Lady Margaret Beaufort

4368: 3992: 593: 4258: 3888: 3916: 4200: 4277:

that came unto her. Of marvayllous gentyleness she was unto all folks, but specially unto her owne, whom she trustede, and loved ryghte tenderly. Unkynde she woulde not be unto no creature, ne forgetful of ony kyndeness or servyce done to her before, which is no lytel part of veray nobleness. She was not vengeable ne cruell, but redy anone to forgete and to forgyve injuryes done unto her, at the least desyre or mocyon made unto her for the same. Mercyfull also and pyteous she was unto such as was greyved and wrongfully troubled, and to them that were in Poverty and sekeness, or any other mysery.

4345:, which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York, with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville, then in sanctuary from Richard III in Westminster Abbey. Six years later, after Richard's defeat by Henry at Bosworth, she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton: it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage. Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library, Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator, becoming the first English translator of the 4294: 483: 7303: 7247: 47: 4095:, is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen, a position which, instead of hindering or irritating her at all, proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course, as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King Henry Tudor, a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone. 4470: 4982: 824:"Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond, Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour, Herry Erle of Richemond, hath of late conspired, consedered, and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third, in dyvers and sundry wyses, and in especiall in sendyng messages, writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired, consedered, and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...” 7508: 7277: 7267: 7257: 3835: 3814: 3521: 3459: 2808: 2776: 2757: 2506: 908: 733: 7826: 4216: 582: 7314: 7287: 479:, although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother. Margaret's mother was pregnant at the time of Somerset's death, but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir. Although she was her father's only legitimate child, Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mother's first marriage whom she supported after her son's accession to the throne. 505:. The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444, when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three. However, there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450, after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his son's future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne. Papal 4230:, who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year. The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer, wearing garments characteristic of widowhood; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask. The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia, including a 364:. She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty. With her son crowned Henry VII, Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both now considered unusual for a woman of her time. She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son's reign, initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage. 4149:"All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit, and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng, for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me". 616:, deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born "of so little a personage". Her son's birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret; despite two later marriages, she never had another child. Years later, she enumerated a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs, perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience. 836:. He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husband's home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son. However, her husband failed to stop Margaret's continued communication with her son. When the time came for Henry to press his claim, he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England. 638:, to which Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored. Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks' worth of land by Buckingham, but her own estates were still their main source of income. For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margaret's son, who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudor's care at Pembroke Castle in Wales. 4015:. She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her. Elizabeth's biographer, Amy Licence, states that this "would have been the correct courtly protocol", adding that "only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper." 4244:

wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb. In English it reads: "Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII, grandmother of Henry VIII, who donated funds for three monks of this abbey, a grammar school in Wimborne, a preacher in the whole of England, two lecturers in Scripture, one at Oxford,

4075:

Moreover, as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty, these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort, mutually beneficial to both mother and son, as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole, Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the King's Mother

778:

ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign. Gristwood, however, suggests that another was responsible; Henry Tudor's path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance, perhaps motive enough for his mother – his "highly able and totally committed representative" – to

572:

The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child. In 1472, sixteen years after his death, Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund, even though she had enjoyed a long, stable and close marriage with her third husband, who

4477:

There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime. All known portraits, however, are in essentially the same format, depicting her in her later years, wearing a long, peaked, white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation. Most of these were made in the reign of

4276:

She was bounteous and lyberal to every Person of her Knowledge or acquaintance. Avarice and Covetyse she most hated, and sorowed it full moche in all persons, but specially in ony that belong'd unto her. She was of syngular Easyness to be spoken unto, and full curtayse answere she would make to all

782:

Despite this suggestion, no contemporary sources corroborate the implication, whilst most contemporary accounts outline "her outstanding qualities, her courage, presence of mind, family loyalty, and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office," as clarified by Jones and

4501:

is open before her, with its protective cloth wrapper (called a "chemise" binding), spread out around it. The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs, perhaps in lozenges, perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather. Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate, with the tester above

4395:

in Suffolk was bequeathed to St. John's upon its foundation. Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christ's and St. John's, accompanied by portraits of John Fisher. Unusually, both colleges have the same coats of arms, using her crest and motto. Furthermore, various

