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platoon divided into three lines, one for each section of the platoon, the outboard two sections sitting under the protection of the troop well's armoured decks, the centre section crouched on the low seating bench down the middle. Despite the wires holding the craft to a fender, the LCA rolled with the motion of the ship. The coxswain would then call, 'Boat manned,' to the telephone operator at the loading station, who, in turn, reported to the 'LC' Control Room. The coxswain would then warn the troops to mind the pulleys at the ends of falls fore and aft, which could wave freely about when the craft had been set in the water. The task of hooking on and casting off from the ship required skill and seamanship from the coxswain, bowman, and sternsheetsman. The snatch blocks used were heavy steel and difficult to handle. The bowman and sternsheetsman stood by his respective block, as the craft was lowered into the water. At a time when there was sufficient slack in the falls both had to cast off at the same instant, and the blocks had to be released while there was slack in the falls. If the boat was not freed at both ends at once the rise and fall of the sea could cause the boat to tip, swamp, and perhaps capsize with loss of life. Casting-off was done in all sorts of sea conditions, and the sea might be rising and falling a metre or more (6' swells were not uncommon on D-Day). A combination of skill and luck could redeem a failure to cast-off, nevertheless. On
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Queen's Own
Cameron Highlanders of Canada had already started to withdraw to the beach at 09:30, closely followed by the Saskatchewans. They would have to contend with the increasing enemy action for another hour, despite the perimeter now being too close to the beach. At about 10:30, all available craft were sent to Green Beach at Dieppe, which was still under intense fire from mortars and machine-guns. At 10:45, six LCAs came inshore to Green Beach under heavy fire. It was a mistake; the evacuation should have begun on Red Beach. As Alasdair Ferguson grounded his LCA, he could see no movement on the beach. Moments later, so many troops were rushing Ferguson's craft that it was swamped and, as he made out to sea, the craft was hit by a shell and capsized. He helped the survivors board another craft, and the traumatized sailors and soldiers returned to Newhaven. The other five LCAs participated in a chaotic evacuation, taking men aboard and clearing the beach successfully, but casualties mounted. A second flight of LCAs appeared soon after, but the state of the tide was changing markedly and the risk of becoming stranded kept the LCAs well off shore. The loss of the western heights and the receding tide made further attempts to evacuate most costly. Heavy losses occurred on the sand and in the water. By 11:30, the few men left on the beach were overwhelmed by an enemy attack and captured while attempting to disengage.
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empties into the Bay of Bengal just north of Akyab, and of which the
Japanese held the mouth. The little flotilla was meant to frustrate Japanese use of the river to reinforce their army which was pushing the British north. Two Motor Launches of the Burma Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (BRNVR) had forced their way into the river already. For two and a half months these two LCSs, designed for the English Channel, and the two BRNVR MLs took turns dodging Japanese patrols by day, and wrecking Japanese outposts and ambushing Japanese supply craft at night among the creeks and chaungs. On 25 April, LCS(M) 17 was sunk by enemy action. Gradually, the Japanese advance over land forced Franks higher up the river: he might have continued operations against the enemy, but in mid-May he was shot up by the RAF and decided it was unsafe to stay in the no-man's-land between the two armies. The British troops had had to withdraw so far up the river that there was no longer enough depth of water for the other three vessels to manoeuvre. The MLs were destroyed by their crews, and the remaining LCS(M) 23 was laid up at Taung Bazaar on a muddy bank where it was claimed by the jungle. The 21 British Empire survivors of this vicious little campaign had to struggle back to friendly lines on foot through swamps.
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sank 50 yards out, killing all save two crew and a soldier. At 09:40 the signal to withdraw was sent to all the assault forces - "Vanquish 1100 hours". This presented great difficulties for the LCAs as they were designed best to beach on rising tides and the tide would not rise again for some hours. A few soldiers managed to swim out and be picked up by friendly craft but many more were killed in the attempt. Unarmoured craft could not come near the beach because the fire was too heavy. Several LCAs went in to evacuate troops, including the four surviving craft of the 10th LCA Flotilla, but suffered due to the intense fire from mortars and machine-guns; two 10th
Flotilla craft were sunk. When Ferguson saw that there was no sign of life on the beach, he reluctantly obeyed an order to withdraw. Only one craft, LCA 209, managed to touch down on Blue Beach for the evacuation and while taking wounded aboard it was unable to raise its ramp before it pushed off the beach. Grenades and mortar bombs added more casualties, and with men hanging on to LCA 209's sides, mortar bombs finally sank it. By 08:30 the Royal Regiment had surrendered.
1517:, the world's first operational LST. Few could sleep between supper and midnight 4 May because of the turgid tropical heat and the noise from preparing the LCAs. Across the boat decks of the LSIs, all sorts of stores were being manhandled into the LCAs. Because of the long journeys which the landing craft had to make from the parent ships to the landing beaches in Courrier Bay and Ambararata Bay, the landing craft crews ate breakfast at midnight on 4/5 May. At 02:00 the convoy had reached the outer anchorage, and the minesweepers were clearing the 8 miles (13 km) lanes to the main anchorage. The five blacked-out LSIs sailed towards the coast proceeding slowly in line ahead. The assault troops gathered by platoon at their assigned gangways and clambered into the LCAs. Orders were given to lower all assault craft to within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the waterline. The electric motors of ships' davits accomplished this with soldiers (and vehicles, in the case of LCMs) aboard.
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attempt to counter-attack, only desultory sniping. The re-embarkation began at approximately 07:30 under cover of 18-type smoke generators on the beach and naval smoke floats on the water. The wide, flat beach and rapidly ebbing tide made re-embarkation difficult, and the troops had to wade out up to their necks to reach the landing-craft which had waited unmolested fifty yards off-shore throughout the operation. The
Commandos had to wade out to the LCAs because the fast-ebbing tide threatened to strand any craft that touched down. Goatley collapsible boats were brought in by an LCA crew to help cover the water gap, widening by the fast ebbing tide. German prisoners were used to carry the wounded down to the water where they were placed in the Goatley boats for the trip out to the LCA. By 08:15, the LCAs had re-embarked the raiders. Two miles offshore the wounded were transferred to a destroyer on the way back to the boat pool around
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coxswains had groped in the darkness and spent extra time while finding the correct landing beaches. Now a large number of flotillas of various landing craft types needed to coordinate their activities. The endless working-up practices and landing exercises carried out prior to the Dieppe assault were not confined to training infantry; they were also designed to shake down the crews of the landing craft flotillas. This was necessary because officers and ratings with LCA experience were not left idle after operations, but were reassigned to other pressing duties throughout the Navy. This massive raid required more trained crews and more flotilla coordination. The few experienced LCA hands available had to be supplemented by dozens of new crewmen collected by the RNVR. These had to learn how to approach a beach, ground on it, disembark troops, ease off the beach, and remain off shore within instant call, ready to come when necessary.
1071:. The plan agreed involved the LCAs making the twenty-mile (32 km) approach journey under their own power, a pre-landing bombardment by ships, followed by the landing of three tanks - one from a new LCM (Mk. I), and two from the older Motor Landing Craft (MLC), then the landing of an initial wave of infantry from LCAs, and then a follow on force carried in barges towed by motor torpedo boats. On 12 May, at about 23:40, Royal Navy destroyers commenced a bombardment of the town intended to destroy all buildings on the foreshore. The LCAs landed soon after 01:00, when the LCM (Mk. I) had delivered a tank to the beach (the other tanks in MLCs were delayed). The LCA crews manoeuvered their craft to the left of the village of Bjerkvik, the intended landing place, and under a slight rise in the ground in order to spare the soldiers casualties from opposing machine gun fire. Though touchdown was in the early hours of the new day the
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at the same time. One, LCA 125, dropped its kedge anchor just prior to beaching, but the anchor line played out and ran off the drum. Troops in the landing craft opened fire on German troops gathering by the top of the cliff. With all the craft beached at once, and enemy fire causing considerable confusion on the beach, some LCAs left over-crowded, whilst others left half-empty. The coxswain of LCA 125 was able to reverse his engines quickly and prevent the craft from being stranded. The entire raiding force was taken off the beach and soon transferred to MGBs for more comfortable transport back to
England. Communications had failed; the naval force had received no signals apart from the Very light, and had spent much of the time hiding from a German naval patrol that had nearly discovered them. The journey back to Britain was uneventful, with the MGBs, LCAs in tow, being escorted by four destroyers and a flight of
2052:. This was a shore to shore landing craft operation with the assault forces embarking at Mili Marina, south of Messina, and travelling an average of 12,000 yards to their assault beaches. The LCAs and LCMs that comprised the initial assault wave were joined by DUKWs and LCI(L)s in later waves. The flotillas were led in by Motor Launches, and guided by directional tracer from Bofors guns along with four vertical searchlight beams to allow coxswains to keep their bearings. Still, navigation proved difficult. The rapid and irregular currents, whirlpools, and winds of the Messina Strait hampered navigation. Though the night was starlit, with no moon, the prodigious artillery barrage accompanying the assault contained a high number of smoke rounds (500). The navigation lights of the guiding Motor Launches, which LCA coxswains were to follow, became lost among the lights on the opposing shore.
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Therefore, zero hour was to be half an hour later for the inner than the outer beaches. At about 03:00 the LCAs were to be lowered from their landing ships. Once the LCAs were away, the ships would then sail back to
England. The LCAs would make the two-hour journey to the shore. On 19 August, Nautical Twilight was 04:31 and sunrise 05:50. The four outer landings would touch down at 04:50 and the two inner flotillas of LCAs would touch down half an hour later. After disembarking their troops the LCAs, along with other landing craft types, were to withdraw away from the coast a few miles to an area protected by a smoke screen designated as the "boat pool." Here the landing craft would wait until ordered to re-embark the assault force at the end of the operation. The LCAs were to make their own way back. Despite the plan, the raid soon began to go wrong.
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purpose, and other, similar, conversions became the Mkl LCS(M). The Mk1 had a centrally located armoured steering shelter just fore of the engine compartment, and was armed with two .50 inch machine guns, two .303 Lewis guns, and one 4-inch mortar or 20mm gun. The crew of 11 included one officer, three ratings to sail, and seven gun crew. The Mk2 was similarly armed on a standard LCA hull, except the two machine guns were in a twin turret rather than single mounts. These craft were not expected to beach and later in production boats were given a proper bow, making them more seaworthy. Thus the LCS(M)(3) was produced and stayed in production for the rest of the war. The LCS(M)(3) used
Scripps marine conversions of the Ford V8 engine and had 98 gal. fuel tanks. The power-operated turret was armed with twin .50 inch
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landing craft and personnel. Combined
Operations establishments were combed through zealously for personnel in anticipation of the operation. The requirements were so great that partially trained crews were embarked in Landing Ships (some had not operated an LCA until they were on board). The Combined Operations HQ was under considerable strain as the demands increased. The operational plan had originally asked for 15 LSIs. 25 eventually participated. Originally, as the Torch plan was developed, 91 LCA and crews were required, but eventually 140 LCAs were employed. For want of training, several LCA flotillas got into difficulties. Even the trained crews were subjected to operations in a foreign environment; the coasts of French North Africa were vastly different from the Scottish establishments used for training.
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Lancashire
Regiment and the balance of the East Lancashires north of the bay, White for the Royal Welch Fusiliers in the centre, and Green for the Royal Scots Fusiliers at the south end of the bay. Touch down was 04:45, 1¼ hours before sunrise (06:06 on 5.5.42). The landings were made in darkness, though with almost a half-moon in the sky. Also, the sea was very calm. Complete surprise was achieved, against light or no opposition, as the Vichy French believed navigating through the reefs and rocks efficiently in the dark was not likely. After retracting, the LCAs began making return trips back and forth with reinforcements and equipment. When the sun rose, the landing craft crews in Courrier Bay discovered that they were surrounded by jagged rocks that continued as far out to seaward as they could see.
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without the cover of darkness. As machine guns began firing on the landing craft, the support vessels fired on the shore providing cover to the assaulting troops, who suffered casualties as they stormed the quayside. Along the beaches the high tide at the time of the assault carried the landing craft very close to the main seafront road, and at least one LCA was beached and stranded until the next tide The follow on units of the 22nd (East
African) Brigade also landed in LCAs and LCMs. At the same time, in a violent thunderstorm, a troop of No. 5 Commando made a diversionary assault on a radio station and airfield at Morondava, more than 400 miles (640 km) south of Majunga. The commandos were not transported in LCAs, but entered the port aboard the destroyer HMAS
2289:). Though by mid-September 1944, most amphibious assets had been sent to the Mediterranean for Dragoon, the Royal Navy still had 70 LCAs in Portsmouth. Because the approaches precluded the use of destroyers to support the assault, the presence of LCSs and other support craft was vital in providing covering fire and warding off German craft. The low speed of the LCA made the navigation plans and timing of the infantry assault more challenging due to the Scheldt's 4 and 5-knot (9.3 km/h) currents. Still, No. 4 Commando got ashore from the bullet-proof LCA under heavy fire with only two or three casualties. The LCA containing the heavier equipment was sunk by an anti-invasion obstacle. Two hours later, the 5th
642:'s shelter aft through the well and engine compartment, and the last three foot (unarmoured) buoyancy section in the stern. The LCA propulsion system was designed to be quiet. At low speeds the engines could not be heard at 25 yards. The LCA handled well enough in moderate seas when waves were 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m) but could make no speed against rough weather, demonstrated in the number of LCA-hulled support craft that foundered in 6 ft (1.8 m) waves while on tow to Normandy (specifically LCA(HR)). The power-plant, while quiet, has been criticized for being underpowered. Nevertheless, the bow lines and small ramp made the LCA a reasonably good sea boat.
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down either side behind the corresponding boxes. In addition, each craft carried a pair of small hand-projector-type rockets, which could be easily carried ashore and fired small 100 ft ropes. These could carry to full extension provided the line was dry and used in moderate weather conditions. Each craft also carried tubular-steel extension ladders made up of light, four-foot sections suitable for quick assembly. These modified craft had the central bench in the well removed. At least some of the LCAs also had smoke floats on the stern and the armament in the gunner's shelter was a Lewis gun, but a variety of Brens and other light weapons were also carried.
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that this threat had been much overestimated and that much of the shoal was actually floating seaweed. At any rate, the shallow draft of the LCAs managed the transit without trouble from the shoals, but other deeper draft landing craft types were at risk. The water had risen fast in the strong north-westerly wind. When LCA carrying assault infantry approached the beach, the crews discovered that the tide was running too high for demolition personnel to clear lanes through the beach obstacles (Demolition personnel on Juno used four LCA(OC)s, Obstacle Clearance). Consequently, landing craft had to disembark their troops among the obstacles or smash through them.
912:. The craft relayed signals and orders to the other two craft in the group by signal flags in the earlier part of the war, but by 1944 many of the boats had been fitted with two-way radios. The sternsheetsman and bowman were to be available to take over from the coxswain or stoker should they be killed or injured. On longer journeys they might relieve them to rest. They also manned any additional machine guns and operated the kedge anchor, if it was required. In mine fields and among anti-invasion obstacles and rocks seaman would sit on the bow or stern or move about the sides of his boat piloting or preventing it from hitting the obstacles.
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successful; a number of craft initially failed to locate their designated beaches, and, arriving 30 to 60 minutes late, delayed the division's movement inland. Soon after, at 03:45, the LCIs and LCTs of the brigade reserve follow-up flight were to be in the vicinity of the beaches ready to beach when opportunity afforded. All craft were to be beached by first light (04:39) or be in an unsinkable position by that time. To enable loading to be carried out after sunrise, 05:47, arrangements were made for ample smoke canisters to be carried in all craft, so that the area of the landing beaches could be adequately smoked should the need arise.
