Lake Victoria - Knowledge

1464: 1905:

the lake in the late 1990s". This invasive weed creates anoxic (total depletion of oxygen levels) conditions in the lake, inhibiting decomposing plant material, raising toxicity and disease levels to both fish and people. At the same time, the plant's mat or "web" creates a barrier for boats and ferries to maneuver, impedes access to the shoreline, interferes with hydroelectric power generation, and blocks the intake of water for industries. On the other hand, water hyacinth mats can potentially have a positive effect on fish life in that they create a barrier to overfishing and allow for fish growth, there has even been the reappearance of some fish species thought to have been extinct in recent years. The overall effects of the water hyacinth, however, are still unknown.

1855:

at an alarming rate, thereby choking the lake. The increasing amounts of algae, in turn, increase the amount of detritus (dead plant material) that falls to the deeper portions of the lake before decomposing. As a by-product of this the oxygen levels in the deeper layer of water are being depleted. Without oxygen, any aerobic life (such as fish) cannot exist in the deeper parts of the lake, forcing all life to exist within a narrow range of depth. In this way, the Nile perch has degraded the diverse and thriving ecosystem that was once Lake Victoria. The abundance of aquatic life is not the only dependent of the lake: more than thirty million people in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda rely on the lake for its natural resources.

1909:

and could also be due to the climate and water conditions, which are more suitable to the plants growth (as there are large urban areas to the north end of the lake, in Uganda). The invasive weed was first attempted to be controlled by hand, removed manually from the lake; however, re-growth occurred quickly. Public awareness exercises were also conducted. More recently, measures have been used such as the introduction of natural insect predators, including two different water hyacinth weevils and large harvesting and chopping boats, which seem to be much more effective in eliminating the water hyacinth. A green power plant that uses harvested water hyacinth (but also can use other degradable waste) was constructed in

1243: 1235: 2302: 1847:(then part of the colonial government) and local African fish guards, happened upstream of Murchison Falls directly after the completion of the Owen Falls Dam in 1954. This allowed it to spread to Lake Kyoga where additional Nile perch were released in 1955, but not Victoria itself. Scientists argued that further introduction should wait until research showed the effect of the introduction in Kyoga, but by the late 1950s, Nile perch began being caught in Lake Victoria. As the species was already present, there were few objections when more Nile perch were transferred to Victoria to further bolster the stock in 1962–63. 1925:

winds and rains along with their subsequent waves may have also damaged the plants during this same time frame. The plants may not have been destroyed, instead merely moved to another location. Additionally, the water quality, nutrient supply, temperature, and other environmental factors could have played a role. Overall, the timing of the decline could be linked to all of these factors and perhaps together, in combination, they were more effective than any one deterrent would have been by itself. The water hyacinth is in remission and this trend could be permanent if control efforts are continued.

958: 2011: 2316: 1552: 1859:

for the local fisheries. Local fisheries once depended on catching the lungfish, tilapia, carp and catfish that comprise the local diet. Today, the composition and yields of such fish catches are virtually negligible. Extensive fish kills, Nile perch, loss of habitat and overfishing have caused many fisheries to collapse and many protein sources to be unavailable at the market for local consumption. Few fisheries, though, have been able to make the switch to catching the Nile perch, since that requires a significant amount of capital resources.

2146: 852:/cu ft) occurring in water as shallow as 40 metres (130 ft) compared with a shallowest occurrence of greater than 50 metres (160 ft) in 1961. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass and productivity. These changes have arisen for multiple reasons: successive burning within its basin, soot and ash from which has been deposited over the lake's wide area; from increased nutrient inflows via rivers, and from increased pollution associated with settlement along its shores. 117: 2074: 136: 1851:

that they introduced the species in 1954–55 under the directive of senior officials. UGFD officials argued that Nile perch must have spread to Lake Victoria by themselves by passing through the Owen Falls Dam when shut down for maintenance, but this is considered highly unlikely by many scientists. The Nile perch had spread throughout the lake by 1970. Initially the population of the Nile perch was relatively low, but a drastic increase happened, peaking in the 1980s, followed by a decline starting in the 1990s.

2038: 594: 1934: 2131:

through improved water and sanitation to the towns whose pollution is part of the degradation of the lake. The project aims to provide safe drinking water for an estimated one million people and improved sanitation for 100 000 people. Sediment and suspended solids are filtered out using sand, which acts like a sieve. The water is then ready to be chlorinated or treated in another way. The sand filtration helps reduce water-borne diseases and is based on the use of the local environment.

1057: 1687: 2203: 1827: 716: 2344: 449: 864: 143: 1874: 700: 2330: 1843:, as the smaller haplochromine cichlids (despite playing an important role in local fisheries) were regarded as "trash fish" by the colonial government. In the following decades, the pressure to introduce the Nile perch continued, as did warnings about the possible effects of doing it. The first introduction of Nile perch to the region, done by the 1744:(30 percent). Because of its small size, the abundant open-water Lake Victoria sardine only supported minor fisheries until the decline of other natives. At the peak in the early 1990s, 500,000 tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) of Nile perch were landed annually in Lake Victoria, but this has declined significantly in later years. 1102:

species, but several species that were feared extinct have been rediscovered after the Nile perch started to decline in the 1990s. Several of the remaining species are seriously threatened and additional extinctions are possible. Some species have survived in nearby small satellite lakes, have survived in refugias among rocks or

1037:. This deep lake may have functioned as an "evolutionary reservoir" for this haplochromine group in periods where other shallower lakes in the region dried out, as happened to Lake Victoria about 15,000 years ago. In recent history only Lake Kyoga was easily accessible to Victoria cichlids, as further downstream movement by the 2066:), was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to have been the true source of the Nile River, which Burton regarded as still unsettled. A very public quarrel ensued, which not only sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community of the day, but also much interest by other 1263:

are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits. By itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which these nutrients can be taken up by fish and other organisms. There is little doubt that

1904:

The release of large amounts of untreated wastewater (sewage) and agricultural and industrial runoff directly into Lake Victoria over the past 30 years has greatly increased the nutrient levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the lake "triggering massive growth of exotic water hyacinth, which colonised

1838:

As early as the 1920s, it was proposed to introduce a large pelagic predator such as the Nile perch to improve the fisheries in the lake. At the same time it was warned that this could present a serious danger to the native fish species and required extensive research into possible ecological effects

2130:

The Lamadi water scheme is a water and sanitation project that serves Mwanza and the satellite towns of Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, and Musoma on the bank of Lake Victoria. European Investment Bank started the project in 2013 with the aim of protecting the environmental health of the lake,

1908:

Growth of the water hyacinth in Lake Victoria has been tracked since 1993, reaching its maxima biomass in 1997 and then declining again by the end of 2001. Greater growth was observed in the northern part of the lake, in relatively protected areas, which may be linked to current and weather patterns

1858:

Hundreds of endemic species that evolved under the special conditions offered by the protection of Lake Victoria have been lost due to extinction, and several more are still threatened. Their loss is devastating for the lake, the fields of ecology, genetics and evolution biology, and more evidently,

1854:

Due to the presence of the Nile perch, the natural balance of the lake's ecosystem has been disrupted. The food chain is being altered and in some cases, broken by the indiscriminate eating habits of the Nile perch. The subsequent decrease in the number of algae-eating fish allows the algae to grow

1262:

has also been blamed on the lake's eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution. The influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victoria's nutrients

875:

The lake is considered a shallow lake considering its large geographic area with a maximum depth of approximately 80 metres (260 ft) and an average depth of 40 metres (130 ft). A 2016 project digitized ten-thousand points and created the first true bathymetric map of the lake. The deepest

2061:

to explore central Africa and locate the Great Lakes. Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this "vast expanse of open water" for the first time, Speke named the lake after Queen Victoria. Burton, who had been recovering from illness at the time and resting further south in Kazeh

1924:

Other factors which may have contributed to the decline of the water hyacinth in Lake Victoria include varying weather patterns, such as El Niño during the last few months of 1997 and first six months of 1998 bringing with it higher levels of water in the lake and thus dislodging the plants. Heavy

1850:

The origin of the first Victoria introductions in the 1950s is not entirely clear and indisputable evidence is lacking. Uganda Game and Fisheries Department (UGFD) officials denied that they were involved, but circumstantial evidence suggests otherwise and local Africans employed by UGFD have said

1976:

in Tanzania. These cities and towns are also home to many factories that discharge some chemicals directly into the lake or its influent rivers. The set up of small beaches and local authorities around the lake lack proper sewage treatment facilities allowing pollutants to find their way into the

1271:

species feeding off detritus, and equally capable of feeding off one another, they represented a tight, internal recycling system, moving nutrients and biomass both vertically and horizontally through the water column, and even out of the lake via predation by humans and terrestrial animals. The

2166:

blasted out the weir and reservoir to replace it with an artificial barrage to control the level of the lake and reduce the gradual erosion of the rock weir. A standard for mimicking the old rate of outflow called the "agreed curve" was established, setting the maximum flow rate at 300 to 1,700

1101:

and other changes to the ecosystem, it is estimated that at least 200 species (about 40 percent) of Lake Victoria haplochromines have become extinct, including more than 100 undescribed species. Initially it was feared that this number was even higher, by some estimates 65 percent of the total

1118:

between close relatives (especially among the detritivores). The zooplanktivores have been least affected and in the late 1990s had reached densities similar to, or above, the densities before the drastic declines, although consisting of fewer species and often switching their diet towards

812:

The only outflow from Lake Victoria is the Nile River, which exits the lake near Jinja, Uganda. In terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. However, the most distal source of the Nile Basin, and therefore the ultimate

1176:, is the most important food fish of the lake, whether for native or non-native consumption. No other fish equals it in the quality of the flesh. It is convenient size for trade, travels well and is found in much greater numbers than other important fish, such as semutundu (Luganda), 1184:

of 5 inch mesh had undoubtedly caused a diminution in the number of ngege in those parts of the Kavirondo Gulf, the northern shore of the lake, the Sesse Islands and Smith's Sound which are conveniently situated close to markets. Survey catches in 1927–28 included several

1009:

have been the subjects for many scientists studying the forces that drive the richness of life everywhere. The Victoria haplochromines are part of an older group of more than 700 closely related species, also including those of several smaller lakes in the region, notably

1736:. To boost fishing, several species of non-native tilapia and Nile perch were introduced to the lake in the 1950s. Nevertheless, the natives continued to dominate fisheries until the 1970s where their decline meant that there was a strong shift towards the non-native 1114:(allowing faster swimming). The piscivorous (affected by both predation and competition from Nile perch), molluscivorous and insectivorous haplochromines were particularly hard hit with many extinctions. Others have become extinct in their pure form, but survive as 4320: 617:(or Western Rift) rose, gradually reversing the drainage towards what is now Lake Victoria. The opening of the main East African Rift and the Albertine Rift downwarped the area between them as the rift walls rose, creating the current Lake Victoria 1134:

Before the mass extinction that has occurred among the lake's cichlids in the last 50 years, about 90 percent of the native fish species in the lake were haplochromines. Disregarding the haplochromines, the only native Victoria cichlids are two

3250: 1661:(schistosomiasis). Human infections by this parasite are common at Lake Victoria. This may increase as a result of the spread of the invasive water hyacinth (an optimum snail habitat), and the loss of many snail-eating cichlids in the lake. 2001:

As of 2016, an environmental data repository exists for Lake Victoria. The repository contains shoreline, bathymetry, pollution, temperature, wind vector, and other important data for both the lake and the wider Basin.

