71:
46:
478:
99:
311:, the α-subunit is composed of 4 subunits. Each subunit is formed by 6 alpha-helical, transmembrane domains that cross the membrane (numbered S1-S6). The S1-S4 subunits make up the voltage sensor, while S5-S6 subunits make up the selectivity filter. To sense the cell's voltage, the S1-S3 helices contain many negatively charged amino acids while S4 helices contain mostly positively charged amino acids with a
425:. A common form of modulation from alternative splicing is the C-terminal modulator (CTM). It has a positively charged α-helix on the C-terminal called the DCRD and a negatively charged helix right after the IQ motif (CaM interaction site) called the PCRD. The two helices can form a structure that bind competitively with
238:
In 1953, Paul Fatt and
Bernard Katz discovered voltage gated calcium channels in crustacean muscle. The channels exhibited different activation voltages and calcium conducting properties and were thus separated into High Voltage Activating channels (HVA) and Low Voltage Activating channels (LVA).
295:
L-type
Calcium Channels contain 5 different subunits, the α1(170–240 kDa), α2(150kDa), δ(17-25 kDa), β(50-78 kDa), and γ(32 kDa) subunits. The α2, δ, and β subunits are non-covalently bonded to the α1 subunit and modulate ion trafficking and biophysical properties of the α1 subunit. The α2 and δ
402:/Cam complex has a high affinity towards L-type calcium channels, allowing it to get blocked even when there are low amounts of calcium present in the cell. The pore eventually closes as the cell repolarizes and causes a conformational change in the channel to put it in the closed conformation.
230:. Muscle depolarization results in large gating currents, but anomalously low calcium flux, which is now explained by the very slow activation of the ionic currents. For this reason, little or no Ca passes across the T-tubule membrane during a single action potential.
360:
The γ subunit has eight isoforms (γ1-γ8) and is connected to the α1 subunit and has only been found in muscle cells in the CaV1.1 and CaV1.2 channels. Not much is known about the γ subunit, but it has been linked to interactions in hydrophobic forces.
444:. Other forms of modulation on the β subunit include increasing or decreasing of the subunit's expression. This is due to the fact that β subunits increase the open-probability of the channel, activity in the plasma membrane, and antagonize the
389:
and causes a conformational change in the EF-hand motif so it interacts with the pore to cause quick inhibition in the channel. It is still debated on where and how the pore and EF-hand interact. Hydrophobic pockets in the
369:
Opening of the pore in L-type calcium channels takes place in the α1 subunit. When the membrane depolarizes, the S4 helix moves through the S4 and S5 linkers to the cytoplasmic ends of the S5 and S6 helices. This opens the
971:
Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J (December 2005). "International Union of
Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels".
474:
The adrenergic nervous system has been seen to modulate L-type calcium channels by cleaving the C-terminal fragment when the β-adrenergic receptor is stimulated to increase activation of the channels.
345:
The α2 and δ subunits are connected together by disulfide bonds (sometimes known as the α2δ subunit) and interact with α1. they have four known isoforms called α2δ-1 to α2δ-2 and contain a
188:(RyR2) (calcium-induced-calcium-release). Phosphorylation of these channels increases their permeability to calcium and increases the contractility of their respective cardiac myocytes.
307:, being called S0-S6 (S0 and S1 together cross the membrane once). The α1 subunit as a whole contains the voltage sensing domain, the conduction pore, and gating apparatus. Like most
243:(DHPs). Using DHPs, it was found that HVA channels were specific to certain tissues and reacted differently, which led to further categorization of the HVA channels into L-type,
561:
Felizola SJ, Maekawa T, Nakamura Y, Satoh F, Ono Y, Kikuchi K, et al. (October 2014). "Voltage-gated calcium channels in the human adrenal and primary aldosteronism".
