412:" stereotype with "quota," a buzzword used to challenge affirmative action. In fact, Guinier opposed racial quotas, as she attempted to make clear, responding to the misrepresentation of her views by invoking her father's experience at Harvard: "He was a victim of a racial quota, a quota of one. I have never been in favor of quotas. I could not be, knowing my father's experience." As one reviewer of her work wrote: "The remedies Guinier advocates for diluted minority voting rights do not include laws that guarantee election outcomes for disadvantaged groups."
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Clinton withdrew
Guinier's nomination on June 4, 1993. He stated that Guinier's writings "clearly lend themselves to interpretations that do not represent the views I expressed on civil rights during the campaign." Guinier, for her part, acknowledged that her writings were often "unclear and subject
514:, a system in which each voter has "the same number of votes as there are seats or options to vote for, and they can then distribute their votes in any combination to reflect their preferences"—a system often used on corporate boards in 30 states, as well as by school boards and county commissions
552:
and research grants), Guinier argued that the nation has a vested interest in seeing that all students have access to higher education and that these graduates "contribute as leaders in our democratic polity." By linking diversity to merit, Guinier argued that preferential treatment of minority
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students "confirms the public character and democratic missions of higher-education institutions. Diversity becomes relevant not only to the college's admissions process but also to its students' educational experiences and to what its graduates actually contribute to
American society."
545:. The process of confirmative action, she said, "ties diversity to the admissions criteria for all students, whatever their race, gender, or ethnic background—including people of color, working-class whites, and even children of privilege."
576:
review put it, they argue for "reforms based on initiatives that are begun by minority groups but move beyond racial issues because they address the needs of other disadvantaged groups." One examplar Torres and
Guinier cite is the way that
471:, wrote that the withdrawal was "a grave , both for President Clinton and the country. The President's yanking of the nomination, caving in to shrill, unsubstantiated attacks, was not only unfair, but some would say political cowardice."
604:. It was there that she took her experience with the Voting Rights Project of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and began theorizing on reforming the voting system. She spent 10 years at University of Pennsylvania Law School before joining
415:
Some journalists also alleged that
Guinier's writings indicated that she supported the shaping of electoral districts to ensure a black majority, a process known as "race-conscious districting." Political science and law professor
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Developing a concept of "political race," Guinier argued that if viewed as a resource from which to develop social critique, attention to exclusions based on race had the potential to produce broad and democratizing effects. In
368:(LDF) as an assistant counsel, eventually becoming head of its Voting Rights project. She was a highly successful litigator for LDF, winning 31 of the 32 cases she argued. She also worked on the successful extension of the
265:
in 1929. He was forced to drop out in 1931, unable to afford school after he was excluded from financial aid and campus housing, but he ultimately returned to
Harvard as a professor and the first chair of the
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Scope of Soviet
Activity in the United States: Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary
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1834:"Race as a Resource - Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres: The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. P.392. $ 27.95.)"
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multi-member "superdistricts," a strategy that "modifies winner-take-all majority rule to require that something more than a bare majority of voters must approve or concur before action is taken."
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for ten years. Her scholarship covered the professional responsibilities of public lawyers, the relationship between democracy and the law, the role of race and gender in the political process,
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455:(the only African American serving in the Senate at that time), informed Clinton that Guinier's interviews with senators were going poorly and urged him to withdraw Guinier's nomination.
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1180:"Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 151 (2005), Part 20 - IN MEMORY OF MAURICE S. PAPRIN: NEW YORK REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER AND ADVOCATE, EDUCATOR AND PROMOTER OF SOCIAL WELFARE"
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2465:"BARD COLLEGE TO HOLD ONE HUNDRED FORTY-THIRD COMMENCEMENT ON SATURDAY, MAY 24, 2003 Civil Rights Champion and Harvard Law Professor Lani Guinier to Deliver Commencement Address"
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From 2001 until her death, Guinier was active in civil rights in higher education, coining the term "confirmative action" to reconceptualize issues of diversity, fairness, and
1321:
2441:
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570:, 2002), Guinier and co-author Gerald Torres used the analogy of racial minorities as the canary in the coal mine, alerting others to risks in the environment. As one
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argued that
Guinier was in favor of "segregating black voters in black-majority districts." Guinier was portrayed as a racial polarizer who believed—in the words of
389:
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500:. Guinier also stated that she did not advocate for any single procedural rule, but rather that all alternatives should be considered in the context of litigation
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1647:"Guinier's Ideas Viewed as Largely Theoretical : Nominee: In her 'academic' article on voting rights, the conclusions she reaches appear to be tentative"
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In her publications, Guinier suggested various strategies for strengthening minority groups' voting power, and rectifying what she characterized as an unfair
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in 1998 as the school's first woman of color to be granted tenure. She regularly lectured at various other law schools and universities including
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1220:, March 25, 2013. Accessed February 20, 2019. "When my family moved to Hollis, Queens in 1956, the neighborhood changed with our arrival."