2266:

sank in the lake on 21 May 1996 with a loss of between 800 and 1,000 lives, making it one of Africa's worst maritime disasters. Another tragedy occurred recently on 20 September 2018 that involved the passagers ferry

2161:

The only outflow for Lake Victoria is at Jinja, Uganda, where it forms the Victoria Nile. The water for at least 12,000 years has drained across a natural rock weir. In 1952, engineers acting for the government of

5294:

Gichuki, J.; Guebas, F. Dahdouh; Mugo, J.; Rabour, C.O.; Triest, L.; Dehairs, F. (2001). "Species inventory and the local uses of the plants and fishes of the Lower Sondu Miriu wetland of Lake Victoria, Kenya".

648:

Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall. Average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres (6.6 and 7.2 ft) per year, almost double the precipitation of

3408:

Hamilton, Stuart; Munyaho, Anthony Taabu; Krach, Noah; Glaser, Sarah (17 May 2018). "Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

491:

covers 169,858 km (65,583 sq mi). The lake has a shoreline of 7,142 km (4,438 mi) when digitized at the 1:25,000 level, with islands constituting 3.7% of this length.

3083:

deMenocal, Peter; Ortiz, Joseph; Guilderson, Tom; Adkins, Jess; Sarnthein, Michael; Baker, Linda; Yarusinsky, Martha (January 2000). "Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period".

5202: 1815:, outcompeted natives and (in the case of the Nile tilapia) possibly hybridized with the highly threatened native tilapias, the most infamous introduction was the large and highly predatory 1756:

are associated with Lake Victoria and the complete disappearance of many endemic cichlid species has been called the "most dramatic example of human-caused extinctions within an ecosystem".

1527:

only at Busungwe Island in the northwestern part of the lake. The latter likely is the smallest African freshwater crab with a carapace width up to about 1.6 cm (0.6 in), although

1065:

survives in low numbers. Initially feared extinct, when rediscovered it had changed habitat (from near surface to rocky outcrops) and feeding behavior (from surface insects to insect larvae)

4531:

Tijs Goldschmidt; Frans Witte; Jan Wanink (1993). "Cascading effects of the introduced Nile perch on the detrivorous/phytoplantivorous species in sublittoral areas of Lake Victoria".

876:

part of the lake is offset to the east of the lake near Kenya and the lake is generally shallower in the west along the Ugandan shoreline and the south along the Tanzanian shoreline.

605:

era, what is now the catchment area of the lake was on the western side of an uplifted area that functioned as a continental divide, with streams on the western side flowing into the

967:

remains common. Compared to several other cichlids, its eyes are particularly sensitive to light, especially red, which is less affected by the decrease in water clarity caused by

840:. In 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. Oxygen concentrations in 2670:

Stuart, Hamilton; Taabu, Anthony Munyaho; Noah, Krach; Sarah, Glaser (17 May 2018). "Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

5230:

Luilo, G.B. (August 01, 2008). Lake Victoria water resources management challenges and prospects: a need for equitable and sustainable institutional and regulatory frameworks

4070:

Goldschmidt; Witte; Wanink (1993). "Cascading Effects of the Introduced Nile Perch on the Detritivorous/Phytoplanktivorous Species in the Sublittoral Areas of Lake Victoria".

2194:, Kenya, calculated that Uganda was releasing about twice as much water as is allowed under the agreement, and was primarily responsible for recent drops in the lake's level. 848:, is noncirculating, and remains perpetually cold) were lower in 1990–1991 for a longer period than in 1960–1961, with values of less than 1 mg per litre (< 0.4 4427:

Graham M. (1929.) The Victoria Nyanza and Its Fisheries: A Report on the Fish Survey of Lake Victoria 1927–1928 and Appendices. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 256pp.

978:

Lake Victoria formerly was very rich in fish, including many endemics, but a high percentage of these became extinct since the 1940s. The main group in Lake Victoria is the

624:

During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, through to what may have been a series of much smaller lakes.

3341: 601:

Geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young at about 400,000 years old. It was formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During the

6640: 4986: 1061: 4653:"Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)" 1463: 1029:

Most of these lakes are relatively shallow (like Victoria) and part of the present-day upper Nile basin. The exception is Lake Kivu, which is part of the present-day

5338:

Albright, T.P., Moorhouse, T.G., & McNabb, T.J. (January 1, 2004). "The Rise and Fall of Water Hyacinth in Lake Victoria and the Kagera River Basin, 1989-2001".

889:

Many mammal species live in the region of Lake Victoria, and some of these are closely associated with the lake itself and the nearby wetlands. Among these are the

1529: 833:

and is occasionally referred to as such, strictly speaking this name does not apply until after the river crosses the Uganda border into South Sudan to the north.

4468: 1523: 1110:

area (adaption for oxygen-poor water), changes in the feeding apparatus, changes to the eyes (giving them better sight in turbid water) and smaller head/larger

1513: 3733:

Sayer, C.A., L. Máiz-Tomé, and W.R.T. Darwall (2018). Freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin: Guidance for species conservation, site protection,

5760: 817:, is more often considered to be one of the tributary rivers of the Kagera River (the exact tributary remains undetermined), and which originates in either 5748:

The tragedy was one of Africa's deadliest maritime disasters. On May 21st 1996, at least 500 people died in the sinking of the MV Bukova on Lake Victoria.

3378: 4690:

Goudswaard, K.; Witte, F.; Wanink, J.H. (2006). "The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase".

4583:

Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor).

5814: 4491:

Les Kaufman; Peter Ochumba (1993). "Evolutionary and conservation biology of cichlid fishes as revealed by faunal remnants in northern Lake Victoria".

1641:), including 6 endemic species and subspecies. It is likely that undescribed species of snails remain. Conversely, genetic studies indicate that some 1511:

in Tanzania, but both are also found elsewhere in Africa. The last were first scientifically described in 2017 and very little is known about them:

463:. With a surface area of approximately 59,947 km (23,146 sq mi), Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest 5206: 4850: 628:

taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to

6315: 6229: 1948:

The Lake Victoria basin, while generally rural, has many major centres of population. Its shores are dotted with key cities and towns, including

2387:

Hamilton, Stuart (Salisbury University) (2016). "Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

6325: 6265: 5528: 1637: 681: 3618:

Witte; Goldschmidt; Goudswaard; Ligtvoet; van Oijen; Wanink (1992). "Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria".

6355: 6270: 5915: 5115: 685: 2819:. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Development (IFIP), FAO RAF/87/099-TD/19/91 (En). Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization. 4728:

Seddon, M.; Appleton, C.; Van Damme, D.; Graf, D. (2011). Darwall, W.; Smith, K.; Allen, D.; Holland, R.; Harrison, I.; Brooks, E. (eds.).

2746:

Hamilton, Stuart (11 October 2016). "Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector line – 2015 – LakeVicFish Dataverse" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

5998: 5444:"Occurrence, distribution, and ecotoxicological risk assessment of selected pharmaceutical compounds in water from Lake Victoria, Uganda" 2190:

assistance. By 2006, the water levels in Lake Victoria had reached an 80-year low, and Daniel Kull, an independent hydrologist living in

669: 1106:(protecting them from the Nile perch), or have adapted to the human-induced changes in the lake itself. Such adaptions include a larger 5852: 5692: 2222:

have been an important means of transport between Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. The main ports on the lake are Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba,

1645:

distinctive populations, traditionally regarded as separate species, may only be variants of single species. Two of the snail genera,

1073:(males relatively brightly colored; females dull), and their ecology is extremely diverse, falling into at least 16 groups, including 1053:) between Victoria and Kyoga were essentially a series of rapids that did not effectively block fish movements between the two lakes. 5417: 2711:

Development and Harmonisation of Environmental Laws Volume 1: Report on the Legal and Institutional Issues in the Lake Victoria Basin

178: 3282:

Peter B. O. Ochumba; David I. Kibaara (1989). "Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya".

6101: 689: 2045:

The lake existed and was known to many Africans in the catchment area who left no written records long before it was sighted by a

3352: 2430:

Hamilton, Stuart (Salisbury University) (2016). "Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

4990: 4907:"Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider" 6716: 5132: 4827: 487:

in Africa. The lake has an average depth of 40 m (130 ft) and a maximum depth of 80–81 m (262–266 ft). Its

4883: 1704:(as of 1997). Initially the fishery involved native species, especially tilapia and haplochromine cichlids, but also catfish ( 5615: 4737: 4592: 4276: 4120: 3916: 3174: 3139: 2966: 2928: 2150: 1050: 780: 3803:

J.C. Stager; T.C. Johnson (2008). "The late Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and the origin of its endemic biota".

1844: 752: 135: 6731: 6726: 6711: 6222: 5865: 5244:

Muli, J.; Mavutu, K.; Ntiba, J. (2000). "Micro-invertebrate fauna of water hyacinth in Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria".

6706: 949:. The Williams' mud turtle is restricted to Lake Victoria and other lakes, rivers, and swamps in the upper Nile basin. 4474: 4115:

Fiedler, P.L. and P M. Kareiva, editors (1998). Conservation Biology: For the Coming Decade. 2nd edition. pp. 209–10.

2886: 1834:

was introduced to Lake Victoria for fishing, and can reach up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and 200 kg (440 lb).

6736: 5908: 5442:

Nantaba, Florence; Wasswa, John; Kylin, Henrik; Palm, Wolf-Ulrich; Bouwman, Hindrik; Kümmerer, Klaus (January 2020).

4781: 3508: 3484: 3162: 2183: 1169: 799: 759: 351: 5267:

Kateregga, E., & Sterner, T. (January 01, 2009). "Lake Victoria Fish Stocks and the Effects of Water Hyacinth".

4100: 3311: 2547:

Stuart, Hamilton (5 October 2016). "Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

1033:, but is believed to have been connected to Lakes Edward and Victoria by rivers until the uplifting of parts of the 6701: 5600: 2592:

Stuart, Hamilton (13 November 2018). "Lake Victoria Statistics from this Dataverse" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

2110:

newspaper, confirmed the truth of Speke's discovery, circumnavigating the lake and reporting the great outflow at

5991: 1868: 636:

declined globally. Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago as the

6215: 4533: 4493: 3873:

Lowe-McConnell, R (2009). "Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems".

3714: 2829: 766: 737: 733: 28: 1977:

water. Large parts of these urban areas also discharge untreated (raw) sewage into the river, increasing its

6691: 5594: 4963:

The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery

4035:

van Rijssel; Witte (2013). "Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years".