2028:
2938:
2673:
1925:
1858:
271:
subunits in voltage-gated calcium channels, a new nomenclature was used that called L-type calcium channels CaV1 with its subunits being called
1261:
463:
activated by a G protein-coupled receptors cascade can phosphorylate L-type calcium channels, after channels form a signaling complex with
467:, to increase calcium current through the channel, increasing the open-state probability, and an accelerated recovery period. Activated
1180:
177:, neuronal survival, ischemic-induced axonal injury, synaptic efficacy, and both activation and deactivation of other ion channels.
70:
353:. The α2 region is in the extracellular space while the δ region is in the cell membrane and have been seen to be anchored with a
2869:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
17:
2874:
1972:
1244:
701:"Calcium channels--basic aspects of their structure, function and gene encoding; anesthetic action on the channels--a review"
334:(β1-β4) to regulate the channel's functions and is connected to α1 through the α1 I and II linker in the cytosol at the β α1-
2926:
2107:
471:
from G protein-coupled receptors can breakdown polyphosphoinositides to decrease the channel's calcium current by 20%-30%.
287:. Research on the CaV1 subunits continues to reveal more about their structure, function, and pharmaceutical applications.
3490:
2824:
1845:
346:
2610:
251:. L-type calcium channels were peptide sequenced and it was found that there were 4 kinds of L-type calcium channels: α
749:
115:
342:(SH3) and a guanylate-kinase like domain (GK) that are separated by a HOOK domain, and three unstructured regions.
327:. Both the N and C terminus are in the cytosolic space with the C-terminus being much longer than the N-terminus.
3203:
2202:
1980:
1296:
947:
165:. They are also found in neurons, and with the help of L-type calcium channels in endocrine cells, they regulate
3225:
3434:
1345:
2800:
1712:
354:
3075:
395:
320:
3480:
1253:
1237:
464:
452:
296:
subunits are in the extracellular space while the β and γ subunits are located in the cytosolic space.
102:
An L-type calcium channel with its subunits labeled along with some drugs known to inhibit the channel.
410:
One of the most recognized characteristics of the L-type calcium channel is its unique sensitivity to
3495:
3485:
3429:
1639:
1024:"Switching off calcium-dependent inactivation in L-type calcium channels by an autoinhibitory domain"
456:
315:
connecting the S4 to S5 helices. After the S1-6 domains, there are six C domains that consist of two
308:
118:. "L" stands for long-lasting referring to the length of activation. This channel has four isoforms:
602:"T-Type Calcium Channel: A Privileged Gate for Calcium Entry and Control of Adrenal Steroidogenesis"
3419:
1680:
1556:
1222:
1216:
226:
In skeletal muscle, there is a very high concentration of L-type calcium channels, situated in the
31:
1212:
3424:
192:
50:
Crystallographic structure of the L-type calcium channel complex (subunits α1S, α2, δ, β, and γ).
510:
504:
498:
492:
3455:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1401:
1388:
248:
244:
3475:
1230:
300:
239:
After further experimentation, it was found that HVA channels were blocked by derivatives of
1201:
1328:
1035:
422:
185:
91:
788:"Voltage-gated calcium channels: their discovery, function and importance as drug targets"
8:
1144:"L-type calcium channel modulates mechanosensitivity of the cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2"
371:
1142:
Takahashi K, Hayashi S, Miyajima M, Omori M, Wang J, Kaihara K, et al. (May 2019).
1039:
414:. Unlike other voltage gated calcium channels, L-type calcium channels are resistant to
2795:
1671:
1318:
1114:
1089:
1058:
1023:
997:
924:
899:
872:
847:
812:
787:
664:
Lipscombe D, Helton TD, Xu W (November 2004). "L-type calcium channels: the low down".
628:
601:
582:
138:
335:
1833:
1165:
1119:
1063:
989:
929:
877:
817:
755:
745:
722:
681:
633:
574:
208:
200:
1001:
586:
445:
2602:
1583:
1155:
1109:
1101:
1053:
1043:
981:
919:
911:
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859:
807:
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712:
673:
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613:
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460:
429:
to reduce the open-state probability and lower calcium-dependent inhibition (CDI).