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weight increased in the LCA and performance consequently fell. The equipment had evolved and so had the personnel. The time of needing a few craft for raiding was past and the time for invasion, for scores of flotillas dawned. Another obstacle to getting the best performance out of the LCA was the early war tendency to return ratings to their various barracks who had landing craft and small marine engine training. Unfortunately, the Navy appointed these ratings to duties without regard to the importance of their amphibious skills. In June 1941 this pattern was changed with the establishment of the Combined Operations naval base
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craft moved shoreward they received "a warm wind laden with the smell of hayfields blowing upon them from the south." Unfortunately, some of the landing craft had drifted off course on the way in, and most of the battalion was disembarked west of the Scie River, not east of it as planned. The opposition was much lighter on Green Beach for the landing craft and did not begin to stiffen for the South Saskatchewans until they were getting established on shore. German resistance to the Saskatchewans had been stiffening inland, but Green Beach was still not receiving heavy fire at approximately 05:35 when a LCA landed the
982:, LCAs were carried to invasion areas by Landing Ship Infantry (LSI). The location chosen for the LSI to stop and lower the LCA was a designated point inside the 'Transport Area' when the LSI was operating with a US Navy Task Force, or the 'Lowering Position' when with a Royal Navy Task Force. The transport area or lowering position was approximately 6–11 miles off shore (11 miles was amphibious doctrine for the USN by mid-war, while the RN tended to accept the risks associated with drawing nearer shore). Normally landing ships were fitted with heavy-duty power-operated davits. Early landing ships were fitted with
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slow speed and lack of endurance were their main drawbacks." These craft were fitted with overhead canvas covers, which provided the crews some respite from the tropical rain and sun. They were armed with various weapons, mostly 12.7mm heavy machine guns (mounted to face aft) and .303 Lewis guns; these latter were replaced by more modern weapons as they became available. The LCAs were used as patrol and assault craft until 1951. The French Army and Navy created a number of river flotillas - sailors operated the craft and soldiers manned the weapons - and in 1947 these flotillas were designated as
1715:, felt his LCA scrape bottom as enemy fire poured down from a cliff, entering the craft. Having touched down, he ordered "Down ramp!" and urged the troops of the Royal Regiment of Canada and the Royal Canadian Artillery onto the beach. Soldiers were shot down before they cleared the ramp, where their bodies blocked others. Others fell as they crossed the beach to the seawall 40 feet (12 m) away. The operation was not successful. All three waves (1st and 2nd LCA, and 3rd LCM1) on Blue Beach were subject to withering fire. The Royal Regiment were trapped against the impenetrable seawall.
2063:, to the north, and the coastline to Canitello. The artillery barrage on the beach was planned to take advantage of the LCA's splinter-proof armoured protection. The barrage would lift from the beach only moments before touchdown for the LCAs. Apart from some craft landing in the wrong places, and some mixing of the divisions, the assault troops landed without difficulty and with little hindrance from the enemy. Following the assault phase, the LCAs were used to ferry supplies. By the evening of D+1 the landing of supplies had gone so well that the build-up was 1½ days ahead of schedule.
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travelling in LCAs suffered sea-sickness, one man so much so that he died. Some worry plagued planners regarding LCAs swamping in the heavy surf at the shoreline, but the crews touched down and retracted their craft without serious difficulty. Anxious minutes passed at the Red and Green waiting positions, as by zero hour, when the assault wave of LCAs had beached, many of the LCIs and most of the LCTs had not arrived. This was largely due to the rough sea which, though inconvenient for landing ships carrying LCAs, had considerably reduced the distances landing craft could cover.
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officers and men in addition to the four man crew. The occasional ice-cold wave would lop over the side to brace the passengers. Surprise was complete and there was little resistance. Though the LCA crews had been told to expect "gently shelving beach", the quay at the landing was quite high, and local civilians had gathered to tie up the landing craft and assist the troops in climbing the quay. All targets selected were located and destroyed. The troops were embarked by 13:00 and within half an hour the British had left. After returning, the LCA flotilla from
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did not yet have the later standard portside armoured Lewis gun position, but nevertheless, had framed canvas hold covers, scaling ladders mounted on the decks amidships, and various other refinements dropped when mass production got into full swing. The finish and performance of these early LCAs were quite fine, which might be expected as these boats were built in established Thornycroft selected yards, but in circumstances of nightly blackouts, air raids, wartime restrictions, and shortages the LCA building programme was a remarkable achievement.
2309:(home of the Landing Craft Storage, Section 21), many LCA were towed out to the 10 fathom mark and sunk by various means from axe to Bofors gun fire. In home waters, the end of the war meant the merchant ships and passenger liners that had served as LSIs were returned to their owners and refitted to civilian trim. This left an LCA surfeit that was sold off for civilian uses. They were popular acquisitions among riparian holiday-makers and canal enthusiasts in Britain. Their holds covered and ramps sealed, LCAs became charming little houseboats.
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2143:. H-Hour was also fixed for three hours before high-water mark. The tide in the English Channel rises from west to east (high water in Utah area occurs approximately 40 minutes before it occurs in the Sword area), and so some difference in H-Hour were planned among the assault areas in order to provide the initial assault landing craft the full advantage of a rising tide. Among the many variable concerns to be considered by the planners was whether to land below, among, or above the line of
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Flights of LCAs and LCM(Mk 1)s came in and suffered heavy casualties but the Royal Navy managed to extricate several hundred Canadian troops before the Canadians withdrew from the Casino and the beach became impossible to defend. At 12:20, the Naval Force Commander gave the order to stop the evacuation as the beach was virtually all in enemy hands. The German garrison ceased firing at 13:58 after LCA 186, the last craft to return from Dieppe, quit the beach.
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2171:, formed their boat sections on deck and then boarded their LCAs down scramble nets. The storm of the previous day was abating, but the weather was still grey, cold, and rainy. The water was rough, with swells as great as 6 ft (1.8 m). (2 m) and each LCA rose and fell in an alarming fashion. Once their craft were loaded, the crews pulled away from the landing ship and sailed their LCAs forward to form the flotilla line for the run in to the beach.
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armour-plate doors led to the ramp, which was lowered and raised by a simple arrangement of pulleys and wire. Two rollers on the leading outboard edge providing some freedom of movement for the ramp when it was grounded. Over this ramp troops could come ashore in two to three minutes, or less if the soldiers and crews were well trained. Immediately behind the bulkhead were the steering shelter on the starboard, and the
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landing. Due to high seas and strong winds, which swamped and sank LCA 211, the raid was stopped with the loss of two naval ratings. The raid was remounted two nights later in calmer seas, but the period of optimum tide, moon, and darkness had past. The raid became uncoordinated, and whilst the commandos got ashore and began their mission, the boats with the regular infantry became lost. Soon a German
508:(DNC) at the Admiralty to design a craft to these specifications the DNC staff were urgently engaged in designing new ships to serve more immediate priorities. Germany's coastline was small and the army would be able to engage the enemy through France. Any urgent need for landing craft was not apparent and ISTDC were told it would take seven months to design what was required. The
2374:. Two LCS(M)s were used in 1946–47 in Indochina. These arrived unarmed, but improvised mounts enabled twin 7.62mm machine guns to be carried in the turrets. Also, an 81mm mortar was installed in each craft. Fittingly perhaps, considering that French troops were the first transported into enemy fire by LCAs in 1940, these boats were the last LCAs to be recorded in combat service.
1916:, the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, was the first direct assault on the defended territory of an Axis homeland, and the most complex combined operations expedition yet. All together, 94 LCAs were employed in six of the seven landing areas. In addition, new craft and vehicles were used on some beaches in preference to LCAs. The results of such innovations were mixed.
501:– and be so shallow drafted as to be able to land them, wet only up to their knees, in eighteen inches of water. The troops had to unload quickly. All of these specifications made the LCA personnel carriers; a separate set of requirements were laid down for a vehicle and supplies carrier, although previously the two roles were combined in the Motor Landing Craft.
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forward. The bombs would clear paths through mines and wire on the beach. Using this principle of 'counter-mining' - the explosions from mortar rounds setting off the mines both above and below the water's edge, proved very successful. They were used at Salerno and Normandy. Later in the war, the US built a similar craft the "Woofus" based on the LCM.
1007:, released all but its after falls, which were jammed, and the craft tilted alarmingly to 45 degrees. The coxswain kept his head, calming the passengers, while seamen worked to free the falls. Once free, the coxswain needed to get the LCA away to prevent colliding with the towering side of the LSI as it rose and fell with the swells.
2147:. The sea conditions at many places along the coast (6' waves and 2.7-knot (5.0 km/h) currents) were just at the outside operational limit of the LCA. The setting of the Transportation Area 11 miles (18 km) from shore presented an additional complication for LCAs operating in the Western Task Force Area in these condition.
2305:, returning to Britain from the Far East in 1946, dumped her lower deck LCAs overboard to lighten ship and make better speed. Many LCAs used in the Far East were not sent back to the United Kingdom. Damaged LCAs, along with other damaged landing craft, were sunk rather than repaired. In Cochin, India, at the shore establishment HMS
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beached at H-Hour (01:00). A White flight touched down at H-hour + 8 minutes. Some delay and confusion, and damage to landing craft, was caused by the unexpected shallowness of water and sandbars. Although periscope observations had been carried out, no reconnaissance parties had landed on the beaches to determine local conditions.
1014:(MTB) that would guide them to their designated beach (it was not normal for LCAs to circle the landing ship as was USN and US Coast Guard practice). As the LCA approached the beach they would form line abreast for the final run-in to the beach. When the front of the LCA came to ground on the beach it was called the 'touch down.'
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before 27 May, being burned out by accident while lying up on the east shore of the Herjangsfjord. The three LCAs surviving could not be hoisted on available ships when the decision was made to evacuate. An attempt was made to tow them home behind trawlers, but the sea became too rough and the LCAs had to be cut adrift and sunk.
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with deck armour in addition to their vertical armour. In the 42 months prior to the end of 1944 Britain was able to produce an additional 1,694 LCAs. Certain details were modified as production ran, but the basic LCA design remained unchanged for the length of the war. By the time production was in full tilt in preparation for
1469:, on the northwest coast. The Joint Planners decided in favour of these western beaches as opposed to a direct approach. This decision had a definite effect on the employment of the LCAs. Despite the advantages of the western approach the LCAs and other vessels would have to contend with rocks, reefs, and mines.
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off a dry landing, but those last off the landing craft had to jump into the water and wade ashore. (In certain beaching conditions, each man's last step as he ran off the ramp pushed the LCA back out to sea.) Alasdair Ferguson, second-in-command of the seven LCAs of the 10th LCA Flotilla, carried on HMS
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sky. One LCA was damaged by a shell that snapped a cable securing the ramp; the craft immediately flooded and all aboard were lost except the coxswain. Although Italian resistance was more determined at Gela, and the beach was mined, the rest of the LCAs delivered their Rangers to their pier objective.
1670:(3.2 km) separated the Orange beaches. Two Spitfires flew overhead and fired on the lighthouse which straight away doused its light. Anti-aircraft fire went aloft along the coast as additional planes strafed the Hess Battery, creating a distraction which covered the approach of the landing-craft.
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03:00 and the other at 03:15). In good time, the ships hove to and anchored. Electric motor noise filled the air once more as the LCAs were lowered the remaining distance and met the sea with a loud splash. Then the LCAs chugged away, fully loaded with soldiers and equipment, headed into the darkness.
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As France began repossession of its southeast Asian colonies after the war, the need for amphibious craft became apparent. In 1946, France acquired 26 LCA and other landing craft from the Royal Navy supply at Singapore. They were, "well liked for their armour protection and relatively silent engines,
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helicopter. The great success of this, the first helicopter-borne assault, signalled the close of the assault landing craft era. As amphibians became more seaworthy and helicopters had demonstrated the ability to fly over fixed beach defences, the day of landing craft as initial assault transport was
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planners had scheduled the landing on Nan, the eastern sector of Juno, at 07:45, 20 minutes later than on Mike, the western sector. The planners considered that Nan landing craft would require higher water to navigate among what aerial photographs suggested were underwater rocks, but later discovered
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The LCAs for the initial assault wave were scheduled to touch down at 02:45, which they managed, and in most cases at the correct beaches. At approximately 03:15, LCIs and LCTs moving the reserve companies and assaulting battalion's headquarters were to touch down. Unfortunately, this wave was not so
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Of the 33 landing craft of all types lost, approximately half, 17, were LCAs, along with 1 LCS(M)(Mk I), No. 9. Two more LCS(M)(Mk I)s, No. 8 and No. 25, were damaged sufficiently in fire-fights off Blue Beach during the evacuation that most of their crews were casualties and their guns silenced. The
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Since the third wave had landed on Blue Beach at 05:45 few other craft had been able even to approach the shore. At 07:00 two craft picked up a request from the beach party. LCA 209 went in but was immediately half swamped by a rush of soldiers. She tried to back off but was hit by an enemy shell and
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Because the approaches were more heavily mined than anticipated, the ships of the invasion fleet were unable to use the main anchorage safely until it was properly swept. As the day proceeded, ship to shore travel became more difficult as a south-easterly gale blew up and made heavy seas. But by this
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seen by three LCA crews who soon approached accompanied by three MGBs. The original plan for the operation had called for two LCAs to land on the beach at a time, but this had never been satisfactorily achieved during the training manoeuvres. Instead, as the other three LCAs caught up, all six landed
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operation, major and minor, in the European theatre. They also saw service in North Africa and the Indian Ocean. They saw a little service in the Pacific close to the end of the war. Below are operations involving LCA and LCA variants, and descriptions of how the attributes of the craft, good or ill,
2174:
The approach to Gold area was to be no easy matter for the LCAs scheduled to make H-Hour at 07:25. The assembly of the flotillas proved difficult, with the seas running higher than in other landing areas. The timing schedule was upset by the tide, which was driven in-shore by a strong north-westerly
2027:
to LCI(L)s in the midst of the storm, but on the morning that followed the Division was put ashore with fewer than a dozen casualties. Many suffered from seasickness, even in the large troop transports. Here LCAs were filled with soldiers and lowered, after which the craft formed flotillas and moved
1950:
On the afternoon of D-1 an unexpected north-westerly gale (force 7) blew up and the invasion fleet's small craft were tossed about. On D-Day itself the sea had calmed considerably as the hours passed, but continued churning from the gale. Joss, Dime, Cent, Bark West, and Bark South Areas experienced
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mistook for their guide boat another similar craft. Corrections in course were made, but this was at the cost of arriving a quarter of an hour late. Touch down at Puys was about 05:10 in the light of dawn and amid German flares, instead of 04:50 darkness. Some LCAs were able to provide the men first
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The four LCAs approaching Quiberville were observed from shore and illuminated by star shell at 04:53, just as they were making their final run in to touch down. Orange Two Beach was larger - some 300 yards (270 m) long and 400 yards (370 m) deep with an incline to the right leading to the
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fitted with high volume drum magazines. When close to the coast the commandos climbed into the LCAs, the crews cast off, and the craft made for the beach under their own power. Meanwhile, on land, having accomplished their objectives the airborne raiders withdrew through a gully in the cliffs to the
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conversion of the Ford V8. Official trial results for craft built in 1940–1 with this engine show a consistent performance with an unladen speed of 11 knots (20 km/h) at 2,800 revolutions. June saw 64 more LCA orders, and then between late September and March 1941 another 104. These early craft
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engines was excessive, being amplified by the metal hull. Also, there remained the difficulty of applying armour plate to the hull. The sides were not flat, but rounded – a complicated shape for which to roll an armoured skin. The Birmabright alloy used also presented chemical and physical obstacles
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amphibians also participated in the landing. Still, the LCA crews had done exactly what was required of them - landing the assault force on target and on time. The weather and sea conditions had cooperated; north-easterly winds blew up over the next eight hours that would have made the landing less
2001:
At 12:15 a.m., we were lowered away. It was pretty grim, since there was a great wind and the davits themselves were shaking. When we hit the water our LCAs really took a beating... The soldiers were very seasick and for the first time, I thought I would be a victim. Up in the bow, I swallowed more
1946:
The date for the invasion, Saturday, 10 July, occurred in the second quarter of the moon. This was not an ideal phase of the moon where the Navy was concerned; complete darkness would have been preferred. Although the landing ships of the assault forces approached Sicily in a brilliant waxing moon,
1904:
By February it was obvious that there would be no major amphibious operation in Burma before the onset of the monsoon season, due in the Bay of Bengal in May. Nevertheless, Lieutenant Commander Robert D. Franks, RN, managed to introduce two craft, LCS(M) 17 and LCS(M) 23, into the Mayu River, which
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Once the LCAs had landed the Commando at Quiberville, they withdrew and made their way to Vasterival. The Commandos' withdrawal was made through Orange One Beach, the calculation being that the German reaction would concentrate on Quiberville. In this the plan was most successful. The enemy made no
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plan, the LCAs for 2nd Division were to touch down just before dawn. The lowering point for the landing ships was 10 miles (16 km) from the shore. Here too was an added complication, because naval planners wished to avoid the danger of flotillas colliding, becoming mixed together and confused.
