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political justification for his actions, to distant
Spanish authorities. In particular, Hassig suggests that Cortés, seeking stronger native alliances leading to the invasion of Tenochtitlan, worked with the Tlaxcalans to coordinate the massacre. Cholula had supported Tlaxcala before joining the Aztec Empire one or two years prior, and losing them as an ally had been a severe blow to the Tlaxcalans. Their state was now completely encircled by the Aztecs. Hassig and other historians assert that Tlaxcalans considered the attack on the Cholulans as a "litmus test" of the Spanish commitment to them.
38:
628:
794:, for example, not only is Cortés rarely portrayed without Marina poised by his side, but she is shown at times on her own, seemingly directing events as an independent authority. If she had been trained for court life, as in Díaz's account, her relationship with Cortés may have followed the familiar pattern of marriage among native elite classes. The role of the Nahua wife acquired through an alliance would have been to assist her husband achieve his military and diplomatic objectives.
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humane than he would otherwise have been. It is argued, however, that without her help, Cortés would not have been successful in conquering the Aztecs as quickly, giving the Aztec people enough time to adapt to new technology and methods of warfare. From that viewpoint, she is seen as one who betrayed the
Indigenous people by siding with the Spaniards. Recently several feminist Latinas have decried such categorization as
585:, Cortés was confronted by the Maya at Potonchán. In the ensuing battle, the Mayas suffered significant loss of lives and asked for peace. In the following days, they presented the Spaniards with gifts of food and gold, as well as twenty enslaved women, including Malinche. The women were baptized and distributed among Cortés's men, who expected to use them as servants and sexual objects. Malinche was given to
688:
Aguilar", although other records indicate that
Malinche was already translating directly, as she had quickly learned some Spanish herself. Moctezuma's flowery speech, delivered through Malinche at the meeting, has been claimed by the Spaniards to represent a submission, but this interpretation is not followed by modern historians. The deferential nature of the speech can be explained by Moctezuma's usage of
608:. Moctezuma's emissaries had come to inspect the peoples, but Aguilar could not understand them. Historian Gómara wrote that, when Cortés realized that Malinche could talk with the emissaries, he promised her "more than liberty" if she would help him find and communicate with Moctezuma. Cortés took Malinche from Puertocarrero. He was later given another Indigenous woman before he returned to Spain.
781:("True Story of the Conquest of New Spain"), speaks repeatedly and reverentially of the "great lady" Doña Marina (always using the honorific title Doña). "Without the help of Doña Marina", he writes, "we would not have understood the language of New Spain and Mexico." Rodríguez de Ocaña, another conquistador, relates Cortés' assertion that after God, Marina was the main reason for his success.
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724:. Some contemporary scholars have estimated that she died less than a decade after the conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, at some point before February 1529. She was survived by her son Don Martín, who would be raised primarily by his father's family, and a daughter Doña María, who would be raised by Jaramillo and his second wife Doña Beatriz de Andrada.
208:, which led to Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, dramas, novels, and paintings portrayed her as an evil or scheming temptress. In Mexico today, La Malinche remains a powerful icon – understood in various and often conflicting aspects as the embodiment of treachery, the quintessential victim, or the symbolic mother of the new
672:. Later accounts claimed that Malinche had uncovered the plot. According to Díaz, she was approached by a Cholulan noblewoman who promised her a marriage to the woman's son if she were to switch sides. Pretending to go along with the suggestion, Malinche was told about the plot and later reported all the details to Cortés.
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The
Spaniards were received at Cholula and housed for several days. The explorers claimed that the Cholulans stopped giving them food, dug secret pits, built a barricade around the city, and hid a large Aztec army in the outskirts to prepare for an attack against the Spaniards. Somehow, the Europeans
655:
were initially hostile to the
Spaniards and their allies, they later permitted the Spaniards to enter the city. The Tlaxcalans negotiated an alliance with the Spaniards through Malinche and Aguilar. Later Tlaxcalan visual records of this meeting feature Malinche as a prominent figure. She appears to
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Some historians believe that La
Malinche saved her people from the Aztecs, who held a hegemony throughout the territory and demanded tribute from its inhabitants. Some Mexicans also credit her with having brought Christianity to the New World from Europe, and for having influenced Cortés to be more
842:
La
Malinche's legacy is one of myth mixed with legend and the opposing opinions of the Mexican people about the legendary woman. Some see her as a founding figure of the Mexican nation, while others continue to see her as a traitor—as may be assumed from a legend that she had a twin sister who went
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Aided by
Aguilar and Malinche, Cortés talked with Moctezuma's emissaries. The emissaries also brought artists to make paintings of Malinche, Cortés, and the rest of the group, as well as their ships and weapons, to be sent as records for Moctezuma. Díaz later said that the Nahua addressed Cortés as
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Today's historians give great credit to Marina's diplomatic skills, with some "almost tempted to think of her as the real conqueror of Mexico." Old conquistadors on various occasions recalled that one of her greatest skills had been her ability to convince other natives of what she could perceive,
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The combined forces reached
Tenochtitlan in early November 1519, where they were met by Moctezuma on a causeway leading to the city. Malinche was in the middle of this event, translating the conversation between Cortés and Moctezuma. Gomara writes that Moctezuma was "speaking through Malinche and
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In later centuries, this story has often been cited as an example of
Malinche's "betrayal" of her people. But modern historians such as Hassig and Townsend have suggested that Malinche's "heroic" discovery of the purported plot was likely already a fabricated story intended to provide Cortés with
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From then on, Malinche worked with Aguilar to bridge communication between the Spaniards and the Nahua; Cortés would speak Spanish with Aguilar, who translated into Yucatec Maya for Malinche, who in turn translated into Nahuatl, before reversing the process. The translation chain grew even longer
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Had La Malinche not been part of the Conquest of Mexico for her language skills, communication between the Spanish and the Indigenous peoples would have been much harder. La Malinche knew how to speak in different registers and tones among certain Indigenous tribes and classes of people. For the
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The evidence from Indigenous sources is even more interesting, both in the commentaries about her role, and in her prominence in the codex drawings made of conquest events. Although to some Marina may be known as a traitor, she was not viewed as such by all the Tlaxcalan. In some depictions they
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Motecuçoma was told how the Spaniards were bringing along with them a Mexica Indian woman called Marina, a citizen of the settlement of Teticpac, on the shore of the North Sea , who served as interpreter and said in the Mexican language everything that Captain don Hernando Cortés told her to.
859:
was particularly significant; Chicanas began to refer to her as a "mother" as they adopted her as symbolism for duality and complex identity. Castellanos's subsequent poem "La Mallinche" recast her not as a traitor but as a victim. Mexican feminists defended Malinche as a woman caught between
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Malinche's homeland never became part of the Aztec Empire. Around the time of the conquest, the region probably consisted of "small, loosely allied city-states" with some degree of influences from the Aztec and various Maya states, but most are relatively autonomous and paid tribute to no
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was born in 1522. During this time Malinche or Marina stayed in a house Cortés built for her in the town of Coyoacán, eight miles south of Tenochtitlán. The Aztec capital city was being redeveloped to serve as Spanish-controlled Mexico City. Cortés took Marina to help quell a rebellion in
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portrayed her as "larger than life," sometimes larger than Cortés, in rich clothing, and an alliance is shown between her and the Tlaxcalan instead of them and the Spaniards. They respected and trusted her and portrayed her in this light generations after the Spanish conquest.
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Malinche was probably between the ages of 8 and 12 when she was either sold or kidnapped into slavery. Díaz wrote that after her father's death, she was given away to merchants by her mother and stepfather so that their son (Malinche's halfbrother) would have the rights of an
620:, whose language was not understood by either Malinche or Aguilar. There, Malinche asked for Nahuatl interpreters. Karttunen remarks that "it is a wonder any communication was accomplished at all", for Cortés' Spanish words had to be translated into Maya, Nahuatl, and
515:, at the time a term in Spain not commonly used when referring to someone outside of the aristocracy, indicates that she was viewed as a noblewoman. But she may have been given this honorific by the Spanish because of recognition of her important role in the conquest.
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with bad or "evil" connotations, and they are known to avoid using such day signs as personal names. Moreover, there would be little reason for the Spaniards to ask the natives what their names were before they were christened with new names after Catholic saints.
731:. He never referred to Marina by name, even in her work as Cortés's translator. Even during Marina's lifetime, she spent little time with Martín. But many scholars and historians have marked her multiracial child with Cortés as the symbolic beginning of the large
1138:(1950). He uses her relation to Cortés symbolically to represent Mexican culture as originating from rape and violation, but also holds Malinche accountable for her "betrayal" of the indigenous population, which Paz claims "the Mexican people have not forgiven."
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to be freed from the legal restriction of what was supposed to be an exploratory mission, the Spaniards stayed for two months in a nearby Totonac settlement. They secured a formal alliance with the Totonac and prepared for a march toward Tenochtitlan.
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that it was useless in the long run to stand against Spanish metal (arms) and Spanish ships. In contrast to earlier parts of Díaz del Castillo's account, after Marina began assisting Cortés, the Spanish were forced into combat on one more occasion.
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bridge communication between the two sides, as the Tlaxcalan presented the Spaniards with gifts of food and noblewomen to cement the alliance. After several days in Tlaxcala, Cortés continued the journey to Tenochtitlan by the way of
492:
Her family is reported to have been of noble background; Gómara writes that her father was related to a local ruler, while Díaz recounts that her parents were rulers. Townsend notes that while Olutla at the time probably had a
534:(which mimics the sentence structure of many Biblical stories) as well as his overarching portrayal of Malinche as an ideal Christian woman. But Townsend believes that it was likely that some of her people were complicit in
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497:-speaking majority, the ruling elite, which Malinche supposedly belonged to, would have been Nahuatl-speaking. Another hint that supports her noble origin is her apparent ability to understand the courtly language of
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artists have represented in various forms of art. Her figure permeates historical, cultural, and social dimensions of Hispanic American cultures. In modern times and several genres, she is compared with the
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where she was born. In three unrelated legal proceedings that occurred not long after her death, various witnesses who claimed to have known her personally, including her daughter, said that she was born in
993:
In 1949, choreographer José Limón premiered the dance trio "La Milanche" to music by Norman Lloyd. It was the first work created by Limón for his company and was based on his memories as a child of Mexican
1392:(who spoke Yucatecan) often were active in this region, and Malinche may have learned the language from them. Alternatively, she may have done some adjustment to be able to converse with speakers of other
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construction in Nahuatl cannot be shortened that way. Moreover, Díaz's theory does not explain the fact that "Malinche" was also applied to Juan Perez de Arteaga, another Spaniard learning Nahuatl from
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Nahua audiences, she spoke rhetorically, formally, and high-handedly. This shift into formality gave the Nahua the impression that she was a noblewoman who knew what she was talking about.
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La Malinche's reputation has shifted over the centuries, as various peoples evaluate her role against their own societies' changing social and political perspectives. Especially after the
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Díaz explained this phenomenon by positing that "Malinche" in reference to Cortés was a shorthand for "Marina's Captain", because she was always in his company. But Townsend said that
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her, regardless of the reason. Malinche was taken to Xicalango, a major port city in the region. She was later purchased by a group of Chontal Maya who brought her to the town of
481:, Malinche's homeland is mentioned as "Teticpac", which is most likely the singular form of Tetiquipaque. Gómara writes that she came from "Uiluta" (presumably a variant of
3469:
Herrera-Sobek, María (2005). "In Search of La Malinche: Pictorial Representations of a Mytho-Historical Figure". In Rolando J. Romero; Amanda Nolacea Harris (eds.).
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before reaching the locals, whose answers went back through the same chain. Meeting with the Totonac was how the Spaniards first learned of opponents to Moctezuma.
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1160:(2014), which is a fictional story describing the events related to the Hernan Cortés' expedition to Mexico and the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire.
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Although Martín was Cortés's first-born son and eventual heir, his relation to Marina was poorly documented by prominent Spanish historians such as
582:
523:. Scholars, historians, and literary critics alike have cast doubt upon Díaz's account of her origin, in large part due to his strong emphasis on
1045:(1982), which chronicles the adventures of a Spanish boy and his companions traveling throughout South America in 1532 to seek the lost city of
669:
700:, it is possible that some nuances were lost in translation. The Spaniards, deliberately or not, may have misinterpreted Moctezuma's words.
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Modern statue of Cortés, Marina, and their son Martín, which was moved from a prominent place of display to an obscure one, due to protests
694:, a Nahuatl register known for its indirection and complex set of reverential affixes. Despite Malinche's apparent ability to understand
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2922:
1049:, a woman called Marinche becomes a dangerous adversary. The series was originally produced in Japan and then translated into English.
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4051:
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3327:(1957). "Port of Trade Enclaves in Aztec and Maya Civilizations". In Karl Polanyi; Conrad M. Arensberg; Harry W. Pearson (eds.).
1012:, La Malinche's mummy is in the possession of Luisa, her daughter by Hernán Cortés, while her spirit inhabits a cursed painting.
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are used to denounce Mexicans who are perceived as denying their cultural heritage by preferring foreign cultural expressions.
771:, having a reliable interpreter was important enough, but there is evidence that Marina's role and influence were larger still.
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that is significantly different from the commoner's speech and has to be learned. The fact that she was often referred to as a
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Malinche's birthdate is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1500, and likely no later than 1505. She was born in an
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commissioned a sculpture of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their son Martín, which was placed in front of Cortés' house in the
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Fortes De Leff, J. (2002). Racism in Mexico: Cultural Roots and Clinical Interventions1. Family Process, 41(4), 619-623.
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section of Mexico City. Once López Portillo left office, the sculpture was removed to an obscure park in the capital.
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923:, in which she is cursed for yielding her "heart and her country to the hateful Cortez, chief of the sea-brigands."
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similarity. Modern historians have rejected such mythic suggestions, noting that the Nahua associate the day sign
3774:
Calafell, Bernadette M. (2005). "Pro(re)claiming Loss: a Performance Pilgrimage in Search of Malintzin Tenepal".
3717:
Valdeón, Roberto A. (2013). "Doña Marina/La Malinche: A Historiographical Approach to the Interpreter/Traitor".
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Agogino, George A.; Stevens, Dominique E.; Carlotta, Lynda (1973). "Dona Marina and the legend of La Llorona".
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Downs, Kristina (2008). "Mirrored Archetypes: The Contrasting Cultural Roles of La Malinche and Pocahontas".
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3649:. Translated by Susan Schroeder; Anne J. Cruz; Cristián Roa-de-la-Carrera; David E. Tavárez. Palo Alto, CA:
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3285:"Malinche: así puedes acceder a las becas para mexicanos y estudiar en la escuela de musicales en Madrid"
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Malinche's language skills were discovered when the Spaniards encountered the Nahuatl-speaking people at
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and Malinche (far right), early 16th-century indigenous pictorial manuscript of the conquest of Mexico
314:, which means "lip-possessor, one who speaks vigorously", or "one who has a facility with words", and
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3345:
1134:
3056:
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3420:(1999). "La Malinche: from gift to sexual contract". In Mary Louise Pratt; Kathleen Newman (eds.).
3303:"Malinche de Nacho Cano lanza becas en Madrid para mexicanos: ¿De qué se trata y cómo obtener una?"
3236:
1212:. In the series, she is portrayed as a double agent working to protect Aztec treasures from Cortés.
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of Olutla was related to Tetiquipaque, although the nature of this relationship is unclear. In the
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969:
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La Malinche is portrayed as a Christian and protector of her fellow native Mexicans in the novel
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775:, a soldier who, as an old man, produced the most comprehensive of the eye-witness accounts, the
171:(1519–1521), by acting as an interpreter, advisor, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador
2116:
de Fuggle, Sonia Rose (2016). "Bernal Díaz del Castillo Cuentista: La Historia de Doña Marina".
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2830:"Doña Marina: las fuentes literarias de la construcción bernaldiana de la intérprete de Cortés"
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3260:"National Treasure: Edge of History Complicates the Nicolas Cage Movies, To Thrilling Results"
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cultures, forced to make complex decisions, who ultimately served as a mother of a new race.
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554:, another interpreter for Cortes who also spoke Yucatec Maya, as well as his native Spanish.
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Malinche is known by many names, though her birth name is unknown. The Nahua called her
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Malinalli is the main character in a 2011 historical novel by Helen Heightsman Gordon,
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Chontal is closely related to Yucatecan, but they are sufficiently distinct to hamper
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Chimalpahin's Conquest: A Nahua Historian's Rewriting of Francisco Lopez de Gomara's
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1225:, a stage musical in Madrid. The show will be produced in Mexico with a Mexican cast.
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traces the root of mestizo and Mexican culture to La Malinche's child with Cortés in
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of her grandson also mentioned Olutla as her birthplace. Her daughter added that the
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was often assumed to be part of her name. In the annotation made by Nahua historian
175:. She was one of 20 enslaved women given to the Spaniards in 1519 by the natives of
3978:, Spanish-language article by Juan F. Maura comparing La Cava and Mexican Malinche.
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Leyenda y nacionalismo: alegorías de la derrota en La Malinche y Florinda "La Cava"
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Malinalli of the Fifth Sun: The Slave Girl Who Changed the Fate of Mexico and Spain
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Feminist interventions into the figure of Malinche began in the 1960s. The work of
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1175:. The depiction of her character was praised by historical novelists and bloggers.
387:. Since at least the 19th century, she was believed to have originally been named
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woman notable for her interaction as an interpreter for the English colonists of
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1500" for her birth year, while Townsend (2006) writes that she was born before
270:. Another possibility is that the Spaniards simply did not hear the “whispered”
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In particular, historian Sonia Rose de Fuggle analyzes Díaz's over-reliance on
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3945:"Cortés girlfriend is not forgiven". The New York Times. accessed 10 June 2019
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3642:; Cruz, Anne J.; Roa-de-la-Carrera, Cristián; Tavárez, David E., eds. (2010).
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to the east of the Aztec Empire. Records disagree about the exact name of the
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Vivancos Pérez, Ricardo F. (2012). "Malinche". In María Herrera-Sobek (ed.).
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When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History
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978:
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249:
160:
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Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions. Vol. II
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Castellanos, Rosario (1963). "Otra vez Sor Juana" ("Once Again Sor Juana")".
1145:
is an account of the life of La Malinche (called Malitzín within the novel).
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The meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II, with Malinche acting as interpreter.
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The first major polity that they encountered on the way to Tenochtitlan was
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179:. Cortés chose her as a consort, and she later gave birth to his first son,
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Making Herself Indispensable, Condemned for Surviving: Doña Marina (Part 2)
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Making Herself Indispensable, Condemned for Surviving: Doña Marina (Part 1)
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831:(folklore story of the woman weeping for lost children), and the Mexican
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485:). He departs from other sources by writing that it was in the region of
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Voice of the Vanquished: The Story of the Slave Marina and Hernan Cortés
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550:. Her acquisition of the language later enabled her to communicate with
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on which she was supposedly born. Accordingly, Marina was chosen as her
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357:, "the interpreter", literally meaning "the tongue", being her Spanish
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is used repeatedly about Malinche. According to linguist and historian
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Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory
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in 1524–1526 when she again served as interpreter (she may have known
660:. By then he was accompanied by a large number of Tlaxcalan soldiers.
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Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History
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Chaison, Joanne. "Mysterious Malinche: A Case of Mistaken Identity,"
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of a Mesoamerican state whose center was located on the bank of the
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The Conquistadors: First Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico
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Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
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612:"Malinche"; they took her as a point of reference for the group.
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3373:(4). Long Beach, CA: Western States Folklore Society: 397–414.
2009:
2007:
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489:. Díaz, on the other hand, gives "Painalla" as her birthplace.
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Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico
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Don M. Coerver; Suzanne B. Pasztor; Robert Buffington (2004).
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Indian Women: Gender Differences and Identity in Early Mexico
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portrays the main character as a pawn of history who becomes
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972:. In contrast, she is portrayed as a duplicitous traitor in
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It is time to stop vilifying the "Spanish father of Mexico"
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Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
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La Malinche is the main character in the 2002 French novel
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beyond Chontal and Yucatec). While in the mountain town of
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Tenochtitlán fell in late 1521 and Marina's son by Cortes,
520:
258:
is sometimes added at the end of the name, giving the form
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We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico
3229:"Dona Marina, Cortes' Translator: Nonfiction, Octavio Paz"
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2856:"La Malinche: The Shifting Legacy of a Transcultural Icon"
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A reference to La Malinche as Marina is made in the novel
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2923:"Mesolore: A research & teaching tool on Mesoamerica"
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2296:
2236:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2124:
2070:
2043:
2041:
1982:
1980:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1811:
1576:
1574:
1561:
1559:
720:
in central Mexico, she married Juan Jaramillo, a Spanish
695:
689:
498:
470:
453:
437:
332:
318:
308:
271:
253:
239:
3950:
Hernando Cortés on the Web : Malinche / Doña Marina
2797:
2759:
2679:
2473:
2446:
2388:
2284:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2019:
1948:
1687:
1617:
1598:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1455:
1184:
in 2018, where she is portrayed by María Mercedes Coroy.
238:
rendering of her Spanish name, and the honorific suffix
3882:
Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico
3848:. Translated by John F. Deredita. New York: Peter Lang.
3342:
La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth
3257:
2998:
2984:. Lanham, MD: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 88.
2957:. Lanham, MD: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 88.
2647:
2635:
2623:
2575:
2503:
2463:
2461:
2434:
2224:
2097:
1936:
1855:
1853:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1586:
1539:
1313:
The vocative form is used when addressing someone, so "
1199:. Documentary of 2019 based on the life of La Malinche.
1178:
La Malinche appears in the biographical Mexican series
616:
when, after the emissaries left, the Spaniards met the
218:
refers to a disloyal compatriot, especially in Mexico.
3826:. Translated by J.M. Cohen. London: The Folio Society.
3760:
3567:. Repertorium Columbianum. Vol. 1. Translated by
2718:
2691:
2539:
2515:
2488:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2272:
2260:
2212:
2160:
2038:
1992:
1977:
1924:
1865:
1823:
1808:
1796:
1675:
1571:
1556:
1479:
1062:, was named for La Malinche and appeared in the 1997 "
3514:——— (1997). "Rethinking Malinche".
3126:
2187:
2053:
1648:
1518:
1084:
later wrote a screenplay based on La Malinche called
939:
Doña Marina appears in the Henry King film Adventure
778:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
3971:
La Malinche, an ambivalent interpreter from the past
3720:
Target: International Journal of Translation Studies
2706:
2599:
2551:
2458:
2376:
2313:
1850:
1784:
1757:
1723:
1699:
1233:
631:
Malinche depicted with weapons during the Battle of
3493:
Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors
3090:
3915:
3879:
3854:
3832:
1491:
1467:
966:Feathered Serpent: A Novel of the Mexican Conquest
3821:
742:
542:. It was here that Malinche started to learn the
3983:
3909:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 750–759.
2118:Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
3203:"L'indienne de Cortés, roman de Carole Achache"
2781:. Chicago: University Editions, 1995, page 454.
1187:La Malinche appears in the Amazon Prime series
805:
4012:16th-century indigenous people of the Americas
3904:
3069:
3533:——— (2001) . "Malinche and
3468:
3258:Claire Spellberg Lustig (December 14, 2022).
1512:
1163:Malinche is a character in Edward Rickford's
751:La Malinche and Hernán Cortés in the city of
510:
464:
380:
352:
346:
291:on his copy of Gómara's biography of Cortés,
3518:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
1365:(who was born in February 1500) turned five.
1108:La Malinche is a key character in the opera
1092:
62:Before February 1529 (aged 28–29)
3063:
3037:
2981:The Rise and Fall of North American Indians
2954:The Rise and Fall of North American Indians
1329:” is unusual, it appears repeatedly in the
926:La Malinche appears in the adventure novel
570:— Report from the emissaries to Moctezuma.
755:, in a drawing from the late 16th-century
36:
3913:
3532:
3513:
3487:
3157:Potocki, Jan; trans. Ian Maclean (1995).
2871:
2765:
2641:
2482:
2440:
2428:
2401:
2355:
2290:
2254:
2181:
2115:
2091:
2013:
1986:
1959:
1918:
1832:
1802:
1693:
1681:
1630:
1611:
1550:
1348:Also Malinal, Ce-Malinalli, and so forth.
1015:La Malinche is referred to in the songs "
557:
527:throughout his narration of the events.
3773:
3693:
3667:
3559:
3004:
2897:
2815:
2803:
2753:
2741:
2673:
2593:
2569:
2545:
2521:
2497:
2416:
2370:
2343:
2331:
2307:
2278:
2266:
2242:
2218:
2169:
2154:
2130:
2079:
2047:
1998:
1971:
1942:
1930:
1903:
1871:
1844:
1817:
1717:
1592:
1580:
1533:
899:
835:(women who fought beside men during the
809:
791:Lienzo de Tlaxcala (History of Tlaxcala)
746:
678:
626:
420:
3865:
3830:
3802:
3716:
3615:
3589:
3323:
2977:
2950:
2724:
2700:
2452:
2206:
2142:
2064:
2032:
1886:
1751:
1565:
1029:, and "La Malinche" by the French band
818:Malinche's image has become a mythical
167:, became known for contributing to the
3984:
3874:
3696:Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs
3471:Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche
3442:
3416:
3339:
3132:
3073:Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche
3016:
2834:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
2712:
2685:
2658:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2581:
2557:
2533:
2509:
2467:
2382:
2319:
2230:
2103:
1778:
1734:
1705:
1654:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1434:
1193:. She is portrayed by Ishbel Bautista.
137:
42:Malintzin, in an engraving dated 1886.
3846:Women in the Conquest of the Americas
3843:
3393:
3362:
2827:
1859:
1790:
1766:
1388:. Around this time, traders from the
1158:War God: Return of the Plumed Serpent
982:(1980). A novel published in 2006 by
895:
303:is probably derived from the Nahuatl
154:
128:
3076:. Arte Publico Press. pp. 28–.
2853:
1441:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1290:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
997:The story of La Malinche is told in
863:Today in Mexican Spanish, the words
589:, one of Cortés' captains. He was a
337:, "somebody’s tongue". In any case,
169:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
98:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
3852:
3822:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1963) .
3595:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
3473:. Houston, TX: Arte Público Press.
2911:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
1435:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
391:, (Nahuatl for "grass"), after the
323:, which means "through". Historian
13:
3918:Ten notable women of Latin America
3753:
3422:Critical Passions: Selected Essays
1321:" are more or less equivalent to "
1209:National Treasure: Edge of History
1039:In the animated television series
14:
4108:
3938:
3805:La verdadera historia de Malinche
3763:Anthropological Journal of Canada
3729:John Benjamins Publishing Company
3340:Cypess, Sandra Messinger (1991).
3159:The Manuscript Found at Saragossa
1396:. (This would have been unusual.)
1202:La Malinche is referenced in the
1197:Malintzin: The Story of an Enigma
916:The Manuscript Found in Saragossa
19:For the volcano in Tlaxcala, see
4052:Native American women in warfare
3295:
3277:
3251:
3221:
3195:
3165:
3150:
3138:
3117:
3031:
3022:
2971:
2944:
2915:
2903:
2847:
2821:
2784:
2771:
1325:". Although the shortened form “
1250:
1236:
376:"Marina", often preceded by the
266:, and heard by the Spaniards as
4072:Women in the Conquest of Mexico
3448:Mexico and the Spanish Conquest
3316:
2109:
1399:
1378:
1368:
1351:
1342:
1307:
1010:Leyendas macabras de la colonia
843:North, and from the pejorative
444:that was either a part of or a
150:1529), more popularly known as
3844:Maura, Juan Francisco (1997).
3776:Text and Performance Quarterly
3694:——— (2019).
3677:University of New Mexico Press
3616:——— (2018).
3573:University of California Press
3539:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
1428:
1141:The novel Night of Sorrows by
1058:universe, a starship, the USS
743:Role in the conquest of Mexico
587:Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero
262:, which would be shortened to
1:
4067:Women in 16th-century warfare
3831:Fuentes, Patricia de (1963).
3070:Rolando Romero (2005-01-01).
1417:
1358:
1042:The Mysterious Cities of Gold
1035:Ici le jour (a tout enseveli)
735:population that developed in
505:("lordly speech"), a Nahuatl
416:
147:
143:
51:
3914:Henderson, James D. (1978).
3866:Somonte, Mariano G. (1971).
3452:University of Oklahoma Press
1720:, pp. 42, 180–182, 242.
1422:
1154:War God: Nights of the Witch
904:La Malinche, as part of the
806:Image in contemporary Mexico
7:
4017:16th-century Mexican people
3103:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 200–.
1229:
1167:, referred to variously as
1114:(2005) by Italian composer
1080:, who together with friend
839:) for their brave actions.
639:After founding the town of
206:Mexican War of Independence
16:Nahua aide to Hernan Cortez
10:
4113:
4057:Spanish Indian auxiliaries
4047:National symbols of Mexico
4022:16th-century Mexican women
3868:Doña Marina: "La Malinche"
3807:. México, D.F.: Grijalbo.
3394:Evans, Susan Toby (2004).
1215:In 2022, Spanish musician
1148:Malinal is a character in
1069:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
945:(1947) played Estela Inda.
852:associated with her twin.
664:learned of this and, in a
641:Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz
18:
3857:The Labyrinth of Solitude
3824:The Conquest of New Spain
3788:10.1080/10462930500052327
3737:10.1075/target.25.2.02val
3651:Stanford University Press
3346:University of Texas Press
2978:Brandon, William (2003).
2951:Brandon, William (2003).
1165:The Serpent and the Eagle
1135:The Labyrinth of Solitude
1086:The Serpent and the Eagle
1008:In the 1973 Mexican film
729:Francisco López de Gómara
327:, however, suggests that
244:. According to historian
111:
103:
92:
74:
66:
58:
47:
35:
28:
4082:Indigenous Mexican women
3922:. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
3861:. New York: Grove Press.
3497:Rutgers University Press
1357:Karttunen (1994) gives "
1300:
773:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
583:his expedition to Mexico
3803:Del Rio, Fanny (2009).
3700:Oxford University Press
3599:Oxford University Press
3597:. Oxford and New York:
3147:, accessed 10 June 2019
1670:Schroeder et al. (2010)
1643:Schroeder et al. (2010)
950:Tlaloc Weeps for Mexico
696:
690:
670:massacred the Cholulans
499:
471:
454:
438:
411:
341:appears to have been a
333:
319:
309:
272:
254:
240:
221:
3956:in defense of Malinche
3870:. Mexico City: Edimex.
3646:La conquista de Mexico
3051:Cite journal requires
1093:
1033:from their 2015 album
1019:" from the 1975 album
909:
906:Monumento al Mestizaje
815:
764:
684:
636:
597:of Cortés's hometown,
576:, Book XII, Chapter IX
567:
558:The conquest of Mexico
511:
465:
433:
381:
353:
347:
331:might be derived from
70:Malintzin, La Malinche
4027:History of the Aztecs
3853:Paz, Octavio (1961).
3495:. New Brunswick, NJ:
3426:Duke University Press
2860:The Latin Americanist
2620:, pp. 43, 94–96.
2536:, pp. 70–74, 77.
919:by the Polish author
903:
813:
750:
682:
630:
562:
544:Chontal Maya language
424:
370:Roman Catholic Church
348:doña Marina la lengua
156:[lamaˈlintʃe]
3888:Simon & Schuster
3545:. pp. 352–355.
3289:El Heraldo de México
2854:Tate, Julee (2017).
1513:Herrera-Sobek (2005)
1332:Annals of Tlatelolco
1152:'s series of novels
1099:Cortés' Indian Woman
1094:L'Indienne de Cortés
942:Captain from Castile
929:Montezuma's Daughter
139:[maˈlintsin]
4077:16th-century slaves
4032:Indigenous Mexicans
3400:Thames & Hudson
2828:Montaudon, Yvonne.
2818:, pp. 168–187.
2756:, pp. 99, 243.
2431:, pp. 293–294.
2419:, pp. 56, 242.
2257:, pp. 301–302.
2145:, pp. 135–136.
2094:, pp. 299–300.
2016:, pp. 300–301.
1974:, pp. 17, 233.
1921:, pp. 299–301.
1906:, pp. 230–232.
1889:, pp. 116–117.
1754:, pp. 163–164.
1645:, pp. 23, 105.
1515:, pp. 112–113.
1284:Jamestown, Virginia
1082:Robert Hewitt Wolfe
1072:. This was done by
958:The Golden Princess
886:José López Portillo
857:Rosario Castellanos
761:History of Tlaxcala
552:Jerónimo de Aguilar
546:, and perhaps also
450:Coatzacoalcos River
343:literal translation
195:Indigenous American
183:– one of the first
4087:History of Tabasco
3839:. New York: Orion.
3489:Karttunen, Frances
3428:. pp. 66–82.
3291:. October 3, 2023.
2909:Restall, Matthew.
2688:, pp. 43, 96.
1464:, p. 171–172.
910:
896:In popular culture
837:Mexican Revolution
816:
765:
685:
637:
434:
165:Mexican Gulf Coast
21:Malinche (volcano)
4092:Mexican mythology
3814:978-607-429-593-1
3669:Townsend, Camilla
3110:978-1-57607-132-8
3083:978-1-61192-042-0
3019:, p. Intro..
2900:, pp. 74–76.
2873:10.1111/tla.12102
2744:, pp. 86–88.
2676:, pp. 81–82.
2661:, pp. 97–98.
2632:, pp. 94–96.
2596:, pp. 69–72.
2584:, pp. 86–89.
2572:, pp. 62–63.
2512:, pp. 69–70.
2455:, pp. 84–85.
2310:, pp. 40–41.
2245:, pp. 35–36.
2233:, pp. 61–63.
2157:, pp. 25–26.
2133:, pp. 24–25.
2106:, pp. 76–78.
2082:, pp. 23–24.
2035:, pp. 97–98.
1847:, pp. 13–14.
1781:, pp. 60–61.
1448:978-0-307-42518-8
1390:Yucatán Peninsula
1271:History of Mexico
1052:In the fictional
1017:Cortez the Killer
999:Cortez and Marina
824:Hispanic American
666:preemptive strike
339:Malintzin Tenepal
297:Frances Karttunen
293:Malintzin Tenepal
189:(people of mixed
130:[maˈɾina]
123:
122:
4104:
4042:Mexican folklore
3933:
3921:
3910:
3901:
3885:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3827:
3818:
3799:
3770:
3748:
3727:(2). Amsterdam:
3713:
3690:
3664:
3640:Schroeder, Susan
3635:
3612:
3591:Restall, Matthew
3586:
3571:. Berkeley, CA:
3556:
3543:Fitzroy Dearborn
3529:
3510:
3484:
3465:
3439:
3413:
3390:
3366:Western Folklore
3359:
3336:
3325:Chapman, Anne M.
3311:
3310:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3235:. Archived from
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3179:. Archived from
3169:
3163:
3162:
3161:. Penguin Books.
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2929:. Archived from
2927:www.mesolore.org
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:32, N. 4 (1976).
2788:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2766:Karttunen (1994)
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2642:Karttunen (1994)
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2483:Karttunen (1997)
2480:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2441:Karttunen (1994)
2438:
2432:
2429:Karttunen (1997)
2426:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2402:Karttunen (1994)
2399:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2356:Karttunen (1994)
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2294:
2291:Karttunen (1997)
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2255:Karttunen (1997)
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2185:
2182:Karttunen (1997)
2179:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2092:Karttunen (1997)
2089:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2017:
2014:Karttunen (1997)
2011:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1987:Karttunen (1994)
1984:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1960:Karttunen (1997)
1957:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1919:Karttunen (1997)
1916:
1907:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1833:Karttunen (1994)
1830:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1803:Karttunen (1994)
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1749:
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1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1694:Karttunen (1997)
1691:
1685:
1682:Karttunen (1994)
1679:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1631:Karttunen (1997)
1628:
1615:
1612:Karttunen (2001)
1609:
1596:
1590:
1584:
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1569:
1563:
1554:
1551:Karttunen (2001)
1548:
1537:
1531:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:, p. 12-13.
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
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1411:
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1397:
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1372:
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1360:
1355:
1349:
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1340:
1311:
1260:
1258:Biography portal
1255:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1143:Frances Sherwood
1096:
934:H. Rider Haggard
699:
693:
668:, assembled and
606:San Juan de Ulúa
577:
573:Florentine Codex
514:
504:
478:Florentine Codex
474:
468:
457:
443:
426:Codex Azcatitlan
386:
356:
350:
336:
322:
312:
275:
257:
246:Camilla Townsend
243:
158:
149:
145:
141:
132:
67:Other names
53:
40:
26:
25:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
3982:
3981:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3898:
3815:
3756:
3754:Further reading
3751:
3710:
3687:
3675:. Albuquerque:
3661:
3632:
3609:
3583:
3561:Lockhart, James
3553:
3526:
3507:
3481:
3462:
3436:
3410:
3356:
3319:
3314:
3307:www.poresto.net
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3005:Townsend (2006)
3003:
2999:
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2976:
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2898:Townsend (2006)
2896:
2889:
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2839:
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2826:
2822:
2816:Townsend (2006)
2814:
2810:
2804:Townsend (2006)
2802:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2777:Gordon, Helen.
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2754:Townsend (2019)
2752:
2748:
2742:Townsend (2006)
2740:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2674:Townsend (2006)
2672:
2665:
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2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2594:Townsend (2006)
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2570:Townsend (2006)
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2546:Townsend (2006)
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2522:Townsend (2006)
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2498:Townsend (2006)
2496:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2417:Townsend (2006)
2415:
2408:
2404:, pp. 8–9.
2400:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2371:Townsend (2006)
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2344:Townsend (2006)
2342:
2338:
2332:Townsend (2019)
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2308:Townsend (2006)
2306:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2279:Townsend (2006)
2277:
2273:
2267:Townsend (2006)
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2243:Townsend (2006)
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2219:Lockhart (1993)
2217:
2213:
2205:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2170:Townsend (2006)
2168:
2161:
2155:Townsend (2006)
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2131:Townsend (2006)
2129:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2080:Townsend (2006)
2078:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2048:Townsend (2006)
2046:
2039:
2031:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1999:Townsend (2006)
1997:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1972:Townsend (2006)
1970:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1943:Townsend (2006)
1941:
1937:
1931:Townsend (2006)
1929:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1904:Townsend (2006)
1902:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1872:Townsend (2006)
1870:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1845:Townsend (2006)
1843:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1818:Townsend (2006)
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1718:Townsend (2006)
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1618:
1610:
1599:
1593:Townsend (2006)
1591:
1587:
1581:Townsend (2006)
1579:
1572:
1568:, p. xiii.
1564:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1534:Townsend (2006)
1532:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1386:intelligibility
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1295:Women in Mexico
1256:
1251:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1116:Lorenzo Ferrero
1064:For the Uniform
1031:Feu! Chatterton
1003:Edison Marshall
962:Alexander Baron
898:
808:
745:
714:Mayan languages
651:. Although the
579:
569:
560:
419:
414:
399:because of its
230:, derived from
224:
163:woman from the
118:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4110:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Mexican slaves
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3940:
3939:External links
3937:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3911:
3902:
3896:
3872:
3863:
3850:
3841:
3828:
3819:
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3800:
3771:
3757:
3755:
3752:
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3749:
3714:
3708:
3691:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3636:
3630:
3613:
3607:
3587:
3581:
3569:James Lockhart
3563:, ed. (1993).
3557:
3551:
3530:
3524:
3511:
3505:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3450:. Norman, OK:
3440:
3434:
3424:. Durham, NC:
3414:
3408:
3391:
3360:
3354:
3344:. Austin, TX:
3337:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3294:
3276:
3250:
3239:on 10 May 2016
3220:
3194:
3183:on 5 June 2020
3164:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3082:
3062:
3053:|journal=
3030:
3021:
3009:
3007:, pp. 58.
2997:
2990:
2970:
2963:
2943:
2914:
2902:
2887:
2846:
2820:
2808:
2806:, p. 263.
2796:
2783:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2729:
2725:Restall (2003)
2717:
2705:
2703:, p. 210.
2701:Restall (2018)
2690:
2678:
2663:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2487:
2485:, p. 303.
2472:
2457:
2453:Restall (2003)
2445:
2433:
2421:
2406:
2387:
2375:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2334:, pp. 93.
2324:
2312:
2295:
2293:, p. 301.
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2207:Restall (2003)
2186:
2184:, p. 300.
2174:
2159:
2147:
2143:Chapman (1957)
2135:
2123:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2069:
2065:Restall (2003)
2052:
2037:
2033:Restall (2003)
2018:
2003:
1991:
1976:
1964:
1962:, p. 299.
1947:
1945:, p. 231.
1935:
1923:
1908:
1891:
1887:Chapman (1957)
1876:
1864:
1862:, p. 522.
1849:
1837:
1822:
1807:
1795:
1793:, p. 191.
1783:
1771:
1769:, p. 398.
1756:
1752:Valdeón (2013)
1739:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1696:, p. 292.
1686:
1674:
1659:
1657:, p. 181.
1647:
1635:
1633:, p. 302.
1616:
1614:, p. 353.
1597:
1595:, p. 242.
1585:
1570:
1566:Restall (2018)
1555:
1553:, p. 352.
1538:
1517:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1447:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1398:
1394:Maya varieties
1377:
1367:
1350:
1341:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1273:
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1247:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1161:
1150:Graham Hancock
1146:
1139:
1126:
1119:
1106:
1103:Carole Achache
1089:
1076:, a native of
1050:
1037:
1013:
1006:
995:
991:
984:Laura Esquivel
970:Colin Falconer
954:László Passuth
946:
937:
924:
908:in Mexico City
897:
894:
807:
804:
769:conquistadores
744:
741:
697:tecpillahtolli
691:tecpillahtolli
561:
559:
556:
501:tecpillahtolli
418:
415:
413:
410:
397:baptismal name
374:Christian name
372:and given the
325:James Lockhart
223:
220:
210:Mexican people
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
107:Juan Jaramillo
105:
101:
100:
94:
93:Known for
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3998:
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3990:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
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3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3931:
3929:9780882294261
3925:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3897:9780671705183
3893:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3847:
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3825:
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3806:
3801:
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3759:
3758:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3709:9780190673062
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3686:9780826334053
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3660:9780804775069
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3631:9780062427267
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3608:9780195176117
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3582:9780520078758
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:9781579583378
3548:
3544:
3540:
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3527:
3525:9780806129600
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3506:9780813520315
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3480:9781611920420
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3461:9780806182087
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3435:9780822322481
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3409:9780500284407
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3355:9780292751347
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
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3326:
3322:
3321:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3265:
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3254:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3135:, p. 12.
3134:
3133:Cypess (1991)
3129:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3045:
3034:
3025:
3018:
3017:Cypess (1991)
3013:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2991:9781570984525
2987:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2964:9781570984525
2960:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2933:on 2020-11-12
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2768:, p. 11.
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2727:, p. 77.
2726:
2721:
2715:, p. 96.
2714:
2713:Hassig (2006)
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:Hassig (2006)
2682:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:Hassig (2006)
2655:
2653:
2651:
2644:, p. 10.
2643:
2638:
2631:
2630:Hassig (2006)
2626:
2619:
2618:Hassig (2006)
2614:
2608:, p. 93.
2607:
2606:Hassig (2006)
2602:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2582:Hassig (2006)
2578:
2571:
2566:
2560:, p. 79.
2559:
2558:Hassig (2006)
2554:
2548:, p. 59.
2547:
2542:
2535:
2534:Hassig (2006)
2530:
2524:, p. 45.
2523:
2518:
2511:
2510:Hassig (2006)
2506:
2500:, p. 43.
2499:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2470:, p. 68.
2469:
2468:Hassig (2006)
2464:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2443:, p. 22.
2442:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2385:, p. 67.
2384:
2383:Hassig (2006)
2379:
2373:, p. 42.
2372:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2346:, p. 53.
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2322:, p. 65.
2321:
2320:Hassig (2006)
2316:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2281:, p. 37.
2280:
2275:
2269:, p. 36.
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2231:Hassig (2006)
2227:
2221:, p. 87.
2220:
2215:
2209:, p. 83.
2208:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2172:, p. 26.
2171:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2104:Franco (1999)
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2067:, p. 82.
2066:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2050:, p. 22.
2049:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2001:, p. 16.
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1933:, p. 13.
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1874:, p. 14.
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1820:, p. 11.
1819:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1779:Cypess (1991)
1775:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1737:, p. 33.
1736:
1735:Cypess (1991)
1731:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1708:, p. 27.
1707:
1706:Cypess (1991)
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1672:, p. 32.
1671:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:Cypess (1991)
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1583:, p. 55.
1582:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1536:, p. 12.
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:Cypess (1991)
1494:
1487:
1486:Cypess (1991)
1482:
1475:
1474:Cypess (1991)
1470:
1463:
1462:Thomas (1993)
1458:
1450:
1444:
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1439:
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1408:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1371:
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1345:
1338:
1335:, alongside “
1334:
1333:
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1316:
1310:
1306:
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1264:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1244:Mexico portal
1234:
1224:
1223:
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1066:" episode of
1065:
1061:
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1038:
1036:
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1028:
1024:
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1007:
1004:
1000:
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75:Occupation(s)
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4097:Women slaves
4037:Interpreters
4007:1550s deaths
4002:1520s deaths
3997:1500s births
3992:1490s births
3917:
3906:
3886:. New York:
3881:
3876:Thomas, Hugh
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3782:(1): 43–56.
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3620:. New York:
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3444:Hassig, Ross
3421:
3418:Franco, Jean
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3331:. New York:
3328:
3317:Bibliography
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3269:December 21,
3267:. Retrieved
3263:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3237:the original
3233:chnm.gmu.edu
3232:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3177:chnm.gmu.edu
3176:
3167:
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2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:the original
2926:
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2910:
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2863:
2859:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2836:(in Spanish)
2833:
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2792:The Americas
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2087:
1994:
1989:, p. 5.
1967:
1938:
1926:
1867:
1860:Evans (2004)
1840:
1835:, p. 1.
1805:, p. 6.
1798:
1791:Evans (2004)
1786:
1774:
1767:Downs (2008)
1713:
1701:
1689:
1684:, p. 4.
1677:
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1493:
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1476:, p. 7.
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1074:Hans Beimler
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879:scapegoating
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591:first cousin
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548:Yucatec Maya
532:polysyndeton
529:
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482:
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404:
388:
363:
338:
328:
316:postposition
307:
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276:of the name
267:
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184:
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134:
125:
124:
96:Role in the
87:intermediary
3952:(resources)
3769:(1): 27–29.
3731:: 157–179.
3541:. Chicago:
3535:Malinchismo
3213:27 November
3209:(in French)
3173:"Repertory"
1169:Dona Marina
1156:(2013) and
1130:Octavio Paz
1078:Mexico City
921:Jan Potocki
871:malinchista
866:malinchismo
849:La Chingada
737:Mesoamerica
633:Tepotzotlán
536:trafficking
525:Catholicism
345:of Spanish
289:Chimalpahin
215:malinchista
212:. The term
152:La Malinche
79:Interpreter
3986:Categories
3698:. Oxford:
3398:. London:
3333:Free Press
3264:Primetimer
3243:7 February
3187:7 February
2937:2017-10-21
2840:2020-12-09
1418:References
1407:possessive
1337:Malintzine
1315:Malintzine
1276:Pocahontas
1217:Nacho Cano
1097:(English:
1027:Neil Young
1001:(1963) by
968:(2002) by
960:(1954) by
952:(1939) by
932:(1893) by
884:President
833:soldaderas
829:La Llorona
753:Xaltelolco
653:Tlaxcaltec
417:Background
283:The title
260:Malintzine
3796:191613689
3745:0924-1884
3379:0043-373X
2882:148798608
2866:: 81–92.
1423:Citations
1363:Charles V
1266:Felipillo
1219:produced
1055:Star Trek
1047:El Dorado
820:archetype
581:Early in
540:Potonchán
446:tributary
405:Malinalli
389:Malinalli
378:honorific
359:sobriquet
354:la lengua
334:tenenepil
278:Malintzin
228:Malintzin
199:New Spain
135:Malintzin
3878:(1993).
3671:(2006).
3593:(2003).
3491:(1994).
3446:(2006).
3387:25474939
1327:Malintze
1323:O Marina
1319:Malintze
1280:Powhatan
1230:See also
1222:Malinche
1181:Malinche
1173:Malintze
1060:Malinche
994:fiestas.
988:Malinche
976:' novel
890:Coyoacán
845:nickname
767:For the
710:Honduras
649:Tlaxcala
599:Medellín
507:register
495:Popoluca
472:altepetl
466:probanza
455:altepetl
440:altepetl
401:phonetic
393:day sign
366:baptized
268:Malinche
264:Malintze
250:vocative
191:European
186:Mestizos
112:Children
1317:" and "
1206:series
1204:Disney+
1128:Author
788:In the
733:mestizo
722:hidalgo
718:Orizaba
658:Cholula
622:Totonac
618:Totonac
593:to the
487:Jalisco
368:in the
351:, with
329:Tenepal
301:Tenepal
285:Tenepal
252:suffix
236:Nahuatl
177:Tabasco
146:1500 –
83:advisor
3926:
3894:
3811:
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3207:Hisler
3107:
3080:
2988:
2961:
2880:
1445:
1190:Hernán
483:Olutla
463:. The
461:Olutla
248:, the
232:Malina
181:Martín
126:Marina
104:Spouse
30:Marina
3792:S2CID
3383:JSTOR
3028:Salas
2878:S2CID
1301:Notes
1101:) by
979:Aztec
822:that
757:codex
595:count
241:-tzin
161:Nahua
119:María
3924:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3741:ISSN
3704:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3626:ISBN
3622:Ecco
3603:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3520:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3404:ISBN
3375:ISSN
3350:ISBN
3271:2022
3245:2022
3215:2023
3189:2022
3105:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3057:help
2986:ISBN
2959:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1410:her.
1375:one.
1278:– a
1171:and
1022:Zuma
964:and
869:and
521:heir
512:doña
412:Life
383:doña
320:-pal
310:tene
305:root
234:, a
222:Name
193:and
159:, a
59:Died
54:1500
48:Born
3784:doi
3733:doi
3537:".
2868:doi
1359:ca.
1025:by
201:.
133:or
3988::
3890:.
3790:.
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1911:^
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