3724:"Classical Political Economy borrowed from every-day life the category "price of labour" without further criticism, and then simply asked the question, how is this price determined? It soon recognized that the change in the relations of demand and supply explained in regard to the price of labour, as of all other commodities, nothing except its changes i.e., the oscillations of the market-price above or below a certain mean. If demand and supply balance, the oscillation of prices ceases, all other conditions remaining the same. But then demand and supply also cease to explain anything. The price of labour, at the moment when demand and supply are in equilibrium, is its natural price, determined independently of the relation of demand and supply. And how this price is determined is just the question. Or a larger period of oscillations in the market-price is taken, e.g., a year, and they are found to cancel one the other, leaving a mean average quantity, a relatively constant magnitude. This had naturally to be determined otherwise than by its own compensating variations. This price which always finally predominates over the accidental market-prices of labour and regulates them, this "necessary price" (Physiocrats) or "natural price" of labour (Adam Smith) can, as with all other commodities, be nothing else than its value expressed in money. In this way Political Economy expected to penetrate to the value of labour through the medium of the accidental prices of labour. As with other commodities, this value was then further determined by the cost of production. But what is the cost of production-of the labourer, i.e., the cost of producing or reproducing the labourer himself? This question unconsciously substituted itself in Political Economy for the original one; for the search after the cost of production of labour as such turned in a circle and never left the spot. What economists therefore call value of labour, is in fact the value of labour-power, as it exists in the personality of the labourer, which is as different from its function, labour, as a machine is from the work it performs. Occupied with the difference between the market-price of labour and its so-called value, with the relation of this value to the rate of profit, and to the values of the commodities produced by means of labour, &c., they never discovered that the course of the analysis had led not only from the market-prices of labour to its presumed value, but had led to the resolution of this value of labour itself into the value of labour-power. Classical economy never arrived at a consciousness of the results of its own analysis; it accepted uncritically the categories "value of labour," "natural price of labour," &c.,. as final and as adequate expressions for the value-relation under consideration, and was thus led, as will be seen later, into inextricable confusion and contradiction, while it offered to the vulgar economists a secure basis of operations for their shallowness, which on principle worships appearances only."
3798:
casualisation of labour and more "contingent labour". It is argued that, because the positions of employees and employers in the market are unequal (it is usually easier for an employer to loose an employee than an employee to loose an employer), employees must be legally protected against undue exploitation. Otherwise employers will simply hire workers as and when it suits them, without regard for their needs as citizens. A further twist in some countries is that unions are part of the political establishment, and not interested in collecting complaints and suggestions from individual employees, employing staff in proportion to dues received, backing employees' legal cases, or rocking the boat in their public statements. For example, in China some workers are in prison for criticising the official unions.
3216:
live, and which acts as capital (variable) only in the hands of the buyer, the capitalist. The fact that a man is continually compelled to sell his labour-power, i.e., himself, to another man proves, according to those economists, that he is a capitalist, because he constantly has "commodities" (himself) for sale. In that sense a slave is also a capitalist, although he is sold by another once and for all as a commodity; for it is in the nature of this commodity, a labouring slave, that its buyer does not only make it work anew every day, but also provides it with the means of subsistence that enable it to work ever anew.
4643:
3236:
3285:"Labor is a commodity, like any other, and its price is therefore determined by exactly the same laws that apply to other commodities. In a regime of big industry or of free competitionâas we shall see, the two come to the same thingâthe price of a commodity is, on the average, always equal to its cost of production. Hence, the price of labor is also equal to the cost of production of labor. But, the costs of production of labor consist of precisely the quantity of means of subsistence necessary to enable the worker to continue working, and to prevent the
2200:
5045:
120:
5095:
5055:
5075:
3527:
intervene or mediate in the process of the reproduction of labour power, through family legislation, laws regulating sexual conduct, medical provisions, education policies, and housing policies. Such interventions always carry an economic cost, but that cost can be socialized or forced upon workers themselves, especially women. In these areas of civil society, there has been a constant battle between conservatives, social reformists and radicals.
5035:
43:
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2290:
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sold by a party other than the bearer? What prevents the person who provides labour (his or her own or that of somebody else) from offering packages combining the labour with labour means? And why can a slave not perform wage labour for his master at the estate of some third party?" This difficulty was first noted in research conducted during the 1980s by Tom Brass, gathered together in his 1999 book.
2212:
3522:"The maintenance and reproduction of the working-class is, and must ever be, a necessary condition to the reproduction of capital. But the capitalist may safely leave its fulfilment to the labourer's instincts of self-preservation and of propagation. All the capitalist cares for, is to reduce the labourer's individual consumption as far as possible to what is strictly necessary..."
3403:" in the sense that it creates no new net addition to total capital value, but it may be essential and indispensable labour, because without it a capital value would reduce or disappear. The larger the stock of assets which is neither an input nor an output to real production, and the wealthier society's elite becomes, the more labour is devoted only to
3692:, Penguin edition, p. 683), but did not accomplish it, mainly because of bad health. Nevertheless, Marx made quite clear his belief that capitalism "overturns all the legal or traditional barriers that would prevent it from buying this or that kind of labour-power as it sees fit, or from appropriating this or that kind of labour" (
3837:
from the "natural price of labour" of the classical political economists, because the "free play of market forces" does not gravitate spontaneously and automatically toward the "natural price" (the value) of labour power. Precisely because labour power is a unique and peculiar commodity, being lodged
3534:
show that formally unpaid and voluntary labour is a very large part of the total hours worked in a society. Markets depend on that unpaid labour to function at all. Some feminists have therefore demanded that the government pay "wages for housework". This demand conflicts with the legal framework of
3419:
of labour power (though workers can also be paid "in kind"), normally related to hours worked or output produced. That price may contingently be higher or lower than the value of labour power, depending on market forces of supply and demand, on skill monopolies, legal rules, the ability of negotiate,
3785:
are over-regulated, and that the costs and obligations of hiring labour weigh too heavily on employers. Moreover, it is argued that over-regulation prevents the free movement of labour to where it is really necessary. If labour markets were deregulated by removing excessive legal restrictions, it is
3509:
of work, though some argue the incidence of work accidents are a reliable yardstick. If workers are laid off by an organization, but the organization continues to produce the same amount of output or services as before, or even more, with the same technology, we can often conclude that the intensity
3496:
Medical estimates of the average holiday time necessary for fulltime workers to fully recuperate in a physiological and psychological sense from work stress during the year differ from country to country; but as an approximate gauge, three weeks continuous holiday is physiologically optimal for the
3215:
Apologetic economists... say:... labour-power, then, represents his capital in commodity-form, which yields him a continuous revenue. Labour-power is indeed his property (ever self-renewing, reproductive), not his capital. It is the only commodity which he can and must sell continually in order to
3526:
This understanding, however, only captures the sense in which the reproduction of labour power comes at no cost to capitalists, like the reproduction of ecological conditions, but unlike the reproduction of, say, machine bolts and plastic wrap. Elites and governments have always sought to actively
3435:
The labour-costs of an employer are not the same as the real buying power a worker acquires through working. An employer usually also has to pay taxes & levies to the government in respect of workers hired, which may include social security contributions or superannuation benefits. In addition
3269:
Normally, the worker is legally the owner of his labour power, and can sell it freely according to his own wishes. However, most often the trade in labour power is regulated by legislation, and the sale may not be truly "free"âit may be a forced sale for one reason or another, and indeed it may be
3164:
of human beings and other living things to perform work, including mental labour and skills such as manual dexterity, in addition to sheer physical exertion. Labour power is, in this sense, also the aspect of labour that becomes a commodity within capitalist society and is alienated from labourers
3854:
is as follows: "Marx's thesis is based on two dubious assumptions, namely that labour needs to be offered for sale by the person who is the actual bearer and owner of such labour, and that the person who sells the labour sells nothing else. Why does this have to be the case? Why can labour not be
3444:
There is typically a constant conflict over the level of wages between employers and employees, since employers seek to limit or reduce wage-costs, while workers seek to increase their wages, or at least maintain them. How the level of wages develops depends on the demand for labour, the level of
3307:
sell it to someone else; in that case, they would be a slave, and a slave does not own himself. Yet, although workers can hire themselves out, they cannot "hire out" or "lease" their labour, since they cannot reclaim or repossess the labour at some point after the work is done, in the same way as
3846:
trade at prices well above, or below, its real value. Marx only assumed that labour power traded at its value, in order to show that even if that was the case, the worker was still economically exploited. But he was well aware that often labour power did not trade at its value, either because of
3448:
Marx regarded wages as the "external form" of the value of labour power. The compensation of workers in capitalist society could take all kinds of different forms, but there was always both a paid and unpaid component of labour performed. The "ideal" form of wages for capitalism, he argued, were
3465:
When labour power has been purchased and an employment contract signed, normally it is not yet paid for. First, labour power must be put to work in the production process. The employment contract is only a condition for uniting labour power with the means of production. From that point on, Marx
3333:
The general concept of the "value of labour power" is necessary because both the conditions of the sale of labour power, and the conditions under which goods and services are purchased by the worker with money from a salary, can be affected by numerous circumstances. If, for example, the state
3440:
expenditure on labour by employers, the workers get about 60% as take-home pay, but about 40% consists of taxes, benefits and ancillary costs. Employers may be able to claim back part of the surcharge on labour by means of various tax credits, or because the tax on business income is lowered.
3387:
capital value. If labour is withdrawn from the workplace for any reason, typically the value of capital assets deteriorates; it takes a continual stream of work effort to maintain and preserve their value. When materials are used to make new products, part of the value of materials is also
3797:
However, trade union representatives often argue that the real effect of deregulation is to reduce wages and conditions for workers, with the effect of reducing market demand for products. In turn, the effect would be lower economic growth and a decline in living standards, with increased
3489:
assets, and transfers part of the value of materials and equipment used to the new products. The result aimed for is the valorisation of invested capital, i.e. other things being equal, the value of capital is maintained and has also increased through the activity of living labour.
3639:
and factory inspector's reports. Part of the role of the state is to secure those general (collective) conditions for the reproduction and maintenance of workers which individuals and private enterprise cannot secure by themselves for one reason or anotherâfor example, because:
3866:. Marx said himself that "Above all overturns all the legal or traditional barriers that would prevent it from buying this or that kind of labour-power as it sees fit, or from appropriating this or that kind of labour". The concept of the value of labour power referred to the
3504:
Several researchers have questioned however to what extent additional hours worked really increase the marginal productivity of labour; particularly in services, the work that gets done in five days could often also be done in four. The most difficult aspect to measure is the
3813:. The term "flexibility" is used because, while capital must be able to move freely around the globe, the movement of labour must be strictly controlled. If that control does not exist, it is argued, it could mean additional costs to employers and taxpayers.
3258:
During that time, the worker does actual labour, producing goods and services. The capitalist can then sell these and obtain surplus value; since the wages paid to the workers are lower than the value of the goods or services they produce for the capitalist.
3363:, which is the outcome of a combination of factors: productivity; the supply and demand for labour; the assertion of human needs; the costs of acquiring skills; state laws stipulating minimum or maximum wages, the balance of power between
3558:
The state can influence both the value and price of labour-power in numerous different ways, and normally it regulates wages and working conditions in the labour market to a greater or lesser extent. It can do so for example by:
3374:
interesting proposition only if it can yield more value than it costs to buy, i.e. employing it yields a net positive return on capital invested. However, in Marx's theory, the value-creating function of labour power is not its
3270:
bought and sold against the real wishes of the worker even although he owns his own labour power. Various gradations of freedom and unfreedom are possible, and free wage labour can combine with slave labour or semi-slavery.
3500:
ILO statistics show a wide range of average hours worked and average holidays for different countries; for example, Korean workers work the most hours per year, and
Americans have fewer formal holidays than West Europeans.
3105:"Labour-power, however, becomes a reality only by its exercise; it sets itself in action only by working. But thereby a definite quantity of human muscle, nerve. brain, &c., is wasted, and these require to be restored."
3322:, i.e. the cost of meeting the established human needs which must be satisfied in order for the worker to turn up for work each day, fit to work. This involves goods and services representing a quantity of labour equal to
3289:
from dying out. The worker will therefore get no more for his labor than is necessary for this purpose; the price of labor, or the wage, will, in other words, be the lowest, the minimum, required for the maintenance of
3195:
resulting from profit normally arises out of the process of production itselfârather than in the investment of capital (e.g. the advance of money-capital in the form of wages) in labour-power (acquired from labourers).
3338:
or goods and services tax), then what the worker can buy with his wage-money is reduced. Or, if price inflation increases, then again the worker can buy less with his wage money. The point is that this can occur quite
3053:. Marx distinguished between the capacity to do work, i.e. labour power, and the physical act of working, i.e. labour. Labour power exists in any kind of society, but on what terms it is traded or combined with
3711:. If the state claims just as much money from workers through taxes and levies as it pays out to them, then it is of course doubtful whether the state really "pays a social wage". However, more often the state
3347:
of a worker can rise or fall quite independently of how much he is paidâsimply because goods and services become more expensive or cheaper to buy, or because he is blocked from access to goods and services.
3068:. Indeed, "labour power at work" becomes a component of capital, it functions as working capital. Work becomes just work, workers become an abstract labour force, and the control over work becomes mainly a
3424:
will raise wages, in accordance with the laws of supply and demand. But wages can also be reduced through high price inflation and consumer taxes. Therefore, a distinction must always be drawn between
3530:
Marxist-Feminists have argued that in reality, household (domestic) labour by housewives which forms, maintains and restores the capacity to work is a large "free gift" to the capitalist economy.
3315:
subjects who are free to sell it, and can enter into labour contracts. Once actualised and consumed through working, the capacity to work is exhausted, and must be replenished and restored.
3535:
the government in capitalist society, which usually assumes a financial responsibility only for the upkeep of "citizens" and "families" lacking other sources of income or subsistence.
3395:
which, if this labour did not occur, would decline in value by an even greater amount than the labour cost involved in maintaining its value; or because it is a necessary expense which
3093:"By labour-power or capacity for labour is to be understood the aggregate of those mental and physical capabilities existing in a human being, which he exercises whenever he produces a
3247:– it is sold and bought on the market. A worker tries to sell his or her labour-power to an employer, in exchange for a wage or salary. If successful (the only alternative being
3359:
component (the satisfaction of needs beyond the physical minimum which have become an established part of the lifestyle of the average worker). The value of labour power is thus a
3762:
In turn, this has meant that governments have typically strongly regulated the sale of labour power with laws and rules for labour contracts. These laws and rules affect e.g. the
3700:
in
Britain, and therefore, he might have got into major trouble personally, if he had criticized the state publicly in his writings in ways not acceptable to the British state.
3262:
Labour power can also be sold by the worker on "own account", in which case he is self-employed, or it can be sold by an intermediary, such as a hiring agency. In principle a
391:
361:
3688:
However, Marx did not provide a general theory of the state and the labour market. He intended to write a separate book on the subject of wages and the labour market (see
3546:), with a new system granting retirement benefits proportional to the income of one's own children. Such a system could theoretically introduce a return on investment for
3266:
of workers can also sell their labour-power as an independent contracting party. Some labour contracts are very complex, involving a number of different intermediaries.
4331:
3308:
rental equipment is returned to the owner. Once labour has been expended, it is gone, and the only remaining issue is who benefits from the results, and by how much.
3168:
By contrast, "labour" may refer to all or any activity by humans (and other living creatures) that is concerned with producing goods or services (or what Marx calls
4557:, "Marx on Ricardo", in: Ian Bradley and Michael Howard (eds), Classical and Marxian Political EconomyâEssays in honour of Ronald L. Meek". London: Macmillan, 1982.
3708:
181:
3453:
because in that case the capitalist paid only for labour which directly created those outputs adding value to his capital. It was the most efficient form of
3858:
The buying and selling of human work effort can and has taken many more different forms than Marx acknowledgesâespecially in the area of services. A modern
4780:
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4497:
3743:
The commercial value of human labour power is strongly linked to the assertion of human needs by workers as citizens. It is not simply a question of
3493:
At the end of the working day, labour power has been more or less consumed, and must be restored through rest, eating and drinking, and recreation.
1647:
3318:
In general, Marx argues that in capitalism the value of labour power (as distinct from fluctuating market prices for work effort) is equal to its
4823:
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4053:
3299:
Labour power is a peculiar commodity, because it is an attribute of living persons, who own it themselves in their living bodies. Because they
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2315:
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3696:., p. 1013). It is possibleâapart from bad healthâthat he did not write a general critique of the state, because he lived himself as an
141:
136:
3542:
concept proposes the replacement of existing government payments to the elderly based on an individual's payroll tax contributions (e.g.
3703:
In modern times, the fact that the state has a big effect on wages and the value of labour power has given rise to the concepts of the
2868:
281:
156:
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4750:
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491:
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4592:
3932:
2591:
1975:
1902:
351:
4774:
1452:
2708:
3623:
Stipulating legal requirements relating to the accommodation, health, sex life, family situation and pregnancy of workers.
3879:
3134:
2330:
893:
481:
306:
236:
211:
3587:
Subsidizing workers or their employers in various ways through eligibility to various benefits or supplements to salary.
3391:
Consequently, labour power may be hired not "because it creates more value than it costs to buy", but simply because it
4329:
4295:
2992:
3311:
Labour power can become a marketable object, sold for a specific period, only if the owners are constituted in law as
4155:
4000:
3833:
and, therefore, that Marx was not saying anything really new. However, Marx's interpretation is (as he himself said)
3538:
Other social scientists have tackled this issue from a supercapitalist perspective. Economist
Shirley P. Burggraf's
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86:
68:
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1980:
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533:
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321:
246:
53:
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unemployment, and the ability of workers and employers to organise and take action with regard to pay claims.
635:
3842:
conform to all the same laws as other kinds of commodities. Depending on social conditions, labour power may
3130:
2975:
2340:
2247:
1782:
685:
454:
341:
4792:
3608:
Policing workers on the job and off-work, and prosecuting criminal activity with respect to workers' lives.
3578:
Adjusting direct and indirect tax rates, levies and tariffs for wage earners and employers in various ways.
2425:
1457:
1337:
511:
426:
271:
3614:
Creating additional jobs and employment by means of various policies, or, permitting unemployment to grow.
119:
4727:
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3569:
Stipulating minimum requirements for working conditions, workplace health and safety issues and the like.
2951:
2886:
2697:
2460:
1965:
1767:
1237:
371:
296:
191:
17:
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3774:, the obligations of employers in respect of employees, hiring and firing procedures, labour taxes, and
3715:
income from one group or workers to another, reducing the income of some and increasing that of others.
5118:
2941:
2730:
2585:
2271:
1737:
1712:
1637:
1000:
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241:
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4171:
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3802:
2716:
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2385:
1877:
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346:
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4214:
3870:, not to be confused with the formalities of all the kinds of labour contracts which are possible.
3187:
The distinction between labour and labour-power, according to Marx, helped to solve a problem that
2435:
2240:
1970:
336:
256:
206:
4034:
3786:
argued that costs to business would be reduced and more labour could be hired, thereby increasing
3759:
been simply an "economic" or "commercial" matter, but also a moral, cultural and political issue.
3109:
Another explanation of labour-power can be found in the introduction and second chapter of Marx's
655:
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4982:
3718:
3117:
3111:
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2320:
2135:
2115:
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680:
563:
416:
381:
201:
196:
151:
64:
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Caneisha Mills, "Hustling and the problems of daily life: individual or collective solutions?".
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3420:
etc. Normally, unless government action prevents it, high unemployment will lower wages, and
3207:, the purpose of which was to imply that workers were a kind of capitalist. For instance, in
3204:
3039:
2649:
2545:
2360:
1207:
1052:
628:
436:
356:
301:
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3572:
Stipulating requirements for labour contracts, trade union organization and wage bargaining.
3436:
there are often also administrative costs. So, in the United States for example, out of the
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4743:
4681:
4578:
3810:
3235:
2555:
2535:
2415:
2405:
2120:
2073:
2068:
2053:
2043:
2010:
1985:
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4502:
Marx's Wage Theory in
Historical Perspective: Its Origins, Development, and Interpretation
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8:
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imposes a tax on consumer goods and services (an indirect tax or consumption tax such as
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146:
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An advertisement for labour from Sabah and
Sarawak, seen in Jalan Petaling, Kuala Lumpur
1587:
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4938:
4893:
4268:
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Permitting or preventing the inflow of immigrant workers, or the emigration of workers.
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60:
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461:
3160:("labour-ability" or "labour-capacity") refers to a "force of nature": the physical
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1512:
1447:
1397:
1262:
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Real wages in 19th and 20th
Century Europe; Historical and comparative perspectives
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Towards a
Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates.
4251:
HARVEY, PHILIP (1983). "Marx's Theory of the Value of Labor Power: An
Assessment".
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adjusted for tax and price inflation, and indirect tax imposts must be considered.
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221:
103:
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1927:
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5012:
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4617:
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4534:
4517:, The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. Monthly Review Press, 1969.
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The Basic Theory of
Capitalism: The Forms and Substance of the Capitalist Economy
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4414:
4411:(International and Comparative Social History, 5). New York: Peter Lang AG, 1997.
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3899:
3791:
3767:
3595:
3531:
3421:
3335:
3031:
3023:
2833:
2575:
2475:
2157:
2048:
2000:
1995:
1907:
1842:
1822:
1762:
1657:
1632:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1552:
1507:
1497:
1362:
1302:
1257:
1222:
1202:
1162:
1137:
983:
902:
598:
528:
266:
4908:
4072:
3644:
providing those conditions practically requires an authority which stands above
2783:
1567:
4953:
4923:
4883:
4878:
4712:
4383:
3894:
3599:
3364:
2980:
2876:
2753:
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2570:
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2420:
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1990:
1892:
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1807:
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1097:
778:
710:
665:
441:
286:
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3719:
Quotation by Marx on the value of labour power and classical political economy
1417:
5112:
4948:
4943:
4514:
4264:
4080:
3782:
3591:
3286:
3203:, Marx himself may have considered a concept such as "human capital" to be a
3200:
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1027:
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958:
932:
690:
471:
4419:
Labor and
Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century
5044:
4918:
4898:
4717:
4554:
3822:
3763:
3752:
3475:
3248:
2813:
2768:
2763:
2490:
2370:
2100:
1922:
1897:
1862:
1792:
1787:
1772:
1757:
1707:
1697:
1547:
1532:
1522:
1472:
1442:
1427:
1412:
1377:
1197:
1157:
1107:
1057:
978:
922:
3584:
Instituting and adjusting unemployment benefits and other social benefits.
3273:
The concept of labour power as a commodity was first explicitly stated by
4977:
4756:
4722:
4686:
4602:
4526:
4487:
3904:
3771:
3748:
3704:
3630:
3581:
Adjusting social insurance policies, pension charges/claims and the like.
3355:
component (the minimum physical requirements for a healthy worker) and a
3085:
2818:
2803:
2678:
2485:
1937:
1882:
1837:
1732:
1677:
1602:
1432:
1422:
1327:
1307:
1267:
1192:
1182:
1172:
973:
670:
543:
231:
166:
31:
5074:
4472:
Global Capital, Human Needs and Social Policies: Selected Essays 1994-99
4428:
4272:
4666:
4393:
3847:
unfavourable wage-bargaining conditions or because of labour scarcity.
3830:
3787:
3655:
for private agencies, requiring investment funds not available to them.
3330:. It represents an average cost of living, an average living standard.
3069:
3047:
2683:
2495:
1932:
1742:
1572:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1347:
1272:
1232:
1227:
1067:
867:
842:
538:
161:
3566:
Stipulating maximum and minimum working hours, and the retirement age.
5022:
4967:
4520:
4456:
4397:
3482:
3252:
3169:
3094:
3080:
3043:
2738:
2480:
2289:
2167:
2110:
2058:
2038:
1867:
1492:
1087:
1042:
852:
71:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4972:
4439:
3863:
3809:, to block any movement of labour which would be only a burden for
2093:
2088:
1887:
968:
5034:
3575:
Legally defining the civil rights and entitlements of the workers.
3199:
While Marx's concept of labour power has been compared to that of
4997:
4695:
4451:
Hidden in the Household: Women's Domestic Labour Under Capitalism
3611:
Requiring military service from young workers at fixed pay rates.
3115:(1847). Marx also provided a short exposition of labour power in
2926:
862:
111:
4509:
The Workers and the World; Essays toward a Global Labour History
3057:
to produce goods and services has historically varied greatly.
857:
5084:
5064:
4570:
4386:, "The Problem with Human Capital TheoryâA Marxian Critique",
2223:
392:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
4234:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Twenty-Three"
4190:"Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value of Labour-Power"
3697:
3665:
the conditions that have to be supplied are not sufficiently
3407:
the mass of capital assets rather than increasing its value.
3312:
4290:(Updated ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
3605:
Regulating the consumption of goods and services by workers.
3481:
Functioning as variable capital, living labour creates both
3243:
Under capitalism, according to Marx, labour-power becomes a
3617:
Encouraging or preventing labour mobility and job mobility.
3083:
introduces the concept in chapter 6 of the first volume of
362:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
3825:
that Marx's own concept of labour power was in truth very
3550:, thereby incentivizing the care and rearing of children.
3152:) and gave this distinction a new significance. For Marx,
4313:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Nineteen"
3399:
from one owner to another. Marx regards such labour as "
182:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4547:, "Marx's Theory of Wages", a chapter in Bob Rowthorn,
3781:
This has led to repeated criticism from employers that
3343:
of how much a worker is actually paid. Therefore, the
3953:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Six"
3563:
Stipulating minimum and maximum wage rates for work.
4781:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
3635:provides many illustrations, often taken from the
4444:Labour Market Theory: A Constructive Reassessment
3927:(5th ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 20.
3590:Influencing the general price level, by means of
3255:of the capitalist for a specific period of time.
5110:
3738:
3351:Included in the value of labour power is both a
3922:
4586:
4157:An Introduction to Marx's 'Capital': Volume 2
4019:An Introduction to Marx's 'Capital': Volume 1
3415:Marx regards money-wages and salaries as the
3191:had failed to solve, i.e. explaining why the
3180:is somewhat similar to the later concept, in
3000:
2248:
142:The Condition of the Working Class in England
4524:
4409:Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues
4407:Tom Brass and Marcel Van Der Linden (eds.),
4212:
3628:
3251:), this exchange involves submitting to the
137:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
4172:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital: Volume Two"
3662:not possible to privatize those conditions.
4831:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
4593:
4579:
4153:
4015:
3946:
3944:
3156:, which he sometimes instead refers to as
3007:
2993:
2255:
2241:
282:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
157:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
4051:
3862:makes possible all kinds of new forms of
3805:" is combined with the demand for strong
3060:Under capitalism, according to Marx, the
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
4421:. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
4285:
3553:
3234:
3172:). In this sense, the usage of labour (
3941:
3923:Fine, Ben; Saad-Filho, Alfredo (2010).
14:
5111:
4849:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation
4763:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
4751:International Workingmen's Association
4250:
3684:reason why the state should intervene.
3485:and new value, conserves the value of
3397:transfers the value of a capital asset
3393:conserves the value of a capital asset
3370:Buying labour power usually becomes a
3320:normal or average (re-)production cost
1063:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4574:
4310:
4288:The Feminine Economy and Economic Man
4231:
4035:"Critique of the Gotha Programme-- I"
3969:
3950:
1976:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
352:Change the World Without Taking Power
3988:
36:
4549:Capitalism, Conflict, and Inflation
3880:Abstract labour and concrete labour
3627:Marx was very aware of this and in
3135:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
307:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
237:Theses on the Philosophy of History
24:
4775:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
4482:Capitalism, Value and Exploitation
4392:, vol. 65(2), pages 74â82, (1975)
3303:it within themselves, they cannot
25:
5130:
4551:, Lawrence & Wishart, London.
4484:(Martin Robertson, Oxford, 1982).
4367:, Pelican edition 1976, p. 1013).
4052:BIERNACKI, RICHARD (2001-06-01).
3388:transferred to the new products.
327:Time, Labor and Social Domination
5094:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5043:
5033:
4641:
4054:"Labor as an Imagined Commodity"
4032:
3868:underlying economic relationship
3602:for consumer goods and services.
3466:argues, labour power at work is
3165:when it is sold to capitalists.
3124:
2288:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2034:21st-century communist theorists
377:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
292:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
212:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
118:
41:
4837:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
4813:Industrial Workers of the World
4807:General Confederation of Labour
4769:Brazilian Workers Confederation
4600:
4355:
4340:
4323:
4304:
4279:
4244:
4225:
4206:
4182:
4164:
4147:
3513:
3230:
3129:Marx adapted a distinction, in
736:Theory of historical trajectory
614:Dictatorship of the proletariat
317:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
217:History and Class Consciousness
172:Critique of the Gotha Programme
4539:The Making of Marx's "Capital"
4425:The Critical Lawyer's Handbook
4123:
4099:
4045:
4026:
4009:
3982:
3963:
3916:
3838:in the living worker, it does
3751:which must be met. Therefore,
3651:meeting the conditions is too
3460:
3379:function; it also importantly
2446:Socially necessary labour time
2391:Organic composition of capital
534:Socially necessary labour time
432:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
322:The Sublime Object of Ideology
247:A Critique of Soviet Economics
27:Capacity to do work in Marxism
13:
1:
4373:
4215:"The Principles of Communism"
3829:to that of David Ricardo and
3739:Labour market flexibilisation
3510:of work must have increased.
3075:
2673:Critique of Political Economy
2341:Critique of political economy
2316:Capitalist mode of production
455:Critique of political economy
4793:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
4541:. London: Pluto Press, 1977.
4467:, Macmillan Press Ltd. 1991.
3850:A recent criticism by Prof.
3816:
2600:Falling profit-rate tendency
2451:Socialist mode of production
2426:Real prices and ideal prices
2331:Concrete and abstract labuor
492:Falling profit-rate tendency
272:The Society of the Spectacle
7:
4494:. Barnes & Noble, 1988.
4404:(Frank Cass, London, 1999).
4073:10.1177/0032329201029002002
3989:Marx, Karl (21 July 2018).
3873:
3279:The Principles of Communism
3062:productive powers of labour
2952:Schools of economic thought
2887:Real-World Economics Review
2698:The Accumulation of Capital
2461:Simple commodity production
1966:Capitalism Nature Socialism
482:Concrete and abstract labor
372:Capital in the Anthropocene
297:Social Justice and the City
192:The Accumulation of Capital
67:the claims made and adding
10:
5135:
4504:. Westport: Praeger 1998.
4446:. Routledge, London, 1998.
4286:Burggraf, Shirley (1997).
4160:. Sweet Home Publications.
4022:. Sweet Home Publications.
3518:Marx himself argued that:
2942:Perspectives on capitalism
2882:New School Economic Review
2690:Economic and Philosophical
2586:Technological unemployment
242:Dialectic of Enlightenment
29:
5030:
4961:
4857:
4742:
4694:
4650:
4639:
4610:
3972:"Wage Labour and Capital"
3885:Compensation of employees
3803:labour market flexibility
3101:He adds further on that:
3066:creative power of capital
2581:Technological determinism
387:Literature and Revolution
347:Late Victorian Holocausts
277:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
262:The Wretched of the Earth
4728:Workers' self-management
4389:American Economic Review
3910:
3468:transformed into capital
3410:
3294:
3225:, chapter 20, section 10
3184:, of "labour services".
3042:, a key concept used by
3038:) is the capacity to do
2869:International Journal of
337:The Origin of Capitalism
207:The State and Revolution
30:Not to be confused with
4983:Criticism of capitalism
4843:National Workers' Union
4567:. New York; Berg, 1989.
4507:Marcel van der Linden,
4474:London: Palgrave, 2000.
4131:"Glossary of Terms: La"
3474:which accomplishes the
3118:Value, Price and Profit
3112:Wage Labour and Capital
2962:Critiques of capitalism
2431:Relations of production
1038:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
681:Relations of production
564:Base and superstructure
417:Dialectical materialism
382:The Revolution Betrayed
202:Terrorism and Communism
197:Philosophical Notebooks
152:The Communist Manifesto
4988:Criticism of copyright
4703:Co-operative economics
4525:
4511:. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
4465:A Theory of Human Need
4453:, Women's Press, 1980.
4061:Politics & Society
3890:Reserve army of labour
3821:It has been argued by
3801:Often the demand for "
3736:
3709:collective consumption
3629:
3524:
3455:exploitation of labour
3292:
3240:
3228:
3182:neoclassical economics
3138:between labour power (
3035:
3027:
2937:Neoclassical economics
2917:Evolutionary economics
2711:Capitalist Development
2605:Transformation problem
2592:Temporal single-system
2551:Historical materialism
2441:Reserve army of labour
2411:Primitive accumulation
2361:Labour theory of value
1981:Historical Materialism
726:Proletarian revolution
721:Primitive accumulation
716:Historical determinism
5008:Libertarian socialism
4799:Solidarity Federation
3852:Marcel van der Linden
3776:unemployment benefits
3722:
3673:for private agencies.
3554:The role of the state
3520:
3283:
3238:
3213:
2671:A Contribution to the
2650:Neo-Marxian economics
2217:Philosophy portal
2011:Science & Society
629:Democratic centralism
487:Factors of production
357:Caliban and the Witch
302:Women, Race and Class
3811:capital accumulation
3807:immigration controls
3676:there is a specific
3598:, or by instituting
3097:of any description."
2860:Cambridge Journal of
2536:Economic determinism
2416:Rate of exploitation
2406:Prices of production
2229:Socialism portal
2205:Communism portal
2074:History of communism
2069:Economic determinism
2054:Criticism of Marxism
2044:Creative destruction
804:Marxism and religion
524:Scientific socialism
427:Philosophy of nature
312:Imagined Communities
177:Dialectics of Nature
4787:Free Workers' Union
4723:Labour unionisation
4628:Revolutions of 1848
3860:information society
3770:, the operation of
3426:nominal gross wages
3055:means of production
3046:in his critique of
2957:Socialist economics
2922:Classical economics
2897:Science and Society
2692:Manuscripts of 1844
2541:Immiseration thesis
2526:Capital controversy
2386:Monopoly capitalism
2376:Means of production
2366:Law of accumulation
1961:Capital & Class
641:False consciousness
589:Commodity fetishism
579:Class consciousness
497:Means of production
332:The Age of Extremes
252:The Long Revolution
187:What Is to Be Done?
147:The German Ideology
4433:2016-03-03 at the
4334:2007-09-28 at the
4213:Frederick Engels.
3790:opportunities and
3548:reproductive labor
3544:US Social Security
3345:standard of living
3241:
2892:Rethinking Marxism
2799:Nikolai Kondratiev
2635:Analytical Marxism
2381:Mode of production
2175:Worker cooperative
2153:Left-wing populism
2079:Left-wing politics
2016:Socialist Register
2006:Rethinking Marxism
799:Literary criticism
502:Mode of production
367:Capitalist Realism
227:The Black Jacobins
52:possibly contains
5119:Marxian economics
5106:
5105:
4801:(SFâIWA, Britain)
4795:(NSFâIAA, Norway)
4662:Council communism
4633:Utopian socialism
4364:Capital, Volume I
4348:Liberation School
3992:Capital, Volume 1
3934:978-0-7453-3016-7
3745:supply and demand
3540:parental dividend
3328:necessary product
3178:Marxian economics
3051:political economy
3017:
3016:
2947:Political economy
2932:Marxist sociology
2871:Political Economy
2779:Antonie Pannekoek
2759:Rudolf Hilferding
2640:Classical Marxism
2566:Overdetermination
2556:Okishio's theorem
2396:Productive forces
2281:Marxian economics
2265:
2264:
2106:Political ecology
2084:Marxian economics
1023:Council communism
991:
990:
918:Neue Marx-LektĂŒre
880:Regulation school
769:Cultural analysis
661:Lumpenproletariat
604:Cultural hegemony
594:Communist society
584:Classless society
519:Productive forces
257:Guerrilla Warfare
130:Theoretical works
97:
96:
89:
54:original research
16:(Redirected from
5126:
5097:
5096:
5089:Socialism portal
5087:
5077:
5069:Organized Labour
5067:
5059:Labour economics
5057:
5056:
5049:Communism portal
5047:
5039:Anarchism portal
5037:
4993:Critique of work
4824:IWW-South Africa
4777:(CNTâAIT, Spain)
4708:Labour economics
4645:
4623:Orthodox Marxism
4605:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4561:Peter Scholliers
4530:
4478:Geoffrey Hodgson
4368:
4359:
4353:
4344:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4154:Ranganayakamma.
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4135:www.marxists.org
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4091:. Archived from
4058:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4039:www.marxists.org
4030:
4024:
4023:
4016:Ranganayakamma.
4013:
4007:
4006:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3920:
3734:
3634:
3532:Time use surveys
3497:average worker.
3487:constant capital
3472:variable capital
3357:moral-historical
3324:necessary labour
3275:Friedrich Engels
3226:
3036:force de travail
3009:
3002:
2995:
2976:Economics portal
2794:Richard D. Wolff
2744:Friedrich Engels
2703:Monopoly Capital
2645:Orthodox Marxism
2610:Underconsumption
2561:Overaccumulation
2506:Variable capital
2336:Constant capital
2292:
2282:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2180:Workers' council
2001:Race & Class
908:Frankfurt School
875:Neo-Gramscianism
848:MarxismâLeninism
830:
829:
774:Cultural Studies
731:World revolution
676:Private property
222:Prison Notebooks
122:
99:
98:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
69:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5079:Politics portal
5026:
5013:Post-capitalism
4957:
4853:
4845:(UON, Portugal)
4759:and affiliates
4738:
4690:
4646:
4637:
4618:Guild socialism
4606:
4601:
4599:
4535:Roman Rosdolsky
4498:Kenneth Lapides
4435:Wayback Machine
4415:Harry Braverman
4376:
4371:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4341:
4336:Wayback Machine
4328:
4324:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4284:
4280:
4253:Social Research
4249:
4245:
4230:
4226:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4107:"Marxism Terms"
4105:
4104:
4100:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3987:
3983:
3968:
3964:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3900:Surplus product
3876:
3819:
3792:economic growth
3768:wage bargaining
3741:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3596:monetary policy
3556:
3516:
3470:, specifically
3463:
3422:full employment
3413:
3361:historical norm
3336:value-added tax
3297:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3211:, Marx states:
3158:Arbeitsvermögen
3127:
3089:, as follows:
3078:
3013:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2834:Stephen Resnick
2733:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2717:Finance Capital
2713:
2710:
2694:
2691:
2675:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2596:
2593:
2576:Kondratiev wave
2520:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2476:Surplus product
2300:
2280:
2261:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2158:Universal class
2049:Conflict theory
2029:
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2020:
1996:New Left Review
1951:
1943:
1942:
1083:
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1003:
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903:Budapest School
827:
826:Common variants
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599:Critical theory
559:
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529:Surplus product
457:
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267:Reading Capital
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4350:, 2 July 2012.
4339:
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4259:(2): 305â344.
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4111:cla.purdue.edu
4098:
4095:on 2023-04-26.
4067:(2): 173â206.
4044:
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3925:Marx's Capital
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3897:
3895:Surplus labour
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3783:labour markets
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3731:Capital Vol. 1
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3064:appear as the
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2981:Marxism portal
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2877:Monthly Review
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2839:MichaĆ Kalecki
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4744:Organisations
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3592:fiscal policy
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3341:independently
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3287:working class
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3256:
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3201:human capital
3197:
3194:
3193:surplus value
3190:
3189:David Ricardo
3185:
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3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
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3147:
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3125:Versus labour
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2809:Nobuo Okishio
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2790:
2789:Andrew Kliman
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Ernest Mandel
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:The Theory of
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Crisis theory
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Value product
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Surplus value
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Socialization
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Class process
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Revolutionary
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Authoritarian
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Moufawad-Paul
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
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1869:
1866:
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1826:
1824:
1821:
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1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
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1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
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1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
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1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
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1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
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1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
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1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
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1621:
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1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
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1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Eurocommunism
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Austromarxism
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
997:
996:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:Communization
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
944:
940:
939:
934:
933:Praxis School
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:
895:
892:
891:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
838:
835:
832:
831:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
745:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
700:
699:
692:
691:Working class
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
553:
552:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Crisis theory
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
131:
126:
125:
121:
117:
116:
113:
110:
109:
105:
101:
100:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5003:Labour power
5002:
4809:(CGT, Spain)
4564:
4555:Ian Steedman
4548:
4545:Bob Rowthorn
4538:
4508:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4471:
4464:
4461:Leslie Doyal
4450:
4449:Bonnie Fox,
4443:
4424:
4418:
4408:
4401:
4387:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4325:
4317:marxists.org
4316:
4306:
4287:
4281:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4238:marxists.org
4237:
4227:
4219:marxists.org
4218:
4208:
4197:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4176:marxists.org
4175:
4166:
4156:
4149:
4138:. Retrieved
4134:
4125:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:
4101:
4093:the original
4064:
4060:
4047:
4038:
4033:Marx, Karl.
4028:
4018:
4011:
3991:
3984:
3976:marxists.org
3975:
3965:
3957:marxists.org
3956:
3924:
3918:
3867:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3823:Ian Steedman
3820:
3800:
3796:
3780:
3772:trade unions
3764:minimum wage
3761:
3756:
3753:labour costs
3742:
3733:, chapter 19
3730:
3723:
3712:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3626:
3557:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3514:Reproduction
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3476:valorisation
3467:
3464:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3401:unproductive
3396:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:commercially
3371:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3319:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3249:unemployment
3242:
3231:As commodity
3222:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3154:Arbeitskraft
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:Arbeitskraft
3139:
3133:
3128:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3084:
3079:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3028:Arbeitskraft
3020:Labour power
3019:
3018:
2814:Ian Steedman
2784:JĂĄnos Kornai
2769:Karl Kautsky
2764:Leon Trotsky
2491:Wage slavery
2436:Reproduction
2371:Law of value
2356:Labour power
2355:
2351:Exploitation
2310:accumulation
2101:Municipalism
1913:Bhattacharya
1058:Situationist
1033:Instrumental
686:State theory
651:Immiseration
646:Human nature
636:Exploitation
466:accumulation
83:
74:
51:
5099:Syndicalism
5018:Revisionism
4978:Corporatism
4894:Griffuelhes
4753:(1864â1876)
4687:Sorelianism
4682:Nationalist
4603:Syndicalism
4531:, Volume 1.
4527:Das Kapital
4488:Makoto Itoh
4470:Ian Gough,
4361:Karl Marx,
4311:Karl Marx.
4232:Karl Marx.
3970:Karl Marx.
3951:Karl Marx.
3905:Wage labour
3749:human needs
3705:social wage
3660:technically
3631:Das Kapital
3461:Consumption
3451:piece wages
3405:maintaining
3305:permanently
3221:Karl Marx,
3205:reification
2819:John Roemer
2804:Paul Sweezy
2679:Das Kapital
2546:Imperialism
2486:Wage labour
2064:Communalism
1463:Wallerstein
1053:Revisionist
784:Film theory
764:Criminology
759:Archaeology
671:Proletariat
656:Imperialism
569:Bourgeoisie
544:Wage labour
437:Reification
232:On Practice
32:labor force
18:Labor power
4939:Pelloutier
4914:Lagardelle
4889:Fitzgerald
4735:Mutual aid
4667:De Leonism
4611:Precursors
4374:References
4199:2023-02-02
4140:2020-08-04
4116:2023-02-02
3831:Adam Smith
3788:employment
3667:profitable
3648:interests.
3637:Blue Books
3483:use values
3430:real wages
3170:use-values
3076:Definition
3070:management
3048:capitalist
2684:Grundrisse
2496:Value-form
2121:Democratic
1986:Mediations
1598:Przeworski
1538:Poulantzas
1388:Sivanandan
1343:Bettelheim
1243:Horkheimer
1238:MariĂĄtegui
1213:Pashukanis
1138:Liebknecht
1068:Wertkritik
1008:Analytical
868:Trotskyism
843:Autonomist
834:Structural
814:Philosophy
754:Aesthetics
539:Value-form
507:Capitalist
412:Alienation
405:Philosophy
162:Grundrisse
61:improve it
5023:Socialism
4968:Communism
4884:Delesalle
4874:De Ambris
4819:IWW-Chile
4696:Economics
4657:Anarchist
4521:Karl Marx
4457:Ian Gough
4398:Tom Brass
4265:0037-783X
4089:154113394
4081:0032-3292
3835:different
3817:Criticism
3678:political
3671:too risky
3646:competing
3507:intensity
3478:process.
3385:transfers
3381:conserves
3253:authority
3245:commodity
3095:use-value
3081:Karl Marx
3044:Karl Marx
2862:Economics
2739:Karl Marx
2481:Use value
2326:Commodity
2168:Economism
2131:Reformist
2111:Socialism
2059:Communism
2039:Anarchism
1893:Coulthard
1818:McDonnell
1778:Screpanti
1688:Rowbotham
1553:Harnecker
1363:Althusser
1303:Deutscher
1143:Kollontai
1133:Luxemburg
1113:Plekhanov
1043:Nkrumaism
954:Classical
928:Political
853:Guevarism
809:Sociology
789:Geography
609:Democracy
557:Sociology
512:Socialist
477:Commodity
77:July 2019
65:verifying
5113:Category
4973:Copyleft
4934:Panunzio
4651:Variants
4440:Ben Fine
4431:Archived
4332:Archived
4273:40970881
3874:See also
3864:hustling
3727:â
3353:physical
3281:(1847):
3219:â
3121:(1865).
2852:Journals
2628:Variants
2299:Concepts
2272:a series
2270:Part of
2094:Old Left
2089:New Left
1956:Antipode
1950:Journals
1853:Heinrich
1828:Roediger
1823:Douzinas
1813:Hennessy
1768:Holloway
1683:Hartsock
1673:Eagleton
1658:Federici
1633:Bannerji
1608:Therborn
1588:RanciĂšre
1583:Easthope
1563:Anderson
1558:Altvater
1458:O'Connor
1453:MĂ©szĂĄros
1448:Guattari
1403:Thompson
1393:Miliband
1373:Williams
1358:Hobsbawm
1333:Emmanuel
1313:Beauvoir
1278:Lefebvre
1223:Benjamin
1188:Bukharin
1168:Zinoviev
1163:Grossman
1148:Bogdanov
1123:Connolly
1103:Lafargue
1048:Orthodox
1018:Centrist
969:Leninism
964:Feminist
913:Humanist
894:Hegelian
422:Ideology
104:a series
102:Part of
4998:Fascism
4924:Monatte
4909:Jouhaux
4904:Janvion
4899:Haywood
4879:De Leon
4833:(ITGWU)
4757:IWAâAIT
4672:Fascist
4563:(ed.),
3844:durably
3827:similar
3457:power.
3367:, etc.
3326:or the
3162:ability
3131:Hegel's
3086:Capital
2927:Marxism
2308: (
2306:Capital
2193:Outline
2146:Utopian
1923:Srnicek
1908:Toscano
1903:Seymour
1858:Prashad
1808:Sankara
1803:Berardi
1788:Hampton
1763:Burawoy
1733:Panitch
1728:Haraway
1718:Cleaver
1703:Brenner
1668:Balibar
1623:Postone
1613:Losurdo
1543:Vattimo
1513:Gonzalo
1508:Jameson
1498:Parenti
1438:Liebman
1433:Guevara
1323:Nkrumah
1318:Sombart
1293:Padmore
1263:Kalecki
1258:Marcuse
1218:Bordiga
1203:Gramsci
1158:Trotsky
1118:Du Bois
1108:Kautsky
984:Western
863:Titoism
748:Aspects
704:History
624:Radical
462:Capital
167:Capital
112:Marxism
59:Please
4954:Valois
4944:Rocker
4929:GarcĂa
4919:Larkin
4858:People
4815:(IWW)
4765:(FORA)
4459:&
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3658:it is
3653:costly
3174:per se
3150:Arbeit
3145:labour
3142:) and
3032:French
3024:German
2731:People
2519:Topics
2401:Profit
2141:Social
2126:Market
1928:Horvat
1883:Fisher
1878:Linera
1873:Lordon
1863:Kelley
1848:Marcos
1843:Ghandy
1833:Foster
1758:Fraser
1753:Wright
1743:Jessop
1738:Clarke
1723:Bishop
1713:Massey
1693:Mouffe
1643:Newton
1638:Spivak
1628:Rodney
1593:Berman
1548:Badiou
1528:Laclau
1523:Harvey
1518:Dussel
1478:Debord
1473:Tronti
1443:Heller
1428:Castro
1423:Berger
1408:Bauman
1398:Cabral
1383:Mandel
1378:Freire
1368:Hinton
1348:Draper
1328:Sweezy
1298:Sartre
1288:Adorno
1253:Brecht
1208:Galiev
1183:Korsch
1178:LukĂĄcs
1153:Stalin
1098:Morris
1093:Engels
1081:People
858:Maoism
779:Ethics
619:Soviet
342:Empire
4949:Sorel
4869:Berth
4771:(COB)
4677:Green
4269:JSTOR
4085:S2CID
4057:(PDF)
3911:Notes
3757:never
3755:have
3698:exile
3682:moral
3669:, or
3438:total
3417:price
3411:Wages
3313:legal
3295:Value
3290:life.
3264:group
3176:) in
2663:Works
2615:Value
1938:Saito
1933:Hamza
1798:ĆœiĆŸek
1783:TamĂĄs
1748:Davis
1708:Davis
1698:Geras
1663:Wolff
1648:Sakai
1603:Cohen
1578:Sison
1573:Vogel
1533:Bahro
1503:Negri
1493:Nairn
1418:Kosik
1413:Fanon
1353:Jones
1308:Hoxha
1283:James
1268:Fromm
1198:Serge
1173:Bloch
1128:Lenin
949:Black
574:Class
4864:Bain
4292:ISBN
4261:ISSN
4077:ISSN
3997:ISBN
3929:ISBN
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1483:Amin
1468:Mies
1338:Hill
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1233:Basu
1088:Marx
979:Post
941:Both
923:Open
4069:doi
3840:not
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3301:own
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974:Neo
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