1095:
Maund was most pleased with the efficiency with which the Legionnaires disembarked from the LCA. The small flotilla of LCAs, MLCs, and an LCM (Mk. I) had added greatly to the Allies' tactical latitude. No LCAs were lost to enemy action during these operations in Norway. One craft was lost, sometime
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voted similarly. These battalions were transferred despite the fact that few of the men had ever seen the sea. Their training suffered severely from lack of landing craft, spares, and trained instructors. From around mid-1943 there was also a Burma Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in existence working
854:(RIN) service, crewing LCAs followed somewhat similar lines. By mid-1941 members of the RIN Reserve and RIN Volunteer Reserve were being trained to operate LCA. In 1942, the RIN began receiving four battalions of Indian army troops to provide crews for landing craft. Seven hundred soldiers of the 9/
742:
The Admiralty ordered 18 LCAs from Messrs. Thornycroft in April 1939. These early boats weighed more than 9 tons and had flush-decked hulls, an armoured bulkhead forward that wrapped around the steering compartment on the starboard side. The steering compartment's armour plates stood about two feet
701:
to Pointe du Hoc was fitted with 3 pairs of rocket tubes, firing six-tine grapnels. These pulled up (by pairs) ¾" plain ropes, toggle ropes, and rope ladders. The ropes and ladders were stowed in three large tackle boxes mounted down either side of the LCA decks and the rocket tubes were positioned
531:
A meeting with the DNC was convened to discuss the results. The Fleming craft had few friends in the DNC, though their criticisms were not specific. They introduced representatives of three shipbuilding firms. The ISTDC were only interested in the Fleming design submitted already, and in trying the
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just as, between the wars, the advent of aircraft had been used as a reason not to develop amphibious capabilities. One source reports 286 LCAs on Royal Navy books in 1947. In 1949, Admiral Maund lamented the scrapping of so many landing craft. Following the war, all active LCAs were crewed by the
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to land 11 Brigade well on the Apple beaches. There was some delay off these westernmost beaches, late in the night of 7 November, as a small French convoy appeared, distracting the minesweepers guiding the LCAs to the beaches. Still, the flotillas continued toward the objective and A Green flight
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On these central invasion beaches, it was vital that the Canadians hold the Casino as its capture would make the whole of the shoreline untenable. When the signal to withdraw was sent and the time arrived, The Royal Navy started to move in to extricate the Canadians and the RAF began to lay smoke.
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the boatswain's whistle summoned the troops of No. 4 Commando to the loading deck. Seven LCAs waited on their davits for the commandos, most of whom were overloaded with 3" mortar bombs and equipment, to walk across the gangways onto the sterns of the landing craft. Zero hour for landing was to be
1604:. Eight LCS(M)(Mk I)s were among the fire support craft. The plan for this large-scale raid was for the force to stay ashore for two tides and re-embark on the rising tide before dark. The operation included landings on beaches designated (west to east) Orange, Green, White, Red, Blue, and Yellow.
1551:
Originally, the Joint Planners had limited Ironclad to the capture of Diego Suarez, after which the LCAs and other amphibious assets would travel on to India. With the naval base now in British control the Admiralty gave orders 16 May that further operations in Madagascar were to be abandoned. The
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A small force of corvettes proceeded the LCAs to their landing beaches in Ambararata Bay, sweeping mines clear and placing navigational lights to mark safe passage through the rocks, enabling the flotillas to land 29th Brigade without casualties. The beaches here were designated Blue for the South
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We could see the dark forms, like so many ants, after their five hours in the L.C.A., run out of their craft, open out and, without a moment's pause, advance across and over the knoll that covered the village from the west. They disappeared and later could be seen crossing behind the village on to
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The LCAs were swung down to the level of the loading decks and the crews climbed aboard. At this time the troops were assembled by platoons ready to cross gangways. When the coxswain gave the platoon commander the word, he took his men over and into the stern of the LCA and they filed forward. The
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with the addition of impact fuse extensions in the projectile nose to detonate the warheads above ground - it fired 24 bombs arranged in four rows of six, each bomb containing about 30 lb (14 kg) of explosive. When fired successfully the bomb pattern was a 100-yard circle about 250 yards
2138:
The LCA type was confronted with many challenges on D-Day; some presented by the Neptune plan, some by the enemy defences, and others by the weather. The initial seaborne assault on the Normandy coast broke with previous Allied practice, in that it was made in daylight. The invasion could occur 6
2035:
Among the naval support for the LCAs approaching Bark South were LCS(M)s to provide supporting fire during their approach to the beaches. The naval plan worked adequately, with few exceptions, and there was no enemy air or sea interdiction. The Mediterranean was rough, however, and most of troops
1988:
landed the 1st and 4th Ranger Battalions. Though the crossing in the LSIs had been storm-tossed, by the time the ship came to its Transport Area the gale had settled. One Ranger recalls the sea "was almost mirror like; it was kind of eerie." As LCAs closed the beach, flares and rockets filled the
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At about 04:30, just before Nautical Twilight, the flotilla broke into two; one group of three LCAs continued on the same bearing toward Vasterival (Orange One Beach) and four LCAs followed MGB 312 to a new bearing starboard along the coast to Quiberville (Orange Two Beach). Approximately 2 miles
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The Pointe d'Ailly Lighthouse was working. Its silhouette stood out plainly against the horizon from sea level; even when not lit it could be seen for five miles (8.0 km) on a clear night through binoculars. For the LCA flotilla, tactical surprise seemed possible, as it was highly improbable
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s LCA touched down at the base of a 50 feet (15 m) cliff, which the commandos then proceeded to scale achieving complete surprise over the two Vichy gun crews. The landings in Courrier Bay were designated Red North, Red Centre, Red South, and in addition to No. 5 Commando, LCAs also landed a
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Each LSI could just see the faint outline of the nearest ship ahead, as the convoy furtively sailed forwards. Navigation marker-lights appeared marking the swept channel. The night was silent save the low throb of ships' engines, the churning of water, and the explosion of two swept mines (one at
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transported the party. This raid also marked the first operational use of the new LCS. The raid set out on the night of 19 April with the LCAs towed by MGBs. The plan was for the party to travel to within two miles (3.2 km) of the French coast on the MGBs and then transfer to the LCA for the
920:
Normally, a flotilla comprised 12 boats at full complement, though this number was not rigid. The flotilla's size could alter to fit operational requirements or the hoisting capacity of a particular LSI. An infantry company would be carried in six LCAs. A flotilla was normally assigned to an LSI.
866:
A junior naval or Royal Marine officer commanded three LCAs and was carried aboard one of the craft. The officer relayed signals and orders to the other two craft in the group by signal flags in the earlier part of the war, but by 1944 many of the boats had been fitted with two-way radios. On the
783:
About April 1941 the Admiralty decided not to place orders exclusively through Thornycroft and leaving them to sub-contract, rather, the Admiralty placed orders directly with cabinet makers, carpenters, and yacht-builders in all parts of Britain. After February 1942, LCAs began being manufactured
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miles (5.2 km). It proved almost impossible for engineers and beach obstacle clearance parties to make lanes through these barriers until the tide fell. For much of the morning, Germans in fortified resistance nests directed a withering fire on to flights of LCAs touching down on the beach,
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A total of 474 LCAs were used on the first day of D-Day (of which 132 were lost or seriously damaged). With a high demand for crews for all types of landing craft at the time of the Normandy landings, the Royal Navy crews were supplemented by training Royal Marines to operate LCAs. RN crews were
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Making landings inside the Mediterranean at Algiers and Oran were two task forces composed primarily of British ships. In these landings LCAs were the most numerous landing craft type. Torch was the largest amphibious operation mounted to date and was done on a "shoestring" budget with regard to
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touched down on the shingle beach at approximately 04:52 without having been detected. All the troops got ashore before the Germans opened fire. This was less than half an hour after zero hour. The LCA flotillas had left their landing ships punctually, but lost time on the run in. As the landing
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Island. This raid involved men from Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 6 Commandos, a Royal Navy flotilla, and limited air support. The raid caused significant damage to factories, warehouses, and the German garrison, and sank eight ships. After this the Germans increased the garrison in Norway by an extra 30,000
791:
Sources differ regarding the speed and endurance of the LCA. By 1945 the all-up loaded weight of an LCA had risen to 13½ tons, due to the addition of further armour and the weight of weaponry an infantry platoon expected to carry into battle. As with all wooden vessels after prolonged immersion,
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Peace brought difficult challenges to Britain's armed forces and the LCA was to suffer because of understandable changes in material requirements. Most landing craft crews had been hostilities only and reserve personnel who now returned to civilian life. Career minded personnel remaining in the
2006:
However these unfavourable conditions had a beneficial side effect - the enemy relaxed their guard in the belief that a landing in such conditions was not likely and initial resistance proved less than expected. Newer craft were used in the Sicily invasion such as the DUKW amphibious truck; the
1846:
The approximately 50 miles of coast assaulted by the Eastern Task force was divided into 3 sectors – A, B, and C (Apple, Beer, and Charlie). In the last hour of 7 November, the landing craft were launched from their parent ships, in a moderate swell, a new moon and a westward current of about 4
1736:
to White Beach. Once the infantry left the armour-plated protection of the LCAs they were in a killing field. None of the preparatory fire had diminished the defense, and the new tank landing craft, designed to deliver tanks to accompany the assault infantry, were ten minutes late. As the smoke
1607:
Until Dieppe, LCAs had only been used in small numbers. The part of the naval plan, 'Outline for Operation' (JNO 1), for the Dieppe Raid that involved LCAs, and other minor landing craft, was much more complicated than any previous combined operations plan. In all other sizable raids beforehand
1564:
On 10 September, LCAs landed the lead elements of the 29th Brigade at Majunga, in north-western Madagascar, to re-launch offensive operations ahead of the rainy season. Though zero hour was supposed to be before dawn some of the landing craft broke down. The landings took place later in the day
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The LCA design's sturdy hull, load capacity, low silhouette, shallow draft, little bow wave, and silenced engines were all assets that benefited the occupants. The extent of its light armour, proof against rifle bullets and shell splinters with similar ballistic power recommended the LCA. Also,
1967:
anchored approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) from Licata, about the time that the moon was setting; at 01:00, 10 July. The 3rd US Rangers aboard filed into the LCAs and were lowered into the sea. Their objective was to hold the western flank of the 3rd US Division's landing area. By 01:50, the
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Confusion between ship and shore led to the South Saskatchewans reducing their defensive perimeter too quickly, yielding the western heights to German infantry. The original order for evacuation was for 10:00 but was changed to 11:00. The change proved disastrous for the assault troops, as the
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before 04:00 on 4 March, and launched their attack. The morning weather was clear, cold, and calm, and the landing craft approached all four landing points more or less simultaneously in broad daylight (sunrise was approximately 06:20). The LCAs were crowded with raiders; one craft ferrying 41
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in a pre-dawn operation to silence batteries there that threatened the main force. The LCA was a strong little craft, in this instance standing up better to the pounding in rough landings than other LC types, especially on these rocky offshore islands, when many LCVPs were lost. Following the
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Though the LCA had been designed around the most common likely load, a British infantry platoon, the original war establishment of a commando (a headquarters and 10 troops) was formed without reference to this fact. Early in 1941, each Commando unit's establishment was changed to consist of a
650:
From the start, the Inter-Service Training and Development Centre intended to use armed versions of the LCA to provide close support to the troop-carrying types. These variants were armed with heavy machine guns and smoke-firing mortars. The two prototype LCA from 1938 were converted for this
570:
Afterwards, Thornycroft produced a prototype to a revised design based on a double-diagonal mahogany hull. The silhouette and bow wave were small, and the twin engines could be made silent beyond 25 yards. Armour could replace the outer mahogany planking. Beaching qualities were satisfactory,
519:
Following many visits with new drawings and proposals, a plan was ready by November 1938. Approval was sought from the DNC to build a prototype Fleming LCA. A wooden mock-up of the craft had been built in the model shed in Portsmouth dockyard. Fully equipped troops had practiced embarking and
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Looking over to the east, at 03:50, those aboard these LCAs could see the gunfire and flares that marked the collision of the Yellow Beach flotillas with the German convoy. Once the fire of the engagement far off to port died away, navigation was aided again by the spectacle of red and green
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for standard 99 man lifeboats. As the weight of LCAs increased through the war (eventually approaching 14 tons) heavier davits were required. Later LSIs and those being refitted were provisioned with luffing davits of a crossbeam type. The davits themselves provided a demarcation between the
612:
The LCA had a long central well section fitted with three benches, one centre, one each port and starboard, for seating troops. The side benches were covered by the top deck. The well was divided from the bow by a bulkhead fitted with two vertically hinged doors. This pair of forward-opening
1727:
The main beaches on the Dieppe waterfront are almost a mile long. Following strafing of the defenses by aircraft, and a short bombardment by destroyers, aircraft laid a blanket of smoke on Dieppe Harbour. LCSs with heavy machine-guns and smoke mortars engaged targets ashore and provided a
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something retained by the LCA. There was a lowerable ramp, but disembarkation speed remained unsatisfactory due to the narrowness. The revised Thornycroft became the basis for the LCA. DNC and Thornycroft collaborated to develop the design further, leading to a third prototype, ALC No 2.
1807:
As a result of the Dieppe raid, the Royal Navy determined to keep permanent assault groups. The LCA flotillas of Dieppe in 1942 remained together with other Dieppe naval assets and became the Force J (for 'Jubilee') that again carried Canadians, this time to assault Juno Beach on D-Day.
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The first LCA group, arriving at 04:50 at Orange One Beach, touched down with textbook precision — at the right beach at the right time. The shingle beach was simply a narrow cove, perhaps seventy yards long with the beach sixty yards deep. The Commandos raced up the beach unopposed.
587:
All landing craft designs (and landing ship designs for ships intended to beach) must find a compromise between two divergent priorities; the qualities that make a good sea boat are opposite those that make a craft suitable for beaching. The LCA keel was produced from Canadian
1064:, responsible for capturing the area north of Rombaks, realized that a landing behind German lines in the Herjangsfjord was required to force the enemy to retire. To assure that plans he made with the Royal Navy were understood by the Legionnaires, a meeting took place aboard
847:. By 1944, 500 Royal Marine officers and 12,500 Marines had become landing craft crew. By 1945, personnel priorities had changed once more. Marines of landing craft flotillas were formed into two infantry brigades to address the manpower shortage in ending the war in Germany.
3615:
2223:
Two little islands off Utah Beach presented a potential threat to the invasion forces and became the first French territory liberated by seaborne Allied soldiers on D-Day. At 04:30, four LCAs of 552 Flotilla landed detachments of the US 4th and 24th Cavalry Squadrons on the
714:) originally developed for use in tanks and intended to blind the enemy or create 'Artificial Moonlight' in a night attack. Though plans exist of a prototype conversion it is not clear whether it was ever completed. There was an LCA (Bakery) variant to provide fresh bread.
1779:. By 08:45 the expected link-up with Churchill tanks of the Calgary Regiment landing at White Beach had not taken place. When, at 09:40, the signal to withdraw was sent, German resistance was growing and the Saskatchewans and Camerons were being fought to a standstill.
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closely among LCA and LCS crews. By 1945, the BRNVR seems to have been formed into the 59th Motor Launch Flotilla. In all likelihood, it had been put together at least partly from those with maritime experience escaping from the 1942 Japanese onslaught in Burma.
1653:
The landing craft enjoyed a number of navigating advantages, mostly planned, but one great windfall was provided by the Germans. The flotilla formed two columns behind their navigational guide, MGB 312, and set off for the coast. Also escorting the flotilla was
705:
Additional support craft variants included the LCA (OC), which was fitted to clear foreshore obstructions. Neither the LCA (FT) fitted with a flamethrower, nor the LCA (CDL) appears to have been used in action. The latter was a conversion by the parent firm of
1386:. This raid with its dramatic embarkation from the base of a cliff occupied by enemy soldiers demonstrated the need for deck armour on LCA. Production of new craft soon incorporated 1/4 inch armour for the decks over the hold and the stoker's position.
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craft at a landing on the east coast of England in a matter of months. The DNC accepted this, but asked ISTDC to give their specifications to the firms present so that they could also submit designs. Two of the firms were unable to tender, the third, Messrs
536:, had a proposal on the drawing board in forty-eight hours and ISTDC and the DNC agreed that construction of a prototype should be paid for. The craft might be constructed for experimental purposes on the understanding that the DNC held no responsibility.
1142:. The remaining eight began taking soldiers off the beaches at La Panne and Dunkirk. One became stranded on the beach and was set afire by its crew. The balance returned to England "in a bad way" after taking some 2,000 soldiers directly off the beaches.
722:
With few exceptions, the hull, ramp, and power plant of the LCA remained the same throughout the war. Early on the coxswain's position was moved from aft to forward on the starboard side. Other particulars could vary greatly; some LCAs having
592:
which was treated with steam to make it pliable and then shaped using a keel block and wedges. Twenty-four mahogany transverse frame pieces were joined to the keel providing the overall structure. The craft had a hull built of double-diagonal
637:
Drive was by two shafts from the pair of Ford V8 engines to two 19 inch x 14 inch 2-bladed propellers. Fuel capacity was 64 imperial gallons (290 L). The craft were steered by twin rudders with steering wires that ran from the
625:
for communication with the stoker, a featherspray control lever, and a fold-up seat. The shelter was protected on all four sides by non-magnetic bulletproof plate surmounted by a hinged double-door roof. Most LCAs were fitted with a compass.