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to vastly different interpretations," but believed that the political attacks had distorted and caricatured her academic philosophies.
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217:, and the first woman of color appointed to a tenured professorship there. Before coming to Harvard in 1998, Guinier taught at the
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Leff, Laurel (1993), "From legal scholar to quota queen: what happens when politics pulls the press into the groves of academe,"
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Award from the
American Association of Affirmative Action. She was also awarded the 1994 Harvey Levin Teaching Award at the
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Guinier said that she wanted to be a civil rights lawyer since she was twelve years old, after she watched on television as
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Because public and private institutions of higher learning are almost all to some extent publicly funded (i.e., federal
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senators mounted a campaign against
Guinier's nomination. Guinier was dubbed a "quota queen," a phrase first used in a
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review concluded, "The goal of reaching such truly evenhanded solutions is what this book generously holds out."
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Fowler Harper
Lecture, entitled "The Political Representative as Powerful Stranger: Challenges for Democracy."
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Guinier married Nolan Bowie in 1986. They had one son, Nikolas Bowie, who is also a Harvard law professor.
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1792:"The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. Lani Guinier, Gerald Torres"
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1322:"LDF Mourns the Passing of Trailblazing Harvard Law Professor and Voting Rights Defender Lani Guinier"
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Cohen, Joshua (June 13, 1993). "n the End, Distortion Triumphed Over Lani Guinier's Writings".
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Carol Lani Guinier was born on April 19, 1950, in New York City, to Eugenia "Genii" Paprin and
2254:
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and of the Hawaii Civil Rights Congress. Guinier's father was also a national officer for the
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Studies Department in 1969. Paprin, an Ashkenazi-Jewish civil-rights activist, graduated from
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During her lifetime, Guinier was honored with the Champion of Democracy Award from the
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Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice
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Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback Into a New Vision of Social Justice
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488:, not just for racial minorities, but for all numerical minority groups, including
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209:; April 19, 1950 – January 7, 2022) was an American educator, legal scholar, and
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1021:
Lee, Margaret C. (1996). "Lani Guinier (1950–)". In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.).
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Raymond, Diane (1998). "Review of Becoming Gentlemen; Critical Race Feminism".
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official. The term was perceived by some to be racially loaded, combining the "
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The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy
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Guinier authored over two dozen law review articles, as well as five books:
2572:
Online links to various articles Substantial list of Guinier's publications
1232:"Law professor's Justice Dept. nomination became a Clinton-era controversy"
1067:"Lani Guinier, civil rights champion and Harvard law professor, dies at 71"
790:
The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy
600:
Guinier began her career in academics in 1989 as a Professor of Law at the
564:
The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy
549:
401:
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The Tyranny of the Meritocracy: Democratizing Higher Education in America
468:
440:
432:
421:
334:
2606:
2195:"Previous Margaret Brent Women Lawyers of Achievement Award Recipients"
2122:
1719:
Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed its Meaning and Lost its Purpose
866:
2625:
2157:"Lani Guinier, Legal Scholar at the Center of Controversy, Dies at 71"
1918:"Lani Guinier, Legal Scholar at the Center of Controversy, Dies at 71"
529:
as a potential way of protecting minority rights without compromising
2307:"Symposium Honors Professor and Civil Rights Lawyer Lani Guinier '74"
1973:"Lani Guinier | Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"
886:
621:
290:(CIO) union. Her uncle was real estate developer and social activist
2805:
People associated with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
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882:
613:
452:
436:
1127:"Commencements; Lani Guinier at Hunter: 'Silence Is Not Golden'"
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748:
Becoming Gentlemen: Women, Law School, and Institutional Change
707:
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258:
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32:
2490:"Lani Guinier '74 Discusses Challenges for Democracy April 30"
885:. In 2017, she was awarded a Champion of Democracy Award from
190:
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1164:
United States Senate, Eighty-fourth Congress (January 1957).