216:
170:
158:
87:
83:
1022:
Wahl-Schott C, Baumann L, Cuny H, Eckert C, Griessmeier K, Biel M (October 2006).
948:"Voltage-gated calcium channels | Introduction | BPS/IUPHAR Guide to PHARMACOLOGY"
381:/Cam complex. As the pore opens and causes an influx of calcium, calcium binds to
377:
The most predominant way of autoinhibition of L-type calcium channels is with the
3138:
1278:
468:
433:
411:
331:
240:
196:
142:
98:
744:(Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 242–253.
570:
2934:
1621:
1160:
1143:
1028:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
740:
Hughes A (2017). "Calcium channel blockers". In Bakris G, Sorrentino M (eds.).
437:
174:
162:
150:
79:
477:
45:
3469:
2888:
2561:
1184:
803:
759:
618:
312:
184:) and triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activating
146:
2921:
2819:
1048:
3241:
2632:
1169:
1123:
1090:"L-type calcium channel targeting and local signalling in cardiac myocytes"
1067:
993:
933:
881:
821:
726:
685:
637:
578:
350:
180:
In cardiac myocytes, the L-type calcium channel passes inward Ca current (I
166:
111:
677:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3043:
2882:
1257:
1105:
441:
304:
154:
432:
Alternative splicing is also seen on the β subunits to create different
3151:
2517:
1885:
1853:
717:
700:
426:
382:
374:
which is formed by the inner side of the S6 helices in the α1 subunit.
339:
324:
220:
985:
3236:
3146:
915:
863:
415:
227:
212:
1252:
970:
3249:
2597:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1493:
1488:
267:
F (found in the retina). In 2000, after more research was done on α
898:
Bodi I, Mikala G, Koch SE, Akhter SA, Schwartz A (December 2005).
3376:
3133:
2969:
1470:
1465:
1460:
852:
538:
533:
528:
523:
386:
316:
846:
Striessnig J, Pinggera A, Kaur G, Bock G, Tuluc P (March 2014).
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2016:
2006:
2001:
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1381:
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1371:
1366:
284:
280:
276:
272:
131:
127:
123:
119:
75:
203:, depending on whether the drugs have higher affinity for the
173:. They have also been seen to play a role in gene expression,
3287:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3125:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3038:
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2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2085:
2055:
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2045:
2040:
2011:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1910:
1895:
1890:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1774:
1754:
1739:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1593:
1588:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1141:
204:
1021:
560:
385:
and then interacts with the loop that connects the adjacent
303:, known as Domains I-IV, that cross the plasma six times as
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3082:
3070:
3065:
3060:
2991:
2944:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2620:
2438:
1996:
1333:
1323:
900:"The L-type calcium channel in the heart: the beat goes on"
137:
L-type calcium channels are responsible for the excitation-
845:
1940:
1900:
1208:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
563:
The
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
74:
Immunohistochemical analysis of L-type calcium channel
742:
Hypertension: a companion to
Braunwald's heart disease
394:/Cam complex will also bind to three sections of the
897:
481:
Alpha subunit of a generic voltage-gated ion channel
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
114:) is part of the high-voltage activated family of
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
663:
299:The α1 subunit is a heterotetramer that has four
3467:
3410:
1008:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
323:(C6). There are also two EF-hand motifs on the
110:(also known as the dihydropyridine channel, or
828:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
698:
451:L-type calcium channels are also modulated by
82:. Marked immunoreactivity was detected in the
1238:
1206:IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels
1087:
644:
436:to give channels different properties due to
421:A well observed form of modulation is due to
319:(C1-2 and C3-4) and a Pre-IQ domain (C5) and
94:was performed according to published methods.
86:. In the figure: ZG = zona glomerulosa, ZF =
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
405:
893:
891:
766:
692:
1245:
1231:
1181:United States National Library of Medicine
593:
556:
554:
1829:
1274:
1215:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1159:
1113:
1074:
1057:
1047:
923:
871:
811:
716:
627:
617:
1179:This article incorporates text from the
888:
476:
97:
69:
3398:
1617:
848:"L-type Ca channels in heart and brain"
785:
599:
551:
14:
3468:
739:
699:Yamakage M, Namiki A (February 2002).
