2692:
create a balance of power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers' associations. This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining, compared to the narrow boundaries for individual negotiations. As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union, employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers. If such an employee's association is competing against another union, its leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in labour court. In
Germany, only very few professional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members, notably the medical doctor's association
773:
2943:
2663:"In the Continental European System of labour market regulation, the government plays an important role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights, which provides the basis for agreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers or employers' associations on the other. This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU, due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new
3067:, "Labor unions have long occupied a paradoxical position within Marxist theory. They are an essential expression of the working class taking shape as a collective actor and an essential vehicle for working-class action. ... At the same time, unions are an imperfect and incomplete vehicle for the working class to achieve one of Marxist theory's central goals: overthrowing capitalism. Unions by their very existence affirm and reinforce capitalist class society. As organizations which primarily negotiate wages, benefits, and working conditions with employers, unions only exist in relation to capitalists."
1546:
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1538:
2533:
1420:
1340:
1223:
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2880:
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mortality were stronger for men than women, but its relative effects were similar across genders. Union density had little effect on allâcause mortality overall or across subgroups, and modeling suggested unionâdensity increases would not affect mortality inequities. Conclusions - Declining union density (as operationalized in this study) may not explain allâcause mortality inequities, although increases in union density may reduce overdose/suicide mortality.
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10974:
8833:
10994:
8843:
71:
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3094:
2354:
11171:
11004:
10984:
1327:
multitudes who compose the working class are too numerous and too widely scattered to combine at all, much more to combine effectually. If they could do so, they might doubtless succeed in diminishing the hours of labour, and obtaining the same wages for less work. They would also have a limited power of obtaining, by combination, an increase of general wages at the expense of profits.
1148:", but the term that persisted was a new form of human relations: employment. Unlike farmers, workers often had less control over their jobs; without job security or a promise of an on-going relationship with their employers, they lacked some control over the work they performed or how it impacted their health and life. It is in this context that modern trade unions emerge.
1175:, but their way of thinking was the one that endured down the centuries, inspiring evolutions and advances in thinking which eventually gave workers more power. As collective bargaining and early worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the government began to clamp down on what it saw as the danger of popular unrest at the time of the
2560:, such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting that employees' interests always are in conflict with those of employers. Some of these Christian unions have had some ties to centrist or conservative political movements, and some do not regard strikes as acceptable political means for achieving employees' goals. In
2991:
fraction of the profits that firms enjoy when they hold monopoly positions." The think tank has also asserted that the decline of trade unions in the United States "cannot drive widespread inequality for the entire population, which is also affected by a rise in the knowledge economy as well as a general aging of the population."
5228:
3054:
Research in the United States found that
American congressional representatives were more responsive to the interests of the poor in districts with higher unionization rates. Another 2020 American study found an association between US state level adoption of parental leave legislation and trade union
2842:
An EU case concerning Italy stated that, "The principle of trade union freedom in the
Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ("negative" freedom of association/trade union freedom), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm
2505:
often face unique challenges when trying to participate in trade union movements as formal trade union organizations recognized by the state and employers may not accommodate for the employment categories common in the informal economy. Simultaneously, the lack of regular work locations and loopholes
2423:
often carry out the functions of a trade union. In these cases, they may be negotiating for white-collar or professional workers, such as physicians, engineers or teachers. In Sweden the white-collar unions have a strong position in collective bargaining where they cooperate with blue-colar unions in
1575:
as OECD nations continue to export manufacturing industries to these markets. The second reason is globalization, which makes it harder for unions to maintain standards across countries. The last reason is governmental policies. These come from both sides of the political spectrum. In the UK and US,
1326:
If it were possible for the working classes, by combining among themselves, to raise or keep up the general rate of wages, it needs hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be punished, but to be welcomed and rejoiced at. Unfortunately the effect is quite beyond attainment by such means. The
804:
described trade unions thus: "The value of labour-power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions, whose importance for the ... working class can scarcely be overestimated. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is
3015:
in labour, making it more efficient to perform labour-intensive work there. Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers and those with secure jobs at the cost of outsider workers, consumers of the goods or services produced, and the shareholders of the unionized business. Economist
2691:
In contrast, in
Germany, the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical. In consequence, many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protection of individuals. However, the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to
2687:
approach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces. Thus, it comes closest to the above Anglo-Saxon model. Also, the
Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come closest to the Anglo-Saxon model.
5976:
Results â Overall, a 10% increase in union density was associated with a 17% relative decrease in overdose/suicide mortality (95% confidence interval : 0.70, 0.98), or 5.7 lives saved per 100â000 personâyears (95% CI: â10.7, â0.7). Union density's absolute (livesâsaved) effects on overdose/suicide
2994:
Research from Norway has found that high unionization rates lead to substantial increases in firm productivity, as well as increases in workers' wages. Research from
Belgium also found productivity gains, although smaller. However, other research in the United States has found that unions can harm
2990:
think tank has asserted that the economic inequality argument made in favor of trade unions "misfires on several fronts. Those high union wages could not survive in the face of foreign competition or new nonunionized firms. The only way a union can provide gains for its members is to extract some
2678:
In the Nordic System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo-Saxon system. However, in contrast to the countries in the Anglo-Saxon system category, this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements, which covers most
3050:
In the United States, the weakening of unions has been linked to more favourable electoral outcomes for the
Republican Party. Legislators in areas with high unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the poor, whereas areas with lower unionization rates are more responsive to the
2966:
members of unions also see higher wages. Researchers suggest that unions set industrial norms as firms try to stop further unionization or losing workers to better-paying competitors. The decline in unionization since the 1960s in the United States has been associated with a pronounced rise in
2670:
In the Anglo-Saxon System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is much more limited, which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any union or employers' associations which might represent these parties in the decision-making process.
2501:, who work by building up confidence, strong networks, and leaders within the workforce; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members. Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies, and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated.
1143:
and had control over his life and work. As industrial workers, however, the workers sold their work as labour and took directions from employers, giving up part of their freedom and self-agency in the service of a master. The critics of the new arrangement would call this
1139:. This transition was not merely one of relocation from rural to urban environs; rather, the nature of industrial work created a new class of "worker". A farmer worked the land, raised animals and grew crops, and either owned the land or paid rent, but ultimately sold a
2607:(ITUC), created in 2006, which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories, with a combined membership of 166 million. National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form
2846:
In the United
Kingdom, previous to this EU jurisprudence, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher's government restricted closed and union shops. All agreements requiring a worker to join a union are now illegal. In the United States, the
6674:
Visser, Jelle. "ICTWSS: Database on institutional characteristics of trade unions, wage setting, state intervention and social pacts in 34 countries between 1960 and 2007". Institute for
Advanced Labour Studies, AIAS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (2011).
2721:
Beyond the classification listed above, unions' relations with political parties vary. In many countries unions are tightly bonded, or even share leadership, with a political party intended to represent the interests of the working class. Typically, this is a
705:
volunteers who are often appointed by members through internal democratic elections. The trade union, through an elected leadership and bargaining committee, bargains with the employer on behalf of its members, known as the rank and file, and negotiates
1156:. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings, and would later be an important arena for the development of trade unions. Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the
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profitability, employment and business growth rates. UK research on employment, wages, productivity, and investment found union density improved all metrics - but only until a limit. Forming U-shaped curves, after an optimal density, more unionisation
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The Local
Average Treatment Effect of a 1% decline in unionisation attributable to RTW is about a 5% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities. In total, RTW laws have led to a 14.2% increase in occupational mortality through decreased
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interests of the rich. Higher unionization rates increase the likelihood of parental leave policies being adopted. Republican-controlled states are less likely to adopt more restrictive labour policies when unions are strong in the state.
2408:, union organisation is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions, i.e. unions that are specific to a plant or company. These enterprise unions, however, join industry-wide federations which in turn are members of
1209:
By the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in
3020:
sought to show that unionization produces higher wages (for the union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries.
1151:
In the cities, trade unions encountered much hostility from employers and government groups. In the United States, unions and unionists were regularly prosecuted under various restraint of trade and conspiracy laws, such as the
1587:
The prevalence of labour unions can be measured by "union density", which is expressed as a percentage of the total number of workers in a given location who are trade union members. The table below shows the percentage across
2477:
encompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to their members or to workers in general. As well, unions in some countries are closely aligned with
681:
conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the
7957:
2647:
than other countries. Moreover, in the United States, collective bargaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers, whereas in Austria, Denmark, Germany or Sweden, unions most often negotiate with
8798:
1410:
In a number of countries during the 20th century, including in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, legislation was passed to provide for the voluntary or statutory recognition of a union by an employer.
3003:
indicates that unions can provide wage premiums and reduce inequality while reducing employment growth and restricting employment flexibility. Some trade unions oppose approaches which increase productivity, such as
8405:
8375:
8238:
5759:
Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy
2587:. Some research, such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training, argues that unionized workers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized.
1402:
In France, labour organization was illegal until 1884. The Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and merged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions) in 1895 to form the
3081:
In the United States, higher union density has been associated with lower suicide/overdose deaths. Decreased unionization rates in the United States have been linked to an increase in occupational fatalities.
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states that a trade union is "an organisation consisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members".
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1242:, after an apparently unsuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton-spinners. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of
5648:
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2671:
However, in these countries, collective agreements are not widespread; only a few businesses and a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labour relations.
1185:
was passed, which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. Although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as
8380:
729:
which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning.
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1331:
Beyond this claim, Mill also argued that, because individual workers had no basis for assessing the wages for a particular task, labour unions would lead to greater efficiency of the market system.
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mandate the open shop in some states. In Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based on union membership is forbidden. This affects the function and services of the union.
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5199:
Van den Berg, Annette, Arjen van Witteloostuijn, and Olivier Van der Brempt. "Employee workplace representation in Belgium: Effects on firm performance." International Journal of Manpower (2017).
2431:" (an artificial legal entity), with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents. In such cases, unions have certain legal rights, most importantly the right to engage in
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3058:
In the United States, unions have been linked to lower racial resentment among whites. Membership in unions increases political knowledge, in particular among those with less formal education.
9445:
2659:
Concerning labour market regulation in the EU, Gold (1993) and Hall (1994) have identified three distinct systems of labour market regulation, which also influence the role that unions play:
8248:
3706:
8370:
6747:
2529:. In Denmark, there are some newer apolitical "discount" unions who offer a very basic level of services, as opposed to the dominating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing.
8957:
8320:
7983:
2639:
Union law varies from country to country, as does the function of unions. For example, German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in
2830:
does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers. Where a union is active, workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract (
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9400:
8982:
8557:
7747:
9415:
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800:, the predominant historical view is that a trade union "is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".
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9220:
9172:
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8423:
3011:
In the United States, the outsourcing of labour to Asia, Latin America, and Africa has been partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership, which gives other countries a
4338:
725:). The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank-and-file members and the employer, and in some cases on other non-member workers. Trade unions traditionally have a
9435:
9390:
8385:
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1111:(1848) by almost a century (and Marx's writings themselves frequently address the prior existence of the workers' movements of his time.) The first recorded labour strike in the
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9410:
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8440:
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industries and most firms. This model was said to encompass Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Here, Denmark joined the EU in 1973, whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995."
2497:. The service model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights, providing services, and resolving disputes. Alternately, the organizing model typically involves full-time
9182:
8717:
8682:
8390:
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8360:
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8103:
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The decline in manufacturing is the most direct influence, as unions were historically beneficial and prevalent in the sector; for this reason, there may be an increase in
1119:
printers in 1786, who opposed a wage reduction and demanded $ 6 per week in wages. The origins of modern trade unions can be traced back to 18th-century Britain, where the
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it has been mostly right-wing proposals that make it harder for unions to form or that limit their power. On the other side, there are many social policies such as
1164:, though the relationship between the two is disputed, as the masters of the guilds employed workers (apprentices and journeymen) who were not allowed to organize.
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Stiglitz, Joseph E. (4 June 2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future (Kindle Locations 1148â1149). Norton. Kindle Edition.
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is an example of a closed shopâin this case the employer must recruit directly from the union, as well as the employee working strictly for unionized employers.
2384:, traditionally found in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, the UK and the US), or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry (
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party, but many exceptions exist, including some of the aforementioned Christian unions. In the United States, trade unions are almost always aligned with the
2704:
1246:, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others. Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals spread across the five counties of
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traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value" (
7727:
6738:â Listing of 5,000 UK trade unions with histories of main organisations, trade union "family trees" and details of union membership and strikes since 1900.
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has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate, but collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the
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add barriers and costs for the trade unions when trying to organize the informal economy. This has been a significant threshold to labour organizing in
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6383:(Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility). Research Reports 2017:2. Lund: Department of Sociology, Lund University.
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4992:"A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity. Those trends have since continued, said
2693:
2388:, found in Australia, Canada, Germany, Finland, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US). These unions are often divided into "
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2812:(US) or a "post-entry closed shop" (UK) employs non-union workers as well but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union.
5217:
Vedder, Richard, and Lowell Gallaway. "The economic effects of labor unions revisited." Journal of labor research 23, no. 1 (2002): 105â130.
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Tracy, Joseph (1986). Seniority Rules and the Gains from Union Organization (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
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plans at odds with what unions see as the worker's interests. However, it has strengthened once more after the Labour party's election of
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5363:
Card David, Krueger Alan. (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press.
4391:"Trade Union Transformation and Informal Sector Organising in Uganda: The Prospects and Challenges for Promoting Labour-led Development"
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6805:
5930:"Solidarity and disparity: Declining labor union density and changing racial and educational mortality inequities in the United States"
4931:
2946:
US Income inequality and union participation have had a distinctly inverse relationship, with the disparity increasing since the 1980s.
2620:
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This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrializing countries, especially the United States, Germany and France.
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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
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requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiating their contract. This is sometimes called the
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2556:), religious unions have existed for decades. These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox
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to become leader of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes. Additionally, in the past, there was a group known as the
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and the UK belong to this category, and in contrast to the EU core countries above, these countries first joined the EU in 1973.
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939:) vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a ferry rate of 3-
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4328:. Brussels: Peter Lang and Etui. Series: Travail et SociĂ©tĂ© / Work and Society, Volume 86, 2023, chapter 28, pp. 1051â1092.
2962:, sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape, to increase it." Evidence indicates that those who are
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publication, having the declared intention "to unite the productive classes of the community in one common bond of union."
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Holgate, Jane (9 July 2016). "Book review: A Hodder and L Kretsos (eds), Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View".
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105:
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In the United Kingdom, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions (and their historical close alignment with the
1373:, in 1869, which began to grow after 1880. Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions. The
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5528:"Policy Feedback as Political Weapon: Conservative Advocacy and the Demobilization of the Public Sector Labor Movement"
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Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely, union leaderships are usually formed through democratic
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began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers. In 1886, it became known as the
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Hirsch, Barry T. "What do unions do for economic performance?." Journal of Labor Research 25, no. 3 (2004): 415â455.
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were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the conclusion of closed-shop agreements.
2466:
In some regions, unions may face active repression, either by governments or by extralegal organizations, with many
2380:, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US), a cross-section of workers from various trades (
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The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the Nineteenth Century
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841:
476:
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4799:"Unions and the Great Compression of wage inequality in the US at mid-century: evidence from local labour markets"
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has asserted that, "Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it easier for
2424:
setting the "mark" (the industry norm) in negotiations with the employers' association in manufacturing industry.
1202:, which was soon crushed. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, although the
828:
Recent historical research by Bob James puts forward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement of
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Module 3, Maritime & Port Wages, Benefits, Labour Relations. International Maritime Human Resource Management
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in 1867 agreed that the establishment of the organizations was to the advantage of both employers and employees.
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Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century, when the
821:
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551:
5696:"Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress"
5569:"Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress"
1057:(193â211) in 198 AD. In September 2011, archaeological investigations done at the site of the artificial harbor
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The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis
1214:. The latter name was to hide the organization's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal.
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Goodard, J. (2013). "Labour Law and Union Recognition in Canada: A Historical-Institutionalist Perspective".
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Trade unions typically fund their head office and legal team functions through regularly imposed fees called
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38:
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4322:"Trade unions in Sweden: still high union density, but widening gaps by social category and national origin"
1423:
World map with countries shaded according to their trade union density rate with statistics provided by the
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11814:
11272:
10711:
10439:
9687:
9588:
8637:
8061:
8022:
7897:
7887:
7692:
6421:
6098:
3152:
2771:
2451:, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal activities may develop around these events.
1378:
511:
17:
1292:
More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s, better resourced but often less radical. The
12521:
12092:
12002:
11069:
10646:
10256:
9953:
9899:
9738:
9573:
9314:
9256:
9129:
8607:
8497:
8233:
7902:
7722:
6936:
6876:
6752:
6548:
Opening Up By Cracking Down: Labor Repression and Trade Liberalization in Democratic Developing Countries
4343:. Department of Sociology, Lund University and Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne.
3778:
3603:
3464:
3027:
2801:(US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK) employs only people who are already union members. The compulsory
2715:
1305:
3362:
Powell, Marvin A. (1995). "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Sasson, Jack M. (ed.).
992:
12400:
11969:
9904:
9768:
9662:
8922:
8507:
8143:
7832:
7772:
7707:
7644:
7333:
7178:
6823:
6393:
McGaughey, Ewan, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017)
6178:
St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide : Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact
5991:"Does 'right to work' imperil the right to health? The effect of labour unions on workplace fatalities"
4483:
See E McGaughey, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017)
2649:
2397:
988:
585:
521:
8325:
5928:
Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy; Mooney, Stephen J.; Hagopian, Amy; Barrington, Wendy E.; Hajat, Anjum (2020).
4445:"The economic and social processes that led to the revolt of the Polish workers in the early eighties"
4199:
Briggs, C. (2007). "Statutory Union Recognition in North America and the UK: Lessons for Australia?".
772:
12573:
12314:
12256:
11829:
11035:
10977:
10504:
9983:
9872:
9682:
9583:
9284:
8567:
8098:
6842:
6791:
6772:
6707:
6694:
6689:
4686:
4035:
3070:
788:
707:
541:
269:
209:
4296:
12605:
12271:
12236:
12181:
12067:
11410:
11227:
11205:
10356:
10108:
10013:
9978:
9958:
9626:
9578:
8662:
8632:
8489:
8467:
8218:
8138:
7912:
7762:
7702:
7687:
7515:
7377:
7351:
7318:
6967:
4962:
4587:
3112:
2906:
2616:
2474:
2420:
1082:
1004:
865:
516:
491:
219:
120:
5016:
Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and Wayne G. Vroman, "Estimates of Union Density by State",
4626:
Industrial Relations and the Social Dimension of European Integration: Before and after Maastricht
2942:
2718:
does not strive to act as a union, as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses.
1560:
average of 35.9% in 1998 to 27.9% in the year 2018. The main reasons for these developments are a
902:
for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by
11977:
11824:
11299:
10987:
10901:
10477:
10159:
9948:
9816:
9763:
9621:
9611:
9500:
9349:
9139:
9002:
8987:
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8927:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8512:
8502:
8258:
8173:
8163:
8118:
8054:
7922:
7877:
7697:
7672:
7338:
7158:
6982:
6926:
6881:
4164:
Townshend-Smith, R (1981). "Trade union recognition legislation â Britain and America compared".
3811:
3558:
3419:
3162:
3157:
3099:
2774:, or CTU, formed of people who sympathized with right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists.
2608:
1348:
1344:
1107:
849:
531:
60:
6732:â European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 28 European countries
6726:â European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 26 European countries
4146:
3644:
12468:
12432:
12007:
11992:
10906:
10705:
10621:
10251:
9884:
9712:
9249:
9134:
9124:
9094:
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8992:
8977:
8952:
8888:
8712:
8677:
8582:
8542:
8128:
8123:
7927:
7782:
7677:
7520:
7198:
3509:
2709:
2526:
2483:
1168:
496:
466:
458:
229:
6394:
6120:
Moses, John A. (December 1973). "The Trade Union Issue In German Social Democracy 1890â1900".
5377:
4484:
4390:
4040:
3988:
3742:
3221:
Poole, M., 1986. Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London UK:
1545:
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10152:
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9309:
9119:
9014:
8672:
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8562:
8552:
8537:
8133:
7907:
7857:
7777:
7742:
7682:
7637:
7323:
6977:
6435:
The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives
5773:
3290:
3035:
3012:
2976:
2573:
2507:
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1301:
1293:
1153:
1120:
948:
737:
678:
526:
486:
471:
194:
100:
11384:
10847:
6122:
Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der Deutschen Arbeiterbewegung
5737:"When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States"
5616:"When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States"
4957:
1308:. By this time, the existence and the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by
12456:
12246:
12206:
12087:
11819:
11504:
11374:
11210:
11200:
11145:
11078:
11017:
10662:
10600:
10497:
10375:
10318:
9941:
9921:
9748:
9636:
9556:
9294:
8657:
8622:
8223:
7917:
7717:
6987:
6901:
6891:
5893:
Anzia, Sarah F.; Moe, Terry M. (2015). "Public Sector Unions and the Costs of Government".
5270:
5150:
5124:
5031:
5017:
3640:
3371:
3364:
3137:
2848:
1226:
Poster issued by the London Trades Council, advertising a demonstration held on 2 June 1873
1203:
979:-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel. In 1816, an archaeological excavation in
694:
575:
506:
325:
160:
130:
11464:
6610:
Levitsky, Steven, and Scott Mainwaring. "Organized labor and democracy in Latin America".
6503:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite â while declaring it your enemy",
6404:
4741:
4372:
1033:
during the reign of Julius Caesar (49â44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of
918:
8:
12563:
12405:
12296:
12017:
12012:
11987:
11469:
11150:
11108:
10782:
10767:
10590:
10575:
10546:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10409:
10271:
10231:
9993:
9963:
9831:
9692:
9616:
9606:
8787:
8460:
8282:
7585:
7439:
7422:
7043:
7002:
6896:
6351:
European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion:
5341:"Outsourcing, Unions, and Wages: Evidence from data matching imports, firms, and workers"
4444:
3132:
2951:
2672:
2467:
2454:
2436:
2385:
2361:
1561:
1392:
1086:
722:
621:
501:
155:
11539:
9889:
6285:
Zeitlin, Jonathan (1987). "From labour history to the history of industrial relations".
5274:
3631:
3538:
3399:
12462:
12334:
12211:
12137:
12032:
11888:
11877:
11674:
11669:
11654:
11634:
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10857:
10812:
10470:
10382:
10261:
10186:
10003:
9968:
9879:
9836:
9806:
9778:
9773:
9743:
9717:
9541:
9493:
7570:
7372:
7346:
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7148:
7138:
6972:
6758:
6615:
6585:
6302:
6106:
6026:
5962:
5929:
5871:
5848:
5801:
5676:
5596:
5508:
5286:
5106:
5059:
4923:
4340:
The Nordic Model of Industrial Relations: comparing Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
4216:
4181:
4177:
4128:
4120:
3950:
3723:
3686:
3636:
3179:
3117:
3063:
2987:
2980:
2793:
Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of several models:
2511:
2448:
2365:
1572:
1297:
1172:
1136:
903:
404:
264:
11589:
4577:"The role of German trade unions in the national and European standardisation process"
2532:
12511:
12415:
12241:
12201:
12154:
12102:
12027:
11749:
11604:
11389:
11379:
11155:
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10792:
10595:
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10551:
10331:
10201:
10093:
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9926:
9916:
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8842:
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7278:
7203:
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6010:
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5949:
5910:
5852:
5840:
5805:
5793:
5717:
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5600:
5588:
5549:
5512:
5500:
5461:
5383:
5290:
5182:
5098:
5063:
5051:
4966:
4915:
4868:
4820:
4779:
4503:
4326:
Trade unions in the European Union. Picking up the pieces of the neoliberal challenge
4264:
4220:
4185:
4132:
4112:
3892:
3882:
3815:
3786:
3678:
3375:
3310:
3242:
2898:
2835:
2778:
2755:
2698:
2640:
2518:
2440:
1537:
1396:
1286:
1093:, keeping scriptures, arranging festivals, and maintaining specific religious cults.
1054:
674:
595:
546:
481:
424:
234:
90:
31:
6059:
Braunthal, Gerard (1956). "The German Free Trade Unions during the Rise of Nazism".
6030:
5456:
5439:
5402:
Kusunoki, S. Hayek on labor unions and restraint of trade. Const Polit Econ (2023).
5340:
5243:
5110:
4927:
12497:
12231:
12147:
12112:
11911:
11901:
11779:
11734:
11724:
11714:
11689:
11569:
11524:
11489:
11459:
11454:
11424:
11329:
11222:
11123:
11059:
11007:
10967:
10957:
10911:
10626:
10541:
10444:
10399:
10344:
10336:
10326:
10103:
10027:
9867:
9841:
9826:
9733:
9551:
9533:
7500:
7475:
6957:
6623:
6569:
6294:
6002:
5957:
5941:
5902:
5832:
5785:
5748:
5707:
5660:
5627:
5580:
5539:
5492:
5451:
5420:
5403:
5278:
5172:
5162:
5090:
5043:
4907:
4810:
4769:
4736:
4402:
4208:
4173:
4104:
4071:
3942:
3715:
3550:
3499:
3411:
3302:
3107:
2902:
2644:
2612:
2502:
2494:
1370:
1319:
1266:
within a year. To establish awareness and legitimacy, the union started the weekly
1101:
While a commonly held mistaken view holds modern trade unionism to be a product of
845:
683:
654:
580:
570:
125:
11564:
10822:
10787:
4758:"Unions and Inequality over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data*"
12442:
12309:
12261:
12221:
12122:
12072:
11906:
11679:
11559:
11499:
11439:
11334:
11324:
11267:
11185:
11113:
10997:
10931:
10852:
10536:
10456:
10419:
10395:
10196:
10191:
10171:
10130:
10125:
10072:
10067:
9931:
9911:
9788:
9753:
7313:
7263:
7163:
7133:
6871:
6833:
6778:
6723:
6711:
6605:
Redeeming the Revolution: The State and Organized Labor in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico
6428:
6073:
5373:
4360:
4078:
3513:
3267:
3022:
3017:
2955:
2782:
2731:
2577:
2498:
2479:
2428:
1369:
In the United States, the first effective nationwide labour organization was the
1339:
1259:
1181:
1176:
1161:
932:
888:
861:
829:
814:
646:
600:
414:
372:
294:
80:
11594:
10827:
6486:
Guild, C. M. (2021). Union Library Workers Blog: The Years 2019â2020 in Review.
5821:"How Labor Unions Increase Political Knowledge: Evidence from the United States"
996:
760:. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a trade union,
12505:
12251:
12176:
12132:
11739:
11694:
11684:
11664:
11624:
11579:
11544:
11434:
11429:
11419:
11314:
11287:
10872:
10842:
10802:
10797:
10631:
10362:
10211:
9894:
9758:
9652:
9598:
8046:
7595:
7480:
7454:
7434:
7412:
7293:
7288:
7273:
7236:
7038:
6866:
6505:
6246:
5836:
5496:
5407:
4724:
4212:
4108:
3504:
2767:
2664:
2569:
2521:) has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called
2416:
2373:
1419:
1389:
1354:
1263:
1199:
1000:
733:
714:
614:
439:
434:
419:
382:
204:
50:
11639:
11609:
11509:
6006:
5712:
5695:
5664:
5584:
5544:
5527:
5282:
1222:
12599:
12480:
12281:
12216:
12097:
11784:
11774:
11769:
11754:
11649:
11584:
11549:
11529:
11519:
11356:
11277:
11262:
10867:
10862:
10165:
10086:
10034:
9973:
9811:
9677:
8836:
7565:
7530:
7525:
7444:
7402:
7223:
7193:
7153:
7033:
7023:
6997:
6962:
6941:
6581:
6573:
6201:
British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics: The Post-War Compromise 1945â64
6014:
5953:
5914:
5844:
5820:
5797:
5721:
5672:
5592:
5553:
5504:
5480:
5465:
5186:
5102:
5094:
5055:
4993:
4919:
4911:
4824:
4783:
4268:
4116:
3704:
Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions".
3682:
3314:
3172:
3167:
3147:
2759:
2751:
2684:
2490:
2444:
2381:
1581:
1565:
1553:
1285:
from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests after the
1231:
1132:
1112:
966:
797:
718:
364:
299:
259:
224:
150:
9472:
4996:, a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study."
4407:
3911:
3896:
2950:
The academic literature shows substantial evidence that trade unions reduce
2754:
in 1980. In the United Kingdom trade union movement's relationship with the
1061:
in Rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of
12191:
12186:
12077:
11954:
11922:
11759:
11729:
11629:
11619:
11574:
11554:
11494:
11484:
11449:
11252:
11135:
10963:
10921:
10837:
10817:
10636:
10414:
10226:
10221:
10181:
10142:
7600:
7560:
7555:
7485:
7258:
7246:
7213:
7107:
7102:
7048:
6886:
6828:
6022:
5971:
5078:
4376:
3747:
3594:
3455:
3142:
2820:
2357:
1577:
1145:
1116:
1066:
1042:
1024:
984:
980:
962:
944:
741:
726:
444:
409:
392:
289:
274:
239:
189:
184:
176:
110:
9241:
4774:
4757:
2368:. The UFW during Chavez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration.
1127:, peasants and immigrants, into cities. Britain had ended the practice of
713:
Unions may organize a particular section of skilled or unskilled workers (
12526:
12395:
12345:
12057:
11709:
11704:
11659:
11644:
11614:
11599:
11534:
11514:
11479:
11346:
11247:
10896:
10675:
10605:
10521:
10404:
10077:
9862:
8857:
8846:
7629:
7616:
7545:
7505:
7417:
7208:
7128:
7097:
7087:
7077:
7007:
6931:
6921:
6906:
6741:
6416:
Ribeiro, Ana Teresa. "Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Europe."
6411:
The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880â1914
5753:
5736:
5632:
5615:
5177:
5167:
4756:
Farber, Henry S; Herbst, Daniel; Kuziemko, Ilyana; Naidu, Suresh (2021).
4497:"Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training report"
3933:"Restraint of Trade. Sherman Anti-Trust Law. Liability of Labor Unions".
3912:"Application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to Unions since the Apex Case"
3876:
3039:
3000:
2858:
found Danish closed-shop agreements to be in breach of Article 11 of the
2831:
2816:
2802:
2798:
2763:
2553:
2549:
2389:
1274:
1195:
1045:
or the Roman emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies. Ruins at
837:
793:
145:
115:
95:
10993:
6619:
6401:
Catholic Labor Movements in Europe. Social Thought and Action, 1914â1965
5990:
4949:
Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership, influence
4443:
Poland, Professor Jacek Tittenbrun of Poznan University (18 July 2005).
4324:. In Jeremy Waddington & Torsten Mueller & Kurt Vandaele (eds.)
4124:
4092:
3690:
3666:
2599:
created in 1945. The largest trade union federation in the world is the
12516:
12062:
11719:
11474:
11304:
11237:
11232:
10585:
10348:
10340:
10216:
10137:
10098:
10042:
8452:
7575:
7550:
7540:
7459:
7449:
7367:
7092:
6911:
6524:
6500:
6481:
6471:
Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays
6464:
6454:
6315:
Directory of Employer's Associations, Trade unions, Joint Organisations
6306:
5945:
5927:
5789:
5440:"After Citizens United: How outside spending shapes American democracy"
3954:
3752:
3306:
3005:
2809:
2548:
In contrast, in several European countries (e.g. Belgium, Denmark, the
1309:
1282:
1255:
1247:
1211:
1050:
810:
757:
753:
721:), or an attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry (
666:
590:
284:
279:
6641:
5382:(, 3rd printing ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
5229:"Union retreat and regional economic performance: the UK in the 1990s"
4815:
4798:
4528:
3727:
2983:
have been linked to greater economic inequality in the United States.
2435:
with the employer (or employers) over wages, working hours, and other
12578:
12042:
11883:
11871:
11699:
11399:
11292:
11282:
11217:
11190:
10941:
10886:
10390:
10206:
10176:
10147:
9516:
8287:
7407:
7253:
7188:
7173:
7168:
7082:
6627:
6239:
To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s
5438:
Abdul-Razzak, Nour; Prato, Carlo; Wolton, Stephane (1 October 2020).
3878:
Through the prism of slavery : labor, capital, and world economy
3707:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3582:
3534:
3495:
3443:
3395:
3222:
2827:
2727:
2723:
2377:
1124:
1049:
date the formation of burial societies among Roman Army soldiers and
1046:
1029:
801:
702:
698:
399:
140:
135:
6298:
5259:"Union Retreat and Regional Economic Performance: The UK Experience"
3946:
12486:
12474:
12304:
12142:
11098:
11027:
10891:
10114:
8273:
7605:
7590:
7183:
6783:
6735:
6478:
In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker
5906:
5149:
Barth, Erling; Bryson, Alex; Dale-Olsen, Harald (16 October 2020).
5047:
3719:
2600:
2584:
1251:
1034:
1009:
749:
254:
10953:
5424:
4613:
The Social Dimension â Employment Policy in the European Community
1343:
Trade union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912
1065:(98â117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild. Rome's
70:
12450:
12390:
12107:
12052:
12037:
12022:
11351:
11118:
10916:
10614:
10052:
9988:
7283:
4725:"Labor Unions, Political Representation, and Economic Inequality"
4093:"John Stuart Mill and the Economic Rationale for Organized Labor"
3599:
3460:
2863:
2557:
2470:, some having lead to deaths, having been recorded historically.
2439:. The inability of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to
1584:, parental leave, etc., that decrease the need to be in a union.
1191:
1128:
1102:
1013:
880:
745:
429:
4981:
Keith Naughton, Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green (20 February 2015).
4430:"See the website of the Danish discount union "Det faglige Hus""
4429:
3667:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia""
2473:
Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle.
2353:
665:
whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their
12568:
9707:
7231:
7143:
6699:
5315:"Will Automation Replace Jobs? Port Workers May Strike Over It"
2561:
2541:
2537:
2514:, where the labour force mostly works in the informal economy.
1187:
1090:
1062:
1058:
969:
between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a
936:
914:
833:
662:
377:
11003:
10983:
10489:
6764:
6704:
6676:
6664:
Visser, Jelle. "Union membership statistics in 24 countries."
6232:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. III.
5649:"Who passes restrictive labour policy? A view from the States"
5303:
Bryson, Alex. "Union wage effects." IZA World of Labor (2014).
3093:
10367:
7241:
6652:
From consent to coercion: The assault on trade union freedoms
6223:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. II.
5032:"The Right to Work, Power Resources, and Economic Inequality"
2889:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2462:
was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers.
2409:
2405:
2372:
Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers (
1157:
940:
884:
869:
387:
9485:
6214:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. I.
4550:
3370:. Vol. III. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
3291:"The Marxist View of the Labor Unions: Complex and Critical"
2860:
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
10062:
6759:
Retaliation for Union Activity and Collection Action Rights
6261:
The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party
6134:
2343:
1589:
1557:
736:, trade unions became popular in many countries during the
670:
2834:) and those who do not. In the United States, state level
1334:
1234:
in the United Kingdom were made in the 1820s and 30s. The
6637:. (3rd ed. Toronto, Ont.: New Canada Publications, 1973).
6418:
E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies
4755:
3633:
The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.â1875 A.D.
2959:
6521:
American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century
6361:
Trade unions in western Europe: Hard times, hard choices
4955:
Retrieved 6 March 2015. See also: Jake Rosenfeld (2014)
3073:
have been associated with increased cost of government.
2627:, the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance and
2595:
The oldest global trade union organizations include the
6497:(2004), textbook, based on earlier textbooks by Dulles.
5437:
4047:
3598:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.).
3459:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.).
4983:
As the Rich Get Richer, Unions Are Poised for Comeback
4839:"Unions and American Income Inequality at Mid-Century"
3198:
3196:
3194:
740:. Trade unions may be composed of individual workers,
6774:
A History of Labor Unions from Colonial Times to 2009
6659:
Trade Unions and Politics: A Comparative Introduction
6514:
The ABC-CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement
5236:
Research Papers in Environmental and Spatial Analysis
5148:
5079:"Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality"
4893:"Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality"
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
1357:
trade unions were finally legalized in 1872, after a
1131:
in 1574, but the vast majority of people remained as
999:, that prescribed the rules and membership dues of a
6451:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History
6409:
Mommsen, Wolfgang J., and Hans-Gerhard Husung, eds.
3089:
2486:
were founded as the electoral arms of trade unions.
1190:. Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as
1023:
was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a
10700:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
6374:(NJWLS) Vol. 1. No 1 (August 2011), pp. 67â93.
4295:. International Labour Organisation. Archived from
3191:
3025:criticized unions in chapter 18 of his publication
2412:, the Japanese national trade union confederation.
2396:. These federations themselves will affiliate with
817:the workplace, in order to obtain political power.
717:), a cross-section of workers from various trades (
710:(collective bargaining agreements) with employers.
37:"Labour Union" redirects here. For other uses, see
12426:List of industry trade groups in the United States
12315:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
6695:LabourStart international trade union news service
6142:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). "Chapter I".
4687:"ECHR rules against Danish closed-shop agreements"
4628:, pp. 281â331 in Hyman, R. & Ferner A., eds.:
4469:SolidarnoĆÄ popiera KaczyĆskiego jak kiedyĆ WaĆÄsÄ
4254:
3363:
3355:
3228:
1105:, the earliest modern trade unions predate Marx's
6461:Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History
6368:"The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007"
5693:
5566:
5151:"Union Density Effects on Productivity and Wages"
5077:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (1 August 2011).
4797:Collins, William J.; Niemesh, Gregory T. (2019).
4389:Schminke, Tobias Gerhard; Fridell, Gavin (2021).
4011:
3575:
3527:
3436:
3123:Labor federation competition in the United States
2748:Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization
1236:National Association for the Protection of Labour
12597:
8076:
6538:Alexander, Robert Jackson, and Eldon M. Parker.
6359:Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca, and Richard Hyman.
6251:A history of British trade unionism c. 1770â1990
6199:Campbell, A., Fishman, N., and McIlroy, J. eds.
5525:
5481:"Labor Unions and White Democratic Partisanship"
5076:
4890:
4693:
3837:A History of Trade Unionism in the United States
3743:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy"
3570:275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor.
3480:§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage.
3388:
3343:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
1194:and had been prominent in struggles such as the
879:Following the unification of the city-states in
6453:(2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts
4891:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (August 2011).
4388:
4163:
3431:234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present .
2576:overtones and today it supports the right-wing
1375:Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions
1198:in Scotland, in which 60,000 workers went on a
6598:Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa
5771:
4796:
4630:New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations
4615:. Basingstoke England UK: Macmillan Publishing
4373:Amnesty International report 23 September 2005
1596:Union density across OECD members (in %)
1012:, in approximately 133 AD during the reign of
12361:
11938:
11043:
10505:
9501:
9477:
9257:
8873:
8468:
8062:
7645:
7222:
6799:
6635:The Trade Union Movement of Canada: 1827â1959
6556:Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View
6469:Boris, Eileen, and Nelson Lichtenstein, eds.
5694:Becher, Michael; Stegmueller, Daniel (2020).
5567:Becher, Michael; Stegmueller, Daniel (2020).
5256:
5226:
3976:. p. 25 – via Google News Archive.
3208:
3128:Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
2887:The examples and perspective in this article
622:
11952:
8396:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6463:(2005) over 100 annotated primary documents
5246:on 11 January 2024 – via ResearchGate.
5227:Monastiriotis, Vassilis (17 February 2003).
4657:"Freedom of Association/Trade Union Freedom"
4090:
3658:
3490:
3488:
2746:candidates on a number of occasions and the
913:â2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for
11983:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
9271:
5982:
5867:"Why Unions Are Good â But Not Good Enough"
5029:
12375:
12368:
12354:
11945:
11931:
11050:
11036:
10750:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
10512:
10498:
9508:
9494:
9264:
9250:
8887:
8880:
8866:
8475:
8461:
8069:
8055:
7659:
7652:
7638:
7621:
7536:International comparisons of labour unions
6806:
6792:
6654:(third edition. Ontario: Garamound Press).
6650:Panitch, Leo & Swartz, Donald (2003).
6493:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles.
6131:A brief history of the German trade unions
6111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5647:Bucci, Laura C.; Jansa, Joshua M. (2020).
5646:
4354:The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History
4039:. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp.
3903:
3260:
2999:employment, wages, etc. Research from the
2621:International Transport Workers Federation
1549:Hours Worked Compared to Earnings Per Week
1217:
776:Garment workers on strike, New York City,
629:
615:
6344:Berghahn, Volker R., and Detlev Karsten.
6128:
6058:
5961:
5818:
5772:Frymer, Paul; Grumbach, Jacob M. (2020).
5752:
5711:
5631:
5543:
5478:
5455:
5257:Monastiriotis, Vassilis (15 March 2007).
5176:
5166:
4862:
4814:
4773:
4740:
4699:
4551:"International Trade Union Confederation"
4406:
4282:
4091:King, John T.; Yanochik, Mark A. (2011).
3619:§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day.
3581:
3533:
3494:
3485:
3442:
3394:
3061:According to American socialist magazine
2925:Learn how and when to remove this message
2348:
1230:The first attempts at forming a national
761:
27:Organisation of workers with common goals
12421:List of food industry trade associations
8482:
6519:Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall,
6245:
6194:Trade Unions and the Economy, 1870â2000.
6192:Aldcroft, D. H. and Oliver, M. J., eds.
6168:
6162:Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor
6159:
6141:
5892:
5774:"Labor Unions and White Racial Politics"
5372:
4722:
4641:
4201:The Economic and Labour Relations Review
4053:
4029:
3967:
3775:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe
3703:
3202:
2941:
2738:with a few exceptions. For example, the
2531:
2453:
2352:
1544:
1536:
1418:
1338:
1281:. The organization attracted a range of
1279:Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
1221:
951:and a shipmaster. Law 276 stipulated a 2
771:
12197:Right to an adequate standard of living
11805:International Trade Union Confederation
6744:â History of the British union movement
6559:
6284:
6268:
5995:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
5934:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5734:
5613:
5338:
4574:
4233:
3986:
3834:
3805:
3772:
3664:
3555:Records of the Past Exploration Society
3508:. Translated by King, Leonard William.
3416:Records of the Past Exploration Society
2758:frayed as party leadership embarked on
2625:International Federation of Journalists
2605:International Trade Union Confederation
2590:
2460:Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886
2402:International Trade Union Confederation
1414:
1386:Free Association of German Trade Unions
1335:Legalization, expansion and recognition
14:
12598:
11998:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
11810:International Union of Socialist Youth
10768:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation
10682:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
10670:International Workingmen's Association
6540:A history of organized labor in Brazil
6372:Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies
6257:
6236:
5988:
5293:– via Taylor and Francis online.
4442:
4198:
3874:
3851:"Strike: Strikes in the United States"
3808:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
3366:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
3361:
2740:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
1096:
12349:
11926:
11031:
10493:
9489:
9476:
9245:
8861:
8456:
8050:
7633:
7620:
6787:
6748:Short history of the UGT in Catalonia
6607:(University of Nebraska Press, 2017).
6433:Upchurch, Martin, and Graham Taylor.
6227:
6218:
6206:
6119:
6092:
5778:American Journal of Political Science
5418:
5312:
4886:
4884:
4858:
4856:
4742:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-023225
3909:
3741:Welsh, Jennifer (23 September 2011).
3740:
3349:
3034:Trade unions frequently advocate for
2427:A union may acquire the status of a "
1556:has been steadily declining from the
11057:
6813:
6558:(Palgrave-Macmillan, 2015). Review:
6354:Industrial Relations in Europe 2010.
6346:Industrial Relations in West Germany
6071:
5886:
5526:Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander (2018).
5412:
5339:Kramarz, Francis (19 October 2006).
5306:
5125:"The Decline Of Unions Is Good News"
4947:Doree Armstrong (12 February 2014).
4252:
4017:
3881:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
3839:. New York: MacMillan. pp. 1â3.
3587:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3539:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3500:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3448:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3400:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3288:
2873:
2525:which is supported by the far-right
1206:severely restricted their activity.
6642:"Trade Unionism in Colonial Africa"
6281:(Manchester University Press, 1997)
6271:A history of British trade unionism
6061:Journal of Central European Affairs
2862:. It was stressed that Denmark and
305:Workers' right to access the toilet
24:
12508:(Greater China and Southeast Asia)
10694:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
9547:Accidental death and dismemberment
6690:Australian Council of Trade Unions
6152:
5989:Zoorob, Michael (1 October 2018).
5819:Macdonald, David (29 April 2019).
4881:
4853:
4845:. 12 February 2019. Archived from
4762:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
4729:Annual Review of Political Science
4178:10.1111/j.1748-121X.1981.tb00120.x
3783:University of North Carolina Press
2851:of 1947 outlawed the closed shop.
2489:Unions are also delineated by the
2437:terms and conditions of employment
991:-era tablet from the ruins of the
987:of the Ottoman Empire) produced a
813:also saw trade unions as a way to
762:is highest in the Nordic countries
25:
12622:
12118:Right to refuse medical treatment
11104:Internationalistâdefencist schism
7398:Labour spies in the United States
6753:Younionize Global Union Directory
6683:
6645:Journal of Modern African Studies
6180:ed by Neil Schlager (2 vol. 2004)
5479:Macdonald, David (25 June 2020).
5313:Eavis, Peter (2 September 2024).
5030:VanHeuvelen, Tom (1 March 2020).
4867:. Cambridge: Harvard University.
4712:from the original on 8 July 2023.
3549:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto.
3410:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto.
3331:. Australian Bureau of Statistics
1541:Labor union membership by country
1425:International Labour Organization
1300:spurred the establishment of the
1123:drew masses of people, including
657:), often simply referred to as a
11169:
11013:
11012:
11002:
10992:
10982:
10973:
10972:
10962:
10952:
10560:
9673:Directors and officers liability
8841:
8832:
8831:
8272:
8239:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7958:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
7728:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7511:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
6730:Trade union membership 2003â2008
6717:Trade union membership 1993â2003
6554:Hodder, A. and L. Kretsos, eds.
6516:(1993) 237pp; short encyclopedia
6442:
4700:Leonhardt, David (7 July 2023).
4379:member José Onofre Esquivel Luna
4256:"Why trade unions are declining"
3092:
2878:
2597:World Federation of Trade Unions
2544:during a strike on 28 March 2006
1360:Royal Commission on Trade Unions
200:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
69:
11141:Reformistârevolutionary dispute
10756:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
10732:Industrial Workers of the World
10726:General Confederation of Labour
10688:Brazilian Workers Confederation
10519:
7329:Enterprise bargaining agreement
6319:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
6279:British Trade Unions, 1945â1995
6051:
5921:
5859:
5812:
5765:
5728:
5687:
5640:
5607:
5560:
5519:
5472:
5457:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102190
5431:
5396:
5366:
5357:
5332:
5297:
5250:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5142:
5117:
5070:
5023:
5010:
5001:
4975:
4941:
4831:
4790:
4749:
4716:
4679:
4649:
4635:
4618:
4605:
4568:
4543:
4521:
4489:
4477:
4462:
4436:
4422:
4382:
4366:
4346:
4331:
4314:
4246:
4227:
4192:
4157:
4139:
4084:
4067:Principles of Political Economy
4059:
4023:
3980:
3970:"The Guild and the Trade Union"
3961:
3926:
3868:
3843:
3828:
3799:
3766:
3734:
3697:
3624:
2683:The United States takes a more
1405:General Confederation of Labour
1315:Principles of Political Economy
1027:. Following the passage of the
1016:(117â138) of the Roman Empire.
874:
822:Australian Bureau of Statistics
809:V1, 1867, p. 1069). Early
12411:Inter-professional association
12330:Sexual and reproductive health
12227:Right to a healthy environment
9290:Federated States of Micronesia
8799:British Indian Ocean Territory
7581:Occupational safety and health
4702:"How Elba Makes a Living Wage"
4363:". Fox Business. 9 August 2011
3993:International Socialist Review
3321:
3282:
2975:and, since 1967, with loss of
2856:European Court of Human Rights
1304:in 1868, the first long-lived
1081:also included fraternities of
1069:was home to a guildhall for a
900:a common Mesopotamian standard
250:Occupational safety and health
245:Occupational safety and health
13:
1:
12247:Right to public participation
11395:Socialism of the 21st century
9515:
6551:. Cambridge University Press.
6413:(Taylor & Francis, 1985).
6171:The A to Z of Organized Labor
5036:American Journal of Sociology
5020:, Vol. 124, No. 7, July 2001.
4575:Bamberg, Ulrich (June 2004).
3989:"Trades Unions and Socialism"
3910:Clark, O. L. (January 1948).
3185:
2843:to non-unionized employees."
2788:
2714:. The engineer's association
2634:
2629:Public Services International
1568:, and governmental policies.
1388:was formed in 1897 after the
1296:was founded in 1860, and the
1273:In 1834, the Welsh socialist
1041:required the approval of the
925:
907:
892:
786:Since the publication of the
777:
767:
373:Chronological list of strikes
39:Labour Union (disambiguation)
12267:Right to science and culture
11815:Party of European Socialists
11273:Negative and positive rights
10712:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
10440:Savings and loan association
8077:Trade unions in the Americas
6562:Work, Employment and Society
6348:(Bloomsbury Academic, 1988).
6099:Tighes Hill, New South Wales
5083:American Sociological Review
4900:American Sociological Review
4632:, Basil Blackwell Publishing
4502:. Acirrt.com. Archived from
3987:Kautsky, Karl (April 1901).
3153:Progressive Librarians Guild
3036:seniority-based compensation
2937:
2772:Conservative Trade Unionists
1379:American Federation of Labor
1289:' case, but soon collapsed.
7:
12093:Right to keep and bear arms
12003:Freedom from discrimination
9873:Insurance-linked securities
6937:Duty of fair representation
6877:National trade union centre
6495:Labor in America: A History
6169:Docherty, James C. (2010).
6160:Docherty, James C. (2004).
6129:Schneider, Michael (1991).
6093:James, Robert Noel (2001).
5735:Engeman, Cassandra (2020).
5614:Engeman, Cassandra (2020).
4803:The Economic History Review
3773:Epstein, Steven A. (1995).
3604:University of Chicago Press
3465:University of Chicago Press
3085:
3045:
3028:The Constitution of Liberty
2901:, discuss the issue on the
2716:Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
2703:and the pilots association
2536:A rally of the trade union
1306:national trade union center
1238:was established in 1830 by
820:A modern definition by the
669:, such as attaining better
10:
12627:
9562:Total permanent disability
7334:Global Framework Agreement
6647:, 4 (1966), pp. 65â81
6185:
6146:. Longmans and Co. London.
5837:10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7
5497:10.1007/s11109-020-09624-3
5408:10.1007/s10602-023-09396-y
4723:Ahlquist, John S. (2017).
4253:E.H. (29 September 2015).
4213:10.1177/103530460701700205
4109:10.1177/056943451105600205
3071:Public-sector trade unions
2564:, the biggest trade union
2392:", and united in national
859:
855:
832:, which includes medieval
36:
29:
12556:
12535:
12496:
12441:
12383:
12290:
12257:Right to rest and leisure
12163:
11968:
11961:
11897:
11864:
11838:
11830:Young European Socialists
11793:
11408:
11365:
11178:
11167:
11067:
10949:
10880:
10776:
10661:
10613:
10569:
10558:
10529:
10465:
10317:
10302:Health insurance coverage
10242:
10026:
9855:
9797:
9726:
9645:
9597:
9567:Business overhead expense
9532:
9523:
9483:
9478:Links to related articles
9381:
9358:
9277:
9191:
9153:
8895:
8827:
8786:
8746:
8488:
8414:
8381:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8281:
8270:
8082:
7971:
7946:
7665:
7627:
7468:
7390:
7360:
7306:
7121:
7070:
7061:
7016:
6950:
6859:
6852:
6819:
6377:Kjellberg, Anders (2017)
6337:
6144:History of Trade Unionism
6075:Attempts at General Union
6007:10.1136/oemed-2017-104747
5713:10.1017/S153759272000208X
5665:10.1017/S0143814X20000070
5585:10.1017/S153759272000208X
5545:10.1017/S1537592717004236
5283:10.1080/00343400601149915
4337:Kjellberg, Anders (2023)
4320:Kjellberg, Anders (2023)
4036:History of Trade Unionism
4033:; Webb, Beatrice (1894).
3968:C. M. N. (3 March 1928).
3076:
2869:
2421:professional associations
2376:, traditionally found in
1427:Department of Statistics
1312:middle-class opinion. In
1053:mariners to the reign of
967:contract of affreightment
789:History of Trade Unionism
336:International comparisons
270:Right to rest and leisure
210:Employment discrimination
12272:Right to social security
12237:Right to Internet access
12182:Equal pay for equal work
12068:Presumption of innocence
11228:Environmental protection
10647:Workers' self-management
9703:Protection and indemnity
9441:Northern Mariana Islands
8548:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
8401:Turks and Caicos Islands
7713:Central African Republic
7516:Equal pay for equal work
7352:Union security agreement
7319:Collaborative bargaining
6968:Social movement unionism
6633:Lipton, Charles (1967).
6574:10.1177/0950017015614214
6531:
6078:. Taylor & Francis.
5700:Perspectives on Politics
5653:Journal of Public Policy
5573:Perspectives on Politics
5532:Perspectives on Politics
5095:10.1177/0003122411414817
4989:Retrieved 6 March 2015.
4963:Harvard University Press
4958:What Unions No Longer Do
4912:10.1177/0003122411414817
4865:What Unions No Longer Do
4863:Rosenfeld, Jake (2014).
4642:Wagtmann, M. A. (2010),
3875:Tomich, Dale W. (2004).
3806:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
3113:Digital Product Passport
2609:global union federations
2443:, culminating in either
1562:decline in manufacturing
1135:on estates owned by the
931:) stipulated a 2-shekel
866:Collegium (ancient Rome)
661:, is an organization of
121:Social movement unionism
30:Not to be confused with
12401:Employers' organization
12148:right to be a candidate
11978:Equality before the law
11825:Socialist International
11300:Revolutionary socialism
10902:Criticism of capitalism
10762:National Workers' Union
10160:Explanation of benefits
9632:Variable universal life
9406:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
9272:Trade unions in Oceania
8889:Trade unions in Europe
8809:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7343:Mutual gains bargaining
7159:Occupation of factories
6882:Global union federation
6525:excerpt and text search
6482:excerpt and text search
6465:excerpt and text search
6455:excerpt and text search
6427:11 January 2017 at the
6287:Economic History Review
6269:Pelling, Henry (1987).
6137:: JHW Dietz Nachfolger.
6095:Craft, Trade or Mystery
6072:Cole, G. D. H. (2010).
5895:The Journal of Politics
4586:. 24â25. Archived from
4408:10.15173/glj.v12i2.4394
4359:2 December 2013 at the
4151:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4077:6 November 2014 at the
3835:Perlman, Selig (1922).
3812:Oxford University Press
3163:Salt (union organizing)
3158:Project Labor Agreement
3100:Organized labour portal
2766:, who beat his brother
1349:Lawrence, Massachusetts
1345:Lawrence textile strike
1218:National general unions
850:fraternal organizations
701:are usually made up of
331:Trade union federations
326:Trade unions by country
12433:Cooperative federation
12377:Business organizations
12008:Freedom of information
11993:Freedom of association
11385:Evolutionary socialism
10907:Criticism of copyright
10622:Co-operative economics
10297:Health insurance costs
9698:Professional liability
8938:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8316:British Virgin Islands
7660:Trade unions in Africa
7622:Trade unions by region
7521:Exploitation of labour
7199:Organizational dissent
6710:6 January 2011 at the
6258:Minkin, Lewis (1991).
6237:Davies, A. J. (1996).
4395:Global Labour Movement
4290:"Industrial relations"
4097:The American Economist
3268:"Industrial relations"
2947:
2667:member states in 2004.
2650:employers associations
2545:
2463:
2369:
2349:Structure and politics
1550:
1542:
1534:
1351:
1329:
1244:textile related unions
1227:
1169:Ordinance of Labourers
1077:of merchant mariners.
989:NervaâAntonine dynasty
783:
230:Freedom of association
101:Exploitation of labour
12548:Consumer organization
12320:Intersex human rights
12128:Right of self-defense
12083:Right to a fair trial
11320:Social market economy
11258:Left-wing nationalism
11084:Frankfurt Declaration
10927:Libertarian socialism
10718:Solidarity Federation
10153:Out-of-pocket expense
10014:Workers' compensation
9668:Collateral protection
9658:Business interruption
9384:and other territories
8229:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7873:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
7733:Republic of the Congo
7378:Workers' compensation
7324:Collective bargaining
6978:Members-only unionism
6761:", Workplace Fairness
6736:Trade Union Ancestors
6488:Progressive Librarian
4529:"WFTU » History"
4375:â fear for safety of
3289:Botz, Dan La (2013).
3013:comparative advantage
2945:
2574:religious nationalist
2535:
2508:false self-employment
2457:
2433:collective bargaining
2356:
1548:
1540:
1422:
1342:
1324:
1302:Trades Union Congress
1294:London Trades Council
1225:
1154:Sherman Antitrust Act
1121:Industrial Revolution
1071:corpus naviculariorum
935:for each 60-gur (300-
891:into a single empire
775:
738:Industrial Revolution
695:union representatives
215:Employment protection
195:Collective bargaining
12207:Right to development
12088:Right to family life
12038:Freedom from torture
12023:Freedom from slavery
11820:Progressive Alliance
11375:Democratic socialism
11079:Age of Enlightenment
10376:Corpus Juris Civilis
8723:United Arab Emirates
8483:Trade unions in Asia
6988:Open-source unionism
6902:Father of the chapel
6892:Union representative
6722:7 April 2022 at the
6705:New Unionism Network
6666:Monthly Labor Review
6612:Comparative Politics
6277:Wrigley, Chris, ed.
6228:Clegg, H.A. (1994).
6219:Clegg, H.A. (1985).
5155:The Economic Journal
5018:Monthly Labor Review
4689:. Eurofound website.
4054:Webb & Webb 1894
3814:. pp. 183â186.
3665:de Ligt, L. (2001).
3329:"Trade Union Census"
3203:Webb & Webb 1920
3138:List of trade unions
2907:create a new article
2899:improve this article
2591:International unions
2512:low-income countries
1415:Prevalence worldwide
1204:Combination Act 1825
576:Industrial relations
565:Academic disciplines
161:National-syndicalism
131:Democratic socialism
12564:Business networking
12536:Oppositional groups
12406:Chamber of commerce
12018:Freedom of religion
12013:Freedom of movement
11988:Freedom of assembly
11970:Civil and political
11675:Liebknecht (father)
11151:Revolutions of 1848
10706:Free Workers' Union
10642:Labour unionisation
10547:Revolutions of 1848
10435:Rochdale Principles
10430:Mutual savings bank
10425:Mutual organization
10410:Cooperative banking
10327:Mesopotamian banker
9607:Longevity insurance
9154:States with limited
8750:limited recognition
8406:U.S. Virgin Islands
8249:Trinidad and Tobago
8094:Antigua and Barbuda
7948:States with limited
7586:Occupational stress
7440:Demarcation dispute
7423:Anti-union violence
7044:Industrial unionism
7003:Solidarity unionism
6917:Vigilance committee
6897:Clerk of the chapel
6449:Arnesen, Eric, ed.
6386:Markovits, Andrei.
6366:Kjellberg, Anders.
5275:2007RegSt..41..143M
4937:on 11 January 2024.
4849:on 7 November 2020.
4775:10.1093/qje/qjab012
4236:Queen's Law Journal
3543:Records of the Past
3404:Records of the Past
3133:Labour inspectorate
2952:economic inequality
2705:Vereinigung Cockpit
2654:sectoral bargaining
2386:industrial unionism
2362:United Farm Workers
2360:speaking at a 1974
1597:
1393:Anti-Socialist Laws
1268:Voice of the People
1171:was enacted in the
1108:Communist Manifesto
1097:Modern trade unions
929: 1755â1750 BC
732:Originating in the
723:industrial unionism
156:Anarcho-syndicalism
12335:Right to sexuality
12212:Right to education
12138:Security of person
12033:Freedom of thought
11889:Types of socialism
11878:The Internationale
11310:Social corporatism
11161:Welfare capitalism
10187:Insurable interest
9688:Payment protection
9589:Payment protection
8159:Dominican Republic
7571:Professional abuse
7373:Union wage premium
7347:Pattern bargaining
7279:Solidarity actions
7139:Diversity training
6973:Community unionism
6742:TUC History online
6668:. 129 (2006): 38+
6661:(Macmillan, 1989).
6600:(Routledge, 2016).
6545:Dean, Adam. 2022.
6542:(Greenwood, 2003).
6459:Beik, Millie, ed.
6437:(Routledge, 2016).
6390:(Routledge, 2016).
6363:(Oxford UP, 2013).
5946:10.1002/ajim.23081
5825:Political Behavior
5790:10.1111/ajps.12537
5754:10.1093/sf/soaa074
5633:10.1093/sf/soaa074
5485:Political Behavior
5319:The New York Times
5168:10.1093/ej/ueaa048
5161:(631): 1898â1936.
5129:Hoover Institution
4706:The New York Times
3935:Harvard Law Review
3785:. pp. 10â49.
3307:10.1111/wusa.12021
3180:Workplace politics
3118:Excess profits tax
2988:Hoover Institution
2981:Right-to-work laws
2948:
2836:right-to-work laws
2777:Historically, the
2641:supervisory boards
2546:
2464:
2370:
2366:Delano, California
1595:
1573:developing nations
1551:
1543:
1535:
1352:
1298:Sheffield Outrages
1228:
1173:Kingdom of England
1137:landed aristocracy
993:Temple of Antinous
904:Naram-Sin of Akkad
846:friendly societies
784:
265:Professional abuse
12593:
12592:
12587:
12586:
12574:Company registers
12512:Business alliance
12416:Trade association
12343:
12342:
12242:Right to property
12202:Right to clothing
12187:Fair remuneration
12155:Right to homeland
12103:Right to petition
12028:Freedom of speech
11920:
11919:
11390:Liberal socialism
11380:Ethical socialism
11156:Utopian socialism
11094:Godesberg Program
11089:French Revolution
11025:
11024:
10720:(SFâIWA, Britain)
10714:(NSFâIAA, Norway)
10581:Council communism
10552:Utopian socialism
10487:
10486:
10332:Code of Hammurabi
10307:Vehicle insurance
10202:Replacement value
10094:Actual cash value
10058:Adverse selection
10048:Actuarial science
10022:
10021:
9954:Kidnap and ransom
9927:Extended warranty
9574:Income protection
9470:
9469:
9464:
9463:
9456:Wallis and Futuna
9401:Clipperton Island
9359:Associated states
9239:
9238:
8855:
8854:
8792:other territories
8450:
8449:
8044:
8043:
7975:other territories
7748:Equatorial Guinea
7614:
7613:
7496:Conflict theories
7491:Four-day workweek
7386:
7385:
7302:
7301:
7204:Industrial action
7113:Union co-op model
7057:
7056:
7029:Independent union
6993:Business unionism
6603:Lenti, Joseph U.
6509:, 29 January 2024
5444:Electoral Studies
4816:10.1111/ehr.12744
4661:Eurofound website
4531:. 21 January 2014
4471:at news.money.pl
4302:on 9 October 2018
3643:. 1915. pp.
2973:wealth inequality
2935:
2934:
2927:
2909:, as appropriate.
2779:Republic of Korea
2750:(PATCO) endorsed
2732:social democratic
2480:political parties
2468:cases of violence
2441:industrial action
2340:
2339:
1397:Otto von Bismarck
1287:Tolpuddle Martyrs
1087:ritual sacrifices
1055:Septimius Severus
830:benefit societies
639:
638:
596:Post-work society
425:Solidarity action
235:Legal working age
91:Conflict theories
32:Trade association
16:(Redirected from
12618:
12498:Business network
12443:Corporate groups
12370:
12363:
12356:
12347:
12346:
12232:Right to housing
12166:Economic, social
12113:Right to protest
12108:Right to privacy
11947:
11940:
11933:
11924:
11923:
11912:Socialism portal
11902:Economics portal
11798:
11680:Liebknecht (son)
11445:Batlle y Ordóñez
11413:
11368:
11243:Internationalism
11223:Environmentalism
11173:
11072:
11062:
11060:Social democracy
11052:
11045:
11038:
11029:
11028:
11016:
11015:
11008:Socialism portal
11006:
10996:
10988:Organized Labour
10986:
10978:Labour economics
10976:
10975:
10968:Communism portal
10966:
10958:Anarchism portal
10956:
10912:Critique of work
10743:IWW-South Africa
10696:(CNTâAIT, Spain)
10627:Labour economics
10564:
10542:Orthodox Marxism
10524:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10491:
10490:
10445:Social insurance
10400:Friendly society
10292:Health insurance
10120:Short rate table
9868:Catastrophe bond
9769:Lenders mortgage
9530:
9529:
9510:
9503:
9496:
9487:
9486:
9474:
9473:
9446:Pitcairn Islands
9416:French Polynesia
9396:Christmas Island
9325:Papua New Guinea
9305:Marshall Islands
9278:Sovereign states
9266:
9259:
9252:
9243:
9242:
9192:Dependencies and
8896:Sovereign states
8882:
8875:
8868:
8859:
8858:
8845:
8835:
8834:
8804:Christmas Island
8490:Sovereign states
8477:
8470:
8463:
8454:
8453:
8371:Saint Barthélemy
8331:Falkland Islands
8276:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8048:
8047:
8036:
8035:(United Kingdom)
8031:Tristan da Cunha
8027:Ascension Island
8019:
8006:
7997:
7973:Dependencies and
7666:Sovereign states
7654:
7647:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7617:
7501:Critique of work
7476:35-hour workweek
7264:Pen-down strikes
7220:
7219:
7071:Shops and hiring
7068:
7067:
6958:Organizing model
6857:
6856:
6814:Organized labour
6808:
6801:
6794:
6785:
6784:
6657:Taylor, Andrew.
6640:Orr, Charles A.
6628:10.2307/20434019
6596:Kester, GĂ©rard.
6593:
6512:Taylor, Paul F.
6332:
6310:
6274:
6265:
6254:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6215:
6174:
6165:
6147:
6138:
6125:
6116:
6110:
6102:
6089:
6068:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6037:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5965:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5756:
5747:(4): 1745â1771.
5732:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5626:(4): 1745â1771.
5611:
5605:
5604:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5416:
5410:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5374:Friedman, Milton
5370:
5364:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5263:Regional Studies
5254:
5248:
5247:
5242:. Archived from
5233:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5042:(5): 1255â1302.
5027:
5021:
5014:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4979:
4973:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4930:. Archived from
4897:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4768:(3): 1325â1385.
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4667:on 17 April 2011
4663:. Archived from
4653:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4624:Hall, M., 1994.
4622:
4616:
4611:Gold, M., 1993.
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4555:www.ituc-csi.org
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4386:
4380:
4370:
4364:
4350:
4344:
4335:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4153:. 13 March 2024.
4143:
4137:
4136:
4088:
4082:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3941:(6): 450. 1908.
3930:
3924:
3923:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3641:Prudential Press
3628:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3591:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3452:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3369:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3239:
3226:
3219:
3206:
3200:
3108:Critique of work
3102:
3097:
3096:
2954:. The economist
2930:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2849:TaftâHartley Act
2744:Republican Party
2736:Democratic Party
2713:
2702:
2665:Eastern European
2645:co-determination
2503:Informal workers
2499:union organizers
2495:organizing model
2382:general unionism
2181:Slovak Republic
1598:
1594:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1384:In Germany, the
1371:Knights of Labor
1320:John Stuart Mill
1277:established the
978:
977:
973:
960:
959:
955:
930:
927:
912:
909:
897:
894:
782:
779:
719:general unionism
708:labour contracts
684:bargaining power
655:American English
631:
624:
617:
581:Labour economics
571:Critique of work
415:Pen-down strikes
126:Social democracy
73:
63:
62:Organized labour
53:
46:
45:
21:
12626:
12625:
12621:
12620:
12619:
12617:
12616:
12615:
12606:Labor relations
12596:
12595:
12594:
12589:
12588:
12583:
12552:
12531:
12492:
12437:
12379:
12374:
12344:
12339:
12310:Family planning
12295:
12286:
12262:Right of return
12222:Right to health
12170:
12167:
12159:
12123:Right to resist
12073:Right of asylum
11964:
11957:
11951:
11921:
11916:
11907:Politics portal
11893:
11860:
11834:
11794:
11789:
11409:
11404:
11366:
11361:
11325:Socialist state
11268:Nationalization
11186:Civil liberties
11174:
11165:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11056:
11026:
11021:
10998:Politics portal
10945:
10932:Post-capitalism
10876:
10772:
10764:(UON, Portugal)
10678:and affiliates
10657:
10609:
10565:
10556:
10537:Guild socialism
10525:
10520:
10518:
10488:
10483:
10461:
10457:Insurance cycle
10420:Fraternal order
10313:
10244:
10238:
10197:Proximate cause
10192:Insurance fraud
10172:General average
10131:Claims adjuster
10073:Risk management
10068:Risk assessment
10032:
10029:
10018:
9984:Prize indemnity
9851:
9799:
9793:
9722:
9683:Over-redemption
9641:
9593:
9584:National health
9525:
9519:
9514:
9479:
9471:
9466:
9465:
9460:
9383:
9377:
9360:
9354:
9335:Solomon Islands
9273:
9270:
9240:
9235:
9193:
9187:
9173:Northern Cyprus
9155:
9149:
9070:North Macedonia
8891:
8886:
8856:
8851:
8823:
8791:
8782:
8763:Northern Cyprus
8749:
8742:
8484:
8481:
8451:
8446:
8424:Central America
8410:
8285:
8277:
8268:
8085:
8078:
8075:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8017:
8004:
7995:
7976:
7974:
7967:
7951:
7949:
7942:
7661:
7658:
7623:
7615:
7610:
7464:
7382:
7356:
7339:Master contract
7314:Bargaining unit
7298:
7294:Wildcat strikes
7218:
7164:Precarious work
7134:Contingent work
7117:
7063:
7053:
7012:
6946:
6872:Union organizer
6848:
6834:Labour movement
6815:
6812:
6779:Mises Institute
6724:Wayback Machine
6712:Wayback Machine
6686:
6681:
6614:(2006): 21â42,
6534:
6529:
6523:(3rd ed. 2002)
6445:
6440:
6429:Wayback Machine
6340:
6335:
6329:
6313:
6299:10.2307/2596686
6247:Laybourn, Keith
6188:
6183:
6155:
6153:Further reading
6150:
6104:
6103:
6086:
6054:
6049:
6035:
6033:
6001:(10): 736â738.
5987:
5983:
5926:
5922:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5817:
5813:
5770:
5766:
5733:
5729:
5692:
5688:
5645:
5641:
5612:
5608:
5565:
5561:
5524:
5520:
5477:
5473:
5436:
5432:
5417:
5413:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5255:
5251:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5075:
5071:
5028:
5024:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4980:
4976:
4946:
4942:
4934:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4861:
4854:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4795:
4791:
4754:
4750:
4721:
4717:
4698:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4636:
4623:
4619:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4593:on 26 July 2011
4590:
4584:TUTB Newsletter
4579:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4509:on 22 July 2011
4506:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4449:www.marxist.com
4441:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4387:
4383:
4371:
4367:
4361:Wayback Machine
4351:
4347:
4336:
4332:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4251:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4197:
4193:
4162:
4158:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4089:
4085:
4079:Wayback Machine
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3981:
3966:
3962:
3947:10.2307/1325438
3932:
3931:
3927:
3908:
3904:
3889:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3779:Chapel Hill, NC
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3739:
3735:
3702:
3698:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3612:
3610:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3563:
3561:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3514:Yale Law School
3493:
3486:
3473:
3471:
3450:
3441:
3437:
3424:
3422:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3220:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3079:
3048:
3023:Friedrich Hayek
3018:Milton Friedman
2956:Joseph Stiglitz
2940:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2896:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2791:
2707:
2696:
2637:
2593:
2578:Law and Justice
2475:Social Unionism
2429:juristic person
2351:
2301:United Kingdom
1721:Czech Republic
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1399:were repealed.
1337:
1260:Nottinghamshire
1220:
1182:Combination Act
1179:. In 1799, the
1177:Napoleonic Wars
1162:medieval Europe
1099:
1037:(27 BCâ14 AD),
1035:Caesar Augustus
1008:established in
975:
971:
970:
961:-gerah per day
957:
953:
952:
933:prevailing wage
928:
920:Codex Hammurabi
910:
895:
889:Sargon of Akkad
877:
872:
862:Labour movement
860:Main articles:
858:
780:
770:
647:British English
635:
606:
605:
601:Refusal of work
566:
558:
557:
556:
461:
451:
450:
449:
440:Wildcat strikes
435:Whipsaw strikes
420:Sitdown strikes
367:
357:
356:
353:
321:
311:
310:
309:
295:Toxic workplace
179:
169:
168:
165:
83:
81:Labour movement
61:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12624:
12614:
12613:
12608:
12591:
12590:
12585:
12584:
12582:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12560:
12558:
12554:
12553:
12551:
12550:
12545:
12539:
12537:
12533:
12532:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12506:Bamboo network
12502:
12500:
12494:
12493:
12491:
12490:
12484:
12478:
12472:
12466:
12460:
12454:
12447:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12435:
12430:
12429:
12428:
12423:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12387:
12385:
12381:
12380:
12373:
12372:
12365:
12358:
12350:
12341:
12340:
12338:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12301:
12299:
12288:
12287:
12285:
12284:
12279:
12277:Right to water
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12252:Right of reply
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12177:Digital rights
12173:
12171:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12157:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12140:
12135:
12133:Right to truth
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11974:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11962:
11959:
11958:
11950:
11949:
11942:
11935:
11927:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11874:
11868:
11866:
11862:
11861:
11859:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11842:
11840:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11801:
11799:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11416:
11414:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11371:
11369:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11332:
11322:
11317:
11315:Social justice
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11214:
11213:
11208:
11206:Representative
11203:
11198:
11188:
11182:
11180:
11176:
11175:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11126:
11116:
11114:Labor movement
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11075:
11073:
11065:
11064:
11055:
11054:
11047:
11040:
11032:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11010:
11000:
10990:
10980:
10970:
10960:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10882:
10881:Related topics
10878:
10877:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10778:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10770:(SAC, Sweden)
10765:
10759:
10753:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10740:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10715:
10709:
10708:(FAU, Germany)
10703:
10702:(CRAS, Russia)
10697:
10691:
10685:
10673:
10667:
10665:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10632:General strike
10624:
10619:
10617:
10611:
10610:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10571:
10567:
10566:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10526:
10517:
10516:
10509:
10502:
10494:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10481:
10478:List of topics
10474:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10459:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10393:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10365:
10363:Burial society
10353:
10352:
10351:
10345:§235â238; §240
10337:§100â105; §126
10329:
10323:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10287:Climate change
10279:
10277:United Kingdom
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10248:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10224:
10222:Underinsurance
10219:
10214:
10212:Self-insurance
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10045:
10039:
10037:
10024:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9979:Political risk
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9959:Legal expenses
9956:
9951:
9946:
9945:
9944:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9859:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9801:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9739:Builder's risk
9736:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9663:Business owner
9660:
9655:
9649:
9647:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9627:Universal life
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9603:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9579:Long-term care
9576:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9564:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9538:
9536:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9513:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9490:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9468:
9467:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9436:Norfolk Island
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9391:American Samoa
9387:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9370:
9364:
9362:
9361:of New Zealand
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9281:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9246:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9197:
9195:
9194:other entities
9189:
9188:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9145:United Kingdom
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8958:Czech Republic
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8885:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8862:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8839:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8795:
8793:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8754:
8752:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8457:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8386:Sint Eustatius
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8321:Cayman Islands
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8292:
8290:
8279:
8278:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8090:
8088:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8051:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8020:
8007:
7998:
7984:Canary Islands
7980:
7979:
7977:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7596:Social support
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7566:Prison strikes
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7531:Hunger strikes
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7481:Eight-hour day
7478:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7455:Featherbedding
7452:
7447:
7445:Strikebreaking
7442:
7437:
7435:Union violence
7432:
7431:
7430:
7420:
7415:
7413:Churn and burn
7410:
7405:
7400:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7274:Sitdown strike
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7237:General strike
7234:
7228:
7226:
7224:Strike actions
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7039:Craft unionism
7036:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6867:Labour council
6863:
6861:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6824:Labour history
6820:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6770:
6762:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6714:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6685:
6684:External links
6682:
6680:
6679:
6672:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6638:
6631:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6568:(3): 561â562.
6552:
6543:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6510:
6506:The New Yorker
6498:
6491:
6490:, 48, 110â165.
6484:
6476:Brody, David.
6474:
6467:
6457:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6431:
6414:
6407:
6399:Misner, Paul.
6397:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6327:
6311:
6293:(2): 159â184.
6282:
6275:
6266:
6264:. p. 708.
6255:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6204:
6197:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6175:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6139:
6126:
6124:(19/20): 1â19.
6117:
6090:
6085:978-1136885167
6084:
6069:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:
5981:
5940:(3): 218â231.
5920:
5907:10.1086/678311
5901:(1): 114â127.
5885:
5858:
5811:
5764:
5727:
5686:
5659:(3): 409â439.
5639:
5606:
5559:
5538:(2): 364â379.
5518:
5491:(2): 859â879.
5471:
5430:
5411:
5395:
5389:978-0202309699
5388:
5365:
5356:
5331:
5305:
5296:
5269:(2): 143â156.
5249:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5141:
5116:
5089:(4): 513â537.
5069:
5048:10.1086/708067
5022:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4974:
4940:
4906:(4): 513â537.
4880:
4873:
4852:
4830:
4809:(2): 691â715.
4789:
4748:
4735:(1): 409â432.
4715:
4692:
4678:
4648:
4634:
4617:
4604:
4567:
4542:
4520:
4488:
4476:
4461:
4435:
4421:
4381:
4365:
4345:
4330:
4313:
4281:
4245:
4226:
4191:
4172:(2): 190â212.
4156:
4138:
4083:
4058:
4056:, p. 122.
4046:
4022:
4010:
3979:
3960:
3925:
3916:SMU Law Review
3902:
3887:
3867:
3855:infoplease.com
3842:
3827:
3821:978-0198150688
3820:
3798:
3792:978-0807844984
3791:
3765:
3733:
3720:10.2307/283119
3696:
3677:(2): 346â349.
3657:
3623:
3574:
3551:Washington, DC
3526:
3505:Avalon Project
3484:
3435:
3412:Washington, DC
3387:
3380:
3354:
3342:
3320:
3281:
3259:
3247:stats.oecd.org
3227:
3207:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3047:
3044:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2893:of the subject
2891:worldwide view
2886:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2840:
2839:
2824:
2813:
2806:
2790:
2787:
2783:lunar new year
2768:David Miliband
2742:has supported
2694:Marburger Bund
2681:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2636:
2633:
2592:
2589:
2572:movement with
2570:anti-communist
2568:emerged as an
2484:Labour parties
2447:or management
2417:Western Europe
2404:. However, in
2400:, such as the
2398:Internationals
2374:craft unionism
2350:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:United States
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1528:
1518:
1512: 10.0â19.
1508:
1502: 20.0â29.
1498:
1492: 30.0â39.
1488:
1482: 40.0â49.
1478:
1472: 50.0â59.
1468:
1462: 60.0â69.
1458:
1452: 70.0â79.
1448:
1442: 80.0â89.
1438:
1432: 90.0â99.
1428:
1416:
1413:
1395:of Chancellor
1336:
1333:
1264:Leicestershire
1219:
1216:
1200:general strike
1133:tenant-farmers
1098:
1095:
1001:burial society
949:ship charterer
896: 2334 BC
876:
873:
857:
854:
769:
766:
734:United Kingdom
715:craft unionism
637:
636:
634:
633:
626:
619:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Labour history
583:
578:
573:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
549:
547:United Kingdom
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
462:
459:Labour parties
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
396:
395:
390:
383:General strike
380:
375:
369:
368:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
352:
351:
346:
340:
338:
333:
328:
322:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:Eight-hour day
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12623:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12603:
12601:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12561:
12559:
12555:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12534:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12522:Joint venture
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12507:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12499:
12495:
12488:
12485:
12482:
12479:
12476:
12473:
12471:(Anglosphere)
12470:
12467:
12464:
12461:
12458:
12455:
12453:(South Korea)
12452:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12431:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12388:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12371:
12366:
12364:
12359:
12357:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12300:
12298:
12293:
12289:
12283:
12282:Right to work
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12217:Right to food
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12162:
12156:
12153:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12098:Right to life
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11967:
11960:
11956:
11948:
11943:
11941:
11936:
11934:
11929:
11928:
11925:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11896:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11879:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11863:
11857:
11856:United States
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11841:
11837:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11796:Organizations
11792:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11407:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11364:
11358:
11357:Welfare state
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11278:Progressivism
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11263:Mixed economy
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11177:
11172:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11053:
11048:
11046:
11041:
11039:
11034:
11033:
11030:
11019:
11011:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10979:
10971:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10948:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10769:
10766:
10763:
10760:
10758:(FS, Denmark)
10757:
10754:
10751:
10748:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10727:
10724:
10719:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10664:
10663:Organisations
10660:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10637:Labour rights
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10612:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10563:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10523:
10515:
10510:
10508:
10503:
10501:
10496:
10495:
10492:
10480:
10479:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10468:
10467:
10464:
10458:
10455:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10385:
10384:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10322:
10320:
10316:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10283:
10282:United States
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10241:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10167:
10166:Force majeure
10163:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10139:
10136:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10127:
10124:
10119:
10117:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10088:
10087:Value of life
10085:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10031:
10025:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9949:Interest rate
9947:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9854:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9817:Inland marine
9815:
9813:
9812:GAP insurance
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9800:Communication
9796:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9725:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9622:Unitised fund
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9612:Mortgage life
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9528:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9506:
9504:
9499:
9497:
9492:
9491:
9488:
9482:
9475:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9431:New Caledonia
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9411:Easter Island
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9380:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9276:
9267:
9262:
9260:
9255:
9253:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9206:Faroe Islands
9204:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9178:South Ossetia
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9030:Liechtenstein
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8883:
8878:
8876:
8871:
8869:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8838:
8830:
8829:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8789:
8785:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8773:South Ossetia
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8478:
8473:
8471:
8466:
8464:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8443:
8442:
8441:South America
8438:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8419:North America
8417:
8416:
8413:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8336:French Guiana
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8284:
8280:
8275:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8254:United States
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8081:
8072:
8067:
8065:
8060:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7945:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7788:Guinea-Bissau
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7655:
7650:
7648:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7626:
7619:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7526:Forced labour
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7428:United States
7426:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7403:Union busting
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7259:Overtime bans
7257:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7194:Strike notice
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7154:Labour revolt
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7060:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:General union
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:Company union
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Dual unionism
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6983:One Big Union
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6963:Service model
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6942:Worker centre
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6844:
6843:public sector
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6829:Labour rights
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6809:
6804:
6802:
6797:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6443:United States
6436:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6406:
6405:online review
6402:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6330:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6067:(4): 339â353.
6066:
6062:
6057:
6056:
6044:
6043:unionisation.
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5741:Social Forces
5738:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:Social Forces
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5425:10.3386/w2039
5422:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5342:
5335:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5178:11250/2685607
5174:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4994:Bruce Western
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4876:
4874:9780674726215
4870:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4530:
4524:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4425:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4298:
4291:
4285:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:The Economist
4257:
4249:
4242:(2): 391â417.
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4166:Legal Studies
4160:
4152:
4148:
4147:"Trade union"
4142:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:Book V, Ch.10
4069:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3510:New Haven, CT
3507:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3432:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3269:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3243:"Trade Union"
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:Strikebreaker
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:Union busting
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Profit margin
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2929:
2926:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:In 2006, the
2852:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:privatization
2757:
2753:
2752:Ronald Reagan
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2685:laissez-faire
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:service model
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:strike action
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1582:paid vacation
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:globalization
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:Union density
1547:
1539:
1532: No data
1426:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:general union
1224:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:United States
1110:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1089:, practising
1088:
1084:
1083:Roman priests
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:La Ostia port
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
968:
964:
950:
946:
943:per day on a
942:
938:
934:
923:
921:
916:
905:
901:
890:
886:
882:
871:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
799:
798:Beatrice Webb
795:
791:
790:
774:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:professionals
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
612:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
562:
561:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:New Caledonia
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
455:
454:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Overtime bans
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
365:Strike action
361:
360:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
320:
315:
314:
306:
303:
301:
300:Unfree labour
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:Paid time off
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Four-day week
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:Labour rights
173:
172:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:Union busting
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
54:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
12611:Trade unions
12542:
12469:Conglomerate
12297:reproductive
12192:Labor rights
12168:and cultural
12078:Right to die
11955:human rights
11953:Substantive
11341:
11253:Labor rights
11136:Nordic model
11109:Keynesianism
10922:Labour power
10728:(CGT, Spain)
10641:
10476:
10469:
10449:
10415:Credit union
10381:
10374:
10355:
10227:Underwriting
10182:Insurability
10164:
10143:Co-insurance
10113:
10109:Cancellation
9900:Catastrophic
9885:Climate risk
9713:Trade credit
9382:Dependencies
9368:Cook Islands
9183:Transnistria
8788:Dependencies
8718:Turkmenistan
8683:Saudi Arabia
8439:
8391:Sint Maarten
8376:Saint Martin
8283:Dependencies
8023:Saint Helena
7994:
7898:South Africa
7888:Sierra Leone
7693:Burkina Faso
7601:Wage slavery
7561:Maximum wage
7556:Minimum wage
7486:Six-hour day
7469:Other topics
7361:Compensation
7214:Work-to-rule
7108:Scope clause
7049:Police union
6887:Unionization
6838:
6773:
6765:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6634:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6546:
6539:
6520:
6513:
6504:
6494:
6487:
6477:
6470:
6460:
6450:
6434:
6420:5.1 (2016).
6417:
6410:
6400:
6387:
6379:
6371:
6360:
6353:
6345:
6314:
6290:
6286:
6278:
6270:
6260:
6250:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6200:
6193:
6177:
6170:
6161:
6143:
6130:
6121:
6094:
6074:
6064:
6060:
6052:Bibliography
6041:
6034:. Retrieved
5998:
5994:
5984:
5975:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5876:. Retrieved
5870:
5861:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5758:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5576:
5572:
5562:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5414:
5398:
5379:Price theory
5378:
5368:
5359:
5347:. Retrieved
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5318:
5308:
5299:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5244:the original
5239:
5235:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5128:
5119:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5012:
5003:
4986:
4977:
4956:
4952:
4943:
4932:the original
4903:
4899:
4864:
4847:the original
4843:The Long Run
4842:
4833:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4705:
4695:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4665:the original
4660:
4651:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4588:the original
4583:
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4554:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4523:
4511:. Retrieved
4504:the original
4491:
4479:
4464:
4452:. Retrieved
4448:
4438:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4398:
4394:
4384:
4377:SINALTRAINAL
4368:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4325:
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4297:the original
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4260:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4207:(2): 77â97.
4204:
4200:
4194:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4103:(2): 28â34.
4100:
4096:
4086:
4065:
4061:
4049:
4034:
4031:Webb, Sidney
4025:
4020:, p. 3.
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3996:
3992:
3982:
3973:
3963:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3922:(1): 94â103.
3919:
3915:
3905:
3877:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:
3845:
3836:
3830:
3807:
3801:
3774:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3748:Live Science
3746:
3736:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3632:
3626:
3618:
3611:. Retrieved
3595:Liberty Fund
3593:
3577:
3569:
3562:. Retrieved
3546:
3542:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3503:
3479:
3472:. Retrieved
3456:Liberty Fund
3454:
3438:
3430:
3423:. Retrieved
3407:
3403:
3390:
3365:
3357:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3323:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:
3143:Police union
3080:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3038:and against
3033:
3026:
3010:
2996:
2993:
2985:
2977:middle class
2963:
2949:
2921:
2915:October 2021
2912:
2888:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2821:Rand formula
2792:
2776:
2756:Labour Party
2720:
2690:
2682:
2658:
2652:, a form of
2638:
2594:
2582:
2547:
2519:Labour Party
2516:
2506:relating to
2488:
2472:
2465:
2426:
2414:
2371:
2358:Cesar Chavez
2341:
2261:Switzerland
2101:New Zealand
2081:Netherlands
1586:
1578:minimum wage
1570:
1564:, increased
1552:
1522: 0.0â9.
1409:
1401:
1390:conservative
1383:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1330:
1325:
1313:
1291:
1272:
1267:
1240:John Doherty
1229:
1208:
1180:
1166:
1150:
1146:wage slavery
1140:
1117:Philadelphia
1106:
1100:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1043:Roman Senate
1038:
1028:
1025:legal entity
1020:
1018:
1003:
997:Antinoöpolis
981:Minya, Egypt
963:freight rate
945:charterparty
919:
878:
875:Trade guilds
848:, and other
827:
819:
806:
787:
785:
746:past workers
731:
727:constitution
712:
690:
688:
686:of workers.
677:, improving
658:
650:
642:
640:
445:Work-to-rule
319:Trade unions
318:
290:Six-hour day
275:Right to sit
240:Minimum wage
190:Child labour
185:Annual leave
111:New unionism
43:
18:Labor leader
12543:Trade union
12527:Patent pool
12396:Corporation
12325:LGBT rights
12058:Nationality
12048:LGBT rights
11347:Tripartisme
11342:Trade union
11248:Land reform
11129:Revisionist
11018:Syndicalism
10937:Revisionism
10897:Corporatism
10813:Griffuelhes
10672:(1864â1876)
10606:Sorelianism
10601:Nationalist
10522:Syndicalism
10450:Trade union
10405:Cooperative
10078:Uncertainty
9937:Index-based
9905:Multi-peril
9863:Reinsurance
9822:Public auto
9727:Residential
9315:New Zealand
9221:Isle of Man
9156:recognition
9130:Switzerland
9065:Netherlands
8847:Asia portal
8748:States with
8668:Philippines
8608:South Korea
8603:North Korea
8498:Afghanistan
8361:Puerto Rico
8288:territories
8234:Saint Lucia
8169:El Salvador
7950:recognition
7903:South Sudan
7793:Ivory Coast
7546:Labour code
7506:Decent work
7460:Union raids
7450:Goon squads
7418:Paper local
7269:Recognition
7209:Unfair list
7129:Bossnapping
7098:Hiring hall
7088:Agency shop
7078:Closed shop
7008:Syndicalism
6932:Trades hall
6922:Union label
6907:Local union
6839:Trade union
6777:, from the
6766:Labor Notes
6700:RadioLabour
6501:Osnos, Evan
6208:Clegg, H.A.
5784:: 225â240.
5324:8 September
4473:(in Polish)
3714:: 149â156.
3301:(1): 5â42.
3040:meritocracy
3001:Anglosphere
2832:free riders
2817:agency shop
2803:hiring hall
2799:closed shop
2764:Ed Miliband
2708: [
2697: [
2617:IndustriALL
2554:Switzerland
2550:Netherlands
2394:federations
2041:Luxembourg
1275:Robert Owen
1196:1820 Rising
1085:overseeing
911: 2254
815:democratize
781: 1913
754:apprentices
651:labor union
643:trade union
542:South Korea
522:Netherlands
517:New Zealand
146:Syndicalism
116:Proletariat
96:Decent work
12600:Categories
12517:Consortium
12063:Personhood
11780:Woodsworth
11605:Hilferding
11465:Betancourt
11455:Ben-Gurion
11330:Capitalism
11305:Secularism
11238:Gradualism
11233:Fair trade
11201:Industrial
10858:Pelloutier
10833:Lagardelle
10808:Fitzgerald
10654:Mutual aid
10586:De Leonism
10530:Precursors
10245:by country
10243:Insurance
10217:Total loss
10138:Deductible
10099:Cash value
10043:Act of God
10028:Insurance
9942:Parametric
9922:Expatriate
9798:Transport/
9764:Landlords'
9749:Earthquake
9637:Whole life
9557:Disability
9100:San Marino
9060:Montenegro
9040:Luxembourg
9020:Kazakhstan
8923:Azerbaijan
8728:Uzbekistan
8703:Tajikistan
8618:Kyrgyzstan
8598:Kazakhstan
8518:Bangladesh
8508:Azerbaijan
8356:Montserrat
8351:Martinique
8346:Guadeloupe
8144:Costa Rica
8005:(Portugal)
7963:Somaliland
7883:Seychelles
7848:Mozambique
7833:Mauritania
7818:Madagascar
7773:The Gambia
7708:Cape Verde
7576:Protection
7551:Labour law
7541:Job strain
7368:Strike pay
7307:Bargaining
7254:Green bans
7247:newspapers
7093:Union shop
7062:Industrial
6912:Union dues
6328:0113612508
6036:31 January
5706:: 92â109.
5579:: 92â109.
5450:: 102190.
5349:22 January
4987:Bloomberg.
4971:0674725115
4560:25 January
4535:25 January
4454:16 January
3888:1417503572
3810:. Oxford:
3637:Newark, NJ
3606:. p.
3467:. p.
3381:0684192799
3350:James 2001
3295:WorkingUSA
3186:References
3055:strength.
3006:automation
2810:union shop
2789:Shop types
2635:Labour law
2613:UNI Global
2611:, such as
2566:Solidarity
2523:Solidarity
2021:Lithuania
1621:Australia
1283:socialists
1256:Derbyshire
1248:Lancashire
1212:Manchester
1125:dependents
1051:Roman Navy
983:(under an
947:between a
842:Oddfellows
838:Freemasons
811:socialists
792:(1894) by
768:Definition
758:unemployed
691:union dues
667:employment
591:Labour law
400:Green bans
393:newspapers
285:Sick leave
280:Sabbatical
12579:Syndicate
12465:(Germany)
12043:Legal aid
11884:Socialism
11872:Communism
11839:By region
11785:Zhordania
11725:Plekhanov
11690:MacDonald
11685:Luxemburg
11580:Gaitskell
11540:DaszyĆski
11500:Callaghan
11460:Bernstein
11400:Third Way
11335:Socialism
11293:Socialism
11283:Reformism
11218:Dirigisme
11191:Democracy
11146:Socialism
10942:Socialism
10887:Communism
10803:Delesalle
10793:De Ambris
10738:IWW-Chile
10615:Economics
10576:Anarchist
10391:Syndicate
10357:Collegium
10252:Australia
10207:Risk pool
10177:Indemnity
10148:Copayment
10082:Knightian
9994:Terrorism
9964:Liability
9832:Satellite
9693:Pollution
9617:Term life
9526:insurance
9524:Types of
9517:Insurance
9285:Australia
9211:Gibraltar
9035:Lithuania
8814:Hong Kong
8768:Palestine
8693:Sri Lanka
8688:Singapore
8568:Indonesia
8429:Caribbean
8341:Greenland
8264:Venezuela
8209:Nicaragua
8179:Guatemala
8099:Argentina
8084:Sovereign
7838:Mauritius
7408:Givebacks
7391:Reactions
7189:Stay-away
7174:Picketing
7169:Precarity
7149:Grievance
7083:Open shop
7064:relations
6860:Structure
6853:Formation
6590:155792641
6582:0950-0170
6230:1934â1951
6221:1911â1933
6212:1889â1910
6107:cite book
6015:1351-0711
5954:1097-0274
5915:0022-3816
5878:14 August
5853:159071392
5845:1573-6687
5806:221245953
5798:1540-5907
5760:adoption.
5722:1537-5927
5681:216258517
5673:0143-814X
5601:204825962
5593:1537-5927
5554:1537-5927
5513:220512676
5505:1573-6687
5466:0261-3794
5291:154851210
5187:0013-0133
5134:14 August
5103:0003-1224
5064:219517711
5056:0002-9602
4953:UW Today.
4920:0003-1224
4825:1468-0289
4784:0033-5533
4432:. Danish.
4306:9 October
4269:0013-0613
4221:153980466
4186:145725063
4133:157935634
4117:0569-4345
4081:, para. 5
4018:Cole 2010
3683:0023-8856
3583:Hammurabi
3535:Hammurabi
3496:Hammurabi
3444:Hammurabi
3396:Hammurabi
3315:1743-4580
3274:9 October
3270:. ILOSTAT
3223:Routledge
2938:Economics
2903:talk page
2828:open shop
2728:socialist
2724:left-wing
2585:elections
2378:Australia
2364:rally in
2201:Slovenia
2161:Portugal
1592:members.
1079:Collegium
1075:collegium
1047:Lambaesis
1030:Lex Julia
1021:collegium
1005:collegium
802:Karl Marx
703:workplace
699:workforce
537:Singapore
492:Hong Kong
467:Australia
220:Equal pay
141:Communism
136:Socialism
12557:See also
12487:Zaibatsu
12475:Keiretsu
12459:(Russia)
12305:Abortion
12143:Suffrage
11750:Stauning
11670:LĂ©vesque
11655:Lassalle
11635:Kerensky
11625:Katayama
11590:GonzĂĄlez
11525:Crosland
11505:CĂĄrdenas
11490:Branting
11420:Ambedkar
11367:Variants
11196:Economic
11179:Concepts
11124:Orthodox
11099:Humanism
10892:Copyleft
10853:Panunzio
10570:Variants
10471:Category
10349:§275â277
10267:Pakistan
10115:Pro rata
10004:War risk
9969:No-fault
9880:Casualty
9837:Shipping
9807:Aviation
9784:Renters'
9779:Property
9774:Mortgage
9744:Contents
9718:Umbrella
9678:Fidelity
9646:Business
9542:Accident
9300:Kiribati
9231:Svalbard
9216:Guernsey
9163:Abkhazia
9115:Slovenia
9110:Slovakia
9085:Portugal
8943:Bulgaria
8837:Category
8758:Abkhazia
8708:Thailand
8663:Pakistan
8643:Mongolia
8638:Maldives
8633:Malaysia
8533:Cambodia
8296:Anguilla
8244:Suriname
8219:Paraguay
8194:Honduras
8154:Dominica
8139:Colombia
8109:Barbados
8029: /
8025: /
8018:(France)
8012: /
7990: /
7986: /
7938:Zimbabwe
7913:Tanzania
7763:Ethiopia
7758:Eswatini
7738:Djibouti
7703:Cameroon
7688:Botswana
7606:Workload
7591:Overwork
7184:Slowdown
6768:magazine
6720:Archived
6708:Archived
6620:20434019
6425:Archived
6403:(2015).
6395:ssrn.com
6321:. 1986.
6249:(1992).
6210:(1964).
6031:49187014
6023:29898957
5972:31845387
5831:: 1â24.
5376:(2007).
5111:18351034
4928:18351034
4710:Archived
4485:ssrn.com
4357:Archived
4125:23240389
4075:Archived
3897:55090137
3860:9 August
3691:41539517
3585:(1904).
3537:(1903).
3498:(1910).
3446:(1904).
3398:(1903).
3086:See also
3046:Politics
2997:worsened
2979:income.
2897:You may
2601:Brussels
2493:and the
2342:Source:
1901:Ireland
1881:Iceland
1861:Hungary
1821:Germany
1781:Finland
1761:Estonia
1741:Denmark
1661:Belgium
1641:Austria
1601:Country
1381:or AFL.
1252:Cheshire
1039:collegia
1010:Lanuvium
750:students
675:benefits
532:Portugal
472:Barbados
430:Walkouts
405:Lockouts
255:Overwork
106:Timeline
52:a series
49:Part of
12489:(Japan)
12483:(China)
12477:(Japan)
12463:Concern
12457:Combine
12451:Chaebol
12391:Company
12053:Liberty
11865:Related
11851:Germany
11846:Austria
11770:Whitlam
11760:Den Uyl
11740:Sanders
11735:Russell
11705:Morales
11695:Mandela
11630:Kautsky
11615:Jenkins
11595:Goulart
11550:Douglas
11440:Awolowo
11425:Allende
11352:Welfare
11211:Marxist
11119:Marxism
11070:History
10917:Fascism
10843:Monatte
10828:Jouhaux
10823:Janvion
10818:Haywood
10798:De Leon
10752:(ITGWU)
10676:IWAâAIT
10591:Fascist
10396:Benefit
10383:Digesta
10319:History
10053:Actuary
10009:Weather
9999:Tuition
9989:Takaful
9917:Deposit
9847:Vehicle
9451:Tokelau
9350:Vanuatu
9140:Ukraine
9090:Romania
9050:Moldova
9008:Ireland
9003:Iceland
8998:Hungary
8988:Germany
8983:Georgia
8973:Finland
8968:Estonia
8963:Denmark
8948:Croatia
8933:Belgium
8928:Belarus
8918:Austria
8913:Armenia
8908:Andorra
8903:Albania
8733:Vietnam
8648:Myanmar
8628:Lebanon
8558:Georgia
8513:Bahrain
8503:Armenia
8326:Curaçao
8311:Bonaire
8306:Bermuda
8259:Uruguay
8199:Jamaica
8174:Grenada
8164:Ecuador
8119:Bolivia
8104:Bahamas
8014:RĂ©union
8010:Mayotte
8001:Madeira
7996:(Spain)
7992:Melilla
7923:Tunisia
7893:Somalia
7878:Senegal
7863:Nigeria
7853:Namibia
7843:Morocco
7808:Liberia
7803:Lesotho
7753:Eritrea
7723:Comoros
7698:Burundi
7673:Algeria
7289:Whipsaw
7284:Walkout
7179:Salting
7122:Actions
6480:(1993)
6307:2596686
6203:(1999).
6196:(2000).
6186:Britain
5963:7293351
5872:Jacobin
5271:Bibcode
4671:3 March
4597:27 July
4513:27 July
4414:24 July
4041:120â124
4003:27 July
3974:The Age
3955:1325438
3758:23 June
3671:Latomus
3650:15 June
3613:20 June
3600:Chicago
3564:20 June
3519:20 June
3474:20 June
3461:Chicago
3425:20 June
3335:27 July
3064:Jacobin
2864:Iceland
2673:Ireland
2603:-based
2580:party.
2558:Marxism
2482:. Many
2449:lockout
2281:Turkey
2241:Sweden
2141:Poland
2121:Norway
2061:Mexico
2001:Latvia
1921:Israel
1841:Greece
1801:France
1681:Canada
1355:British
1322:wrote:
1318:(1871)
1310:liberal
1192:Luddism
1141:product
1129:serfdom
1115:was by
1103:Marxism
1014:Hadrian
974:⁄
956:⁄
922:Law 234
915:shekels
881:Assyria
856:History
807:Capital
756:or the
697:in the
679:working
663:workers
497:Ireland
487:Georgia
12569:Cartel
12292:Sexual
11775:Wilson
11755:Thomas
11745:Savage
11710:Myrdal
11660:Layton
11640:KĂ©thly
11620:Junmai
11610:JaurĂšs
11600:Hardie
11585:Gandhi
11575:Fraser
11570:Engels
11565:Ecevit
11535:Curtin
11530:Corbyn
11510:ChĂĄvez
11485:Brandt
11470:Bhutto
11435:Attlee
11430:Ardern
11411:People
10873:Valois
10863:Rocker
10848:GarcĂa
10838:Larkin
10777:People
10734:(IWW)
10684:(FORA)
10272:Serbia
10232:Profit
10104:Broker
10030:policy
9842:Travel
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