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were smaller, qualities typically beneficial for surprise landings. However, the Fleming remained noisy. During trials on a misty morning the noisy approaching craft frightened civilians along the shore; tactical surprise was impossible.
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in April. The objective was to silence a coastal defence battery atop 300 ft high cliffs on a rocky coast. Here the sturdy hull of the LCA, coupled with the skill of the crews allowed many of the Commandos to land almost dry-shod.
1737:
drifted off, the Canadians found themselves savagely pinned down. Their landing craft, LCAs and LCM(Mk. I)s, had orders to collect off the coast in the boat pool - an area covered in smoke. Adding to the tragedy, the floating reserve,
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in 1956 caused a scramble for available LCAs. A few were serviceable in the Amphibious Warfare Squadron stationed in Malta. Twenty LCAs were pulled out of storage at Gareloch, in Scotland, and returned to fighting trim in Greenock.
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was engaged by the MGBs. The army officers in the LCA conferred and decided not to disembark. Aboard the LCS, the senior naval officer's compass failed, and the flotilla only returned to England steered by Lt. Groom's army compass.
1352:), targeted a German coastal radar installation atop 300-foot (91 m) cliffs. The raiding party itself was dropped by parachute at night and following the raid was taken back to England by sea. The naval force under Commander
762:
The Admiralty placed orders for 30 LCAs in March 1940. By this time, Thornycroft were subcontracting with South Coast yacht-builders to fill the Admiralty's many small boat orders as Thornycroft yards were overtaxed building
2515:
Sources referring to the 51st Division's Sicily landing often use the term 'Zero Hour' common in the British army since at least the First World War. The 1st Canadian Division's invasion plan used the new American mnemonic,
379:
landing craft of World War II. Prior to July 1942, these craft were referred to as "assault landing craft" (ALC), but "landing craft, assault" (LCA) was used thereafter to conform with the joint US-UK nomenclature system.
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smoke-screen over the eastern headlands. The LCSs continued to engage targets all morning, but also suffered extensively from the defenders' fire. The first wave of LCAs touched down between 05:20 and 05:23. They carried
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of Cowes built a prototype to the Fleming design. Eight weeks later the craft was doing trials on the Clyde. The craft behaved admirably, though it tended to bury its nose in the sea at full throttle. Noise from the two
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soldiers were able to sit, unlike other landing craft which required them to stand. Throughout the war in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean, the LCA was the most likely sea assault transport of
1167:
a wounded Commando is brought to a LCA. In the steering shelter, the coxswain appears to be keeping the craft nosed onto the beach by keeping the engines gently ahead while a seaman is preventing the craft from
2228:. From a navigation perspective this operation presented acute challenges; locating two tiny islets in darkness while weaving through unmarked minefields to touch down on rocky shores. These LCAs came from SS
2011:(LST Mk 2). None of these supplanted the LCA in its designed role; none of these new types was intended for the initial assault and the LCA was still vital for first wave transportation on contested shores.
811:
Early in the war the arrangements for manning LCAs and structure of LCA units was governed by the expediency of the moment; nevertheless, by mid-war permanent crews and larger formation plans could be kept.
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who sat in the armoured steering shelter forward on the starboard side. Though in control of the rudders, the coxswain did not have direct control of the engines and gave instructions to the stoker through
605:'s Resista ¼". Steps were taken to ensure that the boat would not sink when swamped. In the bow section between the armoured doors and the ramp, each bulkhead was packed with 30 cubic feet (850 L) of
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time, no one thought to delay operations for better weather. Thus, LCAs were required to make long and frequent journeys from ship to shore with supplies and reinforcements in worsening sea conditions.
609:(a type of vulcanised foam rubber) buoyant material. The same Onazote packing was placed along both hull sides for the length of the well, and 42.5 cubic feet (1.20 m) filled the aft compartment.
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At 04:30 on 3 September, approximately an hour before first light, LCAs carrying British 5th Division and Canadian 1st Division troops of the 13th Corps, Eighth Army, touched down after crossing the
1947:
which would not set until the vessels had stopped in their lowering positions, the LCAs made their approach to the coast in darkness. H-Hour was fixed at 02:45, almost two hours before first light.
1754:; they provided no protection from bullets or shrapnel. The Fusiliers received fire all the way in to the beach, and only 125 of them made it back to England. On White Beach, LCAs landed 369 men of
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illuminated the battle. Once ashore, the 13e DBLE's companies deployed and moved to seize the high ground to the north and south of the town. This debut of the new LCA was seen, from a distance, by
6234:
751:. The twin propulsion units gave a speed of 10½ knots at 2,800 revolutions per minute with a load of 8,300 lb (3,800 kg) in the boat. Later craft used propellers with three blades.
562:
The Fleming won competitive trials at Langstone Harbour. Compared to the Thornycroft, the Fleming was superior in many areas. Troops disembarked in a quarter of the time. The silhouette and
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Royal Marines who were given the responsibility for all landing craft and raiding in the post-war British armed forces. Flotillas were retained in Royal Marine service through the 1960s.
1461:. The harbor entrance faced east and was well defended with gun batteries, but a neck of land 3 to 6 miles (4.8 to 9.7 km) wide separated Diégo Suarez from good landing beaches, in
2293:
were also landed from LCAs at Flushing. During the balance of the operations around Walcheren, LCAs were used to ferry troops through the river network and the extensive flooded areas.
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proud of the deck line. In September, 8 more were ordered. Ford V8 marine conversions by Thornycroft powered the early groups of LCAs, these water-cooled petrol engines developing 65
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into the hose, and then attach an explosive charge to the near end and throw it overboard. Fortunately, this system was never used operationally. The same concept was employed by the
739:, and fuel caps. Photographic evidence shows all these variations and also differences in the placement of the lifelines that were looped along either hullside for men in the water.
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device for clearing mines and obstacles on beaches. The LCA was fitted with a coil of hose, attached to a rocket. The rocket would carry the hose onto the beach, the crew would pump
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1918. During the inter-war period, however, a combination of recent experience and economic stringency contributed to the delay in producing a modern infantry assault landing craft.
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843:
from the Mobile Naval Bases Defence Organization and other shore units were drafted into the pool to crew the expanding numbers of landing craft being gathered in England for the
2390:, and were fitted with a machine-gun and carried 25 soldiers. Though well regarded, they were small for the tactical plans of the time and sometime about 1967 they were retired.
2917:
2313:
service naturally gravitated toward larger ships; so amphibious warfare decayed. In addition, questions emerged about the feasibility of amphibious warfare in the shadow of the
1368:
who would provide fire support for the raiding party when they reached the evacuation beach. To accomplish this task each LCA had sandbags laid down its decks as parapets for
1254:
by No. 12 Commando on 26 December. The German garrison was in the midst of their Christmas celebrations and was easily overcome; the Commandos re-embarked after two days.
1377:
evacuation beach. By this time, it was 02:15, a sea mist prevented the naval force from seeing paratrooper's signals to evacuate them. The raiders fired off an emergency
6227:
1972:
launched returned. Italian resistance at Licata had been lighter than at Gela. Even so, the surf had been severe and the other two LCAs had been left stranded on beach.
555:, the internal arrangements for the troops and exit being generally similar to the mock-up that had been built in Portsmouth Dockyard. The power plant of two 65 hp
1572:
During the Madagascar operations it became obvious that the LCA design was not ideal for utility and supply purposes and future expeditions were allotted more LCMs and
2175:
wind, with water levels running 30 minutes earlier than normal. After the assault, 2,500 obstacles were counted that the Germans had emplaced on this coastal front of
481:
but had not formed procedures for the assault role of these boats. Now there were specifications for what the new boat must be able to do. It must weigh less than ten
2059:. The 1st Canadian Division, landing at Fox Beach, a short distance north of Reggio, were to capture the town and the airfield south of town, while 5th Division took
431:
satisfied many in naval and military circles that the age of amphibious operations had come to a close. Still, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, animated discussion in
1804:
crews bringing in the landing craft to the beaches, as well as assault troops trying to get to them, again suffered significant casualties from intense German fire.
891:(LSI), a Bowman-gunner, whose action station was at the front of the boat to open and close the armoured doors, raise and lower the ramp, and operate the one or two
2269:
landings in southern France, the RN's LSI units remained in the Mediterranean or began moving to the Indian Ocean in anticipation of joining the war against Japan.
2023:
by 23:00. During the night, even before the run in to Bark South, the 51st Division suffered losses from crushing and drowning when troops transferred from the LSI
662:. The additional weight of this weapon and the force it placed on the craft when fired required strengthening of the well floor. This was the same Hedgehog used in
2346:. The water here was particularly shallow as the beach shelved gently and the Commandos, having to wade through such a wide water gap, were perhaps fortunate that
1556:
insisted on further Madagascan ports being captured. This, along with a Vichy decision to fight on, kept LCAs employed in Madagascar through the end of September.
879:, and loudhailers were sometimes more reliable than 1940s radio equipment. The communications equipment of the troops being ferried could sometimes prove helpful.
1855:. US Navy transports were in the majority at Charlie Beach to the east of Algiers, and it is likely that no LCAs were employed there during the initial landings.
1638:
04:50 and re-embarkation was timed for 07:30 — two hours and forty minutes for the commando operation. In darkness, the LCAs were then lowered into the Channel.
1478:
887:
The LCA's crew of four ratings included a Sternsheetsman, whose action station was at the stern to assist in lowering and raising the boat at the davits of the
6220:
1951:
heavier seas in the wake of the storm. Bark East, Acid South, and Acid North benefited from somewhat calmer water afforded by being on the leeward of Sicily.
1678:
wide valley of the River Saane. Incoming machine-gun fire from pillboxes did not cause casualties while the commandos were aboard the armoured landing craft.
1831:, took place 8 November. The operation involved three Task Forces - Western, Centre, and Eastern - landing US and British divisions over 500 miles of coast.
758:
Royal Navy Landing Craft LCA-1377 carries American troops to a ship in a British port, during preparations for the Normandy invasion, circa May–June 1944.
368:
from the boat deck of a troop transport as the LCA hung from its davits. When loaded, the LCA was lowered into the water. Soldiers exited by the boat's
7202:
1632:
1151:
Headquarters and six troops. Each troop would comprise three officers and 62 other ranks; this number was set so each troop would fit into two LCA.
520:
disembarking from it, and the design was altered to meet the practical difficulties discovered. The craft to be put into service was to be built of
4745:
2078:
and six LSIs with their attendant LCAs) that had taken part in Husky were transferred to India only to be recalled to the Mediterranean for Anzio.
1834:
The Western Task Force sailed directly from the United States and landed near Mehdia, Casablanca, and at Safi. This task force contained no LCAs.
1092:
The LCAs, along with towed ship's boats and other landing craft types, then turned to landing the rest of 13e DBLE and its supporting elements.
1088:
road to follow the first tank on its way to the north and so take from the rear that was holding up the advance of the Chasseurs from Gratangen.
832:(RNVR). Approximately 43,500 hostilities-only and 5,500 RNVR officers and ratings crewed the various landing craft types in 1944. Of these, the
2151:
preferentially assigned to the larger types of landing craft. Consequently, many assault flotillas were entirely manned by Royal Marine crews.
2139:
June because the date satisfied certain preliminary requirements. Of particular concern to landing craft, H-Hour was fixed forty minutes after
1924:
1138:
began hoisting out LCAs upon arriving off Dunkirk, 29 May, but was attacked and sunk before releasing half the craft. Five LCAs were lost with
2257:
732:
466:
4349:
2484:, the 2nd Division's floating reserve - le Fusiliers Mont-Royal, and certain follow-on units were transported in other landing craft types.
1776:
1706:
The main landings, those by 2nd Canadian Division, were mostly crushed on the beaches. At Puys (Blue Beach), some of the LCAs transporting
1619:
At 03:47, while approximately seven miles from the French coast, the 1st and 24th Flotillas (LCP(L)), some craft crewed by RCNVR, carrying
1234:, also new and with a similar flotilla of landing craft, landed No. 3 Commando. The two LSIs, in company with five destroyers, entered the
333:. Its primary purpose was to ferry troops from transport ships to attack enemy-held shores. The craft derived from a prototype designed by
2198:
ashore blew up mines or were wrecked on beach obstacles with the loss of more than a fifth of the Commando before they reached the beach.
1743:, were sent to reinforce the Essex Scottish, who had been incorrectly reported as making good progress. The Fusiliers were transported in
5422:
2928:
2159:
Just before 05:58, moments before daybreak, at a lowering position 7 miles (11 km) off shore, a bugler sounded reveille on the LSI
345:. During the war it was manufactured throughout the United Kingdom in places as various as small boatyards and furniture manufacturers.
1184:
was conducted by men of No. 3 and No. 4 Commandos. The landing force were to destroy the fish oil producing facilities in the ports of
1658:(SGB) 9, ready to provide close support. Both these gun boats possessed far more sophisticated navigational instruments than the LCA.
6269:
606:
4818:
2525:
All times in the Normandy section of this article are British Double Summer Time, that is, two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time
629:
4323:
2168:
1287:
4759:
2746:
6259:
6163:
6140:
6101:
6078:
6052:
5990:
5971:
5949:
5930:
5911:
5888:
5866:
5847:
5824:
5792:
5765:
5729:
5706:
5683:
5656:
5637:
5606:
5576:
5557:
5094:
2983:
2956:
2233:
6830:
775:; these LCAs did 12 knots (22 km/h) at 3,300 revolutions. The standard engine fitted in almost all other craft was the
489:. The new craft also had to be built around the load - apart from crew it should carry the thirty-one men of a British Army
6264:
5289:
5149:
2019:
The ships and craft landing the 51st (Highland) Division arrived at their lowering positions 7 miles (11 km) south of
768:
4962:"Historical Officer's Report: Report No. 129: Canadian Operations in Italy, September - December 1943: Preliminary Report"
1847:
knots. Running west to east beginning just east of Castiglione were Apple Green and Apple White, assaulted by 11 Brigade,
2301:
Perhaps 1,500 LCAs survived the war in serviceable condition. But many of these LCAs were discarded, as when the LSI HMS
793:
764:
4875:
7169:
1851:. Just east of Cape Sidi Ferruch was Beer Green, assaulted by No. 1 Commando, and Beer White assaulted by 168 Regt.,
1729:
1333:
365:
5452:
3836:
2206:
On Juno Beach, RCN, RN, and RM flotillas employed 142 LCAs and experienced some difficulty getting the units of the
7192:
2290:
1023:
334:
4720:
1364:(MGBs) towed LCAs across the Channel (LCA crews manned their craft during such tows) and carried detachments from
943:
Throughout World War II, LCAs travelled under their own power, towed by larger craft, or on the davits of LSIs or
7035:
4672:
4184:
3326:"The East India Company's Marine (Indian Marine) and its Successors through to the Royal Indian Navy (1613-1947)"
2428:
2355:
1623:, were illuminated by star shells fired from a group of German armed trawlers. The element of surprise was lost.
836:
provided 60 officers and 300 ratings, on the condition that they be formed into specifically Canadian companies.
686:. The nitroglycerin supply for the unit using them accidentally ignited - causing great damage and loss of life.
405:
132:
3477:
2210:
to shore. Earlier, ten minutes had been lost to delays during the passage of Task Force J from Southampton. The
6341:
2207:
2195:
1848:
1593:
1394:
987:
505:
3259:
6178:
2190:
which added to the troubles of the assault units. At approximately 09:50, approaching the shore side town of
442:
surrounded the strategic potential of the Dardanelles campaign compared with the strategic stalemate of the
6727:
6111:
4961:
1968:
Rangers left ship on their way to Licata. At 04:00, about half an hour before first light, 6 of the 8 LCAs
1920:
1707:
991:
responsibilities of the LSI crew (either Royal Navy or Merchant Navy) and the members of the LCA Flotilla.
829:
7010:
6856:
5545:
3481:
2383:
1771:
1733:
1662:
that the enemy would be obliging enough to assist the Royal Navy with such a brilliant navigational aid.
443:
4790:
3882:
1576:. LCAs were used in additional landings during the campaign before Madagascar surrendered in September.
7057:
6439:
5807:
1932:
1532:
into Courrier Bay carrying No. 5 Commando to an assault preliminary to the main landing. At 04:30, the
1390:
859:
825:
731:
on vertical racks forward. The hatch layout on the stern deck varied, as did the placement and type of
690:
389:
6212:
1698:
and then the LCAs returned the approximately 65 miles (105 km) to England under their own power.
1477:
Ironclad was Britain's longest range amphibious operation of the war. The landing ships were the LSIs
6952:
6621:
6497:
6396:
6386:
5479:
5087:
D-Day Landing Craft: How 4,126 ‘Ugly and Unorthodox’ Allied Craft made the Normandy Landings Possible
4435:
2277:
There was one more notable use of LCAs in the war in northwestern Europe: the fierce fighting around
2261:
1852:
1454:
on 5 May. Following the assault, it was intended that the craft would be sent on to India and Burma.