3574:"Recovery of cichlid species in Lake Victoria: an examination of factors leading to differential extinction" 6671: 6094: 5901: 17: 1811:). Although these have contributed to the extinction of native fish by causing significant changes to the 748: 3985:"Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids" 2958: 2122:

Many towns and cities are reliant on Lake Victoria for their water supplies, for farming and other uses.

1234: 633: 122: 5730: 4857: 1267:

played an important role in returning detritus and plankton back into solution. With some 80 percent of

855:

Between 2010 and 2022 the surface area of Lake Victoria increased by 15% flooding lakeside communities.

668:

near Jinja, Uganda, on the lake's northern shore. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the

6681: 5984: 4304: 3284: 3203: 2723:

Stuart, Hamilton (12 November 2017). "Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015".

2481:

Hamilton, Stuart (2018). "Lake Victoria Statistics from this Dataverse" (Data Set). Harvard Dataverse.

1242: 1165: 4961: 2652: 1993:

around the region reducing the absorption of polluting chemicals and deteriorating the water quality.

6721: 6007: 5157: 1990: 1209: 1203: 1123:. Some of the threatened Lake Victoria cichlid species have captive "insurance" populations in zoos, 4759: 3434: 2772: 2696: 2618: 2573: 2507: 2456: 2413: 1521:(the only known specimen was collected in 1955 and it is unknown if it was in or near the lake) and 6746: 6686: 6625: 6605: 6390: 5076: 4629: 3948: 3545: 2279: 1804: 1695: 1191: 5888: 5786: 5158:"A Lake to Serve: The Exploration, Modification, and Degradation of Lake Victoria, 1920s to 1960s" 1945:

into the lake, dumping of domestic and industrial waste, and fertiliser and chemicals from farms.

6676: 6615: 6247: 6087: 3970: 2140: 2092:

failed in his attempt to verify Speke's discovery, instead pushing too far west and entering the

1227: 1221: 946: 938: 726: 476: 4403: 4357: 3197:

R.E. Hecky; F.W.B. Bugenyi; P. Ochumba; J.F. Talling; R. Mugidde; M. Gophen; L. Kaufman (1994).

993:) with more than 500 species, almost all endemic, and including an estimated 300 that still are 6741: 6666: 6645: 6600: 6570: 6565: 6110: 5666: 4571: 4288: 4255: 2168: 2058: 2046: 1898: 1678:) found only around Lake Victoria in Kenya and Uganda. It feeds primarily on female mosquitos. 1497: 894: 582: 3156: 3127: 6630: 6580: 3421: 2833: 2830:"The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects" 2759: 2683: 2605: 2560: 2494: 2443: 2400: 2358: 2268: 2219: 2213: 1741: 1597: 1215: 1197: 1136: 963: 825:. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches 629: 224: 5849: 5844: 5706: 5282:

Water Hyacinth: An Environmental Disaster in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria and its Control

6620: 6610: 6595: 6585: 6575: 6560: 6290: 6255: 5955: 5455: 4971: 4219: 4208:"A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation facilitated extinction in Lake Victoria cichlids" 3665: 3212: 3092: 3039: 2101: 2010: 1642: 1579: 1019: 898: 826: 773: 637: 562: 484: 88: 5443: 957: 8: 6590: 6555: 6448: 5924: 5593: 5505: 4161:"Two new species of zooplanktivorous haplochromine cichlids from Lake Victoria, Tanzania" 2278:

On 6 November 2022, Lake Victoria was the site of a commercial passenger aircraft crash.

1753: 1371: 1128: 942: 652:

areas. Lake Victoria receives its water additionally from rivers, and thousands of small

460: 164: 5619: 5459: 5023:"Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options?" 4546: 4506: 4223: 4132:

Chapman; Chapman; Chandler (1996). "Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes".

4083: 3669: 3216: 3096: 3043: 3025: 6635: 5876:

A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly

5487: 5312: 5177: 5022: 4942: 4934: 4747: 4707: 4550: 4510: 4183: 4160: 4052: 4009: 3984: 3890: 3822: 3785: 3734: 3686: 3653: 3593: 3342:"Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria" 3297: 3230: 3065: 2995: 2795: 2231: 2054: 1765: 1670: 1503: 1070: 1002: 574: 210: 5553: 5467: 4145: 3104: 2145: 6360: 5874: 5491: 5479: 5471: 5181: 5053: 5038: 4926: 4777: 4733: 4606: 4588: 4272: 4237: 4188: 4116: 4014: 3929: 3912: 3777: 3772: 3755: 3691: 3522: 3504: 3480: 3448: 3198: 3170: 3135: 3108: 3057: 3030: 2962: 2924: 2089: 2067: 1784: 1654: 1561: 1120: 1034: 1030: 994: 922: 914: 704: 610: 439: 5403:

Crisman, T.L., Chapman, Lauren J., Chapman, Colin A., & Kaufman, Les S. (2003).

5316: 4946: 4711: 4380: 4334: 3894: 3826: 3789: 3597: 3069: 1551: 5463: 5304: 5169: 5071: 5034: 4918: 4806: 4699: 4670: 4660: 4624: 4542: 4502: 4453: 4449: 4398: 4352: 4227: 4178: 4168: 4141: 4079: 4056: 4044: 4004: 3996: 3943: 3882: 3814: 3767: 3738: 3681: 3673: 3627: 3585: 3540: 3472: 3409: 3293: 3263: 3259: 3220: 3100: 3047: 2747: 2728: 2671: 2593: 2548: 2535: 2482: 2431: 2388: 2335: 1792: 1769: 1574: 1453: 1392: 1154: 1115: 618: 554: 538: 514: 103: 73: 5173: 4906: 116: 6524: 6418: 6141: 6131: 6063: 5940: 5869: 5856: 5641: 3742: 2647: 2238: 2106: 2097: 2073: 1492: 1172:. In his official report of the expedition, Graham wrote that "The ngege or satu 1140: 1111: 1042: 546: 58: 4585:

The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae

2915: 2522:

Database for Hydrological Time Series of Inland Waters (DAHITI) – Victoria, Lake

6514: 6156: 3166: 2287: 2163: 2050: 1978: 1894: 1878: 1539: 1417: 1386: 1124: 1098: 968: 934: 910: 902: 837: 614: 578: 570: 488: 357: 250: 238: 5882: 5862: 5308: 4703: 4269:

Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa

4048: 3818: 3589: 3225: 3196: 2633: 2245:

services between Kenya and Tanzania were established with the introduction of

2037: 1740:(now 7 percent of catches), non-native Nile perch (60 percent) and the native 972: 593: 6696: 6660: 6483: 6478: 6438: 6413: 6350: 6280: 6176: 6151: 6018: 5697: 5475: 5351:

Jäger, J., Bohunovsky, L., Radosh, L., & Sustainability Project. (2008).

5128: 5062: 4930: 4615: 4389: 4343: 4173: 3934: 3805: 3531: 3112: 2951: 2321: 2179: 1986: 1965: 1933: 1910: 1776: 1435: 1404: 1324: 1103: 1038: 979: 509:

The lake is home to many species of fish which live nowhere else, especially

472: 427: 365: 361: 193: 180: 4811: 4794: 4232: 4207: 3631: 3052: 3026:"Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa" 1471:

At a genus level, most of these are widespread in Africa, but the very rare

1056: 997:. This is far more species of fish than any other lake in the world, except 6443: 6433: 6423: 6408: 6340: 6310: 6300: 6191: 6126: 6121: 6048: 5950: 5483: 4727: 4241: 4192: 4018: 4000: 3781: 3695: 3061: 2891: 2349: 2307: 1981:

that in turn is helping to increase the invasive water hyacinth. Increased

1953: 1882: 1737: 1585: 1534: 1398: 1366: 1336: 1258: 1186: 1086: 1005:

in the last circa 15,000 years. Their extraordinary diversity and speed of

984: 890: 849: 657: 217: 5787:"19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania" 3737:

and sustainable livelihoods. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

3572:

Witte; Msuku; Wanink; Seehausen; Katunzi; Goudswaard; Goldschmidt (2000).

3158:

Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1

2887:"How feud wrecked the reputation of explorer who discovered Nile's source" 609:

basin and streams on the eastern side flowing to the Indian Ocean. As the

6534: 6473: 6458: 6428: 6398: 6380: 6345: 6320: 6295: 6285: 6275: 6260: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6053: 6028: 6023: 5965: 5945: 5785:

Mukhtar, Idris; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Madowo, Larry (6 November 2022).

4665: 4652: 4440:

R.S.A. Beauchamp (1954). "Fishery research in the lakes of East Africa".

3413: 2751: 2732: 2675: 2597: 2552: 2486: 2435: 2392: 2242: 2111: 2093: 1733: 1423: 1411: 1348: 1318: 1277: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1015: 998: 868: 845: 841: 740: in this paragraph. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 661: 625: 606: 468: 6207: 4730:

Freshwater molluscs of Africa: diversity, distribution, and conservation

4675: 3677: 2999: 2983: 1686: 1180:". Furthermore, Graham noted that the introduction of the European flax 6539: 6529: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6463: 6453: 6403: 6365: 6335: 6330: 6305: 6161: 6136: 6058: 6038: 6033: 5859:

on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow.

4938: 4554: 4514: 3234: 2202: 2187: 2172: 2086: 2041:

The lake as seen from the shores of the Speke Resort in Kampala, Uganda

1942: 1918: 1831: 1816: 1675: 1609: 1441: 1380: 1330: 1300: 1253: 1094: 1046: 1011: 989: 830: 677: 526: 518: 231: 211: 5893: 4378: 4332: 3886: 225: 6468: 6370: 6186: 6146: 6043: 5960: 5051: 4530: 2260: 2227: 1812: 1732:), had already declined in the first half of the 20th century due to 1658: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1603: 1447: 1360: 1281: 1090: 1023: 1006: 906: 403: 5976: 4795:"The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi" 3654:"Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations" 1826: 1613:), including 12 endemic species/subspecies. There are 17 species of 715: 664:

on the lake's western shore. Lake Victoria is drained solely by the

5141: 4922: 3281: 2859: 2802: 2520: 2364: 2272: 2253: 2246: 2082: 1957: 1839:

before done. These warnings primarily concerned the native tilapia

1429: 1294: 1181: 918: 814: 649: 522: 495: 475:

in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the world's

409: 268: 5263: 5261: 5259: 3617: 2837: 448: 6079: 5819: 5815:"Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead" 4206:

McGee; Borstein; Neches; Buescher; Seehausen; Wainwright (2015).

2223: 2191: 1982: 1961: 1780: 1773: 1701: 1614: 1591: 1518: 1342: 1041:(to Lake Albert) is prevented by a series of waterfalls, notably 863: 822: 602: 510: 464: 421: 415: 256: 4256:

Study shows evolution does not always mean more diversification.

