109:
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92:
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80:
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The
Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel were famous for renting out their army to other European nations during the 17th and 18th centuries. It was a widespread practice at the time for small countries to rent out troops to larger countries in exchange for subsidies. International jurists drew a distinction
1020:
Whereas in the mid-eighteenth century
Austria and Russia had between approximately 1.1 per cent and 1.5 per cent of their population in the army, the percentage for Prussia for 4.2. ... In 1730, a year of peace but also of war preparations, Hesse-Cassel had 1 in 19 of the population under
819:, a country that was so heavily militarized that it was described as "not a country with an army, but an army with a country". The Hessian army served as a readily available reserve for other European nations. During the
814:
Hesse-Kassel took the practice to an extreme, maintaining 5.3-7.3% of its population under arms in peacetime in it’s history, however was know to double that in times of war. This was a higher proportion than even
641:. Amalie Elisabeth also introduced the rule of primogeniture to prevent Hesse-Kassel from being divided again in the future. However, her health was ruined by the stresses of the war, and she died in 1651.
1122:
495:-Kassel served in the Danish military gaining high ranks and power in the realm because many Landgraves were married to Danish princesses. Members of the family who are known to have served
1888:
735:, against the First French Republic. In 1801, they would cede territories on the west bank of the Rhine to France. Following the reorganization of the German states during the
794:. However, he was rebuffed by the Great Powers, who listed him as a "Royal Highness" along with the other grand dukes. To secure his pre-eminence over his cousin, the
1195:
1152:
108:
1942:
1491:
811:
between mercenaries and auxiliaries. Mercenaries served in foreign armies as individuals, while auxiliaries were sent by their ruler to the aid of another ruler.
1932:
798:
in the former Hesse-Darmstadt, William chose to keep his title of Prince-Elector. The rulers of the
Electorate of Hesse became the only Prince-Electors in the
1937:
1922:
625:
Amalie
Elisabeth vigorously advanced the interests of Hesse-Kassel. After expelling Imperial troops from Hesse-Kassel, she sent troops to take the city of
1927:
1249:
902:
Following the German spelling reform of the early 20th century, the town of Cassel became Kassel, long after the dissolution of Hesse-Kassel itself.
91:
1066:
Because most of these soldiers-for-hire came from the
Germany principality of Hesse, the Americans called all the European mercenaries Hessians.
1144:
17:
1634:
1612:
1639:
599:
1917:
487:
reorganisation of the Empire in 1803, the
Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was elevated to an Electorate and Landgrave William IX became an
1912:
664:
to foreign powers as auxiliaries, as a means of improving the finances of his principality. William V was succeeded by
Landgraves
708:
696:
689:
255:
243:
615:
669:
653:
839:. Due to this, American colonists in the colonies referred to all German troops serving with the British with the synecdoche "
1907:
1114:
665:
649:
619:
461:
219:
1957:
1853:
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587:
563:
1104:
1137:
922:
Brendan
Morrissey. "The American Revolution The Global Struggle for National Independence." Salamander: 2001. Page 240.
828:
790:, a number of Napoleonic electorates were elevated to kingdoms, and William tried to secure recognition as King of the
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652:, who came of age in 1650, was an enlightened patron of learning and the arts. He was succeeded by his son
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The
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel was founded by William IV the Wise, the eldest son of
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began, on the
Protestant side. After being forced to cede some of his territories to
449:
193:
114:
1807:
1756:
1547:
1323:
554:
was divided into four parts. William IV received about half of the territory, with
152:
1086:
1081:
1866:
1841:
1644:
1402:
1387:
1306:
1185:
1034:
883:
484:
473:
441:
425:
147:
54:
1845:
1791:
1377:
1348:
1328:
1318:
1276:
1190:
868:
859:, founded by German immigrants, is named for the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel.
786:
as king. Following Napoleon's defeat in 1813, the elector was restored. At the
744:
681:
661:
638:
531:
516:
496:
492:
488:
309:
629:, which her father-in-law had lost to their Hesse-Darmstadt relatives. At the
1901:
1552:
1535:
1530:
1301:
1291:
1172:
469:
1209:
739:
of 1803, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel gained land and was raised to the
692:, ruled in Kassel as regent until he succeeded his brother as William VIII.
1525:
1365:
1360:
1266:
595:
1200:
802:, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor for them to elect.
1735:
1695:
1234:
836:
712:
168:
1725:
1677:
1557:
981:
The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution
873:
562:
inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle,
1730:
1370:
1338:
677:
575:
200:
173:
949:
Wie's klingt am Rhei' mundartliche Gedichte aus der hessischen Pfalz
656:, then an infant, who died in 1670. He was succeeded by his brother
1705:
1690:
1607:
1569:
1204:
591:
464:
inherited the northern half of the Landgraviate and the capital of
1258:
1786:
1720:
1715:
1333:
816:
626:
412:
695:
On Frederick I's death in 1751, he was succeeded by his brother
1814:
1781:
1766:
1700:
1685:
791:
555:
465:
134:
1542:
1442:
983:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
526:, but in 1803 it was compensated with land around the former
633:
in 1648, Hesse-Kassel was further rewarded with most of the
1776:
1761:
1421:
1417:
946:
931:
763:), although still usually referred to as Hesse-Kassel.
715:
after a long line of Protestant Landgraves. When the
614:
invaded. He died in exile in 1637, leaving his widow
1087:
Hoeckmann.de: Map of Hesse (Southern part) — in 1789
1082:
Hoeckmann.de: Map of Hesse (Northern part) — in 1789
805:
27:
State within the Holy Roman Empire from 1567 to 1803
925:
558:as his capital. Hesse-Kassel expanded in 1604 when
30:"Hesse-Kassel" redirects here. For other uses, see
835:, half of whom came from Hesse-Kassel and nearby
586:, Maurice abdicated in 1627 in favour of his son
1899:
778:. Kassel was designated as the capital of a new
1943:1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
688:from 1730 to 1751, the King's younger brother,
468:. The other sons received the Landgraviates of
436:during its entire existence, also known as the
940:
618:to act as regent for their eight-year-old son
1933:States and territories disestablished in 1803
1138:
731:Hesse fought on the side of Coalition in the
1938:1567 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1923:People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
753:
60:
46:
1928:States and territories established in 1567
1145:
1131:
726:
660:. Charles' chief claim to fame is that he
644:
522:In 1801, Hesse was forced to cede land to
107:
743:and Landgrave William IX was elevated to
452:. The state was created in 1567 when the
997:
955:
751:. The principality thus became known as
1059:
782:, where Napoleon appointed his brother
766:In 1806, William I was dispossessed by
14:
1900:
1036:Coercion, Capital, and European States
978:
721:leased Hessian troops to Great Britain
654:William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
538:, officially ending the Landgraviate.
1126:
1032:
1003:
961:
550:. On his father's death in 1567, the
616:Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-MĂĽnzenberg
569:
564:Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg
947:The Bavarian State Library (1886).
932:The Bavarian State Library (1892).
684:. Although the Landgraviate was in
610:, losing most of Hesse-Kassel when
24:
560:Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
530:and was elevated to the status of
25:
1969:
1918:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
1075:
1064:. Cengage Learning. p. 147.
806:Hessian troops in foreign service
1248:
1154:
602:. William V allied himself with
505:Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel
392:
367:
90:
78:
1913:Early modern history of Germany
1098:House of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
1053:
1026:
972:
965:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice
916:
896:
509:Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel
456:was divided upon the death of
13:
1:
909:
515:: one for itself and one for
32:Hesse-Kassel (disambiguation)
18:Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel
1908:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
962:Satow, Ernest Mason (1932).
