944:
875:
1449:
1149:
1433:
1905:
1481:
1465:
1414:
58:
1113:
547:
480:
943:
463:, one of Heraclius’ most trusted generals, and Constans II was left as sole emperor. Constans owed his rise to the throne to a popular reaction against his uncle and to the protection of the soldiers led by Valentinus. Although the precocious emperor addressed the senate with a speech blaming Heraclonas and Martina for eliminating his father, he reigned under a
1188:
asserts that Mu'awiya was a significant
Islamic challenge for Constans to "deny Jesus and turn to the Great God who I worship, the God of our father Abraham" and speculates that Mu'awiya's tour of Christian sites in Jerusalem was done to demonstrate "the fact that he, and not the Byzantine emperor,
982:
Constans grew increasingly fearful that his younger brother, Theodosius, could oust him from the throne; he therefore obliged
Theodosius to take holy orders and later had him killed in 660. Constans' sons Constantine, Heraclius, and Tiberius had been associated on the throne since the 650s. However,
518:
again in 645, and the
Alexandrians hailed him as a liberator, since the caliphate levied heavier taxes and showed less respect for their religion. However, Manuel squandered his time and popularity in plundering the countryside, and eventually the Arab army managed to force him to embark for home.
898:, but he was defeated: 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and the Emperor himself was almost killed. The sea battle was so devastating that the emperor escaped only by trading clothes with one of his men. Before the battle, chronicler
906:; this dream predicted his defeat against the Arabs because the word Thessalonika is similar to the sentence "thes allo niken", which means "gave victory to another (the enemy)". Caliph Uthman was preparing to attack
458:
In
September 641, the 10-year old Constans II was crowned co-emperor due to rumors that Heraclonas and Martina poisoned Constantine III. Later that same year, on or around 5 November, Heraclonas was deposed by
2803:
Cathay and the Way
Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route
1104:
states that this idea is not supported by a "a shred of evidence", although redistribution of the armies across the
Anatolian provinces did take place, and likely resulted in administrative changes.
1996:) and reigned officially as "Constantine". The nickname established itself in Byzantine texts and has become standard in modern historiography. It was apparently well known during his lifetime, as
562:
Constans attempted to steer a middle line in the church dispute between
Orthodoxy and Monothelitism by refusing to persecute either and prohibiting further discussion of the natures of
455:
by his father to ease his succession to the throne against
Martina and her sons. Constantine died suddenly after 3 months of rule, leaving the 15-year old Heraclonas as senior emperor.
3050:
The
Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest: An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces in the Sixth and Seventh Century
2034:
His inauguration as consul is sometimes dated to 632, but this is likely a mistake, as the consular inauguration was usually celebrated on
January of the first regnal year.
2864:
Biermann, Felix (2009). "Byzantine Coin Finds from the 6th to the 8th Century Between Elbe and Oder and their Meaning for Settlement History". In Wołoszyn, M. (ed.).
1464:
1962:
The Byzantines themselves did not use regnal numbers, which are instead applied to the emperors by modern historians. Constans II is most commonly enumerated after
2774:
1480:
1180:
and it was necessary to inform the authorities of the Byzantium Empire, which was the main recipient of the goods. Illustration from the early 20th century.
1257:. Other contacts are reported taking place in 667, 701, and perhaps 719, sometimes through Central Asian intermediaries. These histories also record that
1448:
994:
On his way, he stopped in Macedonia and fought the Slavs at Thessalonica with success. Then, in the winter of 662–663, he made his camp at Athens.
3158:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
1067:, one of only two Eastern Roman emperors since the division of the Roman empire in 395 to set foot in Rome—and was received with great honor by
2806:, vol. 1, London: London: Hakluyt Society, pp. 29–31, see also footnote #4 on p. 29, footnote #2 on p. 30, and footnote #3 on page 31
17:
871:
caliph. The truce that followed allowed a short respite and made it possible for Constans to hold on to the western portions of Armenia.
807:
3304:
2047:, date the deposition of Heraclonas on 9 November. The date is unsourced and unexplained, but it's probably a mistake for 5 November.
2000:
sometimes called himself "Constantinos Constantos", i.e. "Constantine, son of Constans". The emperor has also rarely been designated
1075:) of their ornaments and bronze to be carried back to Constantinople, and in 666 declared the Pope to have no jurisdiction over the
4749:
3350:
2740:
2385:
1432:
4729:
3875:
1032:. During the journey from Benevento to Naples, Constans II was defeated by Mitolas, Count of Capua, near Pugna. Constans ordered
4734:
2151:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4669:
4537:
3003:
2968:
2578:
2182:
1278:
4702:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
874:
3882:
2044:
1978:
975:, carried it out in 653. Pope Martin was brought to Constantinople and condemned as a criminal, ultimately being exiled to
31:
4774:
4505:
1613:
1413:
427:
287:
113:
3034:
2873:
1224:
3143:
3058:
2944:
2646:
2521:
2495:
2329:
2302:
2275:
983:
having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decided to leave the capital and to move to
4744:
2741:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
4471:
4454:
4281:
4269:
1367:
800:
4442:
4234:
4196:
4156:
4123:
3256:
3134:
2670:
1392:
740:
706:
678:
234:
151:
4657:
4483:
4310:
4276:
4240:
4129:
3265:
1791:
1398:
715:
687:
435:
239:
156:
4298:
3343:
1148:
206:
2675:
4379:
4058:
3524:
3014:
2824:
2409:
1379:
1202:
2595:
947:
By order of Constans II, the exarch of Ravenna Theodore Calliopas (right) arrests Pope Martin I in Rome.