3397:
2582:
1828:
1616:
1273:
1226:
904:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
398:known as the “aromatic anchors”. The
330:The β subunit is known to have four
2611:Calcium-activated chloride channels
465:A-Kinase-Anchoring proteins (AKAPs)
418:and ⍵-AG A (IVA) inhibitory drugs.
24:
1681:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
1134:
1088:Shaw RM, Colecraft HM (May 2013).
64:Calcium channel, voltage-dependent
39:Calcium channel, voltage-dependent
25:
3507:
2583:
1194:
215:), or for the blood vessels (the
116:voltage-dependent calcium channel
1202:"Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels"
44:
3204:Voltage-dependent anion channel
1297:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
964:
792:Brain and Neuroscience Advances
705:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
338:(ABP). Each isoform contains a
3226:General bacterial porin family
940:
733:
565:. 144 Pt B (part B): 410–416.
13:
1:
544:
347:von Willebrand A (VWA) domain
263:D (found in the brain), and α
364:
355:glycosylphosphatidylinositol
290:
27:Family of transport proteins
7:
952:www.guidetopharmacology.org
786:Dolphin AC (October 2018).
571:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.012
517:
453:G protein-coupled receptors
412:1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs)
10:
3512:
3491:Integral membrane proteins
2645:Chloride Channel Accessory
1254:Membrane transport protein
1161:10.1016/j.ceca.2019.02.008
666:Journal of Neurophysiology
606:Frontiers in Endocrinology
309:voltage-gated ion channels
233:
195:drugs are used as cardiac
29:
3451:
3406:
3393:
3234:
3123:
2919:
2817:
2793:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2201:
2106:
1971:
1844:
1840:
1824:
1711:
1670:
1640:Epithelial sodium channel
1632:
1628:
1612:
1344:
1289:
1285:
1269:
457:adrenergic nervous system
406:Inhibition and modulation
60:
55:
43:
38:
1557:Cation channels of sperm
1217:Medical Subject Headings
804:10.1177/2398212818794805
619:10.3389/fendo.2016.00043
485:
90:, AC = adrenal capsule.
32:Cardiac action potential
1094:Cardiovascular Research
1049:10.1073/pnas.0604621103
974:Pharmacological Reviews
193:calcium channel blocker
18:L-type calcium channels
1213:L-Type+Calcium+Channel
482:
461:Protein Kinase A (PKA)
255:S (Skeletal Muscle), α
108:L-type calcium channel
103:
95:
1633:Constitutively active
678:10.1152/jn.00486.2004
480:
469:Phospholipase C (PLC)
340:src homology 3 domain
301:transmembrane regions
101:
73:
798:: 2398212818794805.
423:alternative splicing
186:ryanodine receptor 2
92:Immunohistochemistry
3400:By gating mechanism
1040:2006PNAS..10315657W
1034:(42): 15657–15662.
600:Rossier MF (2016).
241:1,4-dihydropyridine
78:(CACNA1D) in human
2927:TRP cation channel
2825:CNG cation channel
2108:Tandem pore domain
1319:Ryanodine receptor
1183:, which is in the
1106:10.1093/cvr/cvt021
718:10.1007/BF03020488
483:
104:
96:
3481:Electrophysiology
3463:
3462:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3435:Stretch-activated
3412:Ion channel class
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
1846:Calcium-activated
1834:Potassium channel
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
986:10.1124/pr.57.4.5
910:(12): 3306–3317.