873:
and the 2002 Sacks-Freund Award for Teaching Excellence from
493:
164:
2775:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
865:(ABA) Commission on Women in the Profession (1995); and the
375:
16:
American legal scholar and civil rights theorist (1950–2022)
2602:
Interview with Lani Guinier in Dollars & Sense magazine
629:
609:
170:
1767:"Colleges Should Take 'Confirmative Action' in Admissions"
1743:"Colleges Should Take 'Confirmative Action' in Admissions"
1371:"Teaching Law, Testing Ideas, Obama Stood Slightly Apart"
213:
theorist. She was the Bennett Boskey Professor of Law at
181:
175:
2281:"Yale Law School Mourns the Loss of Lani Guinier '74"
199:
187:
178:
167:
2780:
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States
2368:"Lani Guinier to Deliver Smith Commencement Address"
1474:"Guinier Defends Her views, Denies She Backs Quotas"
646:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
339:
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
161:
424:—that "only blacks can properly represent blacks."
184:
158:
1640:
1638:
427:In the face of the negative media attention, many
1399:Bolick, Clinton (1993) "Clinton's Quota Queens,"
939:
937:
2646:
2032:"Harvard Law School - Lani Guinier publications"
1522:"Opinion | Black-Majority Districts: A Bad Idea"
740:
655:Guinier took emerita status at Harvard in 2017.
1635:
1340:"Reno Completes Most of Lineup At Justice Dept"
1260:"Balancing Race and Gender: LDF Women Pioneers"
920:, and Bard College. In 2007 she delivered the
237:for Civil Rights, but withdrew the nomination.
2588:Web Archives (archived September 23, 2002)
2434:"Past Speakers and Honorary Degree Recipients"
2135:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
934:
536:
2820:University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
945:"Harvard Law School - Lani Guinier biography"
786:
556:
479:
2338:"Lani Guinier to speak at 2004 Commencement"
1255:
1253:
861:Women Lawyers of Achievement Award from the
392:in April 1993. Conservative journalists and
309:, the first black American to enroll in the
261:, was one of two black students admitted to
2567:Guinier's publications at Harvard's website
2398:"Honorary Degree Recipients 1977 - Present"
2335:
1060:
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313:. After graduating third in her class from
2770:Andrew Jackson High School (Queens) alumni
2150:
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640:. In 2007 she was a visiting professor at
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376:Nomination for Assistant Attorney General
1877:
1875:
1064:
1055:
845:, on January 7, 2022, at the age of 71.
474:
366:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
240:
235:United States Assistant Attorney General
2665:20th-century African-American academics
2143:
2092:
2007:"In Memoriam: Lani Guinier 1950 - 2022"
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906:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
807:
765:
719:
2647:
2444:from the original on December 27, 2021
2317:from the original on December 14, 2021
2205:from the original on December 18, 2021
2004:
1983:from the original on December 12, 2018
1884:"Books in Brief: 'The Miner's Canary'"
1790:Woliver, Laura R. (November 1, 2002).
1716:
1644:
1540:from the original on November 23, 2021
1368:
1145:from the original on February 27, 2021
1124:
1014:
963:
893:’s highest honor, the Award of Merit.
787:Guinier, Lani; Torres, Gerald (2002).
644:, and in 2009 she was a fellow at the
507:Some of the ideas she considered are:
341:, then served as special assistant to
2785:Deaths from dementia in Massachusetts
2755:American people of Panamanian descent
2680:21st-century African-American lawyers
2670:20th-century African-American lawyers
2638:interview with Guinier, March 1, 2015
2462:
2378:from the original on November 5, 2020
2348:from the original on January 22, 2021
2255:"Lani Guinier: Champion of Democracy"
2235:from the original on October 29, 2020
2154:
2000:
1998:
1915:
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1350:from the original on November 5, 2018
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871:University of Pennsylvania Law School
602:University of Pennsylvania Law School
219:University of Pennsylvania Law School
2175:from the original on January 8, 2022
2057:
1717:Fuller, Roslyn (November 15, 2015).
1573:
1417:"Still Fighting the Double Standard"
1120:
1118:
951:from the original on August 22, 2014
504:the court finds a legal violation."
288:Congress of Industrial Organizations
2750:American people of Jamaican descent
2720:21st-century American women lawyers
2705:20th-century American women lawyers
2685:21st-century African-American women
2675:20th-century African-American women
2414:from the original on April 12, 2019
2038:from the original on March 18, 2014
1689:from the original on March 18, 2014
1659:from the original on March 18, 2014
1602:Clinton, William Jefferson (2005).
1415:Ireland, Patricia (June 27, 1993).
1381:from the original on March 27, 2019
1299:from the original on April 21, 2021
1065:Marquard, Bryan (January 7, 2022).
1020:
837:Guinier died from complications of
294:. Guinier moved with her family to
13:
2261:from the original on July 17, 2021
1995:
1882:Boyer, Allen D. (April 21, 2002).
1822:
1484:from the original on March 8, 2021
1311:
1276:
1230:Schudel, Matt (January 11, 2022).
808:Guinier, Lani (January 13, 2015).
590:
274:in 1939. Guinier's parents met in
253:to Jamaican parents and raised in
14:
2846:
2512:
2336:News Bureau (November 13, 2003).
2074:from the original on May 17, 2017
2005:Milano, Brett (January 7, 2022).
1953:from the original on June 8, 2020
1756:. Retrieved on February 28, 2011.
1645:Savage, David G. (June 5, 1993).
1574:Will, George F. (June 13, 1993).
1472:Tackett, Michael (June 5, 1993).
1115:
1086:
855:National Women's Political Caucus
496:, or, in states such as Alabama,
278:, where each was a member of the
2835:African-American women academics
2598: (archived October 31, 2005)
1780:. Retrieved on December 9, 2008.
1520:Swain, Carol M. (June 3, 1993).
1503:"Lani Guinier States Her Case".
1093:Guinier, Lani (March 7, 2003) .
694:
671:
284:United Public Workers of America
154:
2730:African-American legal scholars
2690:20th-century American academics
2482:
2456:
2426:
2390:
2360:
2329:
2299:
2273:
2247:
2217:
2187:
2155:Risen, Clay (January 7, 2022).
2086:
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1965:
1935:
1916:Risen, Clay (January 8, 2022).
1909:
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1567:
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1513:
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1465:
1435:
1408:
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1362:
1332:
1223:
877:. In 2015 she was awarded the "
658:
333:in 1974. She clerked for Judge
317:, Guinier earned her B.A. from
2615:Lani Guinier as a panelist at
1632:32:3 (September–October 1993).
1369:Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008).
1197:
1172:
1157:
1125:Newman, Maria (June 2, 1994).
881:Hero in Education Award" from
1:
2825:Writers from Queens, New York
2765:American women legal scholars
2740:American civil rights lawyers
2715:21st-century American lawyers
2700:20th-century American lawyers
2578: (archived March 5, 2002)
1778:Chronicle of Higher Education
1754:Chronicle of Higher Education
927:
2557:Resources in other libraries
2538:Resources in other libraries
2109:(inactive August 28, 2024).
1943:"HLS Professor Lani Guinier"
1023:Notable Black American Women
793:. Harvard University Press.
364:took office, she joined the
7:
970:Peacock, Scot, ed. (1998).
700:Presentation by Guinier on
682:The Tyranny of the Majority
595:
537:Revising affirmative action
465:Secretary of Transportation
10:
2851:
2810:People from Hollis, Queens
2800:Lawyers from New York City
2790:Harvard Law School faculty
2710:21st-century American Jews
2695:20th-century American Jews
1629:Columbia Journalism Review
1606:. New York City: Knopf. .
1210:December 13, 2019, at the
680:interview with Guinier on
480:Alternative voting systems
386:Assistant Attorney General
356:. She was admitted to the
343:Assistant Attorney General
315:Andrew Jackson High School
2795:Jewish American academics
2619:The Legal System on Trial
2552:Resources in your library
2533:Resources in your library
2463:cyber (January 8, 2022).
2107:10.2979/NWS.1998.10.3.216
1850:10.1017/S0034670500050105
1679:"Notable Quotes for 1993"
1506:Christian Science Monitor
1423:. p. Chicago Tribune
1205:"Identity and Demography"
900:, from schools including
848:
693:
670:
665:
490:fundamentalist Christians
311:University of Mississippi
280:Communist Party of Hawaii
249:. Ewart, who was born in
131:
111:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
2815:Radcliffe College alumni
2760:American women academics
2735:African-American lawyers
1832:Balfour, Lawrie (2003).
1808:10.1086/jop.64.4.1520093
1326:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
889:. In 2021, she received
863:American Bar Association
843:Cambridge, Massachusetts
772:. Simon & Schuster.
568:Harvard University Press
358:District of Columbia Bar
233:nominated Guinier to be
80:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2745:American legal scholars
2617:The Connecticut Forum,
1796:The Journal of Politics
1453:(NPR). January 19, 2003
1265:March 17, 2012, at the
830:Personal life and death
406:U.S. Justice Department
2830:Yale Law School alumni
2582:Miner's Canary project
1838:The Review of Politics
1772:June 28, 2002, at the
1748:June 28, 2002, at the
1576:"Sympathy For Guinier"
1447:Weekend Edition Sunday
1405:op-ed, April 30, 1993.