936:
or 667). In 659 he campaigned far to the east, taking advantage of a rebellion against the Caliphate in
390:(r. 886–912). His religious policy saw him steering a middle line in disputes between the Orthodoxy and
4754:
4739:
4689:
4645:
4623:
4574:
4461:
4252:
4021:
3363:
2267:
1918:
1096:
793:
98:
48:
4596:
4564:
4389:
3569:
3328:
2801:
2414:
1079:, since that city was the seat of the Exarch, his immediate representative. His subsequent moves in
570:). Naturally, this live-and-let-live compromise satisfied few passionate participants in the dispute.
468:
2560:
4606:
4559:
4106:
3753:
2704:
1169:
899:
779:
641:
532:
4414:
4394:
4168:
4048:
3336:
2129:
2018:
1910:
1305:
1243:
1157:
1009:
3069:
1297:
4684:
4663:
4569:
3359:
2905:
2395:
1258:
1037:
960:
2512:
2319:
2292:
2261:
2172:
4618:
4613:
4589:
4584:
4500:
4337:
4325:
4096:
3721:
2600:
2223:
2005:
1946:
1313:
1208:
1087:
were marked by further strippings and request of tributes that enraged his Italian subjects.
1076:
612:
603:
551:
528:
406:
in the late 640s to 660s. Constans was the first emperor to visit Rome since the fall of the
366:
330:
2930:
4601:
4549:
4409:
4384:
4349:
4264:
4178:
4028:
3859:
3153:
3101:
1198:
1125:
1060:
972:
964:
555:
460:
407:
1071:(657–672). Although on friendly terms with Vitalian, he stripped buildings (including the
852:
in 650–651 forced the Emperor to enter into negotiations with Caliph Uthman's governor of
8:
4724:
4719:
4532:
4517:
4495:
4430:
4419:
4374:
4320:
3810:
3748:
3711:
1764:
1532:
1329:
976:
895:
836:. In the same year, they raided Africa and killed Gregory. In 648, the Arabs raided into
2751:
2688:
2641:. Cyril A. Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 491.
1116:
The death of Constans II from the book "Hutchinson's History of the Nations" (ca. 1920).
4579:
4522:
4466:
4448:
4437:
4399:
4369:
4247:
3965:
3869:
3619:
3588:
3581:
3165:
3089:
2842:
2747:
2698:
2617:
2431:
1487:
1321:
1238:). These are recorded as having begun in the year 643 with an embassy sent by the king
1064:
1001:
821:
524:
1949:
II.20, where an Armenian translation of a letter from this emperor appears. The words
4544:
4490:
4331:
4229:
4204:
4053:
3915:
3651:
3636:
3514:
3482:
3229:
3193:
3139:
3129:
3117:
3093:
3054:
3030:
2999:
2964:
2954:
2940:
2869:
2652:
2642:
2638:
The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284-813
2574:
2517:
2491:
2435:
2325:
2298:
2271:
2199:
Quel est l'empereur Constantin le nouveau commémoré dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?
2178:
1938:
1359:
1301:
1185:
968:
868:
765:
576:
507:
446:
379:
277:
213:
535:
against the army of caliph Uthman, and the region remained a vassal state under the
4674:
4651:
4554:
4527:
4512:
4478:
4404:
4364:
4354:
4079:
4006:
3976:
3839:
3794:
3789:
3661:
3081:
3022:
2917:
2609:
2566:
2423:
1266:
1219:
1213:
1176:. To restore order, Taizong supported the election of the head of the khaganate to
1091:
984:
926:
878:
The Roman fleet engaging the Arabs at the Battle of the Masts off the Lycian coast.
567:
399:
261:
192:
2998:
The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
2897:
A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A. D. to 800 A.D.)
4315:
4305:
4214:
4001:
3909:
3897:
3891:
3743:
3564:
3534:
3477:
3457:
3171:
3048:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2958:
2155:
1349:
1289:
1247:
833:
387:
76:
3110:
Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance
2377:
Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance
57:
4209:
4173:
4118:
4011:
3934:
3832:
3826:
3758:
3738:
3492:
3452:
3319:
3276:
3247:
3238:
3026:
2936:
2427:
2022:
1997:
1988:
409–411). "Constans" is a nickname given to the Emperor, who had been baptized
1419:
1386:
1282:
1133:
1072:
1005:
907:
696:
669:
450:
419:
355:
347:
319:
229:
180:
161:
146:
136:
64:
3085:
2160:. Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie. p. 626.
997:
From there, in 663, he continued to Italy. He launched an assault against the
4713:
4679:
4639:
4183:
3991:
3799:
3121:
3044:
2562:
The Empire That Would Not Die: The Paradox of Eastern Roman Survival, 640–740
1672:
1345:
1100:
were created between 659 and 661, during the reign of Constans II. However,
1068:
956:
952:
917:
In 658, with the eastern frontier under less pressure, Constans defeated the
857:
520:
403:
391:
2656:
394:
by refusing to persecute either and prohibited discussion of the natures of
4424:
4219:
4151:
4146:
4136:
3959:
3821:
3462:
2921:
1363:
1235:
903:
724:
563:
402:
in 648. His reign coincided with Muslim invasions under, Umar, Uthman, and
395:
383:
307:
2570:
1112:
4288:
4163:
4038:
3612:
3559:
3502:
3156:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). "Konstans II".
2636:
1558:
1355:
1337:
1309:
1250:
1177:
1153:
1121:
1101:
911:
554:
under the orders of emperor Constans II, miniature from the 12th century
540:
488:
253:
2846:
2829:
2198:
1304:. The same books also described Constantinople in some detail as having
546:
441:
Heraclius died in February 641 and was succeeded by Constantine III and
4344:
4259:
4224:
4189:
4101:
4016:
3776:
3769:
3716:
3696:
3641:
3606:
3599:
3544:
3509:
3372:
3296:
3222:
2960:
In God's Path: the Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire
2892:
2797:
2621:
2218:
1963:
1293:
1161:
829:
631:
622:
515:
511:
471:. In 644, Valentinus attempted to seize power for himself, but failed.