3756:"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" 3573: 2286:

carrying 39 passengers and four crew, crashed while approaching

6519: 6239: 5845:

Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries

5731:"Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster" 5256: 3199:"Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa" 2283: 2063: 1973: 1969: 1949: 1914: 1873: 1508: 1354: 1276:, however, may have contributed to the increasing frequency of 818: 693: 653: 499: 397: 391: 385: 379: 272: 264: 3082: 2018:

The first recorded information about Lake Victoria comes from

829:. Although it is a part of the same river system known as the 5405:

Conservation, ecology, and management of African fresh waters

5280:

Mailu, A.M., G.R.S. Ochiel, W. Gitonga and S.W. Njoka. 1998.

5020: 4905:

Nelson, Ximena J.; Jackson, Robert R.; Sune, Godfrey (2005).

3753: 3652:

Meier; Marques; Mwaiko; Wagner; Excoffier; Seehausen (2017).

3023: 2817:

A catalogue of fishing methods and gear used in Lake Victoria

2154: 2031: 2027: 1886: 1717: 1312: 1306: 1145: 673: 503: 260: 95: 5390:

United Nations Environment Programme & Belgium. (2006).

5366:

Biological Control of Water Hyacinth on Lake Victoria, Kenya

4158: 3134:. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. pp. 207–29. 2815:

J. Prado, R.J. Beare, J. Siwo Mbuga & L.E. Oluka, 1991.

483:

10 acre⋅ft) of water. Lake Victoria occupies a shallow

5784: 5529:"Scientists raise concerns over pollution of Lake Victoria" 5513: 5364:

Ochiel, G.S., A.M. Mailu, W. Gitonga and S.W. Njoka. 1999.

4205: 3251:

Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie

2023: 2019: 1107: 665: 5498: 5246:

International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science

3407: 3248:

R.E. Hecky (1993). "The eutrophication of Lake Victoria".

699: 452:

Victoria Nyanza. The black line indicates Stanley's route.

5791: 4967: 4774:

Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance.

3982: 3571: 1941:

Pollution of Lake Victoria is mainly due to discharge of

933:

Lake Victoria and its wetlands has a large population of

498:

occupies 49% (33,700 km (13,000 sq mi)),

4490: 4379:

Twongo, T.K.; Bayona, J.D.R. & Hanssens, M. (2006).

4333:

Twongo, T.K.; Bayona, J.D.R. & Hanssens, M. (2006).

3651: 121:

Lake Victoria partially obscured by clouds taken on the

5293: 3989:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3802: 3154: 2984:"Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria" 2230:, and Jinja. Until 1963, the fastest and newest ferry, 1189:

species that are now thought to be extinct, including:

5761:"Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania" 5441: 4131: 4069: 3754:

Turner; Seehausen; Knight; Allender; Robinson (2001).

660:

is the largest river flowing into this lake, with its

4689: 2057:

reached its southern shore while on his journey with

1690:

Fishers and their boats on the shore of Lake Victoria

5879:(1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive 3312:"Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF" 2669: 2297: 2070:

keen to either confirm or refute Speke's discovery.

1292:

The non-cichlid native fish include African tetras (

581:

to document it in 1858, while on an expedition with

5642:"Lake Victoria | Size, Map, Countries, & Facts" 4486: 4484: 3927: 3520: 1565:, which is common and widespread in Lake Victoria. 1127:and among private aquarists, and a few species are 502:45% (31,000 km (12,000 sq mi)), and 5729: 5021:Njiru; Waithaka; Muchiri; van Knaap; Cowx (2005). 3379:"A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater" 2950: 2914: 2864:nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania 2794: 2077:Motorboat on Lake Victoria, near the Ugandan shore 494:The lake's area is divided among three countries: 5392:Africa's lakes: Atlas of our changing environment 4904: 4323:Boston Aquarium Society. Retrieved 14 April 2017. 4258:Phys.org, press release. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 3277: 3275: 3273: 3132:Studies in East African Geography and Development 80: 6658: 5162:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4825: 4650: 4526: 4524: 4481: 4439: 4034: 3125: 2534:For a comprehensiwe list of these islands, see: 171: 5418:"Toxic dump: The poisons killing lake Victoria" 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5243: 5116:The Origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria. 5027:Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 4604: 4566: 4564: 4460: 4319:McAndrews, R. and D.I. Warmolts (25 May 2015). 3709: 3707: 3705: 3155:vanden Bossche, J.-P.; Bernacsek, G.M. (1990). 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 1728:). Some of these, including tilapia and ningu ( 1700:Lake Victoria supports Africa's largest inland 245:229,815 km (88,732 sq mi) basin 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5077:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en 5052:FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. (2016). 4723: 4721: 4630:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en 4435: 4433: 4111: 4109: 4030: 4028: 3949:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T185857A8492470.en 3928:Witte, F.; de Zeeuw, M.P.; Brooks, E. (2010). 3909:East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation 3872: 3546:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T60668A97125826.en 3521:Witte, F.; de Zeeuw, M.P.; Brooks, E. (2016). 3270: 2022:traders plying the inland routes in search of 1779:cichlids. Among the introductions are several 1772:and a prime reason for the extinction of many 1764:Starting in the 1950s, many species have been 844:(i.e., the layer of water that lies below the 6223: 6095: 5992: 5909: 4984:Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). 4881: 4521: 3495: 3493: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 1093:. As a result of predation by the introduced 537:Though having multiple local language names ( 65: 5887:Institutions of the East African Community: 5323: 5203:"Nile Perch and the Future of Lake Victoria" 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4561: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3702: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3501:A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa 3024:Verheyen; Salzburger; Snoeks; Meyer (2003). 3006: 1280:, which may in turn be responsible for mass 1252:As well as being due to the introduction of 506:6% (4,100 km (1,600 sq mi)). 50: 5690: 5604:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 5407:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 5091: 4718: 4466: 4430: 4404:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T15458A4587788.en 4358:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T15457A4587658.en 4159:Zeeuw; Westbroek; van Oijen; Witte (2013). 4125: 4106: 4025: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 2948: 2275:that caused the deaths of over 200 people. 2175:/sec) depending on the lake's water level. 1917:it produces, its by-product can be used as 1069:The Victoria haplochromines are distinctly 6230: 6216: 6102: 6088: 5999: 5985: 5916: 5902: 5155: 4987:"Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction" 4828:"The snails spreading fever across Africa" 4103:. Eastern Africa. Retrieved 25 March 2017. 3747: 3490: 3319:World Bank Document - Early Warning System 3247: 2779: 2005: 1862: 1716:and silver butter catfish), elephantfish, 1256:, the extinction of cichlids in the genus 961:Unlike many other Lake Victoria cichlids, 643: 6237: 5506:"Water Hyacinth Re-invades Lake Victoria" 5353:Our planet: How much more can earth take? 5075: 5005: 4959: 4884:"Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria" 4856:. People & the Planet. Archived from 4848: 4810: 4792: 4674: 4664: 4628: 4402: 4356: 4231: 4182: 4172: 4095: 4093: 4008: 3947: 3771: 3720: 3685: 3638: 3604: 3560: 3544: 3499:Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). 3224: 3051: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2912: 800:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:For other places with the same name, see 5616:"Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya" 5269:Journal of Environment & Development 5226: 5224: 4978: 3983:Rijssel; Moser; Frei; Seehausen (2018). 3833: 2745: 2665: 2663: 2480: 2429: 2386: 2201: 2144: 2072: 2036: 2009: 1932: 1872: 1825: 1768:to Lake Victoria where they have become 1685: 1550: 1548:of Lake Tanganyika are almost as small. 1479:are endemic to the lake, and the common 1462: 1241: 1233: 1055: 956: 862: 698: 592: 447: 243:169,858 km (65,583 sq mi) 5923: 5156:Breitinger, Jan C. (24 November 2021). 5127: 4953: 4321:"Progress in breeding freshwater fish". 3973:Cichlid-Forum. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 3717:New Scientist. Retrieved 26 March 2017. 3339: 3148: 2884: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2425: 2423: 2081:In the late 1860s, the famous Scottish 1937:Population density around Lake Victoria 1747: 1674:is a species of jumping spider (family 1573:Lake Victoria is home to 28 species of 1507:has been recorded from the vicinity of 613:System formed, the eastern wall of the 479:, containing about 2,424 km (1.965 302:59,947 km (23,146 sq mi) 14: 6659: 5812: 5727: 5667:"Development Solutions: Creative flow" 4423: 4421: 4090: 3907:McClanahan, T. and T.P. Young (1996). 3376: 2937: 2722: 2703: 2591: 2546: 2382: 2380: 2125: 6211: 6083: 6006: 5980: 5897: 5618:. Jambo Kenya Network. Archived from 5221: 4651:Cumberlidge, N.; Clark, P.F. (2017). 3578:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3403: 3401: 3399: 2660: 2151:Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station 1996: 467:lake, and the world's second-largest 142: 5889:Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation 5813:Dausen, Nuzulack (6 November 2022). 5728:Harris, Edward (29 September 2002). 5693:"Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria" 5586: 5526: 4826:Senthilingam, M. (9 February 2016). 3477:The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals 2981: 2885:Alberge, Dalya (11 September 2011). 2822: 2580: 2463: 2420: 1845:Uganda Game and Fisheries Department 1168:conducted the first ever systematic 738:adding citations to reliable sources 709: 5582:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 5577: 5340:Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 5063:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4882:Pomerantz, J. (19 September 2015). 4616:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4547:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030686.x 4507:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030719.x 4470:The lessons of Lake Victoria Uganda 4418: 4390:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4344:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4084:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030686.x 3935:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3532:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2631: 2377: 2178:In 2002, Uganda completed a second 1968:and Entebbe in Uganda; and Bukoba, 326:2,424 km (582 cu mi) 24: 6109: 5746:– via Newspaperarchive.com. 5379:Water hyacinth control in Tanzania 5232:African Journal of Aquatic Science 4289:"New to the hobby Haplochromines". 3479:. Academic Press Limited, London. 3396: 3298:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x 2988:Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 2030:, other precious commodities, and 1247:Nile monitor lizard, Lake Victoria 1001:. These are the result of a rapid 879: 597:Topographical map of Lake Victoria 25: 6758: 5838: 5738:. Panama city, Florida. p. 8 5468:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124642 4442:East African Agricultural Journal 3713:DeWeerdt, S. (28 February 2004). 3163:Food and Agriculture Organization 2184:Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station 2104:, on an expedition funded by the 1555:Lake Victoria from a wider angle. 1170:Fisheries Survey of Lake Victoria 5806: 5778: 5753: 5721: 5684: 5659: 5634: 5608: 5601:Dictionary of National Biography 5571: 5546: 5520: 5435: 5039:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x 3773:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x 2342: 2328: 2314: 2300: 2134: 2096:system instead. Ultimately, the 1759: 1238:View at Lake Victoria in Uganda 714: 141: 134: 115: 5691:Fred Pearce (9 February 2006). 5410: 5397: 5384: 5371: 5358: 5345: 5287: 5274: 5237: 5195: 5149: 5121: 5045: 4898: 4875: 4842: 4819: 4786: 4766: 4683: 4644: 4598: 4587:, Vol. 89. Springer, New York. 4577: 4372: 4326: 4313: 4308:Conscientious Aquarist Magazine 4305:"Looking At Victoria Cichlids". 4297: 4281: 4261: 4248: 4199: 4152: 4063: 3976: 3963: 3921: 3901: 3796: 3514: 3466: 3441: 3377:Baraka, Carey (17 March 2022). 3370: 3333: 3304: 3241: 3190: 3119: 3076: 2975: 2906: 2878: 2852: 2809: 2739: 2716: 2713:, United Nations, 1999, page 17 1869:Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria 952: 725:needs additional citations for 4454:10.1080/03670074.1954.11664909 4254:Yirka, B. (27 November 2015). 3971:"'Haplochromis' thereuterion". 3620:Netherlands Journal of Zoology 3264:10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057 2640: 2625: 2540: 2528: 2514: 2290:, resulting in 19 fatalities. 2114:on the lake's northern shore. 1501:is widespread in the lake and 1495:are known from Lake Victoria: 1486: 569:), the lake was renamed after 477:ninth-largest continental lake 29:Lake Victoria (disambiguation) 13: 1: 6717:International lakes of Africa 5174:10.1080/03086534.2021.1985212 4851:"Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant" 4146:10.1016/s0006-3207(96)00030-4 3128:"Rural economy in West Kenya" 3105:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5 2370: 1287: 1131:(only survive in captivity). 858: 334:7,142 km (4,438 mi) 4657:European Journal of Taxonomy 3743:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en 3349:Government of Kenya and UNDP 2197: 2117: 1928: 1913:in 2013. In addition to the 1681: 1657:of the parasite that causes 342:1,135 m (3,724 ft) 7: 5863:Dams Draining Lake Victoria 5595:"Speke, John Hanning" 5118:BioScience 55 (9): 780–787. 4799:Tanzania Journal of Science 3930:"Haplochromis thereuterion" 2959:National Geographic Society 2293: 1568: 928: 471:lake by surface area after 123:International Space Station 34:Lake in East-central Africa 10: 6763: 6732:Geography of Mwanza Region 6727:Geography of Kagera Region 4911:The Journal of Arachnology 4310:. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 4294:. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 3503:. Academic Press, London. 3285:African Journal of Ecology 3204:Limnology and Oceanography 3085:Quaternary Science Reviews 2982:Ouma, J. P. B. M. (1970). 2525:, retrieved 20 April 2017. 2211: 2138: 1866: 1693: 1664: 884: 588: 440:not a well-defined measure 26: 6548: 6507: 6389: 6246: 6117: 6014: 5931: 4704:10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 4572:Fish Species in Victoria. 4049:10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 3819:10.1007/s10750-007-9158-2 3226:10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476 3126:Simeon H. Ominde (1971). 