:Third Council of Constantinople
84:Third Council of Constantinople
714:
353:
1:
1064:
271:
257:. Although he was the former
1093:640s in the Byzantine Empire
1058:Ekonomou, 2007, pp. 160-161.
1022:Ekonomou, 2007, pp. 114-115.
583:
242:of the emperor required for
216:primacy of the Roman pontiff
37:Basilica of St. John Lateran
7:
1108:7th-century church councils
468:Sergius I of Constantinople
298:: Lateran Basilica circled.
178:, the virulent opponent of
89:
10:
1139:
905:and the Late Antique City,
462:to rebut the arguments of
618:Paul II of Constantinople
520:
128:Paul II of Constantinople
120:Pyrrhus of Constantinople
708:
502:Fifth Ecumenical Council
1049:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 159.
1040:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 158.
1031:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 141.
1004:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 140.
986:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 138.
974:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 134.
962:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 114.
942:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 137.
922:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 132.
889:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 113.
869:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 131.
849:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 129.
833:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 128.
821:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 119.
807:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 118.
787:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 117.
771:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 115.
753:Ekonomou, 2007, p. 116.
691:
633:Trial in Constantinople
605:
234:
163:
130:was of the same mind.
103:, as Greek monks like
68:Greco-Palestinian pope
29:Lateran Council of 649
24:
643:Maximus the Confessor
602:Maximus the Confessor
591:
546:Amandus of Maastricht
440:Maximus the Confessor
409:archbishop of Ravenna
328:Deusdedit of Cagliari
229:
159:
105:Maximus the Confessor
76:Maximus the Confessor
21:Maximus the Confessor
19:
1103:7th century in Italy
667:Church of the Savior
578:Paul of Thessalonica
558:John of Philadelphia
348:Council of Chalcedon
344:Leontios of Neapolis
330:in Sardinia, Bishop
126:, and his successor
109:Council of Chalcedon
1071:Ekonomou, Andrew J.
464:Cyrus of Alexandria
460:Cyril of Alexandria
340:Benedict of Ajaccio
324:Maximos of Aquileia
196:First Synod of Tyre
1079:. Lexington Books.
724:. 11 January 2020.
606:
566:Anthony of Bacatha
564:in Arabia, bishop
506:Leontios of Naples
484:Anastasius Sinaita
456:Sergius of Arsinoe
452:Theodore of Pharan
411:(himself absent).
235:
206:Later popes would
172:ecumenical council
164:
25:
674:Tauric Chersonese
614:Exarch of Ravenna
562:Theodore of Esbas
514:Tomus Spiritualis
480:Gregory Nazianzen
399:. The bishops of
336:Sergius of Tempsa
222:Death of Theodore
152:Ecumenical status
78:were abducted by
49:ecumenical status
1130:
1118:Lateran councils
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
987:
984:
975:
972:
963:
960:
943:
940:
923:
920:
909:
896:
890:
887:
870:
867:
850:
847:
834:
831:
822:
819:
808:
805:
788:
785:
772:
769:
754:
751:
726:
725:
718:
574:Pantaleon of Dor
548:(to arrange for
527:papal encyclical
432:Sergius of Joppa
332:Maurus of Cesena
309:Byzantine Empire
294:Map of medieval
289:
282:
255:Byzantine Papacy
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:Byzantine Italy
1083:
1082:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
990:
985:
978:
973:
966:
961:
946:
941:
926:
921:
912:
897:
893:
888:
873:
868:
853:
848:
837:
832:
825:
820:
811:
806:
791:
786:
775:
770:
757:
752:
729:
720:
719:
715:
711:
694:
635:
586:
556:synod), bishop
523:
492:
476:
448:
420:
361:
356:
301:
300:
299:
292:
291:
290:
274:
224:
161:Pope Theodore I
154:
116:Pope Theodore I
92:
64:Andrew Ekonomou
12:
11:
5:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
988:
976:
964:
944:
924:
910:
891:
871:
851:
835:
823:
809:
789:
773:
755:
727:
712:
710:
707:
693:
690:
634:
631:
585:
582:
522:
519:
491:
488:
482:and a text by
475:
474:Fourth session
472:
447:
444:
424:Stephen of Dor
419:
418:Second session
416:
360:
357:
355:
352:
313:Stephen of Dor
293:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
273:
270:
223:
220:
180:Constantius II
153:
150:
101:Eastern empire
91:
88:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
983:
981:
971:
969:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
919:
917:
915:
907:
906:
902:
895:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
846:
844:
842:
840:
830:
828:
818:
816:
814:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
784:
782:
780:
778:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
723:
717:
713:
706:
704:
700:
698:
689:
687:
686:Pope Eugene I
683:
679:
678:Pope Eugene I
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
659:
653:
651:
649:
644:
640:
639:Pope Martin I
630:
628:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
603:
599:
598:Pope Martin I
595:
590:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:archimandrite
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:to convene a
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
532:
528:
518:
516:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:
490:Fifth session
487:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:'s letter to
453:
446:Third session
443:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:Monothelitism
374:
373:Pope Martin I
370:
366:
365:Theophylaktos
359:First session
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Pope Martin I
316:
314:
310:
306:
297:
288:
281:
269:
265:
262:
261:
260:apocrisiarius
256:
252:
251:Pope Martin I
247:
245:
241:
232:
231:Pope Martin I
228:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
192:Pope Julius I
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
162:
158:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Pope Martin I
69:
65:
62:According to
60:
58:
57:Roman emperor
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Monothelitism
38:
34:
30:
22:
18:
1074:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
904:
900:
894:
716:
702:
701:
696:
695:
671:
662:
656:
654:
646:
636:
624:
622:
607:
550:Sigebert III
543:
539:
535:
524:
512:
510:
495:
493:
477:
449:
436:
421:
413:
386:
380:
362:
317:
302:
266:
258:
248:
244:consecration
239:
236:
207:
205:
169:
165:
144:
138:
132:
113:
93:
61:
35:held in the
28:
26:
1113:Christology
658:sakellarios
626:ex cathedra
594:Constans II
428:papal vicar
369:Constantine
354:Proceedings
200:Constans II
137:issued the
135:Constans II
97:brain drain
80:Constans II
45:Christology
39:to condemn
1087:Categories
1065:References
596:, who had
592:A coin of
531:ecumenical
497:florilegia
397:Pope Leo I
272:Attendance
176:Athanasius
584:Aftermath
576:, bishop
560:, bishop
326:, Bishop
322:, Bishop
682:anathema
554:Frankish
405:Cagliari
401:Aquileia
382:Ekthesis
208:de facto
184:Arianism
133:Emperor
90:Planning
86:in 680.
305:bishops
188:heretic
174:. Even
124:Ravenna
99:of the
1073:2007.
663:Typos.
521:Canons
426:, the
393:heresy
240:iussio
31:was a
903:Life
709:Notes
648:Typos
610:Isaac
388:Typos
145:Typos
140:Typos
33:synod
692:Text
641:and
600:and
466:and
403:and
385:and
296:Rome
74:and
53:pope
43:, a
27:The
1098:649
371:."
182:'s
1089::
991:^
979:^
967:^
947:^
927:^
913:^
874:^
854:^
838:^
826:^
812:^
792:^
776:^
758:^
730:^
612:,
568:,
486:.
470:.
350:.
338:,
311:.
246:.
59:.
650:'
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