209:phenylalkylamines
201:antihypertensives
171:neurotransmitters
68:
67:
16:(Redirected from
3503:
3496:Calcium channels
3486:Membrane biology
3408:
3407:
3395:
3394:
2603:Chloride channel
2593:
2592:
2580:
2579:
1973:Inward-rectifier
1842:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1630:
1629:
1614:
1613:
1584:Two-pore channel
1287:
1286:
1271:
1270:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1173:
1163:
1128:
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1117:
1085:
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1051:
1019:
1006:
1005:
968:
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959:
958:
944:
938:
937:
927:
916:10.1172/JCI27167
895:
886:
885:
875:
864:10.1002/wmts.102
843:
826:
825:
815:
783:
764:
763:
737:
731:
730:
720:
696:
690:
689:
672:(5): 2633–2641.
661:
642:
641:
631:
621:
597:
591:
590:
558:
448:of the channel.
401:
393:
380:
217:dihydropyridines
88:zona fasciculata
84:zona glomerulosa
48:
36:
35:
21:
3511:
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1992:
1984:
1967:
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1624:
1600:
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1409:
1396:
1361:
1340:
1281:
1279:Calcium channel
1265:
1251:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1137:
1135:Further reading
1132:
1131:
1086:
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662:
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547:
520:
488:
408:
399:
391:
378:
372:activation gate
367:
293:
270:
266:
262:
259:C (Cardiac), α
258:
254:
236:
197:antiarrhythmics
183:
159:endocrine cells
51:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3229:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2801:Proton channel
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2607:
2605:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1622:Sodium channel
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1196:
1195:External links
1193:
1175:
1174:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1100:(2): 177–186.
1073:
1007:
980:(4): 411–425.
963:
939:
887:
827:
765:
750:
732:
711:(2): 151–164.
691:
643:
592:
549:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
519:
516:
515:
514:
487:
484:
446:ubiquitination
438:palmitoylation
407:
404:
387:EF-hand motifs
366:
363:
357:(GPI) anchor.
336:binding pocket
317:EF-hand motifs
292:
289:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
235:
232:
181:
175:mRNA stability
163:adrenal cortex
151:cardiac muscle
80:adrenal cortex
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3508:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Voltage-gated
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:Miscellaneous
2581:
2577:
2563:
2562:Shaker (gene)
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:minK/ISK-like
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2203:Voltage-gated
2200:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1713:Voltage-gated
1710:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1346:Voltage-gated
1343:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:public domain
1182:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
953:
949:
943:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
883:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
761:
757:
753:
751:9780323508766
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
639:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
555:
550:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
494:
490:
489:
479:
475:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
416:⍵-CT X (GVIA)
413:
403:
397:
388:
384:
375:
373:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
250:
246:
242:
231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:neurohormones
164:
160:
157:secretion in
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
100:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
63:
59:
54:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3476:Ion channels
3453:
3420:Ligand-gated
3411:
3399:
3242:Gap junction
3235:
3124:
2920:
2881:
2859:
2832:
2818:
2794:
2772:
2730:
2678:
2644:
2627:
2615:
2596:
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1618:
1527:
1500:
1479:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1405:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1290:Ligand-gated
1275:
1258:ion channels
1205:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1148:Cell Calcium
1147:
1097:
1093:
1031:
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955:. Retrieved
951:
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420:
409:
376:
368:
359:
351:Cache domain
344:
329:
298:
294:
237:
225:
190:
179:
141:coupling of
136:
107:
105:
3425:Light-gated
1907:IK channel
442:RNA editing
155:aldosterone
139:contraction
112:DHP channel
56:Identifiers
3470:Categories
2628:Bestrophin
1886:SK channel
1854:BK channel
1528:γ-subunits
1501:β-subunits
1484:δ-subunits
957:2019-11-28
545:References
383:calmodulin
325:N-terminus
221:nifedipine
153:, and for
30:See also:
3456:disorders
3454:see also
3237:Cytoplasm
3147:Aquaporin
2616:Anoctamin
2439:11.1/hERG
1154:: 68–74.