4083:

In his chronicle, Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother, noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources, contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power. Or, as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother:

786:

It was not until the 17th century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret, but even then only as a "politic and contriving woman," and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating. All things considered, the words of her own contemporaries, such as Tudor historian

467:

reported that his death was a suicide. As his only surviving child, Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne. Both effectively rendered Margaret, as her biographers Jones and Underwood write, "a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of

4121:

Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family. She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs. Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic, Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the

4144:

The Countess was known for her education and her piety. Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort's life can be understood in the context of her "deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son". Henry is said to have been likewise devoted. A surviving letter written by Henry to his

4071:

The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III, deeming it "entirely void, annulled and of no force or effect". The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles, and could pursue any legal

766:

Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville, via mutual physician, Lewis Caerleon, who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women. Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret's son, Henry Tudor. Their solidified

4060:

While Margaret's position in the royal court was, to some extent, an expression of gratitude by her son, she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henry's favor one might expect. As Gristwood suggests in the following, Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing:

429:

taken after the death of her father. Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margaret's biographers; however, it is more likely that she was born in 1443, as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign.

4426:

A practical woman, when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties, she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme, involving foreign engineers, that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston. She funded the restoration of

4502:

her head (the Tudor rose at its centre) supported on cords from the ceiling. The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England (parted as usual with France) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts, which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms. Small

4064:"A place had to be created for the sort of 'king's mother' Margaret was determined to be. Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen, a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her, she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently." 4493:

in 1510 shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber. The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly. Her lavishly

724:, intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent. Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this, writing of Tudor's miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward's envoys, allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother. 659:

was King of England. The fighting had taken the life of Margaret's father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause. Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret's son to his own brother, the

4506:

roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England (cropped away here) and Beaufort. The painting, which measures 180 cm by 122 cm, is notable as the first large-scale portrait of an Englishwoman.

4056:

dating to 1498 claimed Henry was "much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others." In the earlier years of her son's reign, records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled.

634:, on 3 January 1458, at the age of fourteen. A dispensation for the marriage was necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins; it was granted on 6 April 1457. They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given 4067:

However, Lady Margaret's immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others, but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self, which were products of expert legal advice, as opposed to a desperate desire to rule.

675:

incited a rebellion against Edward IV, capturing him after a defeat of his forces. Beaufort used this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence, hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings. Soon, however, Edward was back in power.

713:. Indeed, Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son. Evidently her efforts were successful; Margaret was chosen by 3988:. This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men. She was allowed to own property separately from her husband (as though she were unmarried) and sue in court – two rights denied to contemporary married women. 797:, praised Margaret's support of religious institutions and the Bishop, further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself, as laid out in a following section. 847:), was held hostage by Richard. After the battle, it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson (Henry VII), who later made him Earl of Derby. Margaret was then styled "Countess of Richmond and Derby". She was invested as a 7820:

Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

815:

In October, Beaufort's scheme proved unsuccessful; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel. Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection. In response to her betrayal,

763:, mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London, after rumours spread of the boys' murder. It was at this point, according to Polydore Vergil, that Beaufort "began to hope well of her son's fortune". 6545: 4386:

with a royal charter from the king. She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the college. A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings (4 staircase, 1994) within the college. In 1511,

539:. This was likely to strengthen Edmund's claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir; the king was then without child or legitimate siblings. Edmund was the eldest son of the king's mother, 705:. Jones and Underwood have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family. Their marriage was primarily one of convenience; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of 683:. Faced with York rule once again, Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor, forced to flee abroad once more, to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him. It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again. 783:

Underwood. Before Jones and Underwood, there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret's role or character: historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her.

4248:

In 1539 iron railings, elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments, were erected around the tomb. The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later.

6756:

Chen, Andrew and Charlotte Bolland. “'Meynnart Wewyck and the Portrait of Lady Margaret Beaufort in the Master's Lodge at St John's College, Cambridge', The Burlington Magazine 161 (April 2019): 314–19.”

4367: 517:, respectively), and this concurs with the later date of marriage. Three years later, her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved, and King Henry VI granted Margaret's wardship to his own half-brothers, 4510:

In 2023, restoration work on the Wewyck portrait revealed that it had been overpainted several times throughout its history, with Margaret's original facial expression made more sombre and pious.

356:. Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period, she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son. Margaret's efforts ultimately culminated in Henry's decisive victory over King 4164:

Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council, it was Margaret's suggestions he took.

6556: 457:. Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him. He died shortly afterwards. According to 4084:"...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure, and will of your self, I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire." 4134:

from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age; in this matter, Gristwood writes, Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter "should not share her fate".

6446:

The Funeral Sermon of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, Mother to Henry VII, and Foundress of Christ's and St John's College in Cambridge, Preached by Bishop Fisher in 1509

6297:

Original letters illustrative of English history; including numerous royal letters; from autographs in the British Museum, the State Paper office, and one or two other collections

7935: 679:

Warwick's continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470–71, which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the

4076:

without giving further leverage to the Stanleys, since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes, thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of

6892: 4333:

While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales. Like Edward IV and his court, she was also involved with the advances in printing of

874: 5502: 509:

was granted on 18 August 1450, necessary because the spouses were closely related (Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters,

6770: 4161:. She arranged her son's funeral and her grandson's coronation. At her son's funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family. 6901: 4137:

After Elizabeth's death in 1503, Margaret became the principal female presence at court. When Arthur died, Margaret played a part in ensuring her grandson

3982:, the Countess was referred to in court as "My Lady the King's Mother". Her son's first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a 5454: 812:

conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard. Margaret's son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him, but he arrived too late.

7531: 4052:

Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court. The power she exercised was evidently obvious; a report from Spanish envoy

665: 5487: 3991: 4098:

Later in her marriage, the Countess preferred living alone. In 1499, with her husband's permission, she took a vow of chastity in the presence of

619:

Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth, Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her to ensure her son's security. She married

839:

Margaret's husband Stanley, despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion, did not respond when summoned to fight at the

787:

Polydore Vergil, continue to extol Lady Margaret's noble virtues as "the most pious woman," further removing her from accusations of wickedness.

4114:). She was regularly visited by her husband, who had rooms reserved for him. Margaret renewed her vows in 1504. From her principal residence at 4341:, not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition. The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance 4172:

Margaret had been ill for several days, as legend has it, after eating a cygnet (a young swan) for dinner. The Countess died in the Deanery of

808:

describes Beaufort as the "Athena of the rebellion". Perhaps with duplicitous motives (as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself),

5115:) (2007), the third installment (1455–1485) of the Waringham series by the German author; Margaret ("Megan") Beaufort is one of the characters 4106:. Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented. The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at 4361: 528:

Margaret never recognised the marriage to de la Pole. In her will, made in 1472, Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband. Under

5187: 2113: 756:. Margaret carried Anne's train at the coronation. Seeking her son's return to England, Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard. 7915: 7182: 2454: 867: 7133: 7116: 6673: 612:. As she was not yet physically mature, the birth was extremely difficult. In a sermon delivered after her death, Margaret's confessor, 3435: 7427: 5554: 4391:

was founded by her estate, either at her direct behest or at the suggestion of her chaplain, John Fisher. Land that she owned around

631: 5975: 7920: 4379: 661: 6914: 475:

Upon her first birthday, the king broke the arrangement with Margaret's father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to

7412: 7407: 4482:

as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime. They may be based on a lost original, or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in

4443: 4408: 4245:

the other at Cambridge, where she also founded two colleges, one dedicated to Christ, and the other to St John, the Evangelist."

4088: 2820: 2788: 2461: 1295: 476: 550:

At nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage. Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so.

532:, Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve. 7870: 7556: 7526: 7422: 7332: 7217: 4302: 3938: 3533: 3442: 2495: 1556: 1549: 860: 809: 438:

At the moment of her birth, Margaret's father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King

7885: 7447: 7397: 7392: 7337: 7058: 7028: 7009: 6592: 6470: 6335: 6231: 5936: 5857: 5618: 5365: 4092: 2881: 2852: 2416: 672: 720:

Holinshed, a Tudor chronicler, claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort's son and his own daughter,

7940: 7865: 7586: 7581: 7536: 7352: 7347: 6798: 3504: 2744: 948: 502: 411:, Bedfordshire, either on 31 May 1441 or, more likely, on 31 May 1443. The day and month are not disputed, as she required 126: 6771:

https://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/painting-lady-margaret-beaufort-smuggled-cambridge-protect-it-king-henry-viiis-henchmen-unveiled

4157:

of his will. For two days after the death of her son, Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson,

7890: 7875: 7860: 7641: 7546: 7462: 7452: 7127: 4631: 4573: 4038:

as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond). Furthermore, she included the Tudor crown and the caption

3826: 2845: 2486: 2359: 1529: 1286: 1230: 6607: 4180:'s 18th birthday, 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son. She is buried in the 7472: 7377: 3411: 2769: 536: 522: 490: 20: 7596: 7551: 7437: 7432: 7382: 7372: 7085: 6939: 6882: 6860: 5512: 5464: 2525: 1848: 833: 820:

passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates, declaring her guilty of the following:

694: 325: 288: 199: 6634: 7900: 7541: 7521: 7362: 6985: 4725: 4667: 4388: 4372: 1490: 592: 7807: 7367: 7175: 5195: 2518: 1540: 915: 848: 737: 388: 372: 238: 7767: 7467: 6767:

Painting of Lady Margaret Beaufort smuggled to Cambridge to protect it from King Henry VIII’s henchmen unveiled

6462:

The Growth of English Schooling, 1340–1548: Learning, Literacy, and Laicization in Pre-Reformation York Diocese

4383: 4257: 4204: 4012: 698: 601: 368: 153: 5729: 5248:

and Margaret herself. Margaret is portrayed by two actors (younger and older); Nina Marlin and Phoebe Sparrow.

7910: 7741: 7661: 7566: 7492: 7357: 5060: 4428: 3963: 2443: 7142: 5009:(1969), sequel to the above, the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort, mother of the future King Henry VII 7646: 7571: 7146: 5219: 5200: 5174: 4864: 1931: 404: 248: 5334: 535:

Even before the annulment of her first marriage, Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother,

7895: 7782: 7701: 7442: 7387: 7342: 5158: 5079: 4199: 3887: 2795: 7104:

Lady Margaret: A Memoir of Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond & Derby, Mother of Henry VII

6422: 6366: 7829: 7666: 7561: 7402: 7168: 6874: 6852: 376: 5107: 596:

A young woman, believed by some to be a young Lady Margaret Beaufort, in the National Portrait Gallery

7930: 7731: 7636: 7616: 7417: 6980: 6976: 2478: 2435: 801: 338: 6401: 5310: 7880: 7792: 7736: 7706: 7234: 5002:(1965), a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, parents of King Henry VII 4265: 4231: 4208: 3979: 3597: 2104: 840: 506: 361: 5926: 4141:, the new heir apparent, was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household. 4072:

action as any "single unmarried person might or may do at any time", despite still being married.

7925: 7905: 7686: 7576: 6519: 5073: 5049: 4397: 4396:

societies, including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christ's, and the

4293: 4127: 1209: 494: 423: 7126: 7787: 7726: 7711: 7631: 7272: 5068: 4495: 4447: 4434:

Margaret Beaufort Middle School (formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School) in

4297: 4185: 4111: 3568: 817: 442:. Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die, the rights to Margaret's 6741: 6460: 553:

At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor, twelve years her senior, on 1 November 1455. The

7850: 7746: 7671: 7626: 7302: 7246: 7202: 6582: 5847: 5143: 5037: 4435: 4412: 4382:

at the University of Cambridge. In 1505 she refounded and enlarged God's House, Cambridge as

4138: 3928: 3920: 1811: 1463: 966: 843:

in 1485, remaining aloof from the battle, even though his eldest son, George Stanley (styled

422:, the 17th-century antiquary, suggested that she had been born in 1441, based on evidence of 97: 6325: 5283:– priest and confessor of Margaret Beaufort. Messenger between her and Henry Tudor in exile. 7855: 7777: 7721: 7282: 7101: 6552: 5213: 4404: 4193: 3891: 3736: 3552: 2812: 1239: 759:

Despite what these negotiations may suggest, Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with

605: 454: 353: 228: 6681: 4118:

she was given a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North.