846:
590:. His younger sons received
458:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
430:Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel
422:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
48:Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel
41:Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel
7:
1958:Former monarchies of Europe
1006:European Warfare, 1660-1815
862:
776:War of the Fourth Coalition
749:William I, Elector of Hesse
699:, who fought as an ally of
604:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
232:Frederick I, King of Sweden
10:
1974:
1105:Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel
1060:Kennedy, David M. (2012).
829:thousands of German troops
821:American Revolutionary War
733:War of the First Coalition
717:American Revolutionary War
686:personal union with Sweden
637:and the newly secularized
541:
511:. It had two votes to the
29:
1854:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1804:
1744:
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1039:. Cambridge: Blackwell.
889:
825:Kingdom of Great Britain
723:for service in America.
719:broke out, Frederick II
701:Kingdom of Great Britain
594:, which created several
574:In 1605, Maurice became
501:Prince Frederik of Hesse
113:Hesse-Kassel within the
1889:Unencircled territories
1033:Tilly, Charles (1992).
979:Atwood, Rodney (2002).
770:for his support of the
727:End of the landgraviate
645:17th and 18th centuries
1004:Black, Jeremy (1994).
853:Hessen Cassel, Indiana
754:
662:hired out his soldiers
491:. Many members of the
448:), was a state of the
445:
429:
61:
47:
1008:. London: Routledge.
780:Kingdom of Westphalia
680:, became by marriage
674:Frederick I of Sweden
598:lines in yet another
552:Landgraviate of Hesse
454:Landgraviate of Hesse
375:Landgraviate of Hesse
141:Common languages
1948:Swedish royal houses
1161:Upper Rhenish Circle
1062:The American Pageant
800:German Confederation
761:KurfĂĽrstentum Hessen
737:German mediatisation
635:County of Schaumburg
524:Revolutionary France
1865:Circles est. 1512:
1840:Circles est. 1500:
1163:(1500–1806) of the
968:. London: Longmans.
796:Grand Duke of Hesse
747:, taking the title
741:Electorate of Hesse
631:Peace of Westphalia
536:Electorate of Hesse
528:Electorate of Mainz
388:Electorate of Hesse
298:• Established
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1882:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1812:
879:Pennsylvania Dutch
788:Congress of Vienna
772:Kingdom of Prussia
768:Napoleon Bonaparte
600:partition of Hesse
438:Hessian Palatinate
43:Hessian Palatinate
1895:
1894:
1879:Electoral Rhenish
1835:Swiss Confederacy
1800:
1799:
1663:
1662:
1475:BĂĽdingen-Birstein
1314:Isenburg-Birstein
1165:Holy Roman Empire
1121:
1120:
1112:Succeeded by
833:Thirteen Colonies
707:. His successor,
580:Thirty Years' War
570:Thirty Years' War
460:. His eldest son
450:Holy Roman Empire
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404:
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308:• Raised to
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263:• 1785–1803
251:• 1760–1785
239:• 1751–1760
227:• 1730–1751
215:• 1567–1592
194:Absolute monarchy
182:
115:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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951:. p. 112.
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1806:Part of the
1726:Schlettstadt
1628:Wächtersbach
1585:Wittgenstein
1575:Wittgenstein
1296:
1103:
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709:Frederick II
697:William VIII
694:
648:
624:
573:
545:
521:
482:
437:
434:Hesse-Cassel
433:
421:
419:
357:Succeeded by
356:
351:
334:• 1775
256:Frederick II
244:William VIII
126:Landgraviate
97:Coat of arms
1953:North Hesse
1875:Upper Saxon
1829:until 1736.
1817:after 1737.