760:967938982
396:IQ domain
365:Mechanism
321:IQ domain
305:α-helices
291:Structure
228:T-tubules
213:verapamil
3250:Connexin
2530:minK/ISK
1170:30836292
1124:23417040
1068:17028172
1002:10386627
994:16382099
934:16322774
882:24683526
822:30320224
727:11823393
686:15486420
638:27242667
587:23622821
579:25151951
518:See also
455:and the
434:isoforms
332:isoforms
143:skeletal
3377:Innexin
3134:solutes
1115:3633156
1059:1622877
1036:Bibcode
925:1297268
873:3968275
813:6179141
629:4873500
539:CACNA1F
534:CACNA1S
529:CACNA1D
524:CACNA1C
511:CACNA1F
505:CACNA1S
499:CACNA1D
493:CACNA1C
234:History
219:, like
211:, like
191:L-type
161:of the
1674:-gated
1672:Proton
1448:T-type
1435:R-type
1422:Q-type
1402:P-type
1389:N-type
1354:L-type
1219:(MeSH)
1168:
1122:
1112:
1066:
1056:
1000:
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349:and a
313:P-loop
285:CaV1.4
283:, and
281:CaV1.3
277:Cav1.2
273:CaV1.1
249:N-type
247:, and
245:P-type
147:smooth
132:Cav1.4
130:, and
128:Cav1.3
124:Cav1.2
120:Cav1.1
76:Cav1.3
61:Symbol
3288:GJA10
3139:Porin
3039:TRPML
2809:HVCN1
2503:KCNIP
2358:α7-12
1262:TC 1A
998:S2CID
583:S2CID
486:Genes
207:(the
205:heart
3368:GJD4
3363:GJD3
3358:GJD2
3348:GJC3
3343:GJC2
3338:GJC1
3328:GJB7
3323:GJB6
3318:GJB5
3313:GJB4
3308:GJB3
3303:GJB2
3298:GJB1
3283:GJA9
3278:GJA8
3273:GJA5
3268:GJA4
3263:GJA3
3258:GJA1
3083:TRPV
3066:TRPP
3061:TRPN
2992:TRPM
2945:TRPC
2935:TRPA
2773:CLNS
2731:CLIC
2679:CLCN
2674:CFTR
2621:ANO1
2540:MiRP
2468:12.3
2463:12.2
2458:12.1
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2444:11.2
2430:10.2
2425:10.1
2215:α1-6
2029:GIRK
1443:α2.3
1430:α2.1
1397:α2.2
1166:PMID
1120:PMID
1064:PMID
990:PMID
930:PMID
878:PMID
818:PMID
756:OCLC
746:ISBN
723:PMID
682:PMID
634:PMID
575:PMID
440:and
169:and
106:The
3132:(+
2970:4AP
2883:HCN
2416:9.3
2411:9.2
2406:9.1
2397:8.2
2392:8.1
2383:7.5
2378:7.4
2373:7.3
2368:7.2
2363:7.1
2345:6.4
2340:6.3
2335:6.2
2330:6.1
2321:5.1
2312:4.3
2307:4.2
2302:4.1
2293:3.4
2288:3.3
2283:3.2
2278:3.1
2269:2.2
2264:2.1
2255:1.8
2250:1.7
2245:1.6
2240:1.5
2235:1.4
2230:1.3
2225:1.2
2220:1.1
2116:K2P
2096:7.1
2091:6.2
2086:6.1
2081:5.1
2076:4.2
2071:4.1
2056:3.4
2051:3.3
2046:3.2
2041:3.1
2022:2.6
2017:2.4
2012:2.3
2007:2.2
2002:2.1
1997:1.1
1983:ATP
1961:5.1
1956:4.2
1951:4.1
1946:3.1
1941:2.3
1936:2.2
1931:2.1
1926:1.1
1911:IK1
1901:SK3
1896:SK2
1891:SK1
1770:1.9
1765:1.8
1760:1.7
1755:1.6
1750:1.5
1745:1.4
1740:1.3
1735:1.2
1730:1.1
1619:Na:
1471:3.3
1466:3.2
1461:3.1
1415:2.1
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1377:1.3
1372:1.2
1367:1.1
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1156:doi
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1054:PMC
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713:doi
674:doi
624:PMC
614:doi
567:doi
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427:CaM
223:).
199:or
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