22:
49:. The sexuality of many people in science remains up for debate by historians, largely due to the unaccepting cultures in which many of these people lived. For the most part, we do not know for certain how people in the past would have labelled their sexuality or gender because many individuals lived radically different private lives outside of the accepted gender and sexual norms of their time. One such example of a historical person in science that was arguably part of the LGBT community is
283:
80:. As one of the first advocates for homosexual rights, Hirschfeld faced a great amount of backlash from newspapers claiming, for example, that "abnormal propensities" should be distanced from "mainstream medicine". Hirschfeld was attacked by Nazis for being gay and Jewish, and he was beaten, sacked, and had his books burned. He was eventually forced into exile in France.
126:
in 1928. Hart sought psychiatric help from his professor, J. Allen
Gilbert, for his "abnormal" attraction to women previous to his transition. The treatment of Hart was documented in the case study "Homosexuality and Its Treatment" in 1920. Hart requested a full hysterectomy, claiming he felt that he
229:
was an astrophysicist known for being the first
American woman in space. She developed a foundation in her name dedicated to improving science education, particularly for young girls. After she died, it was announced that she and Tam O'Shaughnessy, who she had lived with for 27 years, were partners.
211:
was an agricultural scientist who developed several plant-based products and promoted the start of peanut farming. Although Carver did not make any comments on his sexuality a previous partner suggested that he was bisexual, and it is known that he lived the remainder of his life with Curtis Austin
268:
A report on a 2015 survey of United States undergraduate students found that gay students of science were more likely to change their major to a subject outside of science than non-LGBT students. Some academic commentators who study LGBT issues commented that LGBT students face social barriers to
253:
and researchers are not out in their departments, and coming out may negatively affect retention. This is of particular issue in the STEM field as the work cultures and professional environments within this field of work can often exclude or alienate the existence of the LGBT community and the
297:(Out in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has a network of about 90 student chapters at universities across the United States. oSTEM has an annual conference and aims to provide a place for LGBT science students to gather, whether they are out or not.
200:
and underwent a gender transition in 1968. After Conway revealed her intent to transition to IBM, she was fired. After her transition, Conway kept her transition a secret with only a few close friends who knew. In 2000 when her story went public, she began to work in
106:
were accepting towards Keynes's homosexuality. People who opposed Keynes's ideas used his sexuality to attack his work. In Keynes's later years he began to pursue affairs with women. In 1925, Keynes married well-known
Russian ballerina,
218:
was a physician known by the name Doctor Jo who developed many programs for disease prevention. She created the
Federal Children's Bureau which significantly contributed to the improvement of hygiene. She was known to have lived with
269:
studying science which non-LGBT people do not experience. Various activist organizations used this study as supporting evidence that social changes could bring equal opportunity for LGBT people to study and have careers in science.
338:, a charitable organization based in the United Kingdom, co-founded the International Day of LGBTQ+ People in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. In Germany, a similar movement was founded under the name LGBTQ STEM Berlin.
98:. Keynes's romantic relationships early in his life were only with other men. He had many sexual encounters with other men and he was open about these affairs. Several communities, in which Keynes was involved with, such as the
76:. Hirschfeld was most well known for his sexual theories and for activism. In 1897 Hirschfeld created the first sexual rights organization, the Scientific Humanitarian Community, which aimed to explore and defend the rights of
301:
165:. In 1958, he was barred from future employment in the federal government. Subsequently, radicalized, he became "one of the most significant figures" in the American gay rights movement. According to chemist
293:
In recognition that LGBT people are underrepresented in the sciences, various universities have programs to encourage more LGBT students to join their science programs. The organization is
196:
instructions per machine cycle. She was also a pioneer of microchip design with many high-tech companies today using her work as the foundations for their technology. Conway suffered from
997:
Cech, Erin. “LGBT Professionals’ Workplace
Experiences in STEM-Related Federal Agencies.” Association for Engineering Education - Engineering Library Division Papers. Atlanta:
416:
Blass, Rachel (28 June 2008). "A psychoanalytic understanding of the desire for knowledge as reflected in Freud's
Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood".