1716:Oberehnheim
1696:Kaisersberg
1613:Falkenstein
1603:Bretzenheim
1499:Kriechingen
1448:Lichtenberg
1408:ZweibrĂĽcken
1344:SaarbrĂĽcken
1272:Heitersheim
837:Hesse-Hanau
713:Catholicism
703:during the
676:, the next
670:William VII
578:. When the
483:During the
432:), spelled
352:Preceded by
169:Lutheranism
99:(1736–1804)
1902:Categories
1871:Burgundian
1858:Franconian
1736:WeiĂźenburg
1655:Wartenberg
1650:Salm-Dhaun
1635:Mensfelden
1548:Hohensolms
1531:Grehweiler
1519:Westerburg
1514:Hardenburg
1482:Königstein
1453:MĂĽnzenberg
1235:WeiĂźenburg
1109:1567–1803
910:References
874:New Sweden
857:Fort Wayne
666:William VI
650:William VI
620:William VI
532:Electorate
485:Napoleonic
462:William IV
324:Population
310:Electorate
268:William IX
220:William IV
190:Government
1823:Reichstag
1772:StraĂźburg
1757:Friedberg
1752:Frankfurt
1706:MĂĽlhausen
1580:Berleburg
1563:Rödelheim
1504:Leiningen
1433:Imp. Diet
1339:Ottweiler
1307:Rheinfels
1287:Darmstadt
1220:StraĂźburg
847:Namesakes
755:Kurhessen
678:landgrave
658:Charles I
606:and then
592:appanages
588:William V
576:Calvinist
513:Reichstag
503:-Kassel,
201:Landgrave
174:Calvinism
162:Religion
70:1567–1803
1867:Austrian
1842:Bavarian
1837:in 1515.
1821:without
1731:TĂĽrkheim
1678:DĂ©capole
1623:Meerholz
1618:Isenburg
1608:Dagstuhl
1570:Wetterau
1536:Grumbach
1509:Dagsburg
1492:Stolberg
1470:BĂĽdingen
1465:Birstein
1460:Isenburg
1393:Sponheim
1354:Weilburg
1324:Lorraine
1277:Hersfeld
1205:Bruchsal
1201:Odenheim
1191:Hersfeld
863:See also
548:Philip I
499:include
275:to 1821)
1846:Swabian
1833:Joined
1787:Wetzlar
1721:Rosheim
1691:Hagenau
1640:OlbrĂĽck
1596:Without
1553:Laubach
1403:Waldeck
1398:Veldenz
1383:Simmern
1366:Kyrburg
1349:Usingen
1334:Idstein
1319:Lautern
1302:Marburg
1292:Homburg
1259:Secular
855:, near
841:Hessian
827:rented
817:Prussia
774:in the
627:Marburg
542:History
534:as the
413:Germany
338:300,000
285:History
153:Hessian
131:Capital
117:in 1618
1815:Nomeny
1782:Verdun
1767:Speyer
1745:Others
1701:Landau
1686:Colmar
1669:Cities
1418:Counts
1329:Nassau
1297:Kassel
1230:Verdun
1215:Speyer
1043:
1012:
987:
823:, the
792:Chatti
608:France
556:Kassel
507:, and
466:Kassel
442:German
426:German
288:
205:
177:(from
148:German
135:Kassel
123:Status
55:German
51:
1825:seat.
1792:Worms
1543:Solms
1487:Mainz
1443:Hanau
1436:seats
1422:Lords
1378:Savoy
1282:Hesse
1240:Worms
1186:Fulda
1181:Basel
1021:arms.
890:Notes
759:(aka
596:cadet
1777:Toul
1762:Metz
1558:Lich
1526:Salm
1430:With
1371:Salm
1361:Salm
1225:Toul
1210:PrĂĽm
1196:Metz
1041:ISBN
1010:ISBN
985:ISBN
668:and
476:and
420:The
315:1803
302:1567
179:1605
85:Flag
1267:Bar
843:".
1904::
1884:·
1877:,
1873:,
1869:,
1860:,
1856:,
1852:,
1848:,
1844:,
1420:/
1018:.
672:.
622:.
519:.
480:.
472:,
444::
428::
1810:.
1203:–
1146:e
1139:t
1132:v
1049:.
993:.
440:(
424:(
271:(
181:)
57:)
53:(
34:.
20:)
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