4049:

in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henry's influential mother, though this is uncertain.

379:, a 19th century foundation named after her, was the first Oxford college to admit women. 367:

Margaret is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges, founding

8: 7656: 7327: 7242: 6990: 6897:

Lady Margaret Beaufort], countess of Richmond and Derby (1443–1509), royal matriarch"

5280: 5138: 5132:

Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman in eight of the thirteen episodes of the

5054: 5042: 4451: 4323: 4319: 4123: 4046: 4004: 3791: 3466: 2544: 2510: 2386: 1896: 1498: 844: 805: 760: 714: 710: 540: 439: 6513: 7945: 7507: 7297: 7276: 7266: 7256: 7207: 6812: 6204: 6144:

Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice Volume 2

5481: 5245: 5225: 5157:. It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret, opposite 5090: 4420: 4416: 2780: 1908: 1819: 1271: 620: 558: 510: 469: 463: 400: 176: 6295:

King Henry VII (n.d.) King Henry VII to his mother, Margaret Countess of Richmond. In

4360:. Following her death in 1509, Wimborne Grammar School came into existence, to become 482: 7696: 7681: 7651: 7322: 7191: 7081: 7054: 7024: 7005: 6945: 6935: 6878: 6856: 6836: 6588: 6466: 6331: 6227: 6208: 5932: 5853: 5614: 5508: 5460: 5361: 5267: 5237: 5095: 4483: 4356:

In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of

4311: 4227: 4220: 4173: 4122:

marriages of the royal children. They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for

4099: 4008: 4000: 3783: 2374: 892: 883: 794: 768: 721: 554: 412: 334: 111: 85: 767:

alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to

46: 7716: 7691: 7676: 7591: 7078:

The Wars of the Roses: And the Lives of Five Men and Women in the Fifteenth Century

7046: 6972: 6906: 6353:

The Wars of the Roses: And the Lives of Five Men and Women in the Fifteenth Century

6196: 5954:

The Wars of the Roses: And the Lives of Five Men and Women in the Fifteenth Century

5895:

Parliament (1483). "6. An Act for the Attaynder of Margaret Coutesse of Richmond".

5322: 5204: 5026: 4693: 4450:

was founded and named in her honour. It is now a coeducational interdenominational

4349:

known by name, as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise

4269: 4181: 4103: 3590: 3545: 2906: 2899: 2873: 2866: 2837: 2830: 2761: 2537: 2471: 2428: 2120: 898: 744:

Following Edward IV's death in April 1483 and the seizure of the throne in June by

687: 680: 652: 569:

on 3 November 1456, leaving a 13-year-old widow who was pregnant with their child.

514: 486: 299: 262: 6922: 5102: 4981: 4469: 7457: 7064: 7034: 6999: 6953: 6703: 4490: 4338: 4290:

Lady Margaret Beaufort was a lifelong artistic patron and supporter of academia.

3839: 3818: 3525: 609: 585: 450: 419: 52: 6849:

Lady Margaret Beaufort and Her Professors of Divinity at Cambridge: 1502 to 1649

7802: 7797: 7772: 7621: 7308: 6844: 6277:

Jones & Underwood, Michael & Malcolm (1985). "LADY MARGARET BEAUFORT".

5381:

Jones & Underwood, Michael & Malcolm (1985). "LADY MARGARET BEAUFORT".

5259: 5208: 5150: 4990: 4605: 4439: 4334: 4307: 4235: 4131: 4053: 771:. They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support. 408: 342: 67: 6910: 6648:"Cambridge: Margaret Beaufort Institute of Theology celebrates Silver Jubilee" 6200: 7844: 7762: 7502: 7122: 7111: 6647: 5241: 4546: 4503: 4498: 4392: 3834: 3813: 3520: 3458: 2807: 2775: 2756: 2505: 1254: 907: 690:, fighting for the Yorkists. At 28 years old, Margaret became a widow again. 635: 392: 7068: 7038: 6949: 6389:

The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation

800:

In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in – if not the mastermind behind –

7516: 7477: 6957: 5084: 4403:

In 1540, funds she had bequeathed endowed a lectureship in divinity at the

3560: 3422: 753: 702: 686:

In 1471, Margaret's husband, Lord Stafford, died of wounds suffered at the

588:

in 2007, the Norman castle where Margaret gave birth to Henry Tudor in 1457

518: 458: 71: 6971: 6115:

The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil, A. D. 1485–1537, edited by D. Hay

352:, Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son, 6871:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

6840: 6794: 6584:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

6057:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

5789:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

5774:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

5651:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

5169: 5162: 4479: 4327: 4282: 4261: 4115: 4107: 775: 745: 732: 613: 357: 6131:. Saint John's College, Annapolis: SJLM D 91.23. 1504. pp. 110–111. 4423:

at the University of Oxford (founded in 1878), was named in her honour.

7487: 7313: 7286: 7212: 6224:

Uncrowned Queen: The Fateful Life of Margaret Beaufort, Tudor Matriarch

5611:

Uncrowned Queen: The Fateful Life of Margaret Beaufort, Tudor Matriarch

5358:

Uncrowned Queen: The Fateful Life of Margaret Beaufort, Tudor Matriarch

5012: 4177: 4158: 1885: 566: 544: 396: 349: 5845: 4215: 4130:. Both women also conspired to prevent Elizabeth and Henry's daughter 651:

Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the

7252: 6187:

Harris, Barbara (1990). "Women and Politics in Early Tudor England".

4986: 4315: 4154: 4077: 3984: 3474: 829: 706: 656: 565:

forces less than a year later. He died of the plague in captivity at

529: 7160: 6932:

Reading Families: Women's Literate Practice in Late Medieval England

6580: 4153:

Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, having designated his mother chief

604:, on 28 January 1457, the 13-year-old Margaret gave birth to a son, 581: 7262: 4458: 4455: 4357: 4184:

of the Abbey. Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of

3943: 749: 453:

of the crown, the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the

443: 106: 6117:. University of Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 411. 4045:

Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen

4022:

for years, since the 1460s. In 1499, she changed her signature to

6161:. New York: Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC. p. 532. 5179: 5172:

portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series,

4241: 4189: 790: 562: 6546:"Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, Christ Church, Oxford" 5232:

Margaret is the main protagonist of the three-part 2021 series,

7001:

The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown

4264:, Margaret's chaplain and confessor from 1497 until her death. 4003:. The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the 3958: 6746:. Burlington Magazine Publications Limited. 1908. p. 206. 6635:

National Archives. SD Margaret Beaufort Middle School, Riseley

6087:. Woodbridge, London: The Boydell Press. 2005. pp. 126–7. 6073:. Woodbridge, London: The Boydell Press. 2005. pp. 126–7. 5555:"The Kingmaker Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty" 895:) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns. 314: 277: 5183: 4306:, one of the first books in the English language, printed by 4035: 375:, which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511. 6146:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 556–565. 5439: 5437: 5435: 387:

Lady Margaret Beaufort was the daughter and sole heiress of

308: 6484: 6482: 4473:

Anonymous 17th-century portrait of Margaret in widow's garb

271: 6170: 6168: 5165:

as Warbeck, and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York.

4042:("and mother of Henry VII, king of England and Ireland"). 5849:

Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272–1485

5453:

Richardson, Henry Gerald, Sayles, George Osborne (1993).

5432: 5133: 752:, Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen, 6581:

Michael K. Jones; Malcolm G. Underwood (22 April 1993).

6479: 5452: 5178:, an adaptation of Gregory's novels, which was shown on 4145:

mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation:

333:; 31 May 1443 – 29 June 1509) was a major figure in the 6624:. Bristol: Bristol Times and Mirror Ltd. pp. 6–10. 6165: 5804:

The History of the Life and Reigne of Richard the Third

5258:

In 2020, Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the

5019:(1999). This novel was originally published in 1974 as 4431:

in Somerset, and the construction of the church tower.

641: 395:(1st Duke of Lancaster and third surviving son of King 6891:

Jones, Michael K. & Underwood, Malcolm G. (2004).

6799:

My lady the king's mother: images of Margaret Beaufort

774:

As to the fate of the princes, it is widely held that

668:. Again, Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son. 7117:

Margaret Beaufort's patronage of theatre and/or music

6905:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6458: 6355:. London: Constable and Company Limited. p. 332. 6311: