1371:
administration of certain agents, others underline the possible adverse effects on fetal development. In general, a-methyldopa, β-blockers and calcium channel blockers are the first or second treatment line for hypertension during pregnancy. However, ACEIs, ARBs and diuretics are mostly contraindicated, as the potential risk outweighs the benefits of their administration. Additionally, several drugs should be avoided, due to the lack of data regarding their safety. Women are often concerned about the safety of antihypertensives and as a result, many do not take their treatment as prescribed. Shared decision-making aids have been shown to reduce women's uncertainty about taking antihypertensives and increase the number of women taking them as prescribed.
5599:
440:
124:
5620:
293:. Despite thiazides being cheap and effective, they are not prescribed as often as some newer drugs. This is because they have been associated with increased risk of new-onset diabetes and as such are recommended for use in patients over 65, for whom the risk of new-onset diabetes is outweighed by the benefits of controlling systolic blood pressure. Another theory is that they are off-patent and thus rarely promoted by the drug industry.
714:
584:
1342:. Although α-methyldopa is generally regarded as a first-line agent, labetalol and metoprolol are also acceptable. Atenolol has been associated with intrauterine growth retardation, as well as decreased placental growth and weight when prescribed during pregnancy. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are contraindicated in women who are or who intend to become pregnant.
552:-type diuretics and calcium channel blockers were both more effective as monotherapy in improving cardiovascular outcomes compared to ACE inhibitors for this subgroup. Furthermore, ACE inhibitors were less effective in reducing blood pressure and had a 51% higher risk of stroke in black hypertensives when used as initial therapy compared to a calcium channel blocker. There are fixed-dose
1175:
repeatedly been found to have a stronger effect on lowering blood pressure than hydrochlorothiazide, and hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone have a similar risk of hypokalemia and other adverse effects at the usual doses prescribed in routine clinical practice. Patients with an exaggerated hypokalemic response to a low dose of a thiazide diuretic should be suspected to have
1139:
observed elevation of blood pressure. Therefore, the use of hypertensive medications may be started in individuals with apparent normal blood pressures but who show evidence of hypertension-related nephropathy, proteinuria, atherosclerotic vascular disease, as well as other evidence of hypertension-related organ damage.
2719:"2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America"
1163:
thiazide-like diuretic) was as effective as lisinopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) or amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker). (ALLHAT showed that doxazosin, an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, had a higher incidence of heart failure events, and the doxazosin arm of the study was stopped.)
1174:
is the thiazide drug that is most strongly supported by the evidence as providing a mortality benefit; in the ALLHAT study, a chlorthalidone dose of 12.5 mg was used, with titration up to 25 mg for those subjects who did not achieve blood pressure control at 12.5 mg. Chlorthalidone has
1005:
receptor antagonists, also known as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) can lower blood pressure by blocking the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Spironolactone and eplerenone are MRAs that causes a block in the reabsorption of sodium, resulting in a decrease in blood
1045:
in neurotransmission (in this case, the vasoconstriction effects of adrenaline). Central alpha agonists, such as clonidine, are usually prescribed when all other anti-hypertensive medications have failed. For treating hypertension, these drugs are usually administered in combination with a diuretic.
724:
Beta-blockers can block beta-1 adrenergic receptors and/or beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block beta-1-adrenergic receptors prevent the binding of endogenous catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine), which ultimately reduces blood pressure through decreasing renin and cardiac
689:
loop. Increased levels of circulating
Angiotensin II result in unopposed stimulation of the AT2 receptors, which are, in addition upregulated. Recent data suggest that AT2 receptor stimulation may be less beneficial than previously proposed and may even be harmful under certain circumstances through
1370:
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy constitute a significant risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes, necessitating antihypertensive treatment. However, current data concerning the safety of in utero exposure to antihypertensive medication are controversial. While some studies recommend the
1207:
should be started on ACE-inhibitors. Subsequently, if dual therapy is required to use ACE-inhibitor in combination with either a calcium channel blocker or a (thiazide) diuretic. Triple therapy is then of all three groups and should the need arise then to add in a fourth agent, to consider either a
904:
appear to be less useful in overall treatment of hypertension than several other agents. A systematic review of 63 trials with over 35,000 participants indicated β-blockers increased the risk of mortality, compared to other antihypertensive therapies. They do, however, have an important role in the
899:
lower blood pressure, they do not have a positive benefit on endpoints as some other antihypertensives do. In particular, beta-blockers are no longer recommended as first-line treatment due to relative adverse risk of stroke and new-onset of type 2 diabetes when compared to other medications, while
1335:
may be worsened with nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, the alpha blocker doxazosin, and the alpha-2 agonists moxonidine and clonidine. On the other hand, β-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists have been shown to improve
1224:
The choice between the drugs is to a large degree determined by the characteristics of the patient being prescribed for, the drugs' side effects, and cost. Most drugs have other uses; sometimes the presence of other symptoms can warrant the use of one particular antihypertensive. Examples include:
1162:
The first large study to show a mortality benefit from antihypertensive treatment was the VA-NHLBI study, which found that chlorthalidone was effective. The largest study, Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering
Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) in 2002, concluded that chlorthalidone (a
1138:
For mild blood pressure elevation, consensus guidelines call for medically supervised lifestyle changes and observation before recommending initiation of drug therapy. However, according to the
American Hypertension Association, evidence of sustained damage to the body may be present even prior to
520:
A systematic review of 63 trials with over 35,000 participants indicated ACE inhibitors significantly reduced doubling of serum creatinine levels compared to other drugs (ARBs, α blockers, β blockers, etc.), and the authors suggested this as a first line of defense. The AASK trial showed that ACE
101:
of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent
728:
Alpha-blockers can block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block alpha-1-adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells prevent vasoconstriction. Blockade of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors prevents the negative feedback mechanism of norepinephrine
2509:
Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, et al. (September 2003). "Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial".
1142:
If lifestyle changes are ineffective, then drug therapy is initiated, often requiring more than one agent to effectively lower hypertension. Which type of many medications should be used initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and various national guidelines.
1425:
The latest evidence does not have evidence of an effect due to discontinuing vs continuing medications used for treating elevated blood pressure or prevention of heart disease in older adults on all-case mortality and incidence of heart attack. The findings are based on low quality evidence
1399:
In 1883, Ringer discovered the involvement of calcium for cellular activity on isolated heart. Later in 1901, Stiles reported the same activity in muscle contraction. In the early 1940s, Kamada (from Japan) and
Heilbrunn (from the United States) noted how calcium was involved with muscle
272:
In the United States, the JNC8 (Eighth Joint
National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure) recommends thiazide-type diuretics to be one of the first-line drug treatments for hypertension, either as monotherapy or in combination with
962:
and its derivatives are also used in the treatment of severe hypertension, although they should be avoided in emergencies. They are no longer indicated as first-line therapy for high blood pressure due to side effects and safety concerns, but hydralazine remains a drug of choice in
110:
of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by
545:
4210:"Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention"
3473:"Evaluation of drug treatment in mild hypertension: VA-NHLBI feasibility trial. Plan and preliminary results of a two-year feasibility trial for a multicenter intervention study to evaluate the benefits versus the disadvantages of treating mild hypertension"
1351:
Race. JNC8 guidelines particularly point out that when used as monotherapy, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers have been found to be more effective in reducing blood pressure in black hypertensives than β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or
1294:
1143:
Considerations include factors such as age, race, and other medical conditions. In the United States, JNC8 (2014) recommends any drug from one of the four following classes to be a good choice as either initial therapy or as an add-on treatment:
3570:
Whelton PK, Williams B (November 2018). "The 2018 European
Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension and 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines: More Similar Than Different".
3334:
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. (May 2003). "The
Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report".
2455:
Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, et al. (June 2004). "Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial".
670:
In the VALUE trial, the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan produced a statistically significant 19% (p=0.02) relative increase in the prespecified secondary end point of myocardial infarction (fatal and non-fatal) compared with
2116:"Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)"
1400:
contractions. In 1964, calcium channel blockers were discovered in
Godfraind’s laboratory through the screening of coronary dilators, which showed how calcium was blocked from entering artery cells, resulting in vasorelaxation.
4054:
Würzner G, Gerster JC, Chiolero A, Maillard M, Fallab-Stubi CL, Brunner HR, et al. (October 2001). "Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and gout".
2161:"Clinical events in high-risk hypertensive patients randomly assigned to calcium channel blocker versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial"
427:
effect, non-dihydropyridine to dihydropyridine was 30 to −2. The anti-proteinuria effect of non-dihydropyridine is due to better selectivity during glomerular filtration and/or a lower perfusion rate through the renal system.
1166:
A subsequent smaller study (ANBP2) did not show the slight advantages in thiazide diuretic outcomes observed in the ALLHAT study, and actually showed slightly better outcomes for ACE-inhibitors in older white male patients.
920:
have significantly poorer endpoint outcomes than other antihypertensives, and are no longer recommended as a first-line choice in the treatment of hypertension. However, they may be useful for some men with symptoms of
3470:
Neurath Jr HM, Goldman AI, Lavin MA, Schnaper HW, Fitz AE, Frohlich ED, et al. (Veterans
Administration-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Group for Evaluating Treatment in Mild Hypertension) (1978).
1198:
or supplemental potassium. Some authors have challenged thiazides as first line treatment. However, as the Merck Manual of
Geriatrics notes, "thiazide-type diuretics are especially safe and effective in the elderly."
96:
Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important
1216:), an alpha-blocker or a beta-blocker. Prior to the demotion of beta-blockers as first line agents, the UK sequence of combination therapy used the first letter of the drug classes and was known as the "ABCD rule".
1202:
Current UK guidelines suggest starting patients over the age of 55 years and all those of African/Afrocaribbean ethnicity firstly on calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics, whilst younger patients of other
7052:
1329:. β-blockers and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should not be used in patients with heart block greater than first degree. JNC8 does not recommend β-blockers as initial therapy for hypertension.
1533:
Nelson MR, McNeil JJ, Peeters A, Reid CM, Krum H (June 2001). "PBS/RPBS cost implications of trends and guideline recommendations in the pharmacological management of hypertension in Australia, 1994-1998".
7273:
7182:
7209:
6878:
1170:
Thiazide diuretics are effective, recommended as the best first-line drug for hypertension, and are much more affordable than other therapies, yet they are not prescribed as often as some newer drugs.
905:
prevention of heart attacks in people who have already had a heart attack. In the United Kingdom, the June 2006 "Hypertension: Management of Hypertension in Adults in Primary Care" guideline of the
7082:
102:
endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2018, the best available
693:
ARBs happens to be the favorable alternative to ACE inhibitors if the hypertensive patients with the heart failure type of reduced ejection fraction treated with ACEis was intolerant of cough,
7048:
7044:
2253:
2114:
Furberg CD, Wright Jr JT, Davis BR, Cutler JA, Alderman M, Black H, et al. (The Allhat Officers And Coordinators For The Allhat Collaborative Research Group) (December 2002).
3078:"Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)"
6871:
2020:"Comparative effectiveness of renin-angiotensin system blockers and other antihypertensive drugs in patients with diabetes: systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis"
1426:
suggesting it may be safe to stop anti-hypertensive medications. However, older adults should not stop any of their medications without talking to a healthcare professional.
1675:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"
1229:
Age can affect the choice of medications. Current UK guidelines suggest starting patients over the age of 55 years first on calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics.
3615:
2200:
Borghi C, Soldati M, Bragagni A, Cicero AF (December 2020). "Safety implications of combining ACE inhibitors with thiazides for the treatment of hypertensive patients".
3702:
Murphy MB, Lewis PJ, Kohner E, Schumer B, Dollery CT (December 1982). "Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics; a fourteen-year follow-up".
3225:
6864:
7306:
6953:
5657:
7178:
7036:
6957:
2879:
Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O (29 Oct – 4 Nov 2005). "Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis".
1021:
Aldosterone receptor antagonists are not recommended as first-line agents for blood pressure, but spironolactone and eplerenone are both used in the treatment of
7205:
6974:
6145:
6937:
2596:"Can angiotensin II type 2 receptors have deleterious effects in cardiovascular disease? Implications for therapeutic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system"
667:. There is no consensus on whether ARBs have a tendency to increase MI, but there is also no substantive evidence to indicate that ARBs are able to reduce MI.
7290:
7226:
7090:
7086:
7078:
6992:
5551:
4631:
3820:
3051:
3018:
906:
4375:"Implementation of a novel shared decision-making intervention in women with chronic hypertension in pregnancy: multiple-site multiple-method investigation"
73:. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used medications are
729:(NE). Non-selective alpha-blockers generate a balance whereby alpha-2-blockers release NE to reduce the vasodilation effects induced by alpha-1-blockers.
3659:
Lewis PJ, Kohner EM, Petrie A, Dollery CT (March 1976). "Deterioration of glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients on prolonged diuretic treatment".
408:
The 8th Joint National Committee (JNC-8) recommends calcium channel blockers to be a first-line treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with
4599:
5608:
4154:"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report"
1033:
Central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha-receptors in the brain which open peripheral arteries easing blood flow. These
3047:
4007:"Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel"
2243:
2072:"Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial"
950:, a very potent, short-acting vasodilator, is most commonly used for the quick, temporary reduction of blood pressure in emergencies (such as
7395:
5650:
6725:
5789:
4184:
7385:
4621:
3813:
1633:
304:, are seldom prescribed as monotherapy. ENaC blocker medications need stronger public evidence for their blood pressure reducing effect.
5402:
3014:
540:
However, ACE inhibitors (and angiotensin II receptor antagonists) should not be a first-line treatment for black hypertensives without
5362:
1503:
7247:
1798:"Blood pressure lowering efficacy of potassium-sparing diuretics (that block the epithelial sodium channel) for primary hypertension"
7350:
7298:
5643:
1283:. ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be included in the treatment plan to improve kidney outcomes regardless of race or diabetic status.
1076:
Adverse effects of this class of drugs include sedation, drying of the nasal mucosa and rebound hypertension upon discontinuation.
725:
output release. Those that block beta-2-adrenergic receptors reduce blood pressure through increased relaxation of smooth muscle.
4339:
3796:
4423:
557:
290:
7452:
6822:
6296:
6172:
4975:
3221:
3166:
1993:
315:
block the entry of calcium into muscle cells in artery walls, resulting in the relaxation of muscle cells and vasodilation.
5262:
5255:
2678:"Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure"
6694:
6228:
1156:
296:
Medications that are classified as potassium-sparing diuretics which block the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), such as
282:
7156:
5005:
4868:
3520:"A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting--enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly"
594:
417:
86:
6856:
6548:
4629:
17:
5709:
7496:
7469:
6839:
6646:
6189:
41:(high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as
1387:
was discovered in 1957, but the first known instance of an effective antihypertensive treatment was in 1947 using
685:
As a consequence of AT1 blockade, ARBs increase angiotensin II levels several-fold above baseline by uncoupling a
7277:
6808:
6675:
5158:
4614:
690:
mediation of growth promotion, fibrosis, and hypertrophy, as well as proatherogenic and proinflammatory effects.
659:
examined the evidence for and against the suggestion that angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of
3249:"Eplerenone (Inspra), a new aldosterone antagonist for the treatment of systemic hypertension and heart failure"
7251:
7213:
7137:
7014:
6093:
5954:
3421:"Bosentan in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the focus on the mildly symptomatic patient"
5635:
2760:"Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension"
7367:
7346:
7302:
7065:
6944:
6070:
454:
3075:
7230:
7120:
6891:
6265:
5756:
4857:
4639:
1270:
979:
922:
6915:
5688:
1673:
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014).
5898:
5468:
2922:
Carlberg B, Samuelsson O, Lindholm LH (6–12 Nov 2004). "Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice?".
2375:"Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction: unraveling the ARB-MI paradox"
1362:
The JNC8 guidelines indicate reasons to choose one drug over the others for certain individual patients.
1034:
243:
4509:
Brown MJ (October 2009). "Success and failure of vaccines against renin-angiotensin system components".
4292:"In Utero Exposure to Antihypertensive Medication during the First Trimester: Is the Risk Worth Taking?"
1413:
Vaccinations are being trialed and may become a treatment option for high blood pressure in the future.
6534:
5118:
4607:
1195:
1187:
678:
The CHARM-alternative trial showed a significant +52% (p=0.025) increase in myocardial infarction with
664:
431:
Notable side effects of CCBs include edema, flushing in the face, headache, drowsiness, and dizziness.
1973:
1182:
Other medications have a role in treating hypertension. Adverse effects of thiazide diuretics include
6369:
3055:
6680:
6461:
6373:
1445:
1441:
1191:
1148:
964:
940:
of arteries to relax their walls so blood can move more easily through them; they are only used in
526:
274:
1796:
Heran BS, Chen JM, Wang JJ, Wright JM, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (November 2012).
7457:
6827:
6221:
6177:
5173:
4851:
4702:
4249:
Pietropaoli D, Del Pinto R, Ferri C, Wright JT, Giannoni M, Ortu E, et al. (December 2018).
312:
103:
78:
54:
4153:
1627:"Hypertension: Management of hypertension in adults in primary care | Guidance | NICE"
1460:"Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy"
1236:
can affect the choice of medication, the target blood pressure and even whether to treat or not.
7269:
7113:
7040:
7032:
6538:
6457:
6250:
6097:
5210:
4965:
3519:
3076:
ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (September 2003).
2070:
Wright JT, Bakris G, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Appel LJ, Charleston J, et al. (November 2002).
1280:
951:
941:
702:
541:
534:
210:
70:
3824:
1626:
7243:
7010:
6970:
6887:
6576:
6378:
6292:
5870:
4895:
4831:
4676:
1933:"Differential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy progression"
660:
46:
3022:
2717:
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, et al. (September 2016).
7421:
7342:
7314:
7294:
6606:
6127:
5847:
5814:
4970:
4950:
4819:
2967:"beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis"
1511:
1264:
1233:
1183:
947:
602:
107:
4152:
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. (May 2003).
8:
7310:
6422:
6392:
6061:
5579:
5315:
5101:
4880:
4707:
4373:
Whybrow R, Sandall J, Girling J, Brown H, Seed PT, Green M, et al. (December 2022).
3518:
Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL, et al. (February 2003).
2637:"The continuing saga of the AT2 receptor: a case of the good, the bad, and the innocuous"
1906:. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012.
1345:
1260:
598:
193:
184:
127:
3899:"A practical approach to the pharmacological management of hypertension in older people"
3634:
1822:
1797:
1547:
1417:
was only moderately successful in studies, but similar vaccines are being investigated.
6886:
6768:
6447:
6427:
6214:
5843:
5613:
5478:
5337:
4791:
4581:
4556:
4534:
4486:
4459:
4404:
4355:
4321:
4129:
4104:
4080:
4031:
4006:
3987:
3974:
3947:
3923:
3898:
3770:
3727:
3684:
3596:
3500:
3488:
3447:
3420:
3396:
3371:
3273:
3248:
3094:
3077:
2947:
2904:
2784:
2759:
2653:
2636:
2612:
2595:
2535:
2491:
2301:
2276:
2225:
2177:
2160:
2044:
2019:
1876:
1851:
1732:
1716:"Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review"
1715:
1603:
1578:
1559:
1303:. The ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to prevent the
1176:
1087:
4267:
4250:
4226:
4209:
4208:
Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Gore J, Izzo JL, et al. (May 2007).
3874:
3849:
3758:
3715:
3672:
3185:
Varon J, Marik PE (July 2000). "The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises".
2935:
2892:
2523:
2469:
2432:
2415:
2391:
2374:
2350:
2325:
1365:
6762:
6736:
5619:
5574:
5357:
5347:
5250:
5080:
5036:
5020:
4824:
4814:
4757:
4747:
4586:
4526:
4491:
4408:
4396:
4359:
4325:
4313:
4290:
Papadopoulou Z, Tsialiou TM, Styanidou FE, Kavvadas D, Papamitsou T (December 2021).
4272:
4231:
4176:
4134:
4072:
4068:
4036:
3991:
3979:
3928:
3879:
3788:
3762:
3719:
3676:
3588:
3552:
3492:
3452:
3401:
3352:
3305:
3278:
3202:
3162:
3126:
3099:
2996:
2991:
2966:
2939:
2896:
2855:
2816:
2789:
2740:
2699:
2658:
2617:
2576:
2527:
2483:
2437:
2396:
2355:
2306:
2229:
2217:
2182:
2137:
2093:
2049:
1989:
1985:
1954:
1949:
1932:
1907:
1881:
1867:
1827:
1778:
1737:
1696:
1608:
1563:
1551:
1481:
1300:
1042:
955:
686:
553:
286:
98:
74:
4555:
Reeve E, Jordan V, Thompson W, Sawan M, Todd A, Gammie TM, et al. (June 2020).
4434:
4084:
3774:
3731:
3688:
3600:
3504:
2951:
2908:
2495:
1295:
Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia (MATCH-D)
1079:
Some indirect anti-adrenergics are rarely used in treatment-resistant hypertension:
141:
help the kidneys eliminate excess salt and water from the body's tissues and blood.
6638:
6437:
6407:
5692:
5584:
5407:
5332:
5320:
5245:
5111:
4990:
4779:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4518:
4481:
4471:
4386:
4347:
4303:
4262:
4221:
4168:
4124:
4116:
4064:
4026:
4018:
3969:
3959:
3918:
3910:
3869:
3861:
3754:
3711:
3668:
3580:
3542:
3534:
3484:
3442:
3432:
3391:
3383:
3344:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3194:
3089:
2986:
2978:
2931:
2888:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2730:
2689:
2648:
2607:
2571:
2566:
2554:
2539:
2519:
2473:
2465:
2427:
2386:
2345:
2337:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2209:
2172:
2127:
2083:
2039:
2031:
1981:
1944:
1871:
1863:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1768:
1727:
1686:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1543:
1471:
1194:. The thiazide diuretics also deplete circulating potassium unless combined with a
1127:
841:
533:. As such, ACE inhibitors should be the drug treatment of choice for patients with
198:
5051:
3616:"Which Thiazide-Type Diuretic Should be First-Line in Patients with Hypertension?"
2213:
7325:
6684:
6642:
6269:
5983:
5624:
5569:
5438:
5433:
5272:
5205:
5200:
5086:
5032:
4873:
4764:
4717:
4538:
4391:
4374:
3372:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications"
2735:
2718:
991:
983:
910:
522:
462:
319:
156:
2694:
2677:
2018:
Wu HY, Huang JW, Lin HJ, Liao WC, Peng YS, Hung KY, et al. (October 2013).
7463:
6833:
6731:
6591:
6402:
6320:
6255:
6183:
5934:
5916:
5665:
5603:
5503:
5498:
5352:
5342:
5292:
5277:
5267:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5091:
5063:
5015:
5010:
4742:
4697:
4693:
4351:
3865:
3297:
3153:
Brunton L, Parker K, Blumenthal D, Buxton I (2007). "Therapy of hypertension".
3118:
2847:
2808:
2156:
1899:
1384:
1209:
1171:
1152:
1015:
826:
278:
259:
221:
188:
50:
4522:
4433:(Second ed.). New York: Raven Press, Ltd. pp. 2741–5. Archived from
3387:
2982:
2341:
1773:
1756:
7490:
6904:
6773:
6470:
6412:
6350:
6288:
6278:
6030:
5944:
5855:
5683:
5666:
5535:
5508:
5367:
5185:
5096:
5076:
5072:
4935:
4863:
4752:
4667:
4476:
4172:
4005:
Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C (October 2016).
3914:
3348:
2416:"Angiotensin receptor blockers do not increase risk of myocardial infarction"
2132:
2115:
2088:
2071:
1924:
1691:
1674:
1332:
1290:
1274:
1097:
1038:
1022:
937:
917:
815:
663:(heart attack). The matter was debated in 2006 in the medical journal of the
530:
450:
413:
360:
355:
145:
82:
62:
4308:
4291:
3584:
3198:
2555:"How to explain the differences between renin angiotensin system modulators"
7380:
7106:
6895:
6616:
6585:
6515:
6442:
6241:
6115:
6038:
5924:
5860:
5794:
5774:
5674:
5493:
5412:
5148:
5106:
4940:
4930:
4846:
4841:
4590:
4530:
4495:
4400:
4317:
4276:
4235:
4180:
4138:
4076:
4040:
3983:
3932:
3883:
3766:
3592:
3556:
3456:
3405:
3356:
3309:
3282:
3206:
3130:
3103:
3000:
2943:
2900:
2859:
2820:
2793:
2744:
2662:
2621:
2580:
2531:
2487:
2441:
2400:
2359:
2310:
2221:
2186:
2141:
2097:
2053:
1958:
1911:
1885:
1831:
1782:
1741:
1700:
1612:
1555:
1485:
1414:
1320:
1249:
1204:
1093:
1083:
994:
which has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of hypertension.
896:
831:
733:
698:
568:
509:
385:
203:
90:
38:
4251:"Poor Oral Health and Blood Pressure Control Among US Hypertensive Adults"
4120:
3964:
3723:
3472:
2703:
1317:
may be worsened by thiazide diuretics, while losartan reduces serum urate.
7390:
7262:
7171:
7025:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6758:
6566:
6485:
6475:
6330:
6153:
6141:
5929:
5865:
5828:
5784:
5764:
5746:
5736:
5377:
5287:
5027:
4980:
4925:
4808:
4774:
3745:
Messerli FH, Williams B, Ritz E (August 2007). "Essential hypertension".
3538:
3496:
3158:
2248:
1326:
1002:
959:
933:
803:
717:
679:
639:
614:
494:
458:
424:
380:
365:
340:
335:
330:
301:
254:
3946:
Tatu AL, Elisei AM, Chioncel V, Miulescu M, Nwabudike LC (August 2019).
3680:
2478:
1904:
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
7438:
7414:
7405:
7371:
7257:
7236:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7166:
7130:
7125:
7101:
7003:
6980:
6963:
6930:
6925:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6622:
6601:
6510:
6495:
6490:
6432:
6355:
6345:
6335:
6315:
6305:
6149:
6123:
6083:
6078:
6015:
6000:
5962:
5833:
5823:
5741:
5731:
5555:
5526:
5484:
5453:
5448:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5310:
5296:
5236:
5191:
5139:
5059:
5055:
4996:
4956:
4911:
4907:
4797:
4733:
4683:
4648:
4644:
3437:
1388:
1213:
1123:
1086: – replaces norepinephrine in vesicles, decreasing its
1070:
1065:
1060:
1010:
978:
comes one level higher than angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the
876:
871:
856:
793:
788:
773:
763:
748:
738:
694:
672:
649:
634:
624:
619:
609:
572:
514:
484:
479:
375:
370:
350:
345:
325:
264:
226:
216:
161:
151:
34:
4022:
2669:
2035:
909:, downgraded the role of beta-blockers due to their risk of provoking
457:(ACE), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I into
123:
7356:
7335:
7283:
7146:
7096:
7058:
7020:
6998:
6949:
6920:
6715:
6596:
6556:
6505:
6500:
6480:
6417:
6340:
6310:
6131:
6005:
5995:
5939:
5906:
5799:
5779:
5769:
5726:
5721:
5463:
5443:
5417:
5392:
5327:
5305:
5133:
5046:
4920:
4289:
3547:
1931:
Bakris GL, Weir MR, Secic M, Campbell B, Weis-McNulty A (June 2004).
1339:
1256:
1103:
1055:
1050:
987:
944:
or when other drugs have failed, and even so are rarely given alone.
886:
881:
851:
836:
821:
783:
768:
758:
753:
644:
587:
564:
499:
489:
474:
469:
443:
439:
400:
395:
297:
249:
236:
179:
166:
3015:"Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care"
1476:
1459:
7219:
7071:
6985:
6777:
6660:
6655:
6561:
6520:
6397:
6387:
6365:
6325:
6237:
6119:
6020:
6010:
5804:
5564:
5428:
5424:
5397:
4836:
4769:
4688:
2965:
Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (June 1999).
1366:
Antihypertensive Medication during the First Trimester of Pregnancy
1286:
1144:
1119:
901:
861:
846:
798:
743:
629:
549:
504:
409:
231:
173:
138:
131:
58:
6206:
1126:
receptors. It is specifically indicated only for the treatment of
6754:
5540:
5458:
5123:
4890:
4712:
4662:
3789:"Section 11. Cardiovascular Disorders – Chapter 85. Hypertension"
1239:
808:
778:
4097:
Worcester EM, Coe FL: Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones"
1714:
Zillich AJ, Garg J, Basu S, Bakris GL, Carter BL (August 2006).
1130:
hypertension in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.
5222:
4885:
4248:
1355:
1308:
1304:
1245:
42:
4053:
3469:
3155:
Goodman & Gilman's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2244:"High blood pressure (hypertension) - Uses for ACE inhibitors"
713:
571:, fatigue, dizziness, headaches, loss of taste and a risk for
5522:
5232:
4727:
3152:
975:
521:
inhibitors are more effective at slowing down the decline of
66:
53:
by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of
4340:"Decision aid helps pregnant women with high blood pressure"
3897:
Parekh N, Page A, Ali K, Davies K, Rajkumar C (April 2017).
1577:
Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R (April 2018). Wright JM (ed.).
583:
6665:
5226:
4151:
4004:
3333:
2964:
2676:
Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB, Cohn JN (August 1991).
2199:
2113:
1314:
1107:
112:
4372:
4207:
3948:"Immunologic adverse reactions of β-blockers and the skin"
3945:
2921:
2878:
2454:
2154:
2326:"Angiotensin receptor blockers and myocardial infarction"
1248:
have been reported to have worsening symptoms when using
656:
4554:
4431:
Hyperlension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
3701:
3658:
3369:
2716:
2508:
2069:
1757:"Trends in antihypertensive drug advertising, 1985-1996"
1672:
1323:
may be improved with the use of thiazide-type diuretics
682:(versus placebo) despite a reduction in blood pressure.
4460:"Discovery and Development of Calcium Channel Blockers"
1930:
1532:
1028:
4557:"Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in older people"
4424:"Historical Development of Antihypertensive Treatment"
3850:"Treatment of hypertension in the UK: simple as ABCD?"
1980:(Second ed.). New York: Elsevier. pp. 9–11.
1348:
could mitigate the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.
1122:
belongs to a new class of drugs and works by blocking
578:
4632:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3821:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
3052:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
3019:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
1713:
907:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
720:, the first beta-blocker to be successfully developed
3744:
3295:
3048:"NICE and BHS launch updated hypertension guideline"
1754:
3896:
3222:"Direct Renin Inhibitors as Antihypertensive Drugs"
2274:
1795:
3517:
2675:
997:
708:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2710:
7488:
1755:Wang TJ, Ausiello JC, Stafford RS (April 1999).
1576:
1114:
27:Class of drugs used to treat high blood pressure
3569:
3304:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3125:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2854:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2815:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2413:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1133:
986:can therefore effectively reduce hypertension.
563:Notable side effects of ACE inhibitors include
6098:
4444:
3418:
3370:Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015).
2845:
2832:
2155:Leenen FH, Nwachuku CE, Black HR, Cushman WC,
2017:
1242:may be improved with the use of beta blockers.
6872:
6222:
5651:
4615:
4550:
4548:
2757:
1457:
1106: – indirect via irreversible
6031:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
4630:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
4145:
4102:
3841:
2872:
2323:
2159:, Simpson LM, et al. (September 2006).
1838:
1179:, a common cause of secondary hypertension.
420:for all patients regardless of age or race.
4561:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3814:"CG34 Hypertension – quick reference guide"
3632:
3116:
2764:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2634:
2372:
1802:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1583:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1504:"Drug treatment of elevated blood pressure"
307:
6879:
6865:
6229:
6215:
5658:
5644:
4622:
4608:
4545:
4105:"Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones"
3808:
3806:
3477:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3184:
3148:
3146:
2758:Li EC, Heran BS, Wright JM (August 2014).
2275:Barreras A, Gurk-Turner C (January 2003).
1849:
1408:
106:favors low-dose thiazide diuretics as the
49:. Evidence suggests that reduction of the
4580:
4485:
4475:
4457:
4390:
4307:
4266:
4225:
4128:
4030:
3973:
3963:
3922:
3873:
3620:University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
3546:
3446:
3436:
3395:
3272:
3093:
2990:
2806:
2783:
2734:
2693:
2652:
2628:
2611:
2570:
2477:
2431:
2390:
2349:
2300:
2176:
2131:
2109:
2107:
2087:
2043:
1948:
1875:
1821:
1772:
1731:
1690:
1602:
1475:
1444:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
57:by 21%, and can reduce the likelihood of
3854:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3847:
3180:
3178:
2915:
1748:
712:
582:
438:
122:
115:in the UK for those under 55 years old.
7053:+bisoprolol, amlodipine, and indapamide
4103:Worcester EM, Coe FL (September 2010).
3803:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3296:Patibandla S, Heaton J, Kyaw H (2024).
3143:
2502:
2448:
2414:Tsuyuki RT, McDonald MA (August 2006).
2065:
2063:
1971:
1570:
1497:
1495:
1421:Anti-hypertensive drugs in older people
900:certain specific beta-blockers such as
590:, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist
558:ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations
537:regardless of race or diabetic status.
291:ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations
14:
7489:
5609:Pharmacological classification systems
4976:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
3613:
3419:Valerio CJ, Coghlan JG (August 2009).
2587:
2104:
1707:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
6860:
6210:
5639:
5256:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4603:
4508:
4421:
3952:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
3511:
3246:
3228:from the original on 21 February 2014
3219:
3175:
3069:
3045:
2407:
2366:
2013:
2011:
1850:Elliott WJ, Ram CV (September 2011).
1526:
1358:may warrant the use of beta blockers.
3639:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
3322:
2958:
2593:
2552:
2546:
2324:Verma S, Strauss M (November 2004).
2317:
2060:
1492:
1293:antihypertensives, according to the
1255:Beta blockers can trigger or worsen
1029:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
45:, heart failure, kidney failure and
6236:
4869:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
4429:. In Laragh JM, Brenner BM (eds.).
4109:The New England Journal of Medicine
3903:Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety
3527:The New England Journal of Medicine
3425:Vascular Health and Risk Management
2682:The New England Journal of Medicine
2373:Strauss MH, Hall AS (August 2006).
1651:
1579:"First-line drugs for hypertension"
1548:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143436.x
1395:History of Calcium Channel Blockers
1311:complications of diabetes mellitus.
1273:may be improved with the use of an
1157:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
970:
595:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
579:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
418:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
283:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
87:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
24:
3633:Oiseth S, Jones L, Maza E (eds.).
3489:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb25604.x
3095:10.1161/01.HYP.0000086521.95630.5A
2654:10.1161/01.HYP.0000193498.07087.83
2613:10.1161/01.CIR.0000096609.73772.C5
2277:"Angiotensin II receptor blockers"
2178:10.1161/01.HYP.0000231662.77359.de
2008:
1733:10.1161/01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa
1501:
1219:
1190:with increased risk of developing
25:
7508:
4268:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11528
4227:10.1161/circulationaha.107.183885
2433:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594978
2392:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594986
916:Despite lowering blood pressure,
434:
5618:
5598:
5597:
4069:10.1097/00004872-200110000-00021
3799:from the original on 2009-01-23.
2635:Reudelhuber TL (December 2005).
2559:American Journal of Hypertension
1950:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00620.x
1868:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00513.x
1856:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
1536:The Medical Journal of Australia
1458:Law M, Wald N, Morris J (2003).
446:, the prototypical ACE inhibitor
6809:Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene
6676:Vasopressin receptor inhibitors
6094:Endothelin receptor antagonists
5955:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
5006:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
4502:
4415:
4366:
4332:
4283:
4242:
4201:
4190:from the original on 2013-02-16
4091:
4047:
3998:
3939:
3890:
3781:
3738:
3695:
3652:
3626:
3607:
3563:
3463:
3412:
3363:
3289:
3240:
3213:
3110:
3039:
3007:
2800:
2751:
2268:
2256:from the original on 2016-08-01
2236:
2193:
2148:
1965:
1892:
1789:
1639:from the original on 2012-01-07
998:Aldosterone receptor antagonist
928:
709:Adrenergic receptor antagonists
6103:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
6071:Serotonin receptor antagonists
4573:10.1002/14651858.cd012572.pub2
3823:. 28 June 2006. Archived from
3265:10.1080/08998280.2004.11927973
2846:Nachawati D, Patel JB (2023).
2776:10.1002/14651858.CD009096.pub2
2572:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.05.005
2293:10.1080/08998280.2003.11927893
1986:10.1016/b0-12-369400-0/00006-5
1814:10.1002/14651858.CD008167.pub3
1619:
1595:10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3
1451:
1435:
569:high blood levels of potassium
13:
1:
5988:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
5757:Adrenergic release inhibitors
5714:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
4758:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3759:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61299-9
3716:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91506-9
3673:10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90359-7
2936:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17355-8
2893:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67573-3
2524:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5
2470:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16451-9
2214:10.1080/14740338.2020.1836151
2202:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
1510:(33): 108–112. Archived from
1429:
1115:Endothelium receptor blockers
990:(developed by Novartis) is a
868:Mixed Alpha + Beta blockers:
455:angiotensin-converting enzyme
5899:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
5469:Wakefulness-promoting agents
4392:10.1016/j.preghy.2022.09.007
3848:Williams B (November 2003).
2736:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000435
1464:Health Technology Assessment
1271:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
1134:Choice of initial medication
1025:and resistant hypertension.
118:
7:
3220:Mehta A (January 1, 2011).
3117:Hariri L, Patel JB (2024).
2695:10.1056/nejm199108013250501
2265:Page updated: June 29, 2016
1972:Spiller HA (January 2005).
1403:
655:In 2004, an article in the
244:Potassium-sparing diuretics
10:
7513:
7049:+bisoprolol and amlodipine
7045:+amlodipine and indapamide
5119:Intravenous immunoglobulin
4511:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
4458:Godfraind T (2017-05-29).
4352:10.3310/nihrevidence_56796
3866:10.1177/014107680309601101
3793:Merck Manual of Geriatrics
2553:Levy BI (September 2005).
1978:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
1900:"Calcium Channel Blockers"
1852:"Calcium channel blockers"
1374:
1196:potassium-sparing diuretic
1188:impaired glucose tolerance
665:American Heart Association
7447:
7431:
7404:
7365:
7324:
7155:
6903:
6817:
6801:
6747:
6674:
6637:
6575:
6547:
6533:
6456:
6364:
6287:
6264:
6249:
6167:
6092:
6069:
6059:
6029:
5982:
5975:
5953:
5915:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5842:
5813:
5755:
5708:
5701:
5682:
5593:
5549:
5521:
5477:
5286:
5221:
5184:
5132:
5045:
4989:
4949:
4906:
4790:
4726:
4638:
4523:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.156
4464:Frontiers in Pharmacology
4011:Internal Medicine Journal
3388:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
2983:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730
2342:10.1136/bmj.329.7477.1248
1774:10.1161/01.CIR.99.15.2055
6945:Dicarboxylate-containing
6892:renin–angiotensin system
5174:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4858:renin–angiotensin system
4852:Calcium channel blockers
4477:10.3389/fphar.2017.00286
4173:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560
3915:10.1177/2042098616682721
3614:Watson K (18 May 2016).
3349:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560
2807:Farzam K, Jan A (2023),
2594:Lévy BI (January 2004).
2133:10.1001/jama.288.23.2981
2089:10.1001/jama.288.19.2421
1692:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
1446:Medical Subject Headings
1192:diabetes mellitus type 2
1149:calcium channel blockers
980:renin–angiotensin system
965:gestational hypertension
942:hypertensive emergencies
527:calcium channel blockers
453:inhibit the activity of
423:The ratio of CCBs' anti-
313:Calcium channel blockers
308:Calcium channel blockers
275:calcium channel blockers
79:calcium channel blockers
7497:Antihypertensive agents
6577:Aldosterone antagonists
4309:10.5644/ama2006-124.356
4101:2010;363(10) 954-963.
4057:Journal of Hypertension
3585:10.1001/jama.2018.16755
3199:10.1378/chest.118.1.214
1442:Antihypertensive+Agents
1409:Blood pressure vaccines
1208:further diuretic (e.g.
285:. There are fixed-dose
211:Thiazide-like diuretics
55:ischaemic heart disease
37:that are used to treat
7121:Phosphonate-containing
6888:Antihypertensive drugs
5669:(and closely related)
4966:Hormonal contraception
4896:Bile acid sequestrants
4677:Proton-pump inhibitors
4640:gastrointestinal tract
4379:Pregnancy Hypertension
3247:Craft J (April 2004).
3046:Ladva S (2006-06-28).
1281:Chronic kidney disease
952:malignant hypertension
721:
703:chronic kidney disease
591:
542:chronic kidney disease
535:chronic kidney disease
447:
392:non-dihydropyridines:
135:
71:cardiovascular disease
6916:Sulfhydryl-containing
5848:nicotinic antagonists
4296:Acta Medica Academica
4121:10.1056/NEJMcp1001011
3965:10.3892/etm.2019.7504
2565:(9 Pt 2): 134S–141S.
1976:. In Wexler P (ed.).
1508:Australian Prescriber
716:
661:myocardial infarction
603:angiotensin receptors
586:
442:
126:
47:myocardial infarction
6802:Combination products
6607:Potassium canrenoate
5815:Imidazoline receptor
5575:Radiopharmaceuticals
5363:Antiparkinson agents
4346:. 15 February 2023.
3635:"Hyperaldosteronism"
3539:10.1056/NEJMoa021716
1937:Kidney International
1380:History of Thiazides
1265:rheumatoid arthritis
1184:hypercholesterolemia
1100:and ganglion blocker
948:Sodium nitroprusside
936:act directly on the
108:first-line treatment
7351:+amlodipine and HCT
7299:+amlodipine and HCT
7274:+amlodipine and HCT
7248:+amlodipine and HCT
7210:+amlodipine and HCT
7183:+amlodipine and HCT
7083:+amlodipine and HCT
6769:mercurial diuretics
6423:Hydrochlorothiazide
6393:Bendroflumethiazide
5358:Antimigraine agents
5348:Antidementia agents
5251:Anti-inflammatories
4941:Medicated dressings
4881:Antihyperlipidemics
4708:Diabetes medication
3376:Anesthesia Progress
3161:. pp. 544–60.
1391:, an antimalarial.
1346:Periodontal disease
1287:Late-stage dementia
1261:psoriatic arthritis
1096: –
544:. Results from the
194:bendroflumethiazide
185:hydrochlorothiazide
128:Hydrochlorothiazide
7474:Never to phase III
6844:Never to phase III
6448:Trichlormethiazide
6428:Hydroflumethiazide
6194:Never to phase III
5211:Immunosuppressants
5081:Antimycobacterials
5037:Antithyroid agents
5021:Mineralocorticoids
4825:Cardiac stimulants
4815:Cardiac glycosides
4807:cardiac therapy /
4703:Anti-obesity drugs
3438:10.2147/VHRM.S4713
1177:hyperaldosteronism
722:
601:the activation of
592:
548:trial showed that
448:
136:
75:thiazide diuretics
7484:
7483:
6854:
6853:
6737:Lithium carbonate
6639:Osmotic diuretics
6633:
6632:
6535:Potassium-sparing
6529:
6528:
6204:
6203:
6163:
6162:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
5971:
5970:
5879:
5878:
5844:Ganglion-blocking
5671:antihypertensives
5633:
5632:
5536:Ophthalmologicals
5246:Anabolic steroids
5149:Anticancer agents
5112:Ectoparasiticides
4832:Antihypertensives
4780:Antifibrinolytics
4422:Freis ED (1995).
4063:(10): 1855–1860.
4023:10.1111/imj.13215
4017:(10): 1189–1197.
3753:(9587): 591–603.
3579:(17): 1749–1750.
3168:978-0-07-144343-2
2887:(9496): 1545–53.
2464:(9426): 2022–31.
2208:(12): 1577–1583.
2036:10.1136/bmj.f6008
1995:978-0-12-369400-3
1514:on 26 August 2010
1301:Diabetes mellitus
1147:-type diuretics,
1043:negative feedback
1035:alpha 2 receptors
956:aortic dissection
687:negative-feedback
554:combination drugs
412:-type diuretics,
287:combination drugs
31:Antihypertensives
18:Antihypertensives
16:(Redirected from
7504:
7419:
7340:
7326:Renin inhibitors
7288:
7267:
7241:
7224:
7203:
7176:
7144:Other/ungrouped:
7135:
7111:
7076:
7063:
7030:
7008:
6990:
6968:
6935:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6858:
6857:
6545:
6544:
6438:Methyclothiazide
6408:Cyclopenthiazide
6262:
6261:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6208:
6207:
6104:
6100:
6067:
6066:
5980:
5979:
5895:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5706:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5693:vasoconstriction
5660:
5653:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5622:
5601:
5600:
5585:Senotherapeutics
5439:Neuroprotectives
5434:Mood stabilizers
5333:Anti-ADHD agents
5273:Muscle relaxants
5206:Immunostimulants
5201:Immunomodulators
5033:Thyroid hormones
4971:Fertility agents
4874:Renin inhibitors
4765:Antihemorrhagics
4732:forming organs (
4718:Dietary minerals
4624:
4617:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4394:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4311:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4261:(6): 1365–1373.
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4158:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3977:
3967:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:on 13 March 2009
3829:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3710:(8311): 1293–5.
3699:
3693:
3692:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3298:"Spironolactone"
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3054:. Archived from
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3021:. Archived from
3011:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2977:(7200): 1730–7.
2962:
2956:
2955:
2930:(9446): 1684–9.
2919:
2913:
2912:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2848:"Alpha-Blockers"
2843:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2336:(7477): 1248–9.
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1974:"ACE Inhibitors"
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1943:(6): 1991–2002.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1670:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1632:. 28 June 2006.
1631:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1289:should consider
1128:pulmonary artery
984:Renin inhibitors
971:Renin inhibitors
923:prostate disease
842:phenoxybenzamine
320:dihydropyridines
199:methyclothiazide
21:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7479:
7464:Clinical trials
7443:
7427:
7417:
7400:
7361:
7338:
7328:
7320:
7286:
7265:
7239:
7222:
7201:
7174:
7159:
7151:
7133:
7109:
7074:
7061:
7028:
7006:
6988:
6966:
6933:
6907:
6899:
6885:
6855:
6850:
6849:
6834:Clinical trials
6813:
6797:
6743:
6678:
6670:
6629:
6571:
6525:
6452:
6379:Calcium-sparing
6377:
6360:
6283:
6253:
6245:
6235:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6184:Clinical trials
6159:
6102:
6088:
6043:
6025:
5987:
5967:
5949:
5917:VMAT inhibitors
5911:
5875:
5838:
5809:
5751:
5713:
5691:
5686:
5678:
5664:
5634:
5629:
5625:Medicine portal
5589:
5545:
5517:
5512:
5504:Cough medicines
5499:Bronchodilators
5480:
5473:
5353:Antidepressants
5343:Anticonvulsants
5291:
5282:
5278:Bisphosphonates
5268:Corticosteroids
5230:
5217:
5189:
5180:
5164:Spindle poisons
5154:Antimetabolites
5137:
5128:
5050:
5041:
5016:Glucocorticoids
5011:Corticosteroids
4992:
4985:
4952:
4945:
4902:
4820:Antiarrhythmics
4793:
4786:
4743:Antithrombotics
4731:
4722:
4698:Antipropulsives
4694:Antidiarrhoeals
4671:
4642:
4634:
4628:
4598:
4567:(6): CD012572.
4553:
4546:
4507:
4503:
4456:
4445:
4437:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4371:
4367:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4288:
4284:
4247:
4243:
4220:(21): 2761–88.
4206:
4202:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4167:(19): 2560–72.
4156:
4150:
4146:
4096:
4092:
4052:
4048:
4003:
3999:
3944:
3940:
3895:
3891:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3743:
3739:
3700:
3696:
3667:(7959): 564–6.
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3631:
3627:
3612:
3608:
3568:
3564:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3468:
3464:
3417:
3413:
3368:
3364:
3343:(19): 2560–72.
3332:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3294:
3290:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3218:
3214:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3115:
3111:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2963:
2959:
2920:
2916:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2844:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2809:"Beta Blockers"
2805:
2801:
2770:(8): CD009096.
2756:
2752:
2729:(13): e282-93.
2715:
2711:
2674:
2670:
2633:
2629:
2592:
2588:
2551:
2547:
2518:(9386): 772–6.
2507:
2503:
2453:
2449:
2412:
2408:
2371:
2367:
2322:
2318:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2198:
2194:
2153:
2149:
2126:(23): 2981–97.
2112:
2105:
2082:(19): 2421–31.
2068:
2061:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1970:
1966:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1848:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1753:
1749:
1712:
1708:
1671:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1589:(4): CD001841.
1575:
1571:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1493:
1477:10.3310/hta7310
1456:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1411:
1406:
1377:
1368:
1234:multi-morbidity
1222:
1220:Patient factors
1136:
1117:
1031:
1000:
992:renin inhibitor
973:
931:
911:type 2 diabetes
711:
581:
523:kidney function
463:vasoconstrictor
437:
310:
157:ethacrynic acid
121:
33:are a class of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7510:
7500:
7499:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7411:
7409:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7332:
7330:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7307:+lercanidipine
7281:
7260:
7255:
7234:
7217:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7169:
7163:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7141:
7128:
7117:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7069:
7056:
7023:
7018:
7001:
6996:
6983:
6978:
6961:
6954:+lercanidipine
6941:
6928:
6923:
6911:
6909:
6905:ACE inhibitors
6901:
6900:
6890:acting on the
6884:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6765:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6732:Demeclocycline
6721:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6690:
6688:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6592:Spironolactone
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6542:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6458:Thiazide-likes
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6403:Chlorothiazide
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6321:Etacrynic acid
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6259:
6256:etacrynic acid
6247:
6246:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6135:
6108:
6106:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5935:Methoserpidine
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5703:
5696:
5684:Sympatholytics
5680:
5679:
5663:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5570:Contrast media
5567:
5561:
5559:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5523:sensory organs
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5368:Antipsychotics
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Antiaddictives
5335:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5293:nervous system
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5263:Antirheumatics
5260:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5197:
5195:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5169:Antineoplastic
5166:
5161:
5156:
5145:
5143:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Antiprotozoals
5097:Antiparasitics
5094:
5089:
5084:
5077:Antibacterials
5073:Antimicrobials
5069:
5067:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4936:Antipsoriatics
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:ACE inhibitors
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4803:
4801:
4792:cardiovascular
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4753:Anticoagulants
4750:
4739:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4654:
4652:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4597:
4596:
4544:
4517:(10): 639–47.
4501:
4443:
4440:on 2017-02-22.
4414:
4365:
4331:
4302:(3): 372–381.
4282:
4241:
4200:
4144:
4115:(10): 954–63.
4090:
4046:
3997:
3958:(2): 955–959.
3938:
3909:(4): 117–132.
3889:
3840:
3802:
3780:
3737:
3694:
3651:
3625:
3606:
3562:
3510:
3462:
3411:
3362:
3321:
3288:
3259:(2): 217–220.
3239:
3212:
3174:
3167:
3142:
3119:"Vasodilators"
3109:
3068:
3038:
3006:
2957:
2914:
2871:
2831:
2799:
2750:
2709:
2688:(5): 293–302.
2668:
2627:
2586:
2545:
2501:
2447:
2406:
2365:
2316:
2287:(1): 123–126.
2267:
2235:
2192:
2147:
2103:
2059:
2007:
1994:
1964:
1923:
1891:
1862:(9): 687–689.
1837:
1788:
1767:(15): 2055–7.
1747:
1706:
1650:
1618:
1569:
1525:
1491:
1450:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1385:Chlorothiazide
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1298:
1284:
1278:
1268:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1210:spironolactone
1172:Chlorthalidone
1153:ACE inhibitors
1135:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1041:which provide
1030:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1016:spironolactone
1013:
999:
996:
972:
969:
930:
927:
918:alpha blockers
893:
892:
891:
890:
884:
879:
874:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
827:chlorpromazine
824:
816:Alpha blockers
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
710:
707:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
580:
577:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
451:ACE inhibitors
436:
435:ACE inhibitors
433:
414:ACE inhibitors
406:
405:
404:
403:
398:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
309:
306:
279:ACE inhibitors
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
260:spironolactone
257:
252:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
222:chlorthalidone
219:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
189:chlorothiazide
182:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:Loop diuretics
120:
117:
83:ACE inhibitors
51:blood pressure
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7509:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6958:+nitrendipine
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6870:
6868:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6774:Chlormerodrin
6771:
6770:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6586:Spirolactones
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:Chlortalidone
6469:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6413:Cyclothiazide
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:Tienilic acid
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6279:Acetazolamide
6277:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6266:CA inhibitors
6263:
6260:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6058:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5945:Syrosingopine
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:Hexamethonium
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5667:Sympatholytic
5661:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Decongestants
5492:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:Dissociatives
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5403:Hallucinogens
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:Anthelmintics
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:genitourinary
4948:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Antipruritics
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:Beta blockers
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Antiplatelets
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:NIHR Evidence
4341:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:(11): 521–2.
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3795:. July 2005.
3794:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:(7): 583–92.
3532:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:(1): 214–27.
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3088:(3): 239–46.
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3058:on 2007-09-29
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3028:on 2007-02-16
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2647:(6): 1261–2.
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2426:(8): 855–60.
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2385:(8): 838–54.
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2171:(3): 374–84.
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1726:(2): 219–24.
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1685:(5): 507–20.
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:(11): 565–8.
1541:
1537:
1529:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:Heart failure
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:Kidney stones
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:deprescribing
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:alpha blocker
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:beta blockers
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:ethnic groups
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:antinicotinic
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:autoreceptors
1037:are known as
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:heart failure
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
938:smooth muscle
935:
926:
924:
919:
914:
912:
908:
903:
898:
897:beta blockers
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
734:Beta blockers
732:
731:
730:
726:
719:
715:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
604:
600:
596:
589:
585:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
531:beta blockers
528:
524:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
464:
461:II, a potent
460:
456:
452:
445:
441:
432:
429:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:levamlodipine
359:
357:
356:lercanidipine
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
314:
305:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
140:
133:
129:
125:
116:
114:
109:
105:
100:
94:
92:
91:beta blockers
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:heart failure
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
7381:Gemopatrilat
7143:
7119:
7107:Trandolapril
6943:
6914:
6767:
6724:
6693:
6617:Nonsteroidal
6615:
6584:
6549:ESC blockers
6516:Quinethazone
6443:Polythiazide
6251:Sulfonamides
6137:
6116:Aprocitentan
6111:
6039:Phentolamine
5925:Bietaserpine
5871:Trimethaphan
5861:Mecamylamine
5795:Guanethidine
5775:Debrisoquine
5689:α-adrenergic
5687:(antagonize
5670:
5408:Psychedelics
5378:Aphrodisiacs
5052:infestations
5028:Sex hormones
4981:Sex hormones
4926:Cicatrizants
4856:
4842:Vasodilators
4809:antianginals
4806:
4658:stomach acid
4657:
4564:
4560:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4467:
4463:
4435:the original
4430:
4417:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4343:
4334:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4258:
4255:Hypertension
4254:
4244:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4192:. Retrieved
4164:
4160:
4147:
4112:
4108:
4099:N Engl J Med
4098:
4093:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3832:. Retrieved
3825:the original
3792:
3783:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3638:
3628:
3619:
3609:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3530:
3526:
3513:
3480:
3476:
3465:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3382:(1): 31–39.
3379:
3375:
3365:
3340:
3336:
3313:. Retrieved
3301:
3291:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3215:
3190:
3186:
3157:. New York:
3154:
3134:. Retrieved
3122:
3112:
3085:
3082:Hypertension
3081:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3041:
3030:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3009:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2851:
2824:, retrieved
2812:
2802:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2644:
2641:Hypertension
2640:
2630:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2479:11392/462725
2461:
2457:
2450:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2168:
2165:Hypertension
2164:
2150:
2123:
2119:
2079:
2075:
2027:
2023:
1999:. Retrieved
1977:
1967:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1859:
1855:
1808:: CD008167.
1805:
1801:
1791:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1723:
1720:Hypertension
1719:
1709:
1682:
1678:
1641:. Retrieved
1621:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1507:
1470:(31): 1–94.
1467:
1463:
1453:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:CYT006-AngQb
1412:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1223:
1201:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1141:
1137:
1118:
1094:mecamylamine
1084:guanethidine
1078:
1075:
1032:
1020:
1001:
974:
946:
934:Vasodilators
932:
929:Vasodilators
915:
894:
889:(indirectly)
832:phentolamine
727:
723:
699:hyperkalemia
692:
684:
677:
669:
654:
599:antagonizing
593:
562:
539:
525:compared to
519:
510:trandolapril
449:
430:
422:
407:
386:nitrendipine
311:
295:
271:
204:polythiazide
137:
130:, a popular
95:
89:(ARBs), and
39:hypertension
30:
29:
7460:from market
7396:Sampatrilat
7391:Omapatrilat
7343:+amlodipine
7315:+sacubitril
7295:+amlodipine
7270:+amlodipine
7263:Telmisartan
7244:+amlodipine
7227:+amlodipine
7206:+amlodipine
7179:+amlodipine
7172:Candesartan
7160:("-sartan")
7091:+felodipine
7087:+bisoprolol
7079:+amlodipine
7041:+indapamide
7037:+bisoprolol
7033:+amlodipine
7026:Perindopril
7011:+amlodipine
6993:+manidipine
6975:+pimobendan
6971:+amlodipine
6830:from market
6793:Cicletanine
6788:Theobromine
6782:Meralluride
6759:Isopropanol
6567:Triamterene
6486:Clorexolone
6476:Clofenamide
6460:(primarily
6331:Indacrinone
6180:from market
6154:Sotatercept
6142:Ambrisentan
6062:antagonists
5930:Deserpidine
5866:Pentolinium
5829:Rilmenidine
5785:Guanazodine
5765:Bethanidine
5747:Tiamenidine
5737:Guanoxabenz
5541:Otologicals
5513:antagonists
5479:respiratory
5454:Orexigenics
5449:Neurotoxins
5398:Euphoriants
5388:Entactogens
5383:Depressants
5373:Anxiolytics
5311:Anesthetics
5