2797:Tropical Inland Fisheries 2182:complex in the area, the 1991:environmental degradation 1559:The only shrimp/prawn is 1334:), airbreathing catfish ( 1210:Haplochromis macrognathus 1204:Haplochromis longirostris 1062:Haplochromis thereuterion 437: 372: 350: 346: 338: 330: 322: 314: 310:40.4 m (133 ft) 306: 298: 294:337 km (209 mi) 290: 286:359 km (223 mi) 282: 278: 249: 237: 223: 209: 170: 160: 129: 114: 46: 41: 6737:Geography of Mara Region 5671:European Investment Bank 5131:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4793:Mwambungu, J.A. (2004). 4605:Cumberlidge, N. (2016). 4574:Retrieved 25 March 2017. 4174:10.3897/zookeys.256.3871 3715:Dark secret of the lake. 3340:Keriako, Tobiko (2021). 3130:. In S.H. Ominde (ed.). 2916:"Part One: Chapters 1–7" 2913:Moorehead, Alan (1960). 2280:Precision Air Flight 494 1724:) and marbled lungfish ( 1696:Fishing on Lake Victoria 1517:is only known from near 1445:), the climbing gourami 1192:Haplochromis flavipinnis 939:African helmeted turtles 632:, which were times when 532: 5855:13 October 2008 at the 5736:Panama City News Herald 5646:Encyclopedia Britannica 5554:"LakeVicFish Dataverse" 5394:. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. 5309:10.1023/A:1013192330498 4812:10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 4233:10.1126/science.aab0800 4134:Biological Conservation 3632:10.1163/156854291X00298 3590:10.1023/a:1016677515930 3053:10.1126/science.1080699 2653:Encyclopædia Britannica 2169:cubic metres per second 2141:Nalubaale Power Station 2006:History and exploration 1863:Water hyacinth invasion 1726:Protopterus aethiopicus 1458:Protopterus aethiopicus 1390:killifish, poeciliids ( 1228:Haplochromis prognathus 1222:Haplochromis nigrescens 973:short wavelength colors 644:Hydrology and limnology 550: 318:81 m (266 ft) 51: 6712:Tanzania–Uganda border 5883:Video of Lake Victoria 5114:Pringle, R.M. (2005). 4383:Oreochromis variabilis 4337:Oreochromis esculentus 4001:10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 3429:Cite journal requires 2836:. 1899. Archived from 2793:C.F. Hickling (1961). 2767:Cite journal requires 2691:Cite journal requires 2613:Cite journal requires 2568:Cite journal requires 2502:Cite journal requires 2451:Cite journal requires 2408:Cite journal requires 2209: 2158: 2078: 2059:Richard Francis Burton 2042: 2015: 1938: 1899:invasive plant species 1890: 1835: 1691: 1556: 1498:Potamonautes niloticus 1468: 1249: 1239: 1151:Oreochromis esculentus 1066: 975: 895:African clawless otter 872: 707: 703:Lake Victoria and the 598: 583:Richard Francis Burton 566: 558: 542: 453: 96: 81: 66: 6707:Kenya–Tanzania border 5868:10 March 2012 at the 5850:New Scientist article 5558:dataverse.harvard.edu 5145:. March 2017 version. 5070:: e.T60318A47182908. 4623:: e.T44523A84352263. 3942:: e.T185857A8492470. 3658:Nature Communications 3539:: e.T60668A97125826. 3525:Haplochromis nyererei 3453:faculty.salisbury.edu 2834:World Digital Library 2220:Lake Victoria ferries 2214:Lake Victoria ferries 2205: 2148: 2076: 2040: 2013: 1936: 1881:-choked lakeshore at 1876: 1829: 1805:blue-spotted tilapias 1801:Oreochromis niloticus 1742:Lake Victoria sardine 1689: 1554: 1466: 1372:silver butter catfish 1245: 1237: 1216:Haplochromis michaeli 1198:Haplochromis gowersii 1137:critically endangered 1059: 964:Haplochromis nyererei 960: 866: 702: 596: 451: 6692:Geography of Kampala 5705:: 12. Archived from 4993:on 15 September 2016 4972:University of Sussex 4666:10.5852/ejt.2017.371 4534:Conservation Biology 4494:Conservation Biology 4477:on 26 September 2014 4397:: e.T15458A4587788. 4351:: e.T15457A4587658. 4267:Lévêque, C. (1997). 4072:Conservation Biology 2949:John Reader (2001). 2923:. Harper & Row. 2207:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry 2102:Henry Morton Stanley 1754:environmental issues 1748:Environmental issues 1467:Map of Lake Victoria 947:Williams' mud turtle 943:variable mud turtles 899:spotted-necked otter 838:eutrophic conditions 734:improve this article 638:African humid period 6702:Kenya–Uganda border 6672:African Great Lakes 5925:African Great Lakes 5516:. 21 February 2007. 5460:2020Chmsp.239l4642N 5377:Mallya, G.A. 1999. 4732:. pp. 92–119. 4224:2015Sci...350.1077M 4101:Geographic Patterns 3678:10.1038/ncomms14363 3670:2017NatCo...814363M 3217:1994LimOc..39.1476H 3097:2000QSRv...19..347D 3044:2003Sci...300..325V 2961:. pp. 227–28. 2237:, was designated a 2126:Lamadi water scheme 1897:has become a major 1376:Schilbe intermedius 1352:), bagrid catfish ( 1129:extinct in the wild 1045:. In contrast, the 842:hypolimnetic waters 521:, have driven many 461:African Great Lakes 190: / 165:African Great Lakes 5709:on 13 October 2008 5578:Millard, Candice. 5527:Odhiambo, Harold. 5209:on 11 January 2015 4960:Kim Geheb (1997). 4886:. ecologycenter.us 4849:Chege, N. (1995). 4772:Brown, D. (1994). 4609:Potamonautes emini 3875:Freshwater Reviews 3735:climate resilience 3414:10.7910/dvn/soeknr 2957:. Washington, DC: 2752:10.7910/dvn/5y5ivf 2733:10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd 2676:10.7910/dvn/soeknr 2598:10.7910/dvn/fvjj4a 2553:10.7910/dvn/pwfw26 2487:10.7910/DVN/FVJJ4A 2436:10.7910/DVN/PWFW26 2393:10.7910/DVN/Z5RMYD 2359:Darwin's Nightmare 2210: 2159: 2079: 2062:(near present-day 2055:John Hanning Speke 2043: 2016: 1997:Environmental data 1939: 1901:in Lake Victoria. 1891: 1836: 1692: 1671:Evarcha culicivora 1655:intermediate hosts 1557: 1469: 1384:squeaker catfish, 1358:), loach catfish ( 1250: 1240: 1121:macroinvertebrates 1071:sexually dimorphic 1067: 1049:(now flooded by a 1003:adaptive radiation 976: 873: 836:The lake exhibits 815:source of the Nile 708: 599: 575:John Hanning Speke 517:fish, such as the 454: 6682:Lakes of Tanzania 6654: 6653: 6616:Nalubaale or Owen 6205: 6204: 6077: 6076: 6008:Lakes of Tanzania 5974: 5973: 5580:River of the Gods 5056:Labeo victorianus 4739:978-2-8317-1345-8 4593:978-1-4020-9726-3 4467:Lucy Richardson, 4277:978-0-521-57033-6 4218:(6264): 1077–79. 4121:978-0-412-09661-7 3917:978-0-19-510817-0 3887:10.1608/frj-2.2.2 3760:Molecular Ecology 3176:978-92-5-102983-1 3141:978-0-520-02073-3 3038:(5617): 325–329. 2968:978-0-7922-7681-4 2930:978-0-06-095639-4 2725:Harvard Dataverse 2218:Since the 1900s, 2090:David Livingstone 2049:in 1858 when the 1885:, Lake Victoria, 1789:Coptodon rendalli 1730:Labeo victorianus 1722:Labeo victorianus 1575:freshwater snails 1562:Caridina nilotica 1483:is near-endemic. 1402:), the spiny eel 1174:Tilapia esculenta 1035:East African Rift 1031:Congo River basin 923:giant otter shrew 915:defassa waterbuck 810: 809: 802: 784: 705:Great Rift Valley 611:East African Rift 446: 445: 339:Surface elevation 16:(Redirected from 6754: 6722:Border tripoints 6232: 6225: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5765:The East African 5757: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5510:Image of the Dat 5502: 5496: 5495: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5321: 5320: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5254: 5253: 5241: 5235: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5205:. Archived from 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5018: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4989:. Archived from 4982: 4976: 4975: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4790: 4784: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4632: 4602: 4596: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4473:, archived from 4464: 4458: 4457: 4437: 4428: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4301: 4295: 4285: 4279: 4265: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4176: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4129: 4123: 4113: 4104: 4099:IUCN Red Lists: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4012: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3925: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3870: 3831: 3830: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3775: 3751: 3745: 3731: 3718: 3711: 3700: 3699: 3689: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3518: 3512: 3497: 3488: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3405: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3358:on 28 April 2022 3357: 3351:. Archived from 3346: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3091:(1–5): 347–361. 3080: 3074: 3073: 3055: 3021: 3004: 3003: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2956: 2946: 2935: 2934: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2800: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2720: 2714: 2709:United Nations, 2707: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2679: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2632:Saundry, Peter. 2629: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2536:sw:Ziwa Viktoria 2532: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2478: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2384: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2336:Geography portal 2333: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2303: 1493:freshwater crabs 1491:Four species of 1454:marbled lungfish 1409:, elephantfish ( 1393:Aplocheilichthys 1155:Victoria tilapia 1085:, prawn-eaters, 805: 798: 794: 791: 785: 783: 742: 718: 710: 626:Geological cores 573:by the explorer 482: 438:Shore length is 227: 226:Primary outflows 213: 205: 204: 202: 201: 200: 195: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 173: 145: 144: 138: 119: 107: 99: 92: 84: 77: 69: 62: 54: 39: 38: 21: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6747:Homa Bay County 6687:Lakes of Uganda 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6544: 6503: 6385: 6242: 6238:Hydrography of 6236: 6206: 6201: 6113: 6108: 6078: 6073: 6010: 6005: 5975: 5970: 5941:Lake Tanganyika 5927: 5922: 5870:Wayback Machine 5857:Wayback Machine 5841: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5741: 5739: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5622:on 17 June 1997 5614: 5613: 5609: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5525: 5521: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5355:. London: Haus. 5350: 5346: 5337: 5324: 5292: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5271:, 18, 1, 62–78. 5266: 5257: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5154: 5150: 5135:Lates niloticus 5126: 5122: 5113: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5050: 5046: 5019: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4958: 4954: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4791: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4755: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4726: 4719: 4688: 4684: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4603: 4599: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4562: 4529: 4522: 4489: 4482: 4465: 4461: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4302: 4298: 4286: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4204: 4200: 4157: 4153: 4130: 4126: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4091: 4068: 4064: 4033: 4026: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3926: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3871: 3834: 3801: 3797: 3752: 3748: 3732: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3650: 3639: 3626:(2–3): 214–32. 3616: 3605: 3570: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3519: 3515: 3498: 3491: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3406: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3280: 3271: 3246: 3242: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3169:. p. 291. 3153: 3149: 3142: 3124: 3120: 3081: 3077: 3022: 3007: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2947: 2938: 2931: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2791: 2780: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2668: 2661: 2648:"Lake Victoria" 2646: 2645: 2641: 2634:"Lake Victoria" 2630: 2626: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2590: 2581: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2515: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2479: 2464: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2428: 2421: 2409: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2239:Royal Mail Ship 2216: 2200: 2164:Colonial Uganda 2143: 2137: 2128: 2120: 2107:New York Herald 2008: 1999: 1931: 1871: 1865: 1821:Lates niloticus 1809:O. leucostictus 1762: 1750: 1698: 1684: 1667: 1643:morphologically 1571: 1489: 1290: 1141:Singida tilapia 1112:caudal peduncle 1079:zooplanktivores 955: 935:Nile crocodiles 931: 887: 882: 880:Native wildlife 861: 806: 795: 789: 786: 749:"Lake Victoria" 743: 741: 731: 723:This paragraph 719: 646: 591: 535: 480: 433: 253: countries 244: 212:Primary inflows 198: 196: 192: 189: 184: 181: 179: 177: 176: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 151: 150: 146: 125: 110: 101: 97:Nyanza-Viktoria 86: 71: 56: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6760: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6677:Lakes of Kenya 6674: 6669: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6111:Lakes of Kenya 6107: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5885: 5880: 5872: 5860: 5847: 5840: 5839:External links 5837: 5834: 5833: 5805: 5777: 5752: 5720: 5683: 5658: 5633: 5607: 5585: 5570: 5545: 5519: 5497: 5434: 5409: 5396: 5383: 5370: 5357: 5344: 5322: 5286: 5273: 5255: 5236: 5234:33, 2, 105–13. 5220: 5194: 5168:(1): 144–184. 5148: 5129:Froese, Rainer 5120: 5090: 5044: 5004: 4977: 4952: 4923:10.1636/05-3.1 4917:(2): 541–548. 4897: 4874: 4863:on 17 May 2018 4841: 4818: 4785: 4765: 4756:|journal= 4738: 4717: 4682: 4643: 4597: 4576: 4560: 4541:(3): 686–700. 4520: 4480: 4459: 4429: 4417: 4371: 4325: 4312: 4296: 4280: 4260: 4247: 4198: 4151: 4124: 4105: 4089: 4078:(3): 686–700. 4062: 4024: 3995:(1871): 1871. 3975: 3962: 3920: 3911:. pp. 201–06. 3900: 3832: 3795: 3766:(3): 793–806. 3746: 3719: 3701: 3637: 3603: 3559: 3513: 3489: 3465: 3440: 3431:|journal= 3395: 3369: 3332: 3303: 3269: 3240: 3211:(6): 1476–81. 3189: 3175: 3167:United Nations 3147: 3140: 3118: 3075: 3005: 2994:(2): 221–223. 2974: 2967: 2936: 2929: 2921:The White Nile 2905: 2877: 2860:"Lake Ukerewe" 2851: 2840:on 29 May 2016 2821: 2808: 2778: 2769:|journal= 2738: 2715: 2702: 2693:|journal= 2659: 2639: 2624: 2615:|journal= 2579: 2570:|journal= 2539: 2527: 2513: 2504:|journal= 2462: 2453:|journal= 2419: 2410:|journal= 2375: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2339: 2325: 2311: 2295: 2292: 2288:Bukoba Airport 2212:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2098:Welsh-American 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1979:eutrophication 1930: 1927: 1895:water hyacinth 1867:Main article: 1864: 1861: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1746: 1694:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1666: 1663: 1570: 1567: 1540:Platythelphusa 1488: 1485: 1418:Hippopotamyrus 1387:Nothobranchius 1298:), cyprinids ( 1289: 1286: 1166:Michael Graham 1125:public aquaria 1104:papyrus sedges 1099:eutrophication 1022:, Albert, and 969:eutrophication 954: 951: 930: 927: 911:bohor reedbuck 903:marsh mongoose 886: 883: 881: 878: 867:Lake Victoria 860: 857: 808: 807: 722: 720: 713: 645: 642: 615:Albertine Rift 590: 587: 571:Queen Victoria 534: 531: 489:catchment area 459:is one of the 444: 443: 435: 434: 432: 431: 425: 419: 413: 407: 401: 395: 389: 383: 376: 374: 370: 369: 358:Ukerewe Island 354: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 316: 312: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 296: 295: 292: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 276: 275: 254: 247: 246: 241: 239:Catchment area 235: 234: 229: 221: 220: 215: 207: 206: 174: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 148: 147: 140: 139: 133: 132: 131: 130: 127: 126: 120: 112: 111: 109: 108: 93: 78: 63: 47: 44: 43: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6759: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:Kisumu County 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:Lake Victoria 6665: 6664: 6662: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6494:Victoria Nile 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5936:Lake Victoria 5934: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5698:New Scientist 5694: 5687: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5368:, pp. 115–18. 5367: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5297:Hydrobiologia 5290: 5284:, pp. 101–05. 5283: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5033:(3): 147–55. 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4885: 4878: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4822: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4782:0-7484-0026-5 4779: 4776:2nd edition. 4775: 4769: 4761: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4692:Hydrobiologia 4686: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4659:(371): 1–19. 4658: 4654: 4647: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501:(3): 719–30. 4500: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4448:(4): 203–07. 4447: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4292:Cichlid-Forum 4290: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4167:(256): 1–34. 4166: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4140:(3): 263–70. 4139: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043:(2): 253–67. 4042: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881:(2): 131–51. 3880: 3876: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3806:Hydrobiologia 3799: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3584:(2): 233–41. 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3510: 3509:0-12-656470-1 3506: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3485:0-12-408355-2 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2909: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2866:. David Marsh 2865: 2861: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2340: 2337: 2326: 2323: 2322:Africa portal 2312: 2309: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180:hydroelectric 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2135:Nalubaale Dam 2132: 2123: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014:Bismarck Rock 2012: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1987:deforestation 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:Kisumu County 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:O. esculentus 1833: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:haplochromine 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760:Invasive fish 1757: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1481:Rastrineobola 1478: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436:Petrocephalus 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1405:Mastacembelus 1401: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1325:Rastrineobola 1321: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164:In 1927–1928 1162: 1160: 1159:O. variabilis 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1139:tilapia, the 1138: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:molluscivores 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:Victoria Nile 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991: 987: 986: 981: 980:haplochromine 974: 970: 966: 965: 959: 950: 948: 944: 940: 937:, as well as 936: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 877: 870: 865: 856: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 804: 801: 793: 782: 779: 775: 772: 768: 765: 761: 758: 754: 751: – 750: 746: 745:Find sources: 739: 735: 729: 728: 721: 717: 712: 711: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 641: 639: 635: 634:precipitation 631: 630:past ice ages 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 595: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 478: 474: 473:Lake Superior 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Lake Victoria 450: 441: 436: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377: 375: 371: 367: 366:Maboko Island 363: 362:Ssese Islands 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 307:Average depth 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 242: 240: 236: 233: 230: 228: 222: 219: 216: 214: 208: 203: 175: 169: 166: 163: 159: 149:Lake Victoria 137: 128: 124: 118: 113: 105: 98: 94: 90: 83: 79: 75: 68: 64: 60: 53: 49: 48: 45: 42:Lake Victoria 40: 37: 30: 19: 6641:Gwere-Luzira 6375: 6361:Nyamusingire 6196: 6068: 5951:Lake Turkana 5935: 5875: 5824:. Retrieved 5818: 5808: 5796:. Retrieved 5790: 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5764: 5755: 5747: 5740:. Retrieved 5735: 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5707:the original 5702: 5696: 5686: 5674:. Retrieved 5670: 5661: 5649:. Retrieved 5645: 5636: 5624:. Retrieved 5620:the original 5610: 5599: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5561:. Retrieved 5557: 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5533:The Standard 5532: 5522: 5509: 5500: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5425:. Retrieved 5422:Daily Nation 5421: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5386: 5381:, pp. 25–29. 5378: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5342:, 42, 73–84. 5339: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5276: 5268: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5211:. Retrieved 5207:the original 5197: 5185:. Retrieved 5165: 5161: 5151: 5140: 5134: 5123: 5081:. Retrieved 5067: 5061: 5055: 5047: 5030: 5026: 4995:. Retrieved 4991:the original 4980: 4962: 4955: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4877: 4865:. Retrieved 4858:the original 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4821: 4805:(1): 21–32. 4802: 4798: 4788: 4773: 4768: 4729: 4698:(1): 31–44. 4695: 4691: 4685: 4676:10141/622400 4656: 4646: 4634:. Retrieved 4620: 4614: 4608: 4600: 4584: 4579: 4538: 4532: 4498: 4492: 4475:the original 4469: 4462: 4445: 4441: 4408:. Retrieved 4394: 4388: 4382: 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4348: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4287:Steeves, G: 4283: 4268: 4263: 4250: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4164: 4154: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4040: 4036: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3969:Steeves, G: 3965: 3953:. Retrieved 3939: 3933: 3923: 3908: 3903: 3878: 3874: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3661: 3657: 3623: 3619: 3581: 3577: 3550:. Retrieved 3536: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3500: 3476: 3468: 3456:. Retrieved 3452: 3443: 3422:cite journal 3386:. Retrieved 3383:The Guardian 3382: 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3353:the original 3348: 3335: 3323:. Retrieved 3321:. March 2018 3318: 3306: 3292:(1): 23–34. 3289: 3283: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3208: 3202: 3192: 3180:. Retrieved 3157: 3150: 3131: 3121: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3035: 3029: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2952: 2920: 2908: 2896:. Retrieved 2892:The Guardian 2890: 2880: 2868:. Retrieved 2863: 2854: 2842:. Retrieved 2838:the original 2824: 2816: 2811: 2796: 2760:cite journal 2741: 2727:(Data Set). 2724: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2684:cite journal 2651: 2642: 2627: 2606:cite journal 2561:cite journal 2542: 2530: 2521: 2516: 2495:cite journal 2444:cite journal 2401:cite journal 2357: 2350:Kenya portal 2308:Lakes portal 2277: 2262: 2259:. The ferry 2255: 2248: 2233: 2217: 2206: 2177: 2160: 2129: 2121: 2105: 2080: 2044: 2017: 2000: 1947: 1940: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1892: 1883:Ndere Island 1857: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1820: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1763: 1752:A number of 1751: 1738:Nile tilapia 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1669: 1668: 1650: 1647:Biomphalaria 1646: 1638:Byssanodonta 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1586:Biomphalaria 1584: 1578: 1572: 1560: 1558: 1545: 1538: 1535:Kagera River 1530:P. kantsyore 1528: 1522: 1512: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1403: 1399:Micropanchax 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1367:Zaireichthys 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1337:Clariallabes 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1278:algal blooms 1274:Haplochromis 1273: 1269:Haplochromis 1268: 1265:Haplochromis 1264: 1259:Haplochromis 1257: 1251: 1246: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1187:Haplochromis 1177: 1173: 1163: 1158: 1150: 1144: 1133: 1083:insectivores 1075:detritivores 1068: 1060: 1028: 988: 985:Haplochromis 983: 977: 962: 953:Cichlid fish 932: 891:hippopotamus 888: 874: 854: 835: 811: 796: 787: 777: 770: 763: 756: 744: 732:Please help 727:verification 724: 658:Kagera River 647: 623: 600: 577:, the first 536: 508: 493: 456: 455: 331:Shore length 323:Water volume 299:Surface area 218:Kagera River 36: 18:Lake Ukerewe 5966:Lake Edward 5956:Lake Albert 5946:Lake Malawi 5770:18 February 5713:2 September 5538:18 February 5448:Chemosphere 5427:18 February 3813:(1): 5–16. 3473:Kingdon, J. 2898:29 December 2844:18 February 2243:train ferry 2241:. In 1966, 2171:(392–2,224 2112:Ripon Falls 2094:River Congo 1989:has led to 1985:and act of 1734:overfishing 1524:P. busungwe 1487:Crustaceans 1477:Xenoclarias 1424:Marcusenius 1412:Gnathonemus 1349:Xenoclarias 1319:Labeobarbus 1272:removal of 999:Lake Malawi 995:undescribed 869:bathymetric 846:thermocline 827:Lake Albert 686:Sondu Miriu 607:Congo River 563:Kinyarwanda 559:'Nnalubaale 525:species to 469:fresh water 373:Settlements 360:, Tanzania; 283:Max. length 197: / 172:Coordinates 89:Kinyarwanda 67:'Nnalubaale 6661:Categories 6626:Nyagak III 6606:Mubuku III 6508:Waterfalls 6499:White Nile 6162:Kesses Dam 6142:Elmenteita 6132:Chew Bahir 6064:Tanganyika 5826:6 November 5798:6 November 5454:: 124642. 5303:: 99–106. 5252:: 281–302. 5213:11 January 5083:14 January 4636:14 January 4570:FishBase: 4410:14 January 4364:14 January 4303:Rizza, D: 4271:. p. 358. 4037:Evol. Ecol 3955:14 January 3552:14 January 3458:24 October 3449:"LV_Bathy" 2870:17 October 2801:. London: 2371:References 2284:ATR 42–500 2269:MV Nyerere 2188:World Bank 2173:cu yd 2087:missionary 1960:in Kenya; 1943:raw sewage 1919:fertilizer 1832:Nile perch 1817:Nile perch 1799:), Nile ( 1766:introduced 1714:Synodontis 1676:Salticidae 1610:Melanoides 1514:P. entebbe 1473:Xenobarbus 1442:Pollimyrus 1381:Synodontis 1331:Xenobarbus 1301:Enteromius 1288:Other fish 1282:fish kills 1254:Nile Perch 1178:Bagrus sp. 1095:Nile perch 1091:piscivores 1047:Owen Falls 990:sensu lato 982:cichlids ( 859:Bathymetry 831:White Nile 760:newspapers 666:Nile River 527:extinction 519:Nile perch 485:depression 394:, Tanzania 388:, Tanzania 382:, Tanzania 364:, Uganda; 315:Max. depth 291:Max. width 232:White Nile 6525:Murchison 6157:Kanyaboli 5961:Lake Kivu 5676:24 August 5651:24 August 5492:202581465 5476:0045-6535 5182:244667637 4970:thesis). 4931:0161-8202 4758:ignored ( 4748:cite book 3664:: 14363. 3258:: 39–48. 3182:4 January 3113:0277-3791 2228:Port Bell 2198:Transport 2157:, Uganda. 2118:Water use 2100:explorer 2068:explorers 2053:explorer 1929:Pollution 1813:ecosystem 1797:C. zillii 1785:redbreast 1682:Fisheries 1659:bilharzia 1632:Sphaerium 1626:Coelatura 1620:Corbicula 1604:Gabbiella 1598:Cleopatra 1546:P. polita 1448:Ctenopoma 1361:Amphilius 1043:Murchison 1007:evolution 919:cane rats 907:sitatunga 790:June 2017 551:Nam Lolwe 404:Kendu Bay 52:Nam Lolwe 6646:Kikagati 6601:Mubuku I 6571:Buseruka 6566:Bujagali 6515:Bujagali 6376:Victoria 6351:Nabugabo 6316:Kitandra 6281:Bunyonyi 6197:Victoria 6177:Naivasha 6152:Kamnarok 6069:Victoria 6019:Ambussel 5866:Archived 5853:Archived 5484:31521936 5317:34576879 5142:FishBase 4997:27 March 4947:55244513 4712:40935454 4242:26612951 4193:23717179 4019:29367400 3895:54011001 3827:42372016 3790:12925712 3782:11298988 3696:28186104 3598:39566440 3475:(1997). 3388:17 March 3362:16 March 3070:84478005 3062:12649486 3000:43944206 2803:Longmans 2365:Kishanda 2294:See also 2273:Tanzania 2254:MV 2247:MV 2234:Victoria 2083:explorer 2047:European 1958:Homa Bay 1879:hyacinth 1793:redbelly 1781:tilapias 1770:invasive 1615:bivalves 1580:Bellamya 1569:Molluscs 1542:maculata 1504:P. emini 1430:Mormyrus 1407:frenatus 1295:Brycinus 1182:gill net 929:Reptiles 650:riparian 515:Invasive 511:cichlids 496:Tanzania 465:tropical 430:, Uganda 424:, Uganda 418:, Uganda 410:Homa Bay 368:, Kenya) 269:Tanzania 194:1°S 33°E 161:Location 6631:Kisiizi 6581:Kanungu 6484:Sezibwa 6479:Semliki 6439:Mayanja 6419:Kazinga 6414:Katonga 6341:Mutanda 6326:Kyahafi 6311:Kayumbu 6301:Kachera 6266:Bugondo 6192:Turkana 6127:Bogoria 6122:Baringo 6049:Manyara 5820:Reuters 5742:6 April 5626:14 July 5456:Bibcode 5187:22 July 4939:4129852 4555:2386700 4515:2386703 4220:Bibcode 4212:Science 4184:3650828 4165:ZooKeys 4057:2291741 4010:5805951 3687:5309898 3666:Bibcode 3235:2838147 3213:Bibcode 3093:Bibcode 3040:Bibcode 3031:Science 2224:Entebbe 2192:Nairobi 2186:, with 2051:British 1983:logging 1962:Kampala 1774:endemic 1710:Clarias 1702:fishery 1665:Spiders 1653:, are 1651:Bulinus 1592:Bulinus 1577:(e.g., 1519:Entebbe 1343:Clarias 1116:hybrids 885:Mammals 823:Burundi 774:scholar 654:streams 640:began. 603:Miocene 589:Geology 555:Luganda 543:Ukerewe 539:Swahili 523:endemic 422:Entebbe 416:Kampala 412:, Kenya 406:, Kenya 400:, Kenya 352:Islands 257:Burundi 104:Swahili 74:Luganda 6621:Nyagak 6611:Muzizi 6596:Mpanga 6586:Karuma 6576:Isimba 6561:Bugoye 6520:Karuma 6444:Muzizi 6434:Lugogo 6424:Kidepo 6409:Kagera 6391:Rivers 6381:Wamala 6356:Nakuwa 6346:Mulehe 6321:Kwania 6296:Kabaka 6291:George 6286:Edward 6276:Bujuku 6271:Buhera 6261:Bisina 6256:Albert 6240:Uganda 6182:Nakuru 6172:Magadi 6167:Logipi 6054:Natron 6029:Burigi 6024:Babati 5563:27 May 5490: 5482: 5474: 5315: 5180: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4890:16 May 4867:16 May 4834:16 May 4780: 4736: 4710: 4591: 4553: 4513: 4275: 4240: 4191: 4181: 4119: 4055: 4017: 4007: 3915: 3893: 3825: 3788: 3780: 3694: 3684: 3596: 3507: 3483: 3325:26 May 3233: 3173: 3138: 3111: 3068: 3060: 2998: 2965: 2953:Africa 2927: 2263:Bukoba 2064:Tabora 2032:slaves 1974:Musoma 1972:, and 1970:Mwanza 1956:, and 1950:Kisumu 1915:biogas 1803:) and 1706:Bagrus 1635:, and 1607:, and 1537:, and 1509:Bukoba 1450:muriei 1439:, and 1355:Bagrus 1153:) and 1020:George 1016:Edward 945:, and 921:, and 819:Rwanda 776: 769: 762: 755: 747: 694:Migori 692:, and 690:Mogusi 682:Nyando 656:. The 579:Briton 567:Nyanza 547:Dholuo 500:Uganda 398:Kisumu 392:Musoma 386:Mwanza 380:Bukoba 273:Uganda 271:, and 265:Rwanda 199:-1; 33 100: 85: 82:Nyanza 70: 59:Dholuo 55: 6591:Kiira 6556:Ayago 6535:Ripon 6474:Pager 6459:Nkusi 6449:Narus 6429:Lamia 6399:Achwa 6366:Opeta 6336:Mburo 6331:Kyoga 6306:Katwe 6248:Lakes 6137:Chala 6059:Rukwa 6039:Eyasi 6034:Chala 5488:S2CID 5313:S2CID 5178:S2CID 4943:S2CID 4935:JSTOR 4861:(PDF) 4854:(PDF) 4830:. CNN 4708:S2CID 4551:JSTOR 4511:JSTOR 4053:S2CID 3891:S2CID 3823:S2CID 3786:S2CID 3594:S2CID 3356:(PDF) 3345:(PDF) 3315:(PDF) 3231:JSTOR 3066:S2CID 2996:JSTOR 2271:from 2256:Umoja 2249:Uhuru 2155:Njeru 2028:ivory 1966:Jinja 1954:Kisii 1887:Kenya 1718:ningu 1649:and 1313:Labeo 1307:Garra 1146:ngege 1012:Kyoga 971:than 871:model 781:JSTOR 767:books 674:Nzoia 662:mouth 619:basin 533:Names 504:Kenya 428:Jinja 356:985 ( 261:Kenya 251:Basin 6697:Nile 6636:Waki 6549:Dams 6540:Sipi 6530:Owen 6489:Suam 6464:Okot 6454:Nile 6404:Kafu 6371:Saka 6187:Sare 6147:Jipe 6044:Jipe 5828:2022 5800:2022 5772:2020 5744:2018 5715:2017 5703:2538 5678:2020 5653:2020 5628:2008 5565:2020 5540:2020 5514:NASA 5480:PMID 5472:ISSN 5429:2020 5215:2015 5189:2022 5085:2018 5068:2016 4999:2017 4927:ISSN 4892:2018 4869:2018 4836:2018 4778:ISBN 4760:help 4734:ISBN 4638:2018 4621:2016 4589:ISBN 4412:2018 4395:2006 4366:2018 4349:2006 4273:ISBN 4238:PMID 4189:PMID 4117:ISBN 4015:PMID 3957:2018 3940:2010 3913:ISBN 3778:PMID 3692:PMID 3554:2018 3537:2016 3505:ISBN 3481:ISBN 3460:2016 3435:help 3390:2022 3364:2022 3327:2020 3184:2016 3171:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3109:ISSN 3058:PMID 2963:ISBN 2925:ISBN 2900:2013 2872:2020 2846:2013 2773:help 2697:help 2619:help 2574:help 2508:help 2457:help 2414:help 2252:and 2149:The 2085:and 2024:gold 2020:Arab 1893:The 1830:The 1544:and 1475:and 1452:and 1396:and 1364:and 1346:and 1328:and 1108:gill 1089:and 1024:Kivu 753:news 678:Yala 185:33°E 6469:Ora 5792:CNN 5464:doi 5452:239 5305:doi 5301:458 5170:doi 5072:doi 5035:doi 4968:PhD 4919:doi 4807:doi 4700:doi 4696:563 4671:hdl 4661:doi 4625:doi 4543:doi 4503:doi 4450:doi 4399:doi 4353:doi 4228:doi 4216:350 4179:PMC 4169:doi 4142:doi 4080:doi 4045:doi 4005:PMC 3997:doi 3993:285 3944:doi 3883:doi 3815:doi 3811:596 3768:doi 3739:doi 3682:PMC 3674:doi 3628:doi 3586:doi 3541:doi 3410:doi 3294:doi 3260:doi 3221:doi 3101:doi 3048:doi 3036:300 2748:doi 2729:doi 2672:doi 2594:doi 2549:doi 2483:doi 2432:doi 2389:doi 2282:an 2261:MV 2232:MV 2153:in 1823:). 1791:), 1533:of 1460:). 1378:), 1370:), 1161:). 1143:or 1051:dam 821:or 736:by 670:Sio 621:. 585:. 182:1°S 6663:: 5817:. 5789:. 5763:. 5734:. 5701:. 5695:. 5669:. 5644:. 5598:. 5556:. 5531:. 5512:. 5508:. 5486:. 5478:. 5470:. 5462:. 5450:. 5446:. 5420:. 5325:^ 5311:. 5299:. 5258:^ 5250:20 5248:. 5223:^ 5176:. 5166:50 5164:. 5160:. 5139:. 5093:^ 5066:. 5060:. 5031:10 5029:. 5025:. 5007:^ 4941:. 4933:. 4925:. 4915:33 4913:. 4909:. 4803:30 4801:. 4797:. 4752:: 4750:}} 4746:{{ 4720:^ 4706:. 4694:. 4669:. 4655:. 4619:. 4613:. 4563:^ 4549:. 4537:. 4523:^ 4509:. 4497:. 4483:^ 4446:19 4444:. 4432:^ 4420:^ 4393:. 4387:. 4347:. 4341:. 4236:. 4226:. 4214:. 4210:. 4187:. 4177:. 4163:. 4138:78 4136:. 4108:^ 4092:^ 4074:. 4051:. 4041:27 4039:. 4027:^ 4013:. 4003:. 3991:. 3987:. 3938:. 3932:. 3889:. 3877:. 3835:^ 3821:. 3809:. 3784:. 3776:. 3764:10 3762:. 3758:. 3722:^ 3704:^ 3690:. 3680:. 3672:. 3660:. 3656:. 3640:^ 3624:42 3622:. 3606:^ 3592:. 3582:10 3580:. 3576:. 3562:^ 3535:. 3529:. 3492:^ 3451:. 3426:: 3424:}} 3420:{{ 3398:^ 3381:. 3347:. 3317:. 3290:27 3288:. 3272:^ 3256:25 3254:. 3229:. 3219:. 3209:39 3207:. 3201:. 3165:, 3161:. 3107:. 3099:. 3089:19 3087:. 3064:. 3056:. 3046:. 3034:. 3028:. 3008:^ 2990:. 2986:. 2939:^ 2919:. 2889:. 2862:. 2832:. 2781:^ 2764:: 2762:}} 2758:{{ 2688:: 2686:}} 2682:{{ 2662:^ 2650:. 2610:: 2608:}} 2604:{{ 2582:^ 2565:: 2563:}} 2559:{{ 2499:: 2497:}} 2493:{{ 2465:^ 2448:: 2446:}} 2442:{{ 2422:^ 2405:: 2403:}} 2399:{{ 2379:^ 2226:, 2034:. 2026:, 1964:, 1952:, 1921:. 1877:A 1783:: 1712:, 1708:, 1629:, 1623:, 1601:, 1595:, 1589:, 1583:, 1433:, 1427:, 1421:, 1415:, 1340:, 1322:, 1316:, 1310:, 1304:, 1284:. 1231:. 1225:, 1219:, 1213:, 1207:, 1201:, 1195:, 1097:, 1081:, 1077:, 1026:. 1014:, 941:, 925:. 917:, 913:, 909:, 905:, 901:, 897:, 893:, 850:gr 696:. 688:, 684:, 680:, 676:, 672:, 565:: 561:; 557:: 553:; 549:: 545:; 541:: 529:. 513:. 267:, 263:, 259:, 6231:e 6224:t 6217:v 6103:e 6096:t 6089:v 6000:e 5993:t 5986:v 5917:e 5910:t 5903:v 5830:. 5802:. 5774:. 5717:. 5680:. 5655:. 5630:. 5567:. 5542:. 5494:. 5466:: 5458:: 5431:. 5319:. 5307:: 5217:. 5191:. 5172:: 5137:" 5133:" 5087:. 5074:: 5058:" 5054:" 5041:. 5037:: 5001:. 4974:. 4966:( 4949:. 4921:: 4894:. 4871:. 4838:. 4815:. 4809:: 4762:) 4742:. 4714:. 4702:: 4679:. 4673:: 4663:: 4640:. 4627:: 4611:" 4607:" 4595:. 4557:. 4545:: 4539:7 4517:. 4505:: 4499:7 4456:. 4452:: 4414:. 4401:: 4385:" 4381:" 4368:. 4355:: 4339:" 4335:" 4244:. 4230:: 4222:: 4195:. 4171:: 4148:. 4144:: 4086:. 4082:: 4076:7 4059:. 4047:: 4021:. 3999:: 3959:. 3946:: 3897:. 3885:: 3879:2 3829:. 3817:: 3792:. 3770:: 3741:: 3698:. 3676:: 3668:: 3662:8 3634:. 3630:: 3600:. 3588:: 3556:. 3543:: 3527:" 3523:" 3511:. 3487:. 3462:. 3437:) 3433:( 3416:. 3412:: 3392:. 3366:. 3329:. 3300:. 3296:: 3266:. 3262:: 3237:. 3223:: 3215:: 3186:. 3144:. 3115:. 3103:: 3095:: 3072:. 3050:: 3042:: 3002:. 2992:9 2971:. 2933:. 2902:. 2874:. 2848:. 2805:. 2775:) 2771:( 2754:. 2750:: 2735:. 2731:: 2699:) 2695:( 2678:. 2674:: 2656:. 2636:. 2621:) 2617:( 2600:. 2596:: 2576:) 2572:( 2555:. 2551:: 2510:) 2506:( 2489:. 2485:: 2459:) 2455:( 2438:. 2434:: 2416:) 2412:( 2395:. 2391:: 1889:. 1819:( 1807:( 1795:( 1787:( 1720:( 1617:( 1456:( 1374:( 1157:( 1149:( 1018:– 803:) 797:( 792:) 788:( 778:· 771:· 764:· 757:· 730:. 481:× 442:. 106:) 102:( 91:) 87:( 76:) 72:( 61:) 57:( 31:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index