841:at a care facility in
766:Guinier, Lani (1998).
745:; Balin, Jane (1997).
720:Guinier, Lani (1994).
461:William T. Coleman Jr.
380:Guinier was President
303:Constance Baker Motley
2725:African-American Jews
2313:. November 18, 2021.
2225:"about us | FairTest"
1451:National Public Radio
638:University of Chicago
475:Civil rights theories
354:Carter Administration
350:Civil Rights Division
241:Early life and career
2592:Racetalks Initiative
1683:archive.fairvote.org
1443:"Affirmative Action"
1271:The Defenders Online
1099:Simon & Schuster
973:Contemporary Authors
896:She received eleven
463:, who had served as
431:senators, including
229:. In 1993 President
2586:Library of Congress
2469:News The Cyber Live
2199:www.americanbar.org
1947:www.law.harvard.edu
1478:The Chicago Tribune
1402:Wall Street Journal
839:Alzheimer's disease
650:Stanford University
642:Columbia Law School
618:New York University
449:Carol Moseley-Braun
398:Wall Street Journal
360:in 1981, and after
2622:, January 18, 1995
2438:www.swarthmore.edu
2405:President's Office
2161:The New York Times
2070:. pp. 34–38.
1977:casbs.stanford.edu
1922:The New York Times
1888:The New York Times
1561:The New York Times
1526:The New York Times
1375:The New York Times
1346:. April 30, 1993.
1344:The New York Times
1328:. January 7, 2022.
1293:"Lani Guinier, CV"
1217:The New York Times
1131:The New York Times
1101:. pp. 58–59.
918:Swarthmore College
875:Harvard Law School
702:The Miner's Canary
606:Harvard Law School
543:affirmative action
521:Guinier's idea of
323:Harvard University
227:affirmative action
223:college admissions
215:Harvard Law School
150:Carol Lani Guinier
92:Harvard University
47:Carol Lani Guinier
2519:Library resources
2407:. November 2019.
2342:news.illinois.edu
2287:. January 7, 2022
2059:Sunstein, Cass R.
2011:Harvard Law Today
1652:Los Angeles Times
1509:. March 21, 1994.
976:. Vol. 158.
821:978-0-8070-0628-3
800:978-0-674-00469-6
779:978-0-684-81145-1
758:978-0-8070-4405-6
733:978-0-02-913172-5
713:
712:
531:One Man, One Vote
523:cumulative voting
512:cumulative voting
370:Voting Rights Act
319:Radcliffe College
147:
146:
2842:
2506:
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2503:
2501:
2496:. April 24, 2007
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2067:The New Republic
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1802:(4): 1244–1246.
1787:
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1765:Guinier (2001),
1763:
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1741:Guinier (2001),
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941:
898:honorary degrees
879:Deborah W. Meier
825:
814:. Beacon Press.
804:
783:
762:
751:. Beacon Press.
737:
704:, April 12, 2002
698:
697:
675:
674:
663:
662:
580:Hopwood v. Texas
557:"Political race"
525:was taken up by
467:under President
325:in 1971 and her
276:Hawaii Territory
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2546:By Lani Guinier
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2015:
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1228:
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1212:Wayback Machine
1203:Guinier, Lani.
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1184:www.govinfo.gov
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:. p. 2670.
1162:
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1123:
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1109:
1091:
1087:
1077:
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1063:
1056:
1041:
1025:. Vol. 2.
1019:
1015:
992:
968:
964:
954:
952:
943:
942:
935:
930:
922:Yale Law School
914:Spelman College
891:Yale Law School
851:
832:
822:
801:
780:
759:
741:Guinier, Lani;
734:
695:
684:, June 26, 1994
672:
666:External videos
661:
598:
593:
591:Academic career
559:
539:
482:
477:
404:, a Reagan-era
384:'s nominee for
378:
331:Yale Law School
263:Harvard College
243:
204:
200:
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157:
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139:
127:
101:Yale University
99:
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72:January 7, 2022
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38:
37:Guinier in 1993
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2101:(3): 216–220.
2085:
2062:"Voting Rites"
2049:
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1994:
1964:
1934:
1908:
1871:
1844:(2): 307–308.
1821:
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1563:. p. 141.