503:
Brennan, Toni; Hegarty, Peter (December 2009). "Magnus
Hirschfeld, his biographies and the possibilities and boundaries of 'biography' as 'doing history'".
142:. Despite his service to the Allied cause, he was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts and had most of his academic work covered up through the
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in science would make it easier for other LGBT students to join the sciences, and conducted a survey which seemed to support this view.
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177:, only a few years Kameny's junior, managed to escape similar persecution and was able to pursue a successful scientific career at the
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was a prominent LGBT English scholar during the twentieth century that led a group of cryptanalysts in cracking the code of the
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The first interdisciplinary conference in the UK for LGBTQ+ people working in STEM fields was the LGBTSTEMinar hosted at the
604:
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published a list of ways in which LGBT physicists have a more difficult career experience than their non-LGBT counterparts.
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1086:
1010:
Broadfoot, Marla. “Most Gay
Scientists Are Out in the Lab: Female-Dominated Fields Found to Be More welcoming.(Society).”
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304:(NOGLSTP). NOGLSTP educates professional communities about LGBT issues and offers two scholarships annually. In 2018,
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There are traditions and expectations that LGBT people should not study or have careers in science, according to
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Patridge, E.; Barthelemy, R. (2014). "Factors
Impacting The Academic Climate for LGBTQ STEM faculty".
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made great strides in tuberculosis detection after earning his master's degree in radiology from the
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Mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist
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individuals within it. A 2021 study identified various inequalities for LGBT people in science.
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1106:"Coming out in STEM: Factors affecting retention of sexual minority STEM students"
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1509:"How I realized that LGBT+ scientists like me can inspire others in their field"
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National
Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals
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National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals
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Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context
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1275:"Queered Science: NOGLSTP's Rochelle Diamond Forged A Path For All of Us"
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1221:"About oSTEM | Out in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics"
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The Hirschfeld archives : violence, death, and modern queer culture
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Other professional organizations for LGBT people in science include the
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Doan, Laura L. “Queer History/queer Memory: The Case of Alan Turing”.
746:"An Exemplary Gay Scientist and Mentor: Martin Gouterman (1931–2020)"
170:
87:
26:
1203:"Out and About STEM: Why visibility of LGBT scientists is important"
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468:(December 1965). "Leonardo Da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood".
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Barres, Ben; Montague-Hellen, Beth; Yoder, Jeremy (4 April 2017).
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to advocate for more transgender rights and transgender equality.
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in 2016. It has been hosted annually since then and in 2020 the
1494:"Gay prejudice? It's not easy admitting you're ... a scientist"
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are students, professionals, hobbyists, and anyone else who is
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1184:"The culture of STEM may sideline aspiring queer scientists"
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1435:"Empowering LGBT+ STEMinar celebrates diversity in science"
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Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering
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International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers
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deserved to be sterilized for his "abnormal inversions".
1410:"First conference in the UK for LGBT STEM professionals"
233:
1028:"Systemic inequalities for LGBTQ professionals in STEM"
94:, and his ideas formed the school of thought known as
947:"Coming out: the experience of LGBT+ people in STEM"
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72:, was one of the first advocates for homosexual and
60:
909:
860:
1302:"They're here. They're queer. They're scientists"
1026:Cech, E. A.; Waidzunas, T. J. (13 January 2021).
230:This made Ride the first LGBT astronaut as well.
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261:speculated that the visibility of more LGBT
419:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
192:and invented a method for issuing multiple
53:, whose sexuality was later the subject of
1408:Montague-Hellen, Beth (11 February 2016).
1343:"Nature is proud to support Pride in STEM"
999:American Society for Engineering Education
588:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1087:"'No sexuality please, we're scientists'"
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880:American Physical Society (March 2016).
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349:Athena Prize was awarded for this work.
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138:, ultimately helped turning the tide of
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1247:"Coming out and standing up for others"
1201:Grijseels, Dorieke (14 February 2018).
90:, changed the ideology and practice of
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1103:
932:10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2014007429
696:: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies
1507:Scarpelli, Andrew (19 October 2017).
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1163:"STEM is losing male LGBQ undergrads"
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234:Challenges for LGBT people in science
1245:Pain, Elizabeth (20 November 2017).
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605:"The man who made us all Keynesians"
603:Robert L. Heilbroner (11 May 1986).
386:
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161:in 1957, shortly after his PhD from
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1001:(ASEE), 2015. 26.1094.1–26.1094.10.
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223:for the later part of their lives.
13:
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1104:Hughes, Bryce E. (14 March 2018).
249:Studies have shown that many LGBT
16:Overview of LGBT people in science
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1547:LGBTQ STEM Berlin Twitter account
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61:History of LGBT people in science
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1329:"NASA Ames LGBT Advisory Group"
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1182:Ruiz, Rebecca (14 March 2018).
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314:California Academy of Sciences
289:pride parade in Silicon Valley
114:Writer, physician, tubercular
1:
1532:500 Queer Scientists Campaign
1085:Smith, David (1 April 2014).
889:. American Physical Society.
862:"Why Is Science So Straight?"
833:. 3 July 2016. Archived from
801:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
506:History of the Human Sciences
374:
273:Organizations & Campaigns
1461:"Royal Society Athena Prize"
1414:The Biochemical Society Blog
1016:524.7565 (2015): 275. Print.
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432:10.1516/AV50-5C24-YLHN-HBX5
352:
10:
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1439:Royal Society of Chemistry
1370:10.1038/d41586-019-02022-8
672:www.oregonencyclopedia.org
637:"Keynes's Biggest Mistake"
124:University of Pennsylvania
966:10.1186/s13059-017-1198-y
715:. Harrington Park Press.
331:United Kingdom and Europe
244:American Physical Society
68:, a German physician and
1355:(7763): 5. 2 July 2019.
795:Lee, John A. N. (1995).
519:10.1177/0952695109346642
209:George Washington Carver
179:University of Washington
883:LGBT Climate in Physics
831:Computer History Museum
668:"Alan Hart (1890–1962)"
343:University of Sheffield
316:, created the campaign
1537:Out in STEM Conference
1130:10.1126/sciadv.aao6373
1054:10.1126/sciadv.abe0933
773:10.1002/ange.202012840
290:
39:LGBT people in science
35:
744:Ghosh, Abhik (2021).
698:23.1 (2017): 113–136.
556:Bauer, Heike (2017).
285:
149:At the height of the
24:
1492:(14 February 2014).
859:(4 September 2015).
359:500 Queer Scientists
318:500 Queer Scientists
221:Ida Alexa Ross Wylie
216:Sara Josephine Baker
203:transgender activism
157:was fired by the US
144:Official Secrets Act
34:'s most famous works
1361:2019Natur.571....5.
1207:The Biochemist Blog
1122:2018SciA....4.6373H
1046:2021SciA....7..933C
924:2014JWMSE..20...75P
764:2021AngCh.133.9844G
426:(Pt 5): 1259–1276.
184:Computer scientist
96:Keynesian economics
84:John Maynard Keynes
867:The New York Times
642:The New York Times
610:The New York Times
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163:Harvard University
118:, and transsexual
104:Cambridge Apostles
74:transgender rights
45:and interested in
36:
1441:. 21 January 2019
1281:. 1 November 2013
896:978-0-9848110-7-6
808:978-1-884964-47-3
758:(18): 9844–9854.
751:Angewandte Chemie
722:978-1-56023-192-9
709:Bullough, Vern L.
567:978-1-4399-1434-2
66:Magnus Hirschfeld
51:Leonardo da Vinci
32:Leonardo da Vinci
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392:"LGBTQ+ History"
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175:Martin Gouterman
169:, the legendary
159:Army Map Service
100:Bloomsbury Group
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