442:
410:
in 476, and the last one to visit Rome while the Empire still held it.
126:
3358:
2711:
2240:
1382:, a daughter of the patrician Valentinus, Constans II had three sons:
1362:, noting that China had previously been divided politically along the
925:, temporarily reasserting some notion of Byzantine rule over them and
4091:
4043:
3953:
3940:
3727:
3656:
3629:
3624:
3593:
3539:
3487:
3422:
3417:
2150:
1317:
1173:
1165:
1025:
593:
536:
431:
371:
335:
2613:
479:
386:, in 642, although the office continued to exist until the reign of
382:
from 641 to 668. Constans was the last attested emperor to serve as
4359:
4141:
4033:
3986:
3946:
3928:
3848:
3783:
3763:
3733:
3706:
3701:
3686:
3676:
3646:
3554:
3549:
3497:
3472:
3467:
3432:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3105:
2372:
2025:, who was known by his contemporaries as "Constantine the Younger".
1845:
1474:
662 (aged 32) depicting Constans alongside his sons and co-emperors
1455:
1254:
1137:
1084:
1080:
1045:
1033:
1013:
998:
840:, and in 649 they launched their first maritime expedition against
492:
423:
297:
2866:
Byzantine Coins in Central Europe between the 5th and 10th Century
4293:
3996:
3903:
3816:
3671:
3447:
2932:
Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection
1049:
1017:
922:
849:
845:
837:
825:
464:
445:, his younger half-brother through Heraclius' second marriage to
272:
4065:
3922:
3804:
3576:
3442:
2995:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
2174:
Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum
1270:
1129:
1041:
1036:, the commander of his army, to attack the Lombards again, but
1029:
1021:
988:
887:
883:
882:
In 654, however, Mu'awiya renewed his raids by sea, plundering
770:
496:
196:
2549:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. pp. 23-25, 72-73.
1132:
or stabbed with a knife. His son Constantine succeeded him as
3666:
3437:
3427:
3407:
2321:
Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity
2219:
The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius
1312:
mounted with a golden statue of man. The Byzantine historian
1231:
937:
918:
891:
853:
841:
359:
323:
3412:
3402:
1056:
523:
by the clergy in the west and the related rebellion of the
519:
The situation was complicated by the violent opposition to
3053:. Oxford, United Kingdom: British Archaeological Reports.
2868:. Kraków: Institute of Archaeology University of Rzeszów.
2596:"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042)"
2513:
A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene
2343:
2341:
1156:. Meeting of the ambassadors of Constans II with Emperor
2634:
1288:
This Arab commander "Mo-yi" was identified by historian
1059:
for twelve days—the first emperor since the fall of the
1028:. However, the latter resisted and Constans withdrew to
487:
Under Constans, the Byzantines completely withdrew from
3106:"On the title and the office of the Byzantine basileus"
2410:"A Note on Byzantium's Year of the Four Emperors (641)"
2338:
2075:
2073:
1172:, which was responsible for the safety of goods on the
2455:
2085:
1164:. The subject of negotiations was cargo delays on the
951:
Now Constans could turn to church matters once again.
514:. A Byzantine fleet under the admiral Manuel occupied
2739:
Hirth, Friedrich (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
2467:
2373:
On the title and the office of the Byzantine basileus
2021:". The nickname was previously attributed to his son
1354:), and correctly pointed to its reunification by the
959:
and Constans' attempt to halt debates over it in the
3019:
The Crusades: Conflict Between Christendom and Islam
2109:
2070:
1973:
337–340), but has also sometimes been enumerated as
1900:
2773:Mutsaers, Inge (2009). Marlia Mundell Mango (ed.).
971:excused himself from this task, but his successor,
940:. The same year he concluded peace with the Arabs.
2828:
2353:
506:) launched numerous attacks on the islands of the
3070:"The early Christian insurgency in Islamic Spain"
2510:"θὲς ἄλλῳ νὶκην", see Bury, John Bagnell (1889),
1285:, and forced the Byzantines to pay them tribute.
1008:. Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king
4711:
3138:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2738:
2097:
886:. Constans led a fleet to attack the Muslims at
543:broke out and imperial rule was again restored.
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2693:. London: Hutchinson & Co. n.d. p. 94.
2056:This type is sometimes mistaken for Heraclonas.
434:, while his mother Gregoria was a daughter of
342:; 7 November 630 – 15 July 668), also called "
75:(aged 21–3), wearing a diadem and holding the
3344:
3021:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 33–54.
801:
3015:"Islam and Christianity: Jihad and Holy War"
2723:
2450:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1192:
910:, but he did not carry out the plan, as the
3160:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
2977:
2887:. The Catholic University of America Press.
2324:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
2297:. Cambridge University Press. p. 310.
2004:, a name typically reserved for his father
1358:(581–618) as occurring during the reign of
1140:was quickly suppressed by the new emperor.
413:
3351:
3337:
2988:
2835:Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society)
2516:, Adamant Media Corporation, 2005, p.290.
2490:(11th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 70.
808:
794:
56:
3100:
3067:
2536:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
2407:
2263:Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy
2241:The Last Consul: Basilius and His Diptych
2115:
1143:
1012:was engaged against Frankish forces from
483:Byzantine Empire in 650 under Constans II
2928:
2882:
2863:
2772:
2593:
2565:. Harvard University Press. p. 35.