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418:Carol M. Swain
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305:helped escort
296:Hollis, Queens
292:Maurice Paprin
272:Hunter College
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2257:. Fair Vote.
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136:Ewart Guinier
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45:
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29:
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19:
2635:
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2607:Lani Guinier
2545:
2524:Lani Guinier
2523:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:law.yale.edu
2493:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2437:
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2416:. Retrieved
2404:
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2380:. Retrieved
2371:
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2350:. Retrieved
2341:
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2319:. Retrieved
2311:law.yale.edu
2310:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2285:law.yale.edu
2284:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2160:
2131:cite journal
2098:
2095:NWSA Journal
2094:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2065:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
1985:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1887:
1841:
1837:
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1691:. Retrieved
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1585:. Retrieved
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1486:. Retrieved
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1383:. Retrieved
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1343:
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1301:. Retrieved
1270:
1240:. Retrieved
1238:. p. B6
1235:
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1215:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
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1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1130:
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1076:. Retrieved
1070:
1022:
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972:
965:
953:. Retrieved
895:
852:
836:
833:
810:
789:
768:
747:
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714:
701:
681:
677:
659:Publications
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560:
547:
540:
533:principles.
520:
506:
501:
483:
457:
426:
414:
402:Clint Bolick
397:
390:Civil Rights
382:Bill Clinton
379:
346:Drew S. Days
329:degree from
300:
244:
231:Bill Clinton
211:civil rights
149:
148:
74:(2022-01-07)
25:Lani Guinier
18:
2660:2022 deaths
2655:1950 births
2626:Appearances
1927:January 12,
1385:October 27,
1242:January 11,
1029:. pp.
980:. pp.
469:Gerald Ford
441:Ted Kennedy
433:David Pryor
422:George Will
352:during the
335:Damon Keith
298:, in 1956.
112:Occupations
2649:Categories
2500:January 8,
2474:January 8,
2448:January 8,
2418:January 7,
2382:January 7,
2352:January 7,
2321:January 8,
2291:January 8,
2265:January 7,
2239:January 8,
2209:January 7,
2179:January 8,
2078:January 8,
2016:January 8,
1987:January 8,
1901:January 8,
1587:January 7,
1544:January 7,
1488:January 7,
1457:January 7,
1427:January 7,
1354:January 8,
1303:January 8,
1189:January 8,
1149:January 7,
1108:0743253515
1078:January 7,
928:References
867:Rosa Parks
429:Democratic
394:Republican
203:-nee gwin-
53:1950-04-19
2169:0362-4331
2115:1040-0656
2042:March 17,
1896:0362-4331
1866:144584585
1858:1748-6858
1816:0022-3816
1707:(1994:14)
1693:March 17,
1663:March 17,
1534:0362-4331
1139:0362-4331
1000:0010-7468
955:March 17,
887:Fair Vote
678:Booknotes
622:UT Austin
498:Democrats
400:op-ed by
372:in 1982.
132:Relatives
88:Education
2636:In Depth
2442:Archived
2409:Archived
2376:Archived
2346:Archived
2315:Archived
2259:Archived
2233:Archived
2203:Archived
2173:Archived
2072:Archived
2036:Archived
1981:Archived
1957:June 10,
1951:Archived
1770:Archived
1746:Archived
1687:Archived
1657:Archived
1581:Newsweek
1538:Archived
1482:Archived
1379:Archived
1348:Archived
1297:Archived
1263:Archived
1208:Archived
1143:Archived
1049:24468213
1008:37926306
949:Archived
883:Fairtest
626:Berkeley
614:Stanford
596:Teaching
453:Illinois
437:Arkansas
138:(father)
118:Attorney
2594:at the
2584:at the
2574:at the
2123:4316616
1604:My Life
1031:261–263
982:153–156
620:(NYU),
348:in the
337:of the
143:(uncle)
2630:C-SPAN
2521:about
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688:C-SPAN
636:, and
502:"after
492:, the
447:, and
259:Boston
255:Panama
251:Panama
225:, and
121:Author
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
2412:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2119:JSTOR
1862:S2CID
585:Times
494:Amish
2611:IMDb
2502:2022
2476:2022
2450:2022
2420:2022
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2080:2022
2044:2014
2018:2022
1989:2022
1959:2020
1929:2022
1903:2022
1892:ISSN
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1723:ISBN
1695:2014
1665:2014
1608:ISBN
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1305:2022
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1080:2022
1045:OCLC
1035:ISBN
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957:2014
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630:UCLA
610:Yale
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286:, a
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