1076:
975:
803:. Combined Operations was then able to keep trained landing craft crew until boats became available.
671:
470:
1889:
7030:
7020:
6947:
6590:
6448:
2456:
Shelters are referred to as cockpits in the 1944 US Navy pamphlet "Allied Landing Craft and Ships".
2433:
2211:
1755:
1739:
1597:
1216:
461:
of 1938 delayed the inevitable war between Britain and Germany. Munich also led to many changes in
404:
For centuries the Royal Navy had been landing soldiers on hostile shores, prominent examples being
6207:
4725:
Action Report, Western Naval Task Force: The Sicilian Campaign, Operation "Husky" July-August 1943
2232:, the landing ship whose LCAs also delivered the initial wave of the 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry,
6820:
6626:
6336:
6093:
5757:
5430:
3908:
2386:
were 10 LCAs obtained from Britain in October 1958. These boats were viewed as well built by the
2347:
1900:
in a landing craft assault (LCA 346) to take over from the Royal Marines, South of Ramree, Burma.
409:
1816:
7197:
6815:
6702:
6666:
6661:
6487:
6391:
6024:
2438:
2354:
Although the commandos' initial assault had been seaborne, their follow on build-up arrived by
2060:
1504:
1442:
advances in early 1942, Combined Operations landing craft were shipped to the Indian Ocean for
1085:
679:
663:
618:
462:
284:
4092:
2973:
2946:
1402:
1302:, where in hastily organized operations some 50,000 troops were embarked from ports including
1263:
troops, upgraded coastal and inland defences, and sent a number of capital ships to the area.
6902:
6851:
6747:
6651:
6646:
6366:
6008:
5675:
4023:
4021:
2286:
2091:
2007:
Landing Craft Infantry (Large) (LCI(L)), and, for the first time in numbers, the much larger
1919:
Most of the LCAs were in the Eastern Task Force sector, landing initial assault units of the
1511:
1434:
18 September 1942. The portside Lewis gun shelter of their LCA is visible at the bottom right
1398:
1357:
1041:
962:, October 1945. Other LCAs are suspended on davits waiting to be loaded before being lowered.
888:
439:
44:
6444:
2225:
2132:
1159:
658:
The LCA(HR) ('Hedgerow') was another support weapon variant. The troop well was filled by a
7128:
6732:
6681:
6424:
6306:
6119:
4327:
4063:
3756:
1744:
1685:
1443:
1383:
1369:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1127:
698:
583:
Royal Navy Beach Commandos aboard a Landing Craft Assault of the 529th Flotilla, Royal Navy
413:
376:
4845:
3096:
3070:
1360:, departed earlier, during the afternoon of the 27th, for the journey across the Channel.
1298:
Later that month, following the successful German intervention, LCAs were involved in the
1061:
1022:
Throughout the Second World War, LCAs were used for landing Allied forces in almost every
622:
516:
was proposed who soon came down to Fort Cumberland and the design of the first LCA began.
8:
7164:
6982:
6671:
6534:
6376:
6017:
H.M.C.S. : One Photographer's Impressions of the Royal Canadian Navy in World War II
5784:
5629:
4677:
2494:
1631:
At the lowering position, ten miles (16 km) off the coast, at 03:00, aboard the LSI
1485:
896:
855:
833:
776:
771:
conversions of the Ford V8, driving propellers similar to the standard type but on a 2:1
711:
652:
478:
454:
assured that such theoretical talk would not result in the procurement of any equipment.
447:
338:
101:
38:
5191:
1997:
Still, the sea was not ideal for landing craft. The diary of one RCN LCA bowman states:
1552:
ships and craft assembled for Ironclad were assigned to other pressing duties. However,
314:
7.8 lb. DIHT (.25 in (6.4 mm)) on decks above the troop well and engine space.
7098:
6962:
6917:
6810:
6712:
6676:
6656:
6555:
6381:
6276:
5698:
5598:
5591:
4739:
2393:
Perhaps the last operational use of LCAs by the Royal Navy was in 1967 when boats from
1307:
1181:
1180:
In March, LCAs carried the first British Commando raid of the war, directed at Norway.
1057:
1011:
979:
944:
785:
697:
assault of 6 June 1944. Each of the 10 LCAs of Flotillas 510 and 522 which carried the
556:
498:
213:
Light: 1 ft 1 in (0.33 m) forward, 1 ft 9 in (0.53 m) aft
4822:
7133:
7083:
7025:
7015:
6782:
6636:
6514:
6454:
6301:
6159:
6136:
6097:
6074:
6048:
5986:
5967:
5945:
5926:
5907:
5884:
5862:
5843:
5820:
5788:
5761:
5725:
5721:
5702:
5679:
5668:
5652:
5633:
5602:
5572:
5553:
5487:
5090:
4489:
2979:
2952:
2245:
2140:
2045:
2008:
1585:
1406:
1255:
1164:
1045:
996:
922:
851:
844:
724:
683:
659:
385:
111:
2055:
The task of 13th Corps was to cross the Straits and land in two small bays north of
1426:
216:
Loaded: 1 ft 9 in (0.53 m) fwd, 2 ft 3 in (0.69 m) aft
7118:
7052:
7005:
6987:
6937:
6767:
6631:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6472:
6328:
6286:
6281:
5903:
4767:
4383:"Obituary: Lieutenant Alasdair Forbes Ferguson, MBE, DSC and Bar, RNVR (1919-2004)"
2757:
2394:
2370:
1646:
to the withdrawal at the close of the operation. Once the landing craft were away,
1389:
In April two troops of No. 4 Commando and eight officers and 43 other ranks of the
1299:
1247:
1169:
1109:
512:
was therefore approached and asked to suggest a maritime architect. Mr. Fleming of
458:
4382:
4069:
3842:
3325:
2265:
1681:
This unit was able to accomplish its mission: the destruction of the Hess Battery.
32:
7042:
6972:
6897:
6795:
6529:
6509:
6477:
6434:
6401:
6346:
6291:
5839:
5549:
2282:
2249:
2144:
2056:
1913:
1828:
1692:
1439:
1365:
1337:
1251:
1120:
971:
959:
868:
539:
494:
273:
Four: coxswain, two seamen and a stoker plus one officer per group of three boats
5297:
5157:
1010:
Commonly, the LCAs of a flotilla would form line-ahead behind a motor launch or
824:
service LCAs were normally crewed by hostilities-only ratings, personnel of the
6912:
6907:
6892:
6762:
6524:
6361:
2477:
1894:
1655:
1620:
1601:
1361:
1279:
1212:
1205:
772:
748:
675:
589:
509:
417:
393:
342:
872:
7186:
7148:
7143:
7108:
7093:
7047:
6957:
6942:
6800:
6742:
6737:
6641:
6519:
6504:
6492:
6482:
6371:
6351:
6132:
6070:
6062:
6040:
5586:
3980:
2465:
2164:
2124:
2028:
to their respective waiting positions, Red and Green, a mile off Bark South.
1573:
1349:
1326:
1131:
1065:
1000:
840:
694:
474:
451:
432:
326:
296:
3939:
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2801:
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2797:
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policies, among which was the acceptance of a proposal in November from the
7103:
7088:
6927:
6922:
6861:
6805:
6772:
6605:
6600:
6406:
6032:
5959:
5836:
The Funnies : The 79th Armoured Division and its specialised equipment
4879:
2948:
With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942-1945
2020:
1928:
1643:
1466:
1462:
1447:
1378:
1272:
1072:
929:
330:
20:
5217:
4387:
The Dumvilles of Hunton and other Dumville, Dunville and Domville families
7138:
6977:
6876:
6752:
6707:
6429:
6155:
6000:
5876:
2794:
2481:
2404:; an LCA being the last craft to carry British personnel away from Aden.
2387:
2339:
2327:
2314:
2120:
2116:
1589:
1458:
1303:
1259:
1189:
967:
876:
707:
533:
521:
436:
424:
361:
6595:
4556:
633:
A newly completed LCA (assault landing craft) ready for launching, 1942.
579:
7123:
6932:
6866:
6416:
6316:
6243:
6242:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2072:
1451:
1353:
1197:
1173:
983:
821:
744:
551:
The Thornycroft design was being built at the same time with a hull of
369:
91:
48:
5625:
4188:
4022:
Office of the British Naval Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet (2015).
3757:"Royal Navy Vessels Lost At Sea, 1939–45 - Amphibious Warfare Vessels"
950:
6997:
6871:
6686:
6580:
6560:
2343:
2278:
1553:
1113:
928:
able to hoist 6 LCAs, and larger ones, such as the nearly 16,000 ton
909:
905:
892:
800:
728:
689:
While not, perhaps, a variant, a field modification was developed by
614:
602:
525:
513:
352:
planking and selectively clad with armour plate, this shallow-draft,
290:
3616:"Service History of M/V Prinses Beatrix and Koningin Emma 1939-1968"
2807:
7113:
6846:
6717:
6356:
6311:
5780:
4969:
Department of National Defence, Directorate of History and Heritage
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
2335:
2191:
2119:
Beaches. LCAs landed the US infantry formations on either flank of
2049:
1431:
1373:
1311:
1283:
1193:
1185:
1049:
921:
These varied in capacity with smaller ones, such as the 3,975+ ton
900:
754:
736:
639:
594:
563:
552:
544:
482:
428:
349:
5198:. Department of the U.S. Army, Historical Division. 1 October 1947
1348:
Operation Biting, between 27–28 February (also known as the
747:
each when driving the 19"x14" 2-bladed propellers through a 41:20
7067:
6967:
6825:
6722:
6585:
6464:
6247:
2506:
Military 24-hour clock. 1100 would be spoken as "eleven-hundred".
2423:
2244:
The sturdiness and quietness of the LCA proved invaluable during
1751:
1666:
navigation lights shining steadily on Dieppe's harbour entrance.
1243:
was used for a time in Combined Operations training in Scotland.
1224:
1105:
601:
HT" armour, a heat treated steel based on D1 steel, in this case
490:
364:(13 km/h). Men generally entered the boat by walking over a
357:
5738:
5491:
5103:
3035:
477:. Up to this time the Landing Craft Committee had produced some
7062:
6790:
6757:
1936:
1414:
1291:
1130:, the LCA could be carried and launched from a large number of
1040:
The first four LCAs used in an opposed landing disembarked 120
5618:
Die Schiffe und Fahrzeuge der deutschen Bundesmarine 1956–1976
3981:"The South African Air Force in the Madagascar Campaign, 1942"
2975:
U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History
1510:
carrying 15 LCM(Mk. 1)s to land tanks and other vehicles, and
895:
in the armoured gun shelter opposite the steering position, a
6550:
5317:
5315:
5056:
5054:
5052:
2418:
2104:
1821:
1318:
1201:
1123:
693:
with assistance from LCA crews and Commandos, for the famous
486:
353:
311:
10 lb. DIHT (.75 in (19 mm)) on bulkheads and sides
6208:
US Navy, ONI 226, Allied Landing Craft and Ships, April 1944
4988:
4986:
4652:
4650:
4637:
4635:
4003:
3607:
3097:"Admiralty Collection: Preparations for D-Day 1944 (MH 790)"
3071:"Admiralty Collection: Preparations for D-Day 1944 (MH 789)"
1104:
More than a dozen LCAs were used in evacuating the BEF from
617:
shelter on the port. The steering shelter was fitted with a
37:
LCAs form line ahead as they move off from the landing ship
5744:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4151:
4149:
3489:
3374:
3356:. US Government Printing Office, 1944. "Statistical Table".
2978:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 246.
2413:
2401:
1940:
1820:
American troops unload stores from LCA 26 at Beach Z, near
1792:
1758:
in withering fire - none got more than a few yards ashore.
670:
One experiment was mounting a "flying hose" on an LCA as a
360:
of 31 and five additional specialist troops, to shore at 7
5505:
5312:
5120:
5118:
5049:
4921:
4326:. The Royal Regiment of Canada Association. Archived from
3538:
3536:
3534:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2772:
2770:
2688:
5402:
5366:
5327:
5027:
5025:
4983:
4933:
4894:
4647:
4632:
4587:
4525:
4413:
4401:
4299:
4254:
4227:
4215:
4166:
4164:
2999:
2705:
2703:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
6116:
Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos
5356:
5354:
5236:
4911:
4909:
4537:
4508:
4463:
4275:
4203:
4146:
4122:
4097:
Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II
4024:"Report of Proceedings (ROP) of the Eastern Fleet, 1942"
3974:
3972:
3957:
3913:
Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II
3857:
3799:
3293:
3186:
3023:
899:-mechanic responsible for the engine compartment, and a
473:
for amphibious assault procedures and for a new type of
5453:"La guerre d'Indochine: Les Divisions Navales d'Assaut"
5115:
5066:
4557:"'Operation Jubilee': The Dieppe Raid - 19 August 1942"
3734:
3732:
3595:
3531:
3486:
History of the Second World War: The Campaign in Norway
3227:
3225:
3136:
2874:
2862:
2767:
2676:
1112:). Eight LCAs were sent to Dunkirk on a merchant ship,
356:-like boat with a crew of four could ferry an infantry
5486:. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. p. 13.
5378:
5130:
5022:
5010:
4998:
4852:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 70-42.
4608:
4575:
4287:
4244:
4242:
4161:
3816:
3814:
3719:
3717:
3666:
3509:
3507:
3447:
3445:
3432:
3430:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3283:
3281:
3174:
2900:
2898:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2700:
2654:
2652:
2618:
2616:
2603:
2601:
2542:
2071:
Toward the end of 1943, ships from one assault force (
858:
volunteered for such a transfer in February 1943. The
767:. Some LCAs - Numbers 24-29 and 51 - were fitted with
5351:
5339:
5269:
5037:
4906:
4791:"WW2 People's War - HMS Princess Astrid 1942 to 1944"
4693:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4134:
3969:
3364:
3362:
3242:
3240:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
717:
6203:
US Navy, ALC, Assault Landing Craft prints from 1942
5517:
5390:
5248:
5172:
4856:
4719:
Hewitt, H.K. (Naval Commander, Western Task Force).
4620:
4110:
3775:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3729:
3702:
3457:
3305:
3222:
3210:
3011:
2727:
2715:
2565:
2493:
All times in the Dieppe section of this article are
2272:
1219:
demolition experts and a contingent of men from the
423:
The costly failure of the Gallipoli campaign during
6185:
4813:
4811:
4667:
4665:
4239:
3831:
3829:
3811:
3714:
3654:
3642:
3560:
3548:
3519:
3504:
3442:
3427:
3386:
3278:
3198:
2895:
2845:
2833:
2649:
2613:
2598:
1559:
97:
5775:Dunphie, Christopher & Johnson, Garry (1999).
5667:
5622:The ships and vessels of the German Navy 1956–1976
5590:
4311:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3690:
3678:
3359:
3237:
3155:
3115:
3051:
2816:
2782:
2628:
2577:
1931:. The Western Task Force employed LCAs in landing
1592:in August and carried the assault infantry of the
5804:The Watery Maze: The Story of Combined Operations
3744:
2664:
2497:, that is, one hour ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
7184:
5571:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
5457:Fédération Nationale des Combattants Volontaires
4808:
4662:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
3826:
2248:, the invasion of southern France in July 1944.
1863:At 23:49, flotillas of LCAs moved off from LSIs
1246:In December there were two raids. The first was
5078:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4430:
4428:
4046:
4044:
3991:(2). The South African Military History Society
3926:
3588:
3586:
3584:
2351:accurate (and by the next morning impossible).
2256:to disable German artillery atop the cliffs of
2099:off the Normandy beachhead, France, 6 June 1944
1791:No. 3 Commando were carried to Yellow Beach in
1642:s eighth LCA would be employed in transporting
6129:At Whatever Cost: The Story of the Dieppe Raid
5774:
5616:Breyer, Siegfried & Koop, Gerhard (1978).
5484:Vietnam Studies: Riverine Operations 1966-1969
5109:
4093:"HMAS Napier (G 97) - N-class Flotilla Leader"
4058:
4056:
2747:"Welding & Fabrication of Ships Structure"
2382:The first amphibious craft of the Navy of the
2260:. Canadian LCAs also landed the U.S.-Canadian
1770:At Pourville (Green Beach), LCAs carrying the
806:
548:for the application of hardened steel plates.
16:Landing craft used extensively in World War II
6228:
5695:Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation
5192:"The Seaborne Assault: Task Force U Moves In"
4368:
3883:"WW2 People's War: The Assault on Madagascar"
2951:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 257.
2808:US Navy Office of Naval Intelligence (1944).
