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this status was not inherited. In theory, any male child could study, pass the exams, and attain office. In practice, however, gentry families were more able to educate their sons and used their connections with local officials to protect their interests.
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trials and the class as a whole was abolished. Former members were stigmatized and faced persecution which reached its heights during the
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above farmers, artisans, and merchants below them in descending order, but this ideal fell short of describing society. Unlike a
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The art of gentleman scholars tended to idealize retreat into the beauties of nature and contemplation, an idea parallel to the
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led the way in attacking "bad gentry and local bullies" for collecting high rent and oppressing their tenants during the
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92:"local gentry", held a virtual monopoly on office holding, and overlapped with an unofficial elite of the wealthy. The
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174:. Financially desperate gentry married into merchant families which led to a breakdown of the old class structure.
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The imperial government and scholar-official system ended but the landlord-tenant system did not.
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or their families and descendants. Owning land was often their way of preserving wealth.
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203:, radicals of the 1920s used the term "gentry" to criticize land owners as "feudal".
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The
Chinese Gentry: Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society
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Members of the gentry were expected to be an example to their community as
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158:. They often retired to landed estates, where they lived on the rent from
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68:" in China was the elite who held privileged status through passing the
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254:"Viewing the Pass List", attributed to Qiu Ying (c. 1494–1552),
72:, which made them eligible to hold office. These literati, or
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211:. Many local landlords organized gangs to enforce their rule.
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came the end of the scholar-official as a legal group.
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354:, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 405–410
309:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 1991), p. 200
258:. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, 34.4 × 638 cm
215:promised agrarian reform and land redistribution.
222:was established, many landlords were executed by
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329:(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955).
108:which favored hereditary and largely military
230:. This persecution ended with the advent of
195:Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong
282:, the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia
112:. As a social class they included retired
288:, Chinese game of 'fighting the landlord'
162:. The sons of gentry aspired to pass the
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275:Society and culture of the Han dynasty
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345:"Civil Service Examinations (Keju)"
307:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China
166:and continue the family legacy. By
54:artist Ma Yuan, c. 1200–1230.
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189:20th century attacks on landlords
352:Berkeshire Encyclopedia of China
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179:abolition of the exam system
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343:Elman, Benjamin A. (2009),
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220:People's Republic of China
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181:and the overthrow of the
374:Social history of China
232:Chinese economic reform
88:"scholar gentry" or 鄉紳
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379:Social class in China
193:Further information:
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213:Communist organizers
84:縉紳), also called 士紳
228:Cultural Revolution
168:late imperial China
156:Confucian gentlemen
102:civil service exam
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27:gentry family, in
384:Chinese landlords
325:Chang Chung-li ,
305:Brian Hook, ed.,
209:Republican period
120:Confucian classes
74:scholar-officials
40:travel literature
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144:scholar-official
140:four occupations
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48:Yuan Hongdao
280:Cabang Atas
201:New Culture
142:ranked the
110:aristocrats
363:Categories
315:052135594X
293:References
218:After the
205:Mao Zedong
124:See also:
286:Dou dizhu
177:With the
136:Confucian
114:mandarins
90:xiangshen
264:See also
337:Sources
86:shishen
82:jinshen
78:shenshi
64:", or "
369:Gentry
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234:under
80:紳士 or
61:gentry
44:Su Shi
25:Shanxi
348:(PDF)
148:caste
130:Junzi
96:and
58:The "
311:ISBN
134:The
128:and
94:Tang
46:and
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42:of
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