2461:
2347:
2091:
1320:(r. 610–641), relayed information about
1189:was now God's representative on earth".
1147:
1111:
942:
873:
824:continued unabated. In 647 they entered
545:
478:
3128:
3043:
2953:
2717:
2485:
2473:
2290:
2239:Cameron, A., & Schauer, D. (1982).
2170:
2127:
1107:
449:. Constans was most likely elevated to
418:Constans was born on 7 November 630 in
14:
4712:
2558:
2486:Bennett, Judith M. (20 January 2010).
2382:: pp. 869–874. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
2317:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1629:
1522:
1518:
902:says, the Emperor dreamed of being at
81:
3332:
3012:
2823:
2259:
2103:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1762:
1752:
1748:
1724:
1714:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1670:
1660:
1647:
1637:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1588:
1578:
1574:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1530:
1526:
2903:
2891:
2796:
2359:
2157:Revue roumaine d'histoire: Volume 20
2152:Academia Republicii Populare Romîne
2079:
32:Constans II (son of Constantine III)
2963:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2776:Byzantine Trade, 4th–12th Centuries
2663:
2452:. Stanford University Press. p. 312
474:
430:. Constantine was a son of Emperor
30:For the Western Roman usurper, see
24:
3135:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2311:
1405:
1265:大食) sent their commander "Mo-yi" (
1136:. A brief usurpation in Sicily by
927:resettled some of them in Anatolia
867:), who later reigned as the first
25:
4786:
2899:. Vol. II. Macmillan and Co.
2690:Hutchinson's Story of the Nations
2635:Theophanes the Confessor (1997).
2177:. Longman. pp. v, 184, 255.
1004:, which then encompassed most of
85:
27:Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668
3152:
2547:Byzantium and Its Army: 284–1081
2488:Medieval Europe: a short history
2391:
1903:
1479:
1463:
1447:
1431:
1412:
1242:(波多力, Constans II Pogonatos) to
88:
4750:Assassinated Byzantine emperors
2857:
2817:
2790:
2766:
2681:
2628:
2587:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2504:
2479:
2442:
2401:
2371:Zuckerman, Constantin (2010): "
2365:
2284:
2253:
2233:
2211:
2191:
2130:"Notes de titulature byzantine"
2050:
2037:
2028:
2011:
1983:
1977:, also counting the co-emperor
1968:
862:
501:
438:, a first cousin of Heraclius.
4730:7th-century Byzantine emperors
2981:History of the Byzantine State
2720:, p. 135–136, 266 n. 30..
2164:
2144:
2121:
1956:
1931:
1389:, who succeeded him as Emperor
1316:, writing during the reign of
1230:(拂菻), which they equated with
1168:due to tribal conflict in the
844:. A major Arab offensive into
820:Meanwhile, the advance of the
18:Constans II (Byzantine Empire)
13:
1:
4735:7th-century murdered monarchs
3074:Small Wars & Insurgencies
2800:(1915), Henri Cordier (ed.),
2063:
1953:were also used on his solidi.
1491:
1471:
1439:
1423:
1279:besiege the Byzantine capital
930:
467:of senators led by Patriarch
69:
4770:660s in the Byzantine Empire
4765:650s in the Byzantine Empire
4760:640s in the Byzantine Empire
2978:Ostrogorsky, George (1956).
2906:"Emperors named Constantine"
2830:"Constans II or Heraclonas?"
2291:Salzman, Michele R. (2021).
2245:The Journal of Roman Studies
1401:, co-emperor from 659 to 681
1395:, co-emperor from 659 to 681
422:, the Byzantine capital, to
372:
336:
7:
2448:Treadgold, Warren. (1997).
1896:
1499:
1203:Europeans in Medieval China
967:to arrest the Pope. Exarch
604:Constantine III (Heraclius)
219:
10:
4791:
4775:Sons of Byzantine emperors
4624:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4575:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4462:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
3027:10.31826/9781463211158-003
2984:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2428:10.1515/byzs.1990.83.2.431
2408:Treadgold, Warren (1990).
2396:Konstans II. (#3691/corr.)
2268:Cambridge University Press
2260:Hendy, Michael F. (2008).
2043:Some sources, such as the
1919:List of Byzantine emperors
1742:
1623:
1520:
1225:several embassies made by
1209:Chinese dynastic histories
1196:
1016:, Constans disembarked at
963:. The Emperor ordered the
360:
324:
108:November 641 – 15 July 668
29:
4700:
4632:
4597:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4565:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4390:Constantine IX Monomachos
4078:
3975:
3858:
3685:
3523:
3371:
3311:
3302:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3187:
3086:10.1080/09592310903026977
2929:Grierson, Philip (1968).
2883:Browning, Robert (1992).
2594:Grierson, Philip (1962).
2415:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
2318:Riedel, Meredith (2018).
2197:Grumel, Venance (1996). "
1827:
1809:
1801:
1773:
1763:12. Gregoras (brother of
1750:
1746:
1708:
1690:
1682:
1654:
1635:
1631:
1595:
1576:
1568:
1540:
1524:
1373:
1193:Record in Chinese sources
469:Paul II of Constantinople
303:
293:
283:
271:
259:
252:
248:
212:
202:
186:
172:
168:
142:
132:
122:
112:
104:
97:
55:
46:
41:
4560:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3068:Widdowson, Marc (2009).
1924:
1508:Ancestors of Constans II
1246:, bearing gifts such as
1170:Western Turkic Khaganate
1055:In 663 Constans visited
979:, where he died in 655.
900:Theophanes the Confessor
414:Origins and early career
79:. The inscription reads
4745:Medieval child monarchs
4415:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4049:Tiberius II Constantine
2171:Warwick, Wroth (1908).
2019:Constantine the Bearded
2017:Some sources call him "
1941:form and word order as
1911:Byzantine Empire portal
1244:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1128:, either killed with a
1120:On 15 July 668, he was
1063:in 476 and, along with
1010:Grimoald I of Benevento
4570:Michael IX Palaiologos
3176:Historia Langobardorum
2922:10.3406/numi.2005.2594
1181:
1144:Assessments and legacy
1117:
1040:by the Beneventani at
961:Lateran Council of 649
948:
879:
566:by decree in 648 (the
559:
491:in 642, and the third
484:
351:
4664:Thessalonian emperors
4658:Trapezuntine emperors
4619:John VIII Palaiologos
4614:Manuel II Palaiologos
4585:John VI Kantakouzenos
4501:Andronikos I Komnenos
4338:Constantine Lekapenos
3366:and empresses regnant
3320:Constantinus Augustus
3154:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
3102:Zuckerman, Constantin
3013:Moosa, Matti (2008).
2601:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2571:10.4159/9780674969193
2559:Haldon, John (2016).
2224:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2006:Heraclius Constantine
1947:Movses Kaghankatvatsi
1340:), its current ruler
1314:Theophylact Simocatta
1306:massive granite walls
1197:Further information:
1151:
1115:
1077:Archbishop of Ravenna
946:
877:
780:Twenty Years' Anarchy
552:Maximus the Confessor
549:
531:. The latter fell in
529:Gregory the Patrician
482:
190:15 July 668 (aged 37)
49:Emperor of the Romans
4602:John VII Palaiologos
4550:Theodore II Laskaris
4410:Constantine X Doukas
4350:Nikephoros II Phokas
2904:Foss, Clive (2005).
2885:The Byzantine Empire
2754:on 10 September 2014
2703:: CS1 maint: year (
2217:Shahi̇d, I. (1972).
2203:Analecta Bollandiana
2128:Laurent, V. (1939).
1454:A solidus minted in
1300:before becoming the
1199:Sino-Roman relations
1108:Death and succession
1061:Western Roman Empire
973:Theodore I Calliopas
408:Western Roman Empire
4533:Theodore I Laskaris
4518:Alexios III Angelos
4496:Alexios II Komnenos
4420:Romanos IV Diogenes
4375:Romanos III Argyros
4321:Romanos I Lekapenos
2545:Treadgold, Warren.
2532:Cheetham, Nicolas.
2140:(195–196): 355–370.
1937:Recorded under the
1765:Heraclius the Elder
1533:Heraclius the Elder
1368:two warring nations
1324:, its capital city
1124:in his bath by his
955:had condemned both
896:Battle of the Masts
4652:Britannic emperors
4646:Palmyrene emperors
4580:John V Palaiologos
4523:Alexios IV Angelos
4472:Constantine Doukas
4467:Alexios I Komnenos
4455:Constantine Doukas
4438:Michael VII Doukas
4400:Michael VI Bringas
3966:Romulus Augustulus
3589:Trebonianus Gallus
3582:Herennius Etruscus
3364:Byzantine emperors
3316:Title next held by
3297:Heraclius Augustus
3293:Title last held by
3284:Political offices
3166:Liber Pontificalis
3130:Kazhdan, Alexander
2955:Hoyland, Robert G.
2910:Revue numismatique
2893:Bury, John Bagnell
2748:Fordham University
1490:with Constans II,
1488:Rashidun Caliphate
1344:whose name meant "
1296:(r. 661–680), the
1182:
1118:
1065:John V Palaiologos
1002:Duchy of Benevento
949:
914:broke out in 656.
880:
822:Rashidun Caliphate
560:
556:Manasses Chronicle
525:Exarch of Carthage
485:
4755:Byzantine consuls
4740:Heraclian dynasty
4707:
4706:
4545:John III Vatatzes
4491:Manuel I Komnenos
4230:Michael I Rangabe
4074:
4073:
3916:Petronius Maximus
3515:Severus Alexander
3483:Septimius Severus
3327:
3326:
3274:Succeeded by
3230:Byzantine Emperor
3194:Heraclian dynasty
3005:978-0-88-141056-3
2970:978-0-19-991636-8
2580:978-0-674-08877-1
2294:The Falls of Rome
2184:978-5-87507-093-8
2082:, pp. 93–94.
1943:Ogostos Kostandin
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1322:China's geography
1298:governor of Syria
965:Exarch of Ravenna
818:
817:
785:
784:
766:Justinian dynasty
578:Heraclian dynasty
380:Byzantine emperor
369:
333:
313:
312:
267:
266:
99:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
4782:
4555:John IV Laskaris
4528:Alexios V Doukas
4513:Isaac II Angelos
4479:John II Komnenos
4405:Isaac I Komnenos
4365:Constantine VIII
4355:John I Tzimiskes
4082:Byzantine Empire
3856:
3855:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3220:Preceded by
3210:
3203:
3185:
3184:
3161:
3149:
3125:
3097:
3080:(3–4): 478–506.
3064:
3040:
3009:
2990:Meyendorff, John
2985:
2974:
2950:
2925:
2900:
2888:
2879:
2851:
2850:
2832:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:. Archived from
2736:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2534:Mediaeval Greece
2530:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2257:
2251:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2015:
2009:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1951:Constantinus Avg
1935:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1458:, 652 (aged 22).
1451:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1422:of Constans II,
1416:
1220:New Book of Tang
1214:Old Book of Tang
1092:Warren Treadgold
935:
932:
894:) in 655 at the
866:
864:
810:
803:
796:
758:
757:
642:Tiberius (David)
579:
573:
572:
568:Type of Constans
505:
503:
475:Reign as emperor
400:Type of Constans
377:
365:
363:
362:
341:
329:
327:
326:
250:
249:
223:
91:
90:
87:
83:
74:
71:
60:
39:
38:
21:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4640:Gallic emperors
4628:
4316:Constantine VII
4097:Constantine III
4084:
4081:
4070:
3979:
3971:
3910:Valentinian III
3898:Constantius III
3892:Priscus Attalus
3876:Constantine III
3862:
3854:
3744:Valerius Valens
3689:
3681:
3527:
3519:
3478:Didius Julianus
3458:Marcus Aurelius
3375:
3367:
3357:
3317:
3308:
3294:
3279:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3172:Paul the Deacon
3146:
3061:
3037:
3006:
2971:
2947:
2935:. Vol. 2.
2916:(161): 93–102.
2876:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2737:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2668:
2664:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2614:10.2307/1291157
2592:
2588:
2581:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:. p. 193.
2258:
2254:
2238:
2234:
2216:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2016:
2012:
2002:Constantine III
1982:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1614:Constantine III
1502:
1495:
1484:
1475:
1470:Solidus minted
1468:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1438:Solidus minted
1436:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1406:Coinage gallery
1376:
1290:Friedrich Hirth
1275:Mó zhuāi fá zhī
1205:
1195:
1146:
1110:
1038:he was defeated
933:
861:
834:Caesarea Mazaca
814:
778:
768:
764:
745:
736:
735:
730:
720:
711:
702:
692:
683:
674:
665:
655:
646:
637:
627:
618:
613:Constantine III
608:
599:
577:
500:
477:
428:Constantine III
416:
388:Leo VI the Wise
288:Constantine III
244:
217:
216:
191:
179:
177:
160:
155:
150:
93:
80:
77:globus cruciger
72:
68:of Constans II
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4599:
4594:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4459:
4435:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Theodora (III)
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4291:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4257:
4245:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4210:Constantine VI
4207:
4202:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:Theodosius III
4171:
4166:
4161:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4119:Constantine IV
4116:
4111:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:Eastern Empire
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:Western Empire
3853:
3852:
3845:
3833:Magnus Maximus
3829:
3827:Valentinian II
3824:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3759:Constantius II
3756:
3754:Constantine II
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Antoninus Pius
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3376:27 BC – AD 235
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3277:Constantine IV
3275:
3272:
3248:Constantine IV
3239:David Tiberius
3226:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:Regnal titles
3212:
3211:
3202:7 November 630
3191:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3162:
3150:
3144:
3132:, ed. (1991).
3126:
3098:
3065:
3059:
3045:Pringle, Denys
3041:
3036:978-1463211158
3035:
3010:
3004:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2951:
2945:
2937:Dumbarton Oaks
2926:
2901:
2889:
2880:
2875:978-8376760087
2874:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2816:
2789:
2765:
2722:
2710:
2680:
2662:
2647:
2627:
2586:
2579:
2551:
2538:
2525:
2503:
2496:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2441:
2422:(2): 431–433.
2400:
2384:
2364:
2352:
2350:, p. 402.
2337:
2330:
2310:
2303:
2283:
2276:
2252:
2232:
2210:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2154:, ed. (1981).
2143:
2134:Échos d'Orient
2120:
2116:Widdowson 2009
2108:
2096:
2094:, p. 537.
2084:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2023:Constantine IV
2010:
1998:Constantine IV
1955:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1387:Constantine IV
1375:
1372:
1302:Umayyad caliph
1283:Constantinople
1194:
1191:
1186:Robert Hoyland
1184:The historian
1145:
1142:
1134:Constantine IV
1109:
1106:
1006:Southern Italy
908:Constantinople
865: 656–661
816:
815:
813:
812:
805:
798:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
773:
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
746:
743:
737:
733:
731:
728:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
697:Constantine IV
693:
690:
684:
681:
675:
672:
670:Constantine IV
666:
663:
656:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
628:
625:
619:
616:
609:
606:
600:
597:
587:
586:
582:
581:
504: 644–656
476:
473:
420:Constantinople
415:
412:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
269:
268:
265:
264:
257:
256:
246:
245:
243:
242:
237:
232:
230:Constantine IV
226:
224:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
188:
184:
183:
181:Constantinople
178:7 November 630
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:Constantine IV
147:David Tiberius
144:
140:
139:
137:Constantine IV
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
95:
94:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4699:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4277:Theodora (II)
4275:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:Constantine V
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Anastasius II
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Theodosius II
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Valentinian I
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:Constantine I
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Constantius I
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:0-19-504652-8
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3060:0-86054-119-3
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2946:9780884020240
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:(in French).
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:Bates, George
2820:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2648:0-19-822568-7
2644:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:1-4021-8368-2
2519:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2497:9780073385501
2493:
2489:
2482:
2476:, p. 47.
2475:
2470:
2464:, p. 45.
2463:
2462:Browning 1992
2458:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2362:, p. vi.
2361:
2356:
2349:
2348:Grierson 1968
2344:
2342:
2333:
2331:9781107053076
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2304:9781107111424
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2277:9781316582275
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2092:Biermann 2009
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:Fabia Eudokia
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1442:647 (aged 17)
1434:
1429:
1426:642 (aged 12)
1421:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:According to
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Pope Vitalian
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:and besieged
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Monothelitism
954:
953:Pope Martin I
945:
941:
939:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
876:
872:
870:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
792:
791:
789:
788:
781:
777:
774:
772:
767:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
744:706–711
742:
738:
734:705–711
732:
729:685–695
727:
726:
722:
719:668–681
717:
713:
710:668–681
708:
704:
701:668–685
699:
698:
694:
691:659–668
689:
685:
682:659–668
680:
676:
673:654–668
671:
667:
664:641–668
662:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
633:
629:
624:
620:
615:
614:
610:
607:613–641
605:
601:
598:610–641
596:
595:
591:
590:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
575:
574:
571:
569:
565:
557:
553:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Monothelitism
517:
513:
509:
508:Mediterranean
498:
494:
490:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
453:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Monothelitism
389:
385:
381:
376:
375:
368:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
339:
332:
321:
317:
309:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
276:
274:
270:
263:
260:Constantinus
258:
255:
251:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
189:
185:
182:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
153:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:September 641
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
84:constantinus
78:
67:
66:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4607:Andronikos V
4605:
4588:
4536:
4504:
4482:
4470:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4429:
4423:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4297:
4280:
4268:
4251:
4239:
4233:
4220:Nikephoros I
4195:
4194:
4188:
4155:
4152:Justinian II
4147:Tiberius III
4137:Justinian II
4128:
4122:
4113:
4105:
4057:
4029:Anastasius I
4020:
3964:
3960:Julius Nepos
3952:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3822:Theodosius I
3809:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3739:Maximinus II
3726:
3628:
3611:
3598:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3501:
3463:Lucius Verus
3318:
3312:
3305:Roman consul
3303:
3295:
3289:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3189:Constans II
3181:
3175:
3164:
3157:
3133:
3113:
3109:
3077:
3073:
3049:
3018:
2994:
2980:
2959:
2931:
2913:
2909:
2896:
2884:
2865:
2858:Bibliography
2838:
2834:
2819:
2810:21 September
2808:, retrieved
2802:
2792:
2782:10 September
2780:. Retrieved
2775:
2768:
2758:10 September
2756:. Retrieved
2752:the original
2743:
2718:Hoyland 2015
2713:
2689:
2683:
2669:
2665:
2637:
2630:
2605:
2599:
2589:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2511:
2506:
2487:
2481:
2474:Pringle 1981
2469:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2419:
2413:
2403:
2387:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2355:
2320:
2313:
2293:
2286:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2173:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2052:
2039:
2030:
2013:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1975:Constans III
1974:
1958:
1942:
1933:
1726:
1589:9. Epiphania
1486:Coin of the
1378:By his wife
1377:
1364:Yangzi River
1350:
1348:" (Chinese:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1287:
1274:
1262:
1239:
1236:Roman Empire
1226:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1183:
1122:assassinated
1119:
1095:
1094:, the first
1089:
1054:
996:
993:
981:
950:
916:
904:Thessalonica
881:
819:
775:
761:
725:Justinian II
723:
695:
659:
658:
650:
630:
611:
592:
564:Jesus Christ
561:
486:
457:
451:
440:
417:
396:Jesus Christ
374:ho Pōgōnãtos
373:
343:
337:
315:
314:
308:Christianity
218:
73: 651–3
63:
47:
36:
4666:(1224–1242)
4660:(1204–1461)
4449:Konstantios
4326:Christopher
4299:Constantine
4289:Michael III
4270:Constantine
4253:Constantine
4235:Theophylact
4164:Philippicus
4114:Constans II
4039:Justinian I
3935:Severus III
3883:Constans II
3637:Claudius II
3613:Silbannacus
3560:Gordian III
3535:Maximinus I
3503:Diadumenian
3209:15 July 668
3116:: 865–890.
2841:: 141–161.
2798:Yule, Henry
2744:Fordham.edu
2676:Constans II
1727:Constans II
1559:Heraclius I
1356:Sui dynasty
1310:water clock
1126:chamberlain
1102:John Haldon
912:first Fitna
832:and sacked
776:Followed by
762:Preceded by
660:Constans II
651:Constans II
550:Torture of
512:Aegean Seas
378:), was the
361:ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος
344:the Bearded
316:Constans II
254:Regnal name
143:Co-emperors
123:Predecessor
42:Constans II
4725:668 deaths
4720:630 births
4714:Categories
4443:Andronikos
4431:Nikephoros
4380:Michael IV
4345:Romanos II
4265:Theophilos
4260:Michael II
4241:Staurakios
4225:Staurakios
4197:Nikephoros
4190:Artabasdos
4102:Heraclonas
4059:Theodosius
4017:Basiliscus
3777:Nepotianus
3770:Magnentius
3764:Constans I
3717:Severus II
3697:Diocletian
3642:Quintillus
3607:Aemilianus
3600:Volusianus
3545:Gordian II
3510:Elagabalus
3373:Principate
3223:Heraclonas
2250:: 126–145.
2230:: 293–320.
2208:: 254–260.
2104:Moosa 2008
2064:References
1994:Herakleios
1964:Constans I
1346:Son of God
1330:Old Turkic
1294:Muawiyah I
1253:and green
1162:Tang China
1152:643 CE in
1044:, between
934: 649
858:Mu'awiya I
830:Cappadocia
752:Succession
632:Heraclonas
623:Heraclonas
585:Chronology
516:Alexandria
461:Valentinus
443:Heraclonas
404:Mu'awiya I
398:under the
127:Heraclonas
114:Coronation
4685:Classical
4670:Empresses
4654:(286–296)
4648:(267–273)
4642:(260–274)
4385:Michael V
4311:Alexander
4124:Heraclius
4092:Heraclius
4044:Justin II
3954:Glycerius
3941:Anthemius
3811:Procopius
3749:Martinian
3728:Maxentius
3657:Florianus
3630:Saloninus
3625:Gallienus
3594:Hostilian
3570:Philip II
3540:Gordian I
3488:Caracalla
3423:Vespasian
3418:Vitellius
3270:(659–681)
3261:(659–681)
3257:Heraclius
3252:(654–685)
3122:0577-1471
3094:144989232
2699:cite book
2678:", p. 496
2608:: 49–50.
2436:194092611
2360:Bury 1889
2080:Foss 2005
1990:Heraclius
1648:10. Rogas
1393:Heraclius
1318:Heraclius
1259:the Arabs
1255:gemstones
1174:Silk Road
1166:Silk Road
1026:Benevento
707:Heraclius
679:Heraclius
594:Heraclius
541:civil war
537:Caliphate
432:Heraclius
367:translit.
352:Pogonatus
331:translit.
278:Heraclian
235:Heraclius
176:Heraclius
164:(654–668)
159:(659–681)
154:(659–681)
152:Heraclius
133:Successor
4680:Usurpers
4675:Augustae
4633:See also
4538:Nicholas
4360:Basil II
4157:Tiberius
4142:Leontius
4130:Tiberius
4107:Tiberius
4085:610–1453
4080:Eastern/
4034:Justin I
3987:Arcadius
3947:Olybrius
3929:Majorian
3870:Honorius
3849:Eugenius
3784:Vetranio
3734:Licinius
3707:Galerius
3702:Maximian
3687:Dominate
3677:Numerian
3647:Aurelian
3620:Valerian
3565:Philip I
3555:Balbinus
3550:Pupienus
3498:Macrinus
3473:Pertinax
3468:Commodus
3433:Domitian
3398:Claudius
3393:Caligula
3388:Tiberius
3383:Augustus
3266:Tiberius
3178:, Book V
3104:(2010).
3047:(1981).
2992:(1989).
2957:(2015).
2895:(1889).
2847:43573491
2827:(1971).
2657:34704963
1979:Constans
1939:Armenian
1897:See also
1846:Gregoria
1500:Ancestry
1494:647–670.
1456:Carthage
1399:Tiberius
1338:Chang'an
1269:: 摩拽伐之,
1223:mention
1154:Chang'an
1138:Mezezius
1085:Sardinia
1081:Calabria
1073:Pantheon
1046:Avellino
1034:Saburrus
1014:Neustria
985:Syracuse
969:Olympius
888:Phoinike
741:Tiberius
716:Tiberius
688:Tiberius
493:Rashidun
424:Gregoria
304:Religion
298:Gregoria
262:Augustus
240:Tiberius
193:Syracuse
157:Tiberius
4690:Eastern
4590:Matthew
4484:Alexios
4332:Stephen
4294:Basil I
4179:Leo III
4054:Maurice
3997:Marcian
3980:395–610
3904:Joannes
3863:395–480
3817:Gratian
3690:284–610
3672:Carinus
3652:Tacitus
3528:235–285
3448:Hadrian
3322:in 668
3299:in 639
3234:641–668
2622:1291157
1986:
1971:
1792:Niketas
1420:Solidus
1360:Maurice
1342:Taisson
1336:, i.e.
1334:Khumdan
1326:Khubdan
1267:Chinese
1240:Boduoli
1211:of the
1158:Taizong
1050:Salerno
1018:Taranto
999:Lombard
977:Cherson
923:Balkans
921:in the
869:Umayyad
850:Isauria
846:Cilicia
838:Phrygia
826:Armenia
495:caliph
465:regency
447:Martina
436:Nicetas
338:Kōnstas
325:Κώνστας
273:Dynasty
65:solidus
4452:&
4428:&
4335:&
4306:Leo VI
4282:Thekla
4238:&
4205:Leo IV
4127:&
4066:Phocas
4022:Marcus
4007:Leo II
3923:Avitus
3840:Victor
3805:Valens
3795:Jovian
3790:Julian
3662:Probus
3597:&
3577:Decius
3525:Crisis
3443:Trajan
3313:Vacant
3290:Vacant
3205:
3142:
3120:
3092:
3057:
3033:
3002:
2967:
2943:
2872:
2845:
2655:
2645:
2620:
2577:
2520:
2494:
2434:
2328:
2301:
2274:
2181:
1380:Fausta
1374:Family
1351:Tianzi
1308:and a
1277:), to
1271:Pinyin
1263:Da shi
1227:Fu lin
1130:bucket
1097:themes
1042:Forino
1030:Naples
1022:Lucera
989:Sicily
884:Rhodes
771:Phocas
539:until
533:battle
497:Uthman
452:caesar
384:consul
370:
334:
294:Mother
284:Father
220:Detail
207:Fausta
203:Spouse
197:Sicily
4248:Leo V
4215:Irene
4002:Leo I
3667:Carus
3438:Nerva
3428:Titus
3408:Galba
3360:Roman
3243:(641)
3237:with
3207:Died:
3200:Born:
3090:S2CID
2843:JSTOR
2618:JSTOR
2432:S2CID
1925:Notes
1251:glass
1234:(the
1232:Daqin
1178:Irbis
938:Media
919:Slavs
892:Lycia
890:(off
854:Syria
842:Crete
739:with
714:with
705:with
686:with
677:with
668:with
649:with
640:with
621:with
602:with
489:Egypt
356:Greek
348:Latin
320:Greek
214:Issue
149:(641)
105:Reign
4604:(w.
4587:(w.
4535:(w.
4506:John
4503:(w.
4481:(w.
4469:(w.
4440:(w.
4422:(w.
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3403:Nero
3362:and
3309:642
3140:ISBN
3118:ISSN
3055:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2812:2016
2784:2016
2760:2016
2705:link
2653:OCLC
2643:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2392:PmbZ
2326:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2179:ISBN
1217:and
1207:The
1201:and
1083:and
1057:Rome
1048:and
1024:and
848:and
828:and
769:and
510:and
426:and
187:Died
173:Born
4425:Leo
4370:Zoe
3616:(?)
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