2236:, the westernmost seaborne landing of D-Day.
1980:In the Dime landings, LCAs from the LSIs HMS
1204:of the newly converted Landing Ship Infantry
986:davits – these being generally in use in the
597:planking. The sides were plated with "10lb. D
467:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre
247:6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) (loaded)
4850:U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II
4846:"2. Special Operations In The Mediterranean"
4744:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4705:
4425:
4041:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3581:
3348:
3346:
1722:
1317:In May LCAs ferried many of these troops to
1079:, who had done much work in its development:
265:36 troops or 800 lb (363 kg) cargo
244:10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) (light)
5944:. London, UK: Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd.
5859:D-Day: the strategy, the men, the equipment
4876:"Cliff's Corner Up Close and Personal Blog"
4053:
3880:
6235:
6221:
6023:
5980:
5615:
5511:
5321:
5060:
4927:
4900:
3909:"HMS Lightning (G 55) - L-class Destroyer"
3192:
3005:
2334:At 06:45 on 6 November, LCAs landing Nos.
446:. The economic austerity of the worldwide
7203:Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
6172:
6087:
5801:
5751:
5739:The Chief of Combined Operations (1945).
5665:
5408:
5372:
5333:
5084:
4992:
4939:
4656:
4641:
4593:
4531:
4419:
4407:
4305:
4260:
4233:
4221:
4155:
4128:
4009:
3963:
3869:
3863:
3805:
3601:
3542:
3343:
3299:
3149:
3029:
2889:
2776:
2694:
2682:
2559:
2377:
2264:on the difficult, sharp-rocked shores of
1893:Indian troops embarking from the cruiser
1777:Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
1540:company of the East Lancashire Regiment.
1457:The initial target was the naval base at
1119:. Designed to be hoisted on the standard
1035:
765:war-emergency convoy escorts and the like
6126:
6110:
5715:
5692:
5566:
5539:
5423:"The Boats : French riverine craft"
5242:
5072:
4543:
4519:
4476:
4293:
4281:
4209:
4170:
4140:
3672:
3415:Combined Operations Staff Notebook, 1945
3380:
2971:
2709:
2254:1 Commando Français de l'Afrique du Nord
2090:
1888:
1815:
1795:. No LCAs were present on Yellow Beach.
1425:
1158:
949:
753:
628:
578:
375:The LCA was the most common British and
6175:ONI 226: Allied Landing Craft and Ships
5981:Lund, Paul & Ludlam, Harry (1976).
5585:
5136:
5124:
3978:
3792:
3790:
3633:
2944:
2810:ONI 226: Allied Landing Craft and Ships
788:production rose to sixty LCAs a month.
427:coupled with the emerging potential of
7185:
6149:
5958:
5875:
5833:
5477:
5384:
5031:
5016:
5004:
4614:
4581:
3781:
3738:
3708:
3017:
2733:
2721:
2658:
2571:
1908:
1056:north of Narvik, on 13 May during the
860:15/13th Frontier Force Rifles Regiment
485:, enabling lifting by passenger liner
6216:
6061:
6039:
6014:
5999:
5966:. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
5925:. London, UK: Macdonalds and Jane's.
5923:Commandos and Rangers of World War II
5842:: Model and Allied Publications Ltd.
5646:
5360:
5345:
5275:
5254:
5043:
4915:
4843:
4788:
4699:
4350:"Sacrifice before Victory - Ron Beal"
4116:
4090:
3937:
3906:
3820:
3723:
3660:
3566:
3554:
3525:
3513:
3478:"Chapter XIII: The Capture of Narvik"
3475:
3463:
3451:
3403:
3311:
3231:
3216:
3204:
3180:
2856:
2670:
2643:
2622:
2607:
2583:
1827:The invasion of French North Africa,
1811:
1798:
938:
450:and the government's adoption of the
6158:, New Brunswick: New Ireland Press.
5939:
5920:
5897:
5856:
5814:
5523:
5420:
5396:
5178:
5154:47 Royal Marine Commando Association
4878:. Cliffchadderton.ca. Archived from
4862:
4626:
4248:
3907:Mason, Geoffrey B. (5 August 2011).
3787:
3696:
3684:
3648:
3436:
3368:
3287:
3246:
3168:
3130:
3057:
2904:
2868:
2839:
2827:
2788:
2086:
6047:. London, UK: Imperial War Museum.
5985:. London, UK: New English Library.
5150:"Operation "Neptune" - 6 June 1944"
4185:"HMS Princess Astrid, 1942 to 1944"
4091:Mason, Geoffrey B. (12 June 2011).
3613:
3323:
2945:Tomblin, Barbara (8 October 2004).
2918:"Royal Marines & Landing Craft"
2239:
1959:In the Joss landings, the LSIs HMS
958:for the island of Nancowry, on the
195:41 ft 6 in (12.65 m)
73:John I. Thornycroft Ltd. and others
13:
5741:Combined Operations Staff Notebook
5651:. London, UK: Chatham Publishing.
5287:
4718:
2321:
2252:had LCAs of the RCN disembark the
2002:salt water than I thought existed.
1554:South African prime minister Smuts
1027:suited operational circumstances.
1017:
828:, and officers and ratings of the
815:
718:Production and development history
710:to carry an armoured searchlight (
559:V8 engines would be much quieter.
14:
7214:
6196:
5819:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
5089:. Cheltenham: The History Press.
4821:. Thedropzone.org. Archived from
4673:"Obituary: Captain Robert Franks"
4182:
2273:Walcheren and the Scheldt estuary
1730:The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry
1686:No. 4 Commando § Dieppe Raid
1334:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
6190:. US Government Printing Office.
5471:
5445:
5414:
5281:
5260:
5210:
5184:
5142:
4954:
4945:
4868:
4837:
4782:
4752:
4721:"Part IV: Execution of the Plan"
4599:
4549:
4490:"Canada in the Second World War"
4482:
4454:
4342:
4266:
4176:
3979:Clayton, J. A. (December 1992).
3940:"Operation Ironclad; Madagascar"
3048:Historical Division, 1945, p. 88
2812:. US Government Printing Office.
2519:
2509:
2500:
2487:
2194:, five of the LCAs transporting
1560:Majunga, Morondava, and Nossi-Bé
1271:In the Mediterranean, LCAs from
1266:
915:
123:Various ship's boats and cutters
106:
96:
84:
31:
6090:The Shame and the Glory: Dieppe
5900:Assault From the Sea: 1939–1945
4789:Hough, Stan (6 November 2003).
4084:
4015:
3900:
3881:Billingsley, Ian (4 May 2005).
3572:
3476:Derry, Thomas Kingston (1952).
3469:
3418:
3409:
3317:
3252:
3089:
3063:
2965:
2938:
2910:
2739:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2429:Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel
1786:
1626:
1472:
133:Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)
6342:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
6112:Saunders, Hilary A. St. George
6045:The Second World War 1939–1945
6029:El Alamein to the River Sangro
3354:Allied Landing Craft and Ships
3260:"Small Landing Craft Training"
2589:
2208:3rd Canadian Infantry Division
2127:. The westernmost landings on
2123:and the Rangers who assaulted
1849:British 78th Infantry Division
1765:
1594:2nd Canadian Infantry Division
1395:1st Canadian Infantry Division
1290:at the time) in their raid on
1060:. The army commander, General
506:Director of Naval Construction
504:When the ISTDC approached the
1:
6260:Naval ship classes in service
6179:US Government Printing Office
5817:Dieppe 1942: Prelude to D-Day
2531:
2291:King's Own Scottish Borderers
2218:
2201:
2154:
2066:
2014:
1701:
1421:
1405:, near Boulogne. The LCAs of
966:In larger operations such as
871:was normally employed as the
660:Hedgehog spigot mortar weapon
6728:Harbour defence motor launch
6186:U.S. War Department (1945).
5834:Futter, Geoffrey W. (1974).
5110:Dunphie & Johnson (1999)
2444:
2362:
2131:and the pre-dawn landing on
1992:
1708:The Royal Regiment of Canada
1584:Sixty LCAs were involved in
1438:In response to the dramatic
1430:British soldiers landing at
1321:, and days later, LCAs from
830:Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve
166:1939–1945: 371 (267 in 1944)
7:
7011:Ballistic missile submarine
6857:Mine countermeasures vessel
6088:Robertson, Terence (1967).
6019:. London, UK: Thomas Allen.
5802:Fergusson, Bernard (1961).
5752:Delaforce, Patrick (1998).
5546:Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
5478:Fulton, William B. (1973).
5222:Combined Operations Command
4760:"Sicily Initial Operations"
4681:. London, UK. 26 March 2008
4561:Combined Operations Command
3944:Combined Operations Command
3264:Combined Operations Command
2407:
2384:Federal Republic of Germany
2196:No.47 Royal Marine Commando
2135:were also carried in LCAs.
2095:LCA going ashore from HMCS
1884:
1858:
1772:South Saskatchewan Regiment
1734:The Essex Scottish Regiment
1048:(13e DBLE) on the beach at
1042:French Foreign Legionnaires
954:An LCA leaving the LSI HMS
882:
807:Crew and flotilla structure
645:
187:9 long tons (9,144 kg)
10:
7219:
7058:Submarine aircraft carrier
6440:Pre-dreadnought battleship
6250:in 19th and 20th centuries
6015:Milne, Gilbert A. (1960).
5861:. London, UK: Salamander.
5808:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
5754:Churchill's Secret Weapons
5693:Campbell, John P. (1993).
5085:Whitmarsh, Andrew (2024).
2371:Divisions Navales d'Assaut
2296:
2107:LCAs put troops ashore at
2039:
1935:infantry and Rangers near
1841:
1683:
1391:Carleton and York Regiment
1099:
826:Royal Naval Patrol Service
682:(called "Congers"), using
399:
390:United States Army Rangers
18:
7157:
7076:
6996:
6953:General stores issue ship
6885:
6839:
6781:
6695:
6622:Amphibious transport dock
6614:
6543:
6463:
6415:
6397:Merchant aircraft carrier
6387:Interdiction Assault Ship
6327:
6255:
6067:The French Foreign Legion
5567:Balkoski, Joseph (2005).
5540:Balkoski, Joseph (2004).
3838:Madagascar First Pictures
2972:Friedman, Norman (2002).
2482:"A" Royal Marine Commando
2262:1st Special Service Force
1873:Marnix van Suit Aldegonde
1853:US 34th Infantry Division
1723:White Beach and Red Beach
1579:
1154:
672:mine-clearing line charge
574:
348:Typically constructed of
299:fitted aft (later models)
234:2 × 65 hp Ford V-8 petrol
170:
56:
43:, carrying troops of the
30:
7031:Deep-submergence vehicle
7021:Cruise missile submarine
6948:Fast combat support ship
6591:Guided-missile destroyer
6449:Standard-type battleship
6094:McClelland & Stewart
5983:War of the Landing Craft
5666:Buffetaut, Yves (1994).
5647:Bruce, Colin J. (1999).
5512:Breyer & Koop (1978)
5459:(in French). 26 May 2004
5322:Lund & Ludlam (1976)
4928:Lund & Ludlam (1976)
4844:Hogan, David W. (1992).
3985:Military History Journal
3938:Riley, Geoff C. (2015).
3639:Messenger (1991), p.165.
3330:British Maritime History
3193:Lund & Ludlam (1976)
3006:Lund & Ludlam (1976)
2434:Landing Craft Mechanized
2400:supported operations in
1756:A Commando Royal Marines
1740:Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal
1650:sailed back to England.
1598:A Commando Royal Marines
1282:(designated A battalion
335:John I. Thornycroft Ltd.
51:, Normandy, June 6, 1944
19:Not to be confused with
7193:Ships of the Royal Navy
6627:Amphibious warfare ship
6337:Amphibious assault ship
6150:Tooley, Robert (1989).
6127:Thompson, R.W. (1957).
6025:Montgomery, Bernard Law
5940:Ladd, James D. (1982).
5921:Ladd, James D. (1978).
5898:Ladd, James D. (1976).
5883:. London, UK: Pimlico.
5758:Robert Hale and Company
5716:Chappell, Mike (1996).
5674:. Annapolis, Maryland:
5480:"Chapter I: Background"
5196:Utah Beach to Cherbourg
4971:: 6–7. 25 November 1944
4819:"Gela Beach 4th Ranger"
4436:"WWII: The Dieppe Raid"
4354:Veterans Affairs Canada
2081:
1975:
1954:
1879:
1524:The searchlight of HMS
1343:
1145:
1030:
935:with room for 13 LCAs.
867:wave leader's boat the
203:10 ft (3.0 m)
171:General characteristics
6703:Armed boarding steamer
6667:Landing Ship Logistics
6662:Landing ship, infantry
6488:Guided missile cruiser
6392:Light aircraft carrier
6009:Methuen & Co. Ltd.
5881:Six Armies in Normandy
5718:Army Commandos 1940–45
5266:Moulton (1978), p. 97.
5156:. 2015. Archived from
4065:Latest From Madagascar
2439:Landing Ship, Infantry
2378:Final years in service
2100:
2004:
1901:
1824:
1499:each carrying 6 LCAs,
1446:, the invasion of the
1435:
1177:
1090:
1077:Admiral L. E. H. Maund
1036:The Norwegian campaign
963:
759:
727:antenna loops, others
680:79th Armoured Division
664:anti-submarine warfare
634:
584:
463:Imperial General Staff
285:Bren light machine gun
6903:Auxiliary repair dock
6852:Destroyer minesweeper
6748:Ocean boarding vessel
6652:Landing Craft Support
6647:Landing craft carrier
6367:Fighter catapult ship
5964:Assault Landing Craft
5942:Royal Marine Commando
5676:Naval Institute Press
5218:"D-Day Landing Craft"
2359:seen to have passed.
2287:Battle of the Scheldt
2145:Element 'C' obstacles
2094:
1999:
1892:
1819:
1429:
1370:Boys anti-tank rifles
1358:Royal Australian Navy
1288:6th Infantry Division
1258:was a larger raid at
1200:. The six LCAs and 2
1162:
1081:
953:
889:Landing Ship Infantry
757:
632:
582:
440:Staff College, Quetta
323:Landing Craft Assault
65:Assault landing craft
7129:Littoral combat ship
6682:Landing Ship Vehicle
6425:Coastal defence ship
6005:Assault From the Sea
5630:Bernard & Graefe
1300:evacuation of Greece
1221:Royal Norwegian Navy
1126:used for the 99 man
1054:8 miles (13 km)
699:2nd Ranger Battalion
653:Vickers machine guns
414:Dardanelles campaign
329:used extensively in
6983:Replenishment oiler
6886:Command and support
6672:Landing Ship Medium
6535:Unprotected cruiser
6377:Flight deck cruiser
5857:Hall, Tony (2001).
5785:Pen and Sword Books
5699:Frank Cass & Co
5624:] (in German).
5599:Chatto & Windus
5593:Victory in Normandy
5160:on 23 December 2014
4678:The Daily Telegraph
4324:"Dieppe Blue Beach"
4012:, pp. 163–164.
3614:Lee, Peter (2015).
3383:, pp. 368–369.
3101:Imperial War Museum
3075:Imperial War Museum
2925:Royal Marine Museum
2871:, pp. 170–171.
2495:British Summer Time
1909:The Sicily Landings
1338:evacuation of Crete
856:1st Punjab Regiment
834:Royal Canadian Navy
712:Canal Defence Light
479:Motor Landing Craft
448:economic depression
435:in Britain and the
339:Woolston, Hampshire
102:Royal Canadian Navy
7099:Breastwork monitor
6963:Joint support ship
6918:Combat stores ship
6713:Coastal motor boat
6677:Landing Ship, Tank
6657:Landing Ship Heavy
6556:Convoy rescue ship
6382:Helicopter carrier
6173:U.S. Navy (1944).
5815:Ford, Ken (2003).
5421:Leulliot, Nowfel.
5300:on 31 October 2009
4496:. 21 February 2014
4389:. 21 February 2005
4330:on 15 January 2013
2934:on 7 October 2009.
2356:Westland Whirlwind
2226:Îles Saint-Marcouf
2133:Îles Saint-Marcouf
2101:
1965:Princess Charlotte
1902:
1825:
1812:The Torch landings
1799:Losses and results
1444:Operation Ironclad
1436:
1182:Operation Claymore
1178:
1058:Norwegian Campaign
1012:Motor Torpedo Boat
1003:535 Flotilla, LSI
964:
945:Landing Ship, Tank
939:From ship to shore
786:Operation Overlord
760:
735:, chocks, cleats,
684:Universal Carriers
635:
585:
7180:
7179:
7084:Armed merchantman
7026:Cruiser submarine
7016:Coastal submarine
6783:Fast attack craft
6637:Dock landing ship
6515:Protected cruiser
6498:Pocket battleship
6455:Treaty battleship
6445:Super-dreadnought
6329:Aircraft carriers
6277:Operational zones
6165:978-0-920483-29-9
6142:978-1-4067-5331-8
6103:978-0-921022-00-8
6080:978-0-06-092308-2
6054:978-0-901627-57-5
5992:978-0-450-03039-0
5973:978-1-84832-050-5
5951:978-0-600-34203-8
5932:978-0-356-08432-9
5913:978-0-88254-392-5
5890:978-0-7126-5579-8
5868:978-0-7603-1192-9
5849:978-0-85242-405-6
5826:978-1-84176-624-9
5794:978-0-85052-661-5
5767:978-0-70906-237-0
5731:978-1-85532-579-1
5722:Osprey Publishing
5708:978-0-7146-3496-8
5685:978-1-55750-152-3
5658:978-1-84067-533-7
5639:978-3-7637-5155-6
5608:978-0-70112-546-2
5578:978-0-8117-3377-9
5559:978-0-8117-0079-5
5112:, pp. 37–38.
5096:978-1-80399-445-1
5061:Montgomery (1949)
4901:Montgomery (1949)
4770:on 1 October 2009
4494:Juno Beach Centre
4442:. 9 November 2008
4356:. 23 October 2014
4028:Naval History.net
3761:Naval History.net
3183:, pp. 19–78.
2985:978-1-55750-250-6
2958:978-0-8131-2338-7
2697:, pp. 41–42.
2246:Operation Dragoon
2141:nautical twilight
2087:Normandy landings
2046:Strait of Messina
2009:Landing Ship Tank
1732:to Red Beach and
1586:Operation Jubilee
1481:Winchester Castle
1256:Operation Archery
1223:in a raid on the
1062:Antoine Béthouart
1046:13th Demi-Brigade
852:Royal Indian Navy
845:Normandy invasion
725:Direction finding
600:
543:120 hp
495:assault engineers
412:1900, during the
386:British Commandos
320:
319:
128:Succeeded by
112:Royal Indian Navy
7210:
7119:Floating battery
7053:Midget submarine
7006:Attack submarine
6988:Submarine tender
6938:Destroyer tender
6768:Submarine chaser
6632:Attack transport
6576:Escort destroyer
6571:Destroyer leader
6566:Destroyer escort
6473:Aircraft cruiser
6287:Green-water navy
6282:Brown-water navy
6237:
6230:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6191:
6182:
6169:
6146:
6123:
6107:
6084:
6058:
6036:
6020:
6011:
5996:
5977:
5955:
5936:
5917:
5904:Hippocrene Books
5894:
5872:
5853:
5830:
5811:
5798:
5771:
5748:
5735:
5712:
5689:
5673:
5662:
5643:
5612:
5596:
5582:
5563:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5429:. Archived from
5427:Multimania.co.uk
5418:
5412:
5409:Fergusson (1961)
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5373:Fergusson (1961)
5370:
5364:
5358:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5334:Fergusson (1961)
5331:
5325:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5296:. Archived from
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4993:Fergusson (1961)
4990:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4940:Fergusson (1961)
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4766:. Archived from
4756:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4716:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4669:
4660:
4657:Fergusson (1961)
4654:
4645:
4642:Fergusson (1961)
4639:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4594:Fergusson (1961)
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4532:Fergusson (1961)
4529:
4523:
4517:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4423:
4420:Fergusson (1961)
4417:
4411:
4408:Fergusson (1961)
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4320:
4309:
4306:Fergusson (1961)
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:Robertson (1967)
4258:
4252:
4246:
4237:
4234:Robertson (1967)
4231:
4225:
4222:Robertson (1967)
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4187:. Archived from
4180:
4174:
4168:
4159:
4156:Robertson (1967)
4153:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4129:Fergusson (1961)
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4051:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4013:
4010:Fergusson (1961)
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3976:
3967:
3964:Fergusson (1961)
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3867:
3864:Fergusson (1961)
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3833:
3824:
3818:
3809:
3806:Fergusson (1961)
3803:
3797:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3602:Fergusson (1961)
3599:
3593:
3590:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3543:Fergusson (1961)
3540:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3482:Butler, J. R. M.
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3357:
3352:US Navy ONI 226
3350:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3300:Fergusson (1961)
3297:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3153:
3150:Buffetaut (1994)
3147:
3134:
3128:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3033:
3030:Delaforce (1998)
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2927:. Archived from
2922:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2890:Buffetaut (1994)
2887:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2777:Buffetaut (1994)
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2756:. Archived from
2751:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2698:
2695:Fergusson (1961)
2692:
2686:
2683:Fergusson (1961)
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2560:Buffetaut (1994)
2557:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2342:touched down at
2279:Walcheren Island
2240:Dragoon landings
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
1869:Viceroy of India
1538:
1403:Hardelot, France
1332:evacuated 6,000
1250:, a raid on the
1248:Operation Anklet
1231:Princess Beatrix
1110:Operation Dynamo
1055:
729:Danforth anchors
598:
459:Munich Agreement
416:1915-16 and the
110:
109:
100:
90:
88:
87:
40:Llangibby Castle
35:
28:
27:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7170:Sailing vessels
7153:
7072:
7043:Fleet submarine
6992:
6973:Net laying ship
6898:Ammunition ship
6881:
6835:
6777:
6691:
6610:
6539:
6530:Torpedo cruiser
6510:Merchant raider
6478:Armored cruiser
6459:
6435:Fast battleship
6411:
6402:Seaplane tender
6347:Balloon carrier
6323:
6307:Central battery
6292:Blue-water navy
6251:
6241:
6199:
6194:
6188:Omaha Beachhead
6166:
6143:
6104:
6081:
6055:
6041:Otway, T. B. H.
6001:Maund, L. E. H.
5993:
5974:
5952:
5933:
5914:
5891:
5869:
5850:
5840:Hemel Hempstead
5827:
5795:
5768:
5732:
5709:
5686:
5659:
5640:
5609:
5579:
5560:
5550:Stackpole Books
5530:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5419:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5290:"HMS Persimmon"
5288:Harris, David.
5286:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5243:Balkoski (2005)
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5083:
5079:
5073:Balkoski (2004)
5071:
5067:
5059:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4991:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4951:D'Este, p. 255.
4950:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4825:on 16 July 2011
4817:
4816:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4764:Thedropzone.org
4758:
4757:
4753:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4727:
4717:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4544:Saunders (1943)
4542:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4520:Saunders (1943)
4518:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4477:Saunders (1943)
4475:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4294:Thompson (1957)
4292:
4288:
4282:Saunders (1943)
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4210:Saunders (1943)
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4191:on 10 July 2007
4181:
4177:
4171:Campbell (1993)
4169:
4162:
4154:
4147:
4141:Campbell (1993)
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3936:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3673:Chappell (1996)
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3387:
3381:Balkoski (2004)
3379:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3156:
3148:
3137:
3129:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2817:
2806:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2763:on 6 July 2001.
2760:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2710:Saunders (1943)
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2629:
2625:, pp. 4–5.
2621:
2614:
2610:, pp. 3–4.
2606:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2543:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2410:
2380:
2365:
2324:
2322:The Suez Crisis
2299:
2283:Western Scheldt
2275:
2250:Operation Romeo
2242:
2234:US 4th Division
2230:Empire Gauntlet
2221:
2204:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2157:
2089:
2084:
2069:
2042:
2017:
1995:
1978:
1961:Princess Astrid
1957:
1914:Operation Husky
1911:
1887:
1882:
1861:
1844:
1829:Operation Torch
1814:
1801:
1789:
1768:
1725:
1713:Princess Astrid
1704:
1688:
1629:
1582:
1562:
1536:
1534:Royal Ulsterman
1530:Royal Ulsterman
1528:guided the LSI
1488:Royal Ulsterman
1475:
1424:
1397:) took part in
1366:No. 12 Commando
1362:Motor Gun Boats
1346:
1269:
1252:Lofoten Islands
1225:Lofoten Islands
1211:carried men of
1157:
1148:
1140:Clan MacAlister
1136:Clan MacAlister
1121:passenger liner
1116:Clan MacAlister
1102:
1053:
1038:
1033:
1020:
1018:Service history
984:Welin-McLachlin
960:Nicobar Islands
941:
918:
885:
818:
816:Manning the LCA
809:
720:
648:
577:
471:Fort Cumberland
402:
107:
85:
83:
52:
45:Winnipeg Rifles
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7216:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6908:Auxiliary ship
6905:
6900:
6895:
6893:Amenities ship
6889:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6763:Steam gun boat
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Strike cruiser
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6362:Escort carrier
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:Gun placement
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6197:External links
6195:
6193:
6192:
6183:
6170:
6164:
6147:
6141:
6124:
6108:
6102:
6085:
6079:
6063:Porch, Douglas
6059:
6053:
6037:
6031:. London, UK:
6021:
6012:
6007:. London, UK:
5997:
5991:
5978:
5972:
5956:
5950:
5937:
5931:
5918:
5912:
5895:
5889:
5873:
5867:
5854:
5848:
5831:
5825:
5812:
5799:
5793:
5772:
5766:
5756:. London, UK:
5749:
5743:. London, UK:
5736:
5730:
5720:. Oxford, UK:
5713:
5707:
5697:. London, UK:
5690:
5684:
5663:
5657:
5644:
5638:
5613:
5607:
5597:. London, UK:
5587:Belchem, David
5583:
5577:
5564:
5558:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5526:, p. 148.
5516:
5514:, p. 249.
5504:
5470:
5444:
5433:on 27 May 2010
5413:
5411:, p. 398.
5401:
5399:, p. 130.
5389:
5387:, p. 121.
5377:
5375:, p. 390.
5365:
5363:, p. 303.
5350:
5348:, p. 304.
5338:
5336:, p. 384.
5326:
5324:, p. 250.
5311:
5294:Hostpage.co.uk
5280:
5278:, p. 181.
5268:
5259:
5247:
5245:, p. 175.
5235:
5209:
5183:
5181:, p. 107.
5171:
5141:
5137:Belchem (1981)
5129:
5127:, p. 101.
5125:Belchem (1981)
5114:
5102:
5095:
5077:
5065:
5063:, p. 183.
5048:
5046:, p. 293.
5036:
5034:, p. 151.
5021:
5019:, p. 153.
5009:
5007:, p. 154.
4997:
4995:, p. 255.
4982:
4953:
4944:
4942:, p. 246.
4932:
4930:, p. 116.
4920:
4918:, p. 117.
4905:
4893:
4882:on 6 July 2011
4867:
4865:, p. 128.
4855:
4836:
4807:
4781:
4751:
4704:
4702:, p. 240.
4692:
4661:
4659:, p. 366.
4646:
4644:, p. 211.
4631:
4629:, p. 111.
4619:
4617:, p. 102.
4607:
4598:
4596:, p. 197.
4586:
4584:, p. 125.
4574:
4548:
4546:, p. 125.
4536:
4534:, p. 181.
4524:
4522:, p. 128.
4507:
4481:
4479:, p. 126.
4462:
4453:
4424:
4422:, p. 179.
4412:
4410:, p. 175.
4400:
4367:
4341:
4310:
4308:, p. 176.
4298:
4286:
4284:, p. 123.
4274:
4265:
4263:, p. 229.
4253:
4238:
4236:, p. 228.
4226:
4224:, p. 227.
4214:
4212:, p. 117.
4202:
4175:
4160:
4145:
4133:
4131:, p. 172.
4121:
4119:, p. 113.
4109:
4083:
4052:
4040:
4014:
4002:
3968:
3966:, p. 163.
3956:
3925:
3899:
3868:
3866:, p. 162.
3856:
3825:
3810:
3808:, p. 157.
3798:
3786:
3774:
3743:
3728:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3651:, p. 114.
3641:
3632:
3606:
3594:
3580:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3530:
3518:
3503:
3468:
3466:, p. 469.
3456:
3441:
3439:, p. 108.
3426:
3417:
3408:
3385:
3373:
3358:
3342:
3324:Barnett, Len.
3316:
3314:, p. 285.
3304:
3302:, p. 362.
3292:
3290:, p. 107.
3277:
3251:
3236:
3234:, p. 101.
3221:
3219:, p. 100.
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3154:
3135:
3114:
3088:
3062:
3050:
3034:
3032:, p. 168.
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 140.
2998:
2984:
2964:
2957:
2937:
2909:
2907:, p. 173.
2894:
2873:
2861:
2844:
2842:, p. 127.
2832:
2815:
2793:
2781:
2766:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2648:
2627:
2612:
2597:
2588:
2576:
2574:, p. 115.
2564:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2508:
2499:
2486:
2478:No. 3 Commando
2470:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2379:
2376:
2364:
2361:
2323:
2320:
2298:
2295:
2274:
2271:
2241:
2238:
2220:
2217:
2203:
2200:
2156:
2153:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2065:
2041:
2038:
2016:
2013:
1994:
1991:
1986:Prince Leopold
1982:Prince Charles
1977:
1974:
1956:
1953:
1910:
1907:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1860:
1857:
1843:
1840:
1813:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1767:
1764:
1750:boats made of
1724:
1721:
1703:
1700:
1684:Main article:
1656:Steam Gun Boat
1628:
1625:
1621:No. 3 Commando
1602:No. 4 Commando
1581:
1578:
1561:
1558:
1503:with LCP(L)s,
1484:with 14 LCAs,
1474:
1471:
1467:Ambararata Bay
1423:
1420:
1345:
1342:
1280:No. 7 Commando
1268:
1265:
1217:Royal Engineer
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1101:
1098:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1019:
1016:
940:
937:
917:
914:
884:
881:
869:Sternsheetsman
817:
814:
808:
805:
773:gear reduction
749:gear reduction
719:
716:
676:nitroglycerine
647:
644:
576:
573:
510:Board of Trade
433:Staff Colleges
418:Zeebrugge Raid
401:
398:
394:special forces
318:
317:
316:
315:
312:
307:
303:
302:
301:
300:
293:
287:
279:
275:
274:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
249:
248:
245:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
104:
94:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
57:Class overview
54:
53:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7215:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7198:Landing craft
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7149:Training ship
7147:
7145:
7144:River monitor
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:Drone carrier
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7094:Barracks ship
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:Miscellaneous
7075:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7048:Human torpedo
7046:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6968:Naval tugboat
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6958:Hospital ship
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6943:Dispatch boat
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6743:Naval trawler
6741:
6739:
6738:Naval drifter
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:Landing craft
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6520:Scout cruiser
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:Light cruiser
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6493:Heavy cruiser
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:Battlecruiser
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Fleet carrier
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Battlecarrier
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6133:Coward-McCann
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6072:
6071:HarperCollins
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5960:Lavery, Brian
5957:
5953:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5385:Lavery (2009)
5381:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5263:
5257:, p. 28.
5256:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5139:, p. 98.
5138:
5133:
5126:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5075:, p. 66.
5074:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5032:Tooley (1989)
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:Tooley (1989)
5013:
5006:
5005:Tooley (1989)
5001:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4903:, p. 89.
4902:
4897:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4747:
4741:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4615:Lavery (2009)
4611:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4582:Keegan (1992)
4578:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4457:
4441:
4440:Canada at War
4437:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4251:, p. 45.
4250:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4190:
4186:
4183:Hough, Stan.
4179:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4158:, p. 86.
4157:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4071:
4070:British Pathé
4067:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4050:Dear, p. 706.
4047:
4045:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3844:
3843:British Pathé
3840:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3823:, p. 44.
3822:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3796:Kemp, p. 255.
3793:
3791:
3784:, p. 85.
3783:
3782:Tooley (1989)
3778:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3741:, p. 84.
3740:
3739:Tooley (1989)
3735:
3733:
3726:, p. 69.
3725:
3720:
3718:
3711:, p. 58.
3710:
3709:Lavery (2009)
3705:
3699:, p. 40.
3698:
3693:
3687:, p. 39.
3686:
3681:
3675:, p. 27.
3674:
3669:
3663:, p. 24.
3662:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3636:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3604:, p. 78.
3603:
3598:
3592:Young, p. 26.
3589:
3587:
3585:
3578:Young, p. 25.
3575:
3569:, p. 62.
3568:
3563:
3557:, p. 66.
3556:
3551:
3545:, p. 44.
3544:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3528:, p. 48.
3527:
3522:
3516:, p. 42.
3515:
3510:
3508:
3492:. p. 198
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3454:, p. 41.
3453:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3424:North, p. 25.
3421:
3412:
3406:, p. 18.
3405:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3371:, p. 15.
3370:
3365:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3249:, p. 20.
3248:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3207:, p. 78.
3206:
3201:
3195:, p. 26.
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3171:, p. 37.
3170:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3152:, p. 27.
3151:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3133:, p. 38.
3132:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3060:, p. 92.
3059:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 68.
3019:
3018:Futter (1974)
3014:
3007:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2892:, p. 44.
2891:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2859:, p. 19.
2858:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2830:, p. 35.
2829:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2791:, p. 34.
2790:
2785:
2779:, p. 49.
2778:
2773:
2771:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2736:, p. 21.
2735:
2734:Lavery (2009)
2730:
2724:, p. 20.
2723:
2722:Lavery (2009)
2718:
2712:, p. 11.
2711:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2685:, p. 41.
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2661:, p. 11.
2660:
2659:Lavery (2009)
2655:
2653:
2646:, p. 10.
2645:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2586:, p. 10.
2585:
2580:
2573:
2572:Keegan (1992)
2568:
2562:, p. 26.
2561:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2522:
2512:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2466:24-hour clock
2462:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2266:Île du Levant
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:Green Howards
2162:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:Pointe du Hoc
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:seven-plywood
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:Goatley boats
1641:
1640:Prins Albert'
1636:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:Prince Albert
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Bruneval Raid
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1267:Mediterranean
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:, as well as
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Merchant Navy
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1028:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
988:Merchant Navy
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
961:
957:
952:
948:
946:
936:
934:
933:
927:
926:
916:Flotilla size
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
870:
864:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
841:Royal Marines
839:In July 1943
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
813:
804:
802:
798:
797:
789:
787:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
752:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
715:
713:
709:
703:
700:
696:
695:Pointe du Hoc
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
656:
654:
643:
641:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
610:
608:
604:
596:
591:
581:
572:
568:
565:
560:
558:
554:
549:
546:
541:
537:
535:
529:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:landing craft
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
452:Ten Year Rule
449:
445:
444:Western Front
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
381:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:landing craft
324:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
298:
297:2-inch mortar
294:
292:
289:possibly 2 ×
288:
286:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
252:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
221:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
186:
183:
182:
179:Landing craft
178:
175:
174:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:LCA (Large),
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
113:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7104:Capital ship
7089:Arsenal ship
6928:Crane vessel
6923:Command ship
6862:Mine planter
6840:Mine warfare
6806:Missile boat
6773:Torpedo boat
6733:Motor launch
6696:Patrol craft
6601:Radar picket
6407:Supercarrier
6187:
6174:
6151:
6131:. New York:
6128:
6118:. New York:
6115:
6089:
6069:. New York:
6066:
6044:
6033:E. P. Dutton
6028:
6016:
6004:
5982:
5963:
5941:
5922:
5902:. New York:
5899:
5880:
5877:Keegan, John
5858:
5835:
5816:
5806:. New York:
5803:
5776:
5753:
5740:
5717:
5694:
5669:
5648:
5621:
5617:
5592:
5568:
5541:
5533:Bibliography
5519:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5483:
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5456:
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5431:the original
5426:
5416:
5404:
5392:
5380:
5368:
5361:Maund (1949)
5346:Maund (1949)
5341:
5329:
5302:. Retrieved
5298:the original
5293:
5283:
5276:Bruce (1999)
5271:
5262:
5255:Milne (1960)
5250:
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5221:
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5195:
5186:
5174:
5162:. Retrieved
5158:the original
5153:
5144:
5132:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5068:
5044:Maund (1949)
5039:
5012:
5000:
4973:. Retrieved
4968:
4956:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4916:Maund (1949)
4896:
4884:. Retrieved
4880:the original
4870:
4858:
4849:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4823:the original
4798:. Retrieved
4794:
4784:
4772:. Retrieved
4768:the original
4763:
4754:
4728:. Retrieved
4724:
4700:Maund (1949)
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4676:
4622:
4610:
4605:Darby, p. 7.
4601:
4589:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4560:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4498:. Retrieved
4493:
4484:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4439:
4415:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4386:
4358:. Retrieved
4353:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:the original
4301:
4296:, p. 5.
4289:
4277:
4272:Ladd, p. 91.
4268:
4256:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4189:the original
4178:
4173:, p. 8.
4143:, p. 7.
4136:
4124:
4117:Maund (1949)
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4064:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:
4017:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3988:
3984:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3837:
3821:Bruce (1999)
3801:
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3760:
3724:Otway (1990)
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3661:Bruce (1999)
3656:
3644:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3619:
3609:
3597:
3574:
3567:Maund (1949)
3562:
3555:Maund (1949)
3550:
3526:Maund (1949)
3521:
3514:Maund (1949)
3494:. Retrieved
3485:
3471:
3464:Porch (1991)
3459:
3452:Maund (1949)
3420:
3411:
3404:Bruce (1999)
3376:
3353:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:
3319:
3312:Maund (1949)
3307:
3295:
3268:. Retrieved
3263:
3254:
3232:Maund (1949)
3217:Maund (1949)
3212:
3205:Maund (1949)
3200:
3188:
3181:Maund (1949)
3176:
3105:. Retrieved
3100:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3053:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2974:
2967:
2947:
2940:
2929:the original
2924:
2912:
2864:
2857:Maund (1949)
2835:
2809:
2784:
2758:the original
2754:dstan.mod.uk
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2690:
2678:
2673:, p. 4.
2671:Maund (1949)
2666:
2644:Maund (1949)
2623:Maund (1949)
2608:Maund (1949)
2595:Keyes, p. 8.
2591:
2584:Bruce (1999)
2579:
2567:
2521:
2511:
2502:
2489:
2473:
2461:
2452:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2369:
2366:
2353:
2333:
2325:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2276:
2243:
2229:
2222:
2205:
2173:
2169:69th Brigade
2161:Empire Lance
2160:
2158:
2149:
2137:
2102:
2097:Prince Henry
2096:
2074:
2070:
2061:San Giovanni
2054:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:Capo Passero
2018:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1933:Seventh Army
1929:Cape Passero
1925:Gulf of Noto
1918:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1787:Yellow Beach
1781:
1769:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1726:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1694:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:Prins Albert
1647:
1639:
1634:Prins Albert
1633:
1630:
1627:Orange Beach
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1583:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:Diégo Suarez
1463:Courrier Bay
1459:Diégo Suarez
1456:
1448:Vichy French
1437:
1408:
1401:, a raid on
1388:
1347:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1274:
1270:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1207:
1179:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1073:midnight sun
1067:
1039:
1021:
1009:
1004:
1001:Royal Marine
999:, an LCA of
993:
965:
955:
942:
931:
925:Prince David
924:
919:
886:
865:
849:
838:
819:
810:
795:
790:
782:
761:
741:
733:mooring bits
721:
704:
688:
669:
657:
649:
636:
611:
586:
569:
561:
550:
538:
530:
518:
503:
456:
422:
403:
392:, and other
382:
377:Commonwealth
374:
347:
331:World War II
325:(LCA) was a
322:
321:
184:Displacement
39:
25:
21:Assault boat
7139:Mother ship
6978:Repair ship
6877:Minesweeper
6753:Patrol boat
6708:Armed yacht
6430:Dreadnought
6417:Battleships
6244:Naval ships
6156:Fredericton
6092:. Toronto:
5670:D-Day Ships
5542:Omaha Beach
5524:Ladd (1982)
5497:13 November
5463:13 November
5397:Ladd (1982)
5228:13 November
5202:13 November
5179:Hall (2001)
5164:13 November
4975:13 November
4863:Ladd (1978)
4800:13 November
4795:BBC History
4730:13 November
4685:13 November
4627:Ladd (1976)
4567:13 November
4500:13 November
4460:Ladd (1976)
4446:13 November
4393:13 November
4360:13 November
4249:Ford (2003)
4195:13 November
4102:13 November
4076:13 November
4068:. YouTube:
4033:13 November
3995:13 November
3949:13 November
3918:13 November
3892:13 November
3887:BBC History
3849:13 November
3841:. YouTube:
3767:13 November
3697:Ladd (1978)
3685:Ladd (1978)
3649:Ladd (1978)
3625:13 November
3496:13 November
3437:Ladd (1982)
3369:Ladd (1976)
3335:13 November
3288:Ladd (1982)
3270:13 November
3247:Ladd (1976)
3169:Ladd (1976)
3131:Ladd (1976)
3107:13 November
3081:13 November
3058:Hall (2001)
2991:13 November
2905:Ladd (1976)
2869:Ladd (1976)
2840:Ladd (1976)
2828:Ladd (1976)
2789:Ladd (1976)
2388:German Navy
2340:42 Commando
2328:Suez Crisis
2315:atomic bomb
2121:Omaha Beach
1927:and around
1921:Eighth Army
1766:Green Beach
1507:Derwentdale
1399:Abercrombie
1336:during the
1304:Porto Rafti
1236:Vestfjorden
1190:Hennmgsvaer
877:Aldis lamps
875:but flags,
708:Thornycroft
540:J. S. White
534:Thornycroft
522:Birmabright
469:(ISTDC) at
437:Indian Army
425:World War I
257:50–80 miles
120:Preceded by
7187:Categories
7165:Ship types
7124:Guard ship
6998:Submarines
6933:Depot ship
6867:Minehunter
5777:Gold Beach
5569:Utah Beach
3620:Google.com
3488:. London:
2532:References
2219:Utah Beach
2202:Juno Beach
2163:. The 6th
2155:Gold Beach
2129:Utah Beach
2025:Queen Emma
2015:Bark South
1702:Blue Beach
1514:Bachaquero
1452:Madagascar
1450:colony of
1422:Madagascar
1379:Very light
1354:F. N. Cook
1241:Queen Emma
1213:4 Commando
1208:Queen Emma
1198:Brettesnes
1174:quant pole
1172:to with a
923:HMCS
893:Lewis guns
822:Royal Navy
691:US Rangers
623:voice pipe
499:signallers
231:Propulsion
92:Royal Navy
49:Juno Beach
6872:Minelayer
6687:Troopship
6615:Transport
6581:Escorteur
6561:Destroyer
6302:Broadside
6270:auxiliary
6265:submarine
6120:Macmillan
6035:& Co.
5437:20 August
4740:cite book
2537:Citations
2516:'H-Hour.'
2468:notation.
2445:Footnotes
2395:HMS
2363:Indochina
2344:Port Said
2303:Persimmon
2258:Cap Nègre
2073:HMS
1993:Bark West
1693:HMS
1526:Lightning
1407:HMS
1384:Spitfires
1374:Bren guns
1329:Cameronia
1327:HMT
1273:HMS
1229:HMS
1206:HMS
1170:broaching
1134:vessels.
1128:lifeboats
1086:Gratangen
1068:Effingham
1066:HMS
930:HMS
910:telegraph
906:voicepipe
873:Signalman
801:Inveraray
794:HMS
737:fairleads
619:telegraph
615:Lewis gun
526:aluminium
514:Liverpool
493:and five
483:long tons
366:gangplank
291:Lewis Gun
147:Completed
142:1939–1945
78:Operators
7114:Flagship
6847:Danlayer
6718:Corvette
6596:Kaibōkan
6465:Cruisers
6357:CAM ship
6312:Casemate
6248:warships
6114:(1943).
6065:(1991).
6043:(1990).
6027:(1949).
6003:(1949).
5962:(2009).
5879:(1992).
5781:Barnsley
5649:Invaders
5589:(1981).
5492:72600370
2408:See also
2307:Chinkara
2281:and the
2192:Asnelles
2067:Far East
2050:Calabria
1984:and HMS
1963:and HMS
1885:Far East
1859:A Sector
1501:Sobieski
1440:Japanese
1432:Tamatave
1323:Glengyle
1312:Kalamata
1284:Layforce
1278:carried
1275:Glengyle
1194:Svolvaer
1186:Stamsund
1050:Bjerkvik
1024:Commando
1005:Glenearn
980:Overlord
956:Rocksand
947:(LSTs).
932:Glengyle
901:Coxswain
883:LCA crew
646:Variants
640:coxswain
603:Hadfield
595:mahogany
590:rock elm
564:bow wave
553:mahogany
545:Chrysler
429:airpower
350:hardwood
278:Armament
70:Builders
7158:Related
7134:Monitor
7068:Wet sub
6913:Collier
6831:Shin'yō
6826:PT boat
6723:Gunboat
6586:Frigate
6317:Turrets
6152:Invicta
5906:, Inc.
5626:München
4334:8 March
3484:(ed.).
2424:LCM (2)
2419:LCM (1)
2297:Postwar
2212:I Corps
2184:⁄
2040:Baytown
1923:in the
1865:Karanja
1842:Algiers
1793:LCP(L)s
1613:Jubilee
1611:In the
1497:Karanja
1202:LCM(1)s
1165:Archery
1163:During
1106:Dunkirk
1100:Dunkirk
1044:of the
968:Jubilee
777:Scripps
769:Parsons
607:Onazote
528:alloy.
491:platoon
400:Origins
358:platoon
208:Draught
7063:U-boat
6791:E-boat
6758:Q-ship
6544:Escort
6162:
6139:
6100:
6077:
6051:
5989:
5970:
5948:
5929:
5910:
5887:
5865:
5846:
5823:
5791:
5783:, UK:
5764:
5728:
5705:
5682:
5655:
5636:
5605:
5575:
5556:
5490:
5304:9 July
5224:. 2015
5093:
4886:9 July
4829:9 July
4774:9 July
4563:. 2015
4072:. 1942
3845:. 1942
3763:. 1947
3266:. 2015
3103:. 1944
3077:. 1944
2982:
2955:
2397:Albion
2115:, and
2075:Bulolo
2057:Reggio
1970:Astrid
1937:Licata
1871:, and
1748:Eureka
1745:LCP(L)
1600:, and
1590:Dieppe
1580:Dieppe
1567:Napier
1495:, and
1415:E-Boat
1310:, and
1292:Bardia
1260:Vågsøy
1196:, and
1155:Norway
1124:davits
978:, and
897:stoker
796:Quebec
575:Design
487:davits
410:Peking
408:1759,
406:Quebec
372:ramp.
306:Armour
262:Troops
192:Length
155:Active
150:~2,000
89:
6606:Sloop
6551:Aviso
5620:[
4965:(PDF)
3480:. In
2932:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2761:(PDF)
2750:(PDF)
2167:, of
2117:Sword
2105:D-Day
2048:into
1897:Kenya
1822:Arzeu
1695:Calpe
1537:'
1493:Keren
1319:Crete
1308:Argos
997:D-Day
976:Husky
972:Torch
524:, an
362:knots
354:barge
254:Range
239:Speed
223:Ramps
139:Built
7036:DSRV
6821:MTSM
6246:and
6160:ISBN
6137:ISBN
6098:ISBN
6075:ISBN
6049:ISBN
5987:ISBN
5968:ISBN
5946:ISBN
5927:ISBN
5908:ISBN
5885:ISBN
5863:ISBN
5844:ISBN
5821:ISBN
5789:ISBN
5762:ISBN
5745:HMSO
5726:ISBN
5703:ISBN
5680:ISBN
5653:ISBN
5634:ISBN
5603:ISBN
5573:ISBN
5554:ISBN
5499:2015
5488:LCCN
5465:2015
5439:2010
5306:2010
5230:2015
5204:2015
5166:2015
5091:ISBN
4977:2015
4888:2010
4831:2010
4802:2015
4776:2010
4746:link
4732:2015
4687:2015
4569:2015
4502:2015
4448:2015
4395:2015
4362:2015
4336:2010
4197:2015
4104:2015
4078:2015
4035:2015
3997:2015
3951:2015
3920:2015
3894:2015
3851:2015
3769:2015
3627:2015
3498:2015
3490:HMSO
3337:2015
3272:2015
3109:2015
3083:2015
2993:2015
2980:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2414:LCPL
2402:Aden
2338:and
2326:The
2113:Gold
2109:Juno
2082:1944
1976:Dime
1955:Joss
1941:Gela
1939:and
1895:HMS
1880:1943
1574:LCVs
1512:HMS
1505:RFA
1486:HMS
1479:HMS
1465:and
1372:and
1344:1942
1325:and
1146:1941
1084:the
1031:1940
908:and
621:and
557:Ford
457:The
295:2 ×
283:1 ×
270:Crew
200:Beam
176:Type
163:Lost
62:Name
6816:MTM
6811:MTB
6801:MGB
6796:MAS
2348:LVT
2103:On
1588:at
1114:SS
850:In
820:In
799:at
497:or
370:bow
337:of
47:to
7189::
6177:.
6154:.
6135:.
6096:.
6073:.
5838:.
5787:.
5779:.
5760:.
5724:.
5701:.
5678:.
5632:.
5628::
5601:.
5552:.
5548::
5544:.
5482:.
5455:.
5425:.
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5292:.
5220:.
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5051:^
5024:^
4985:^
4967:.
4908:^
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4810:^
4793:.
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4738:{{
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2111:,
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1227:.
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1052:,
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343:UK
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1108:(
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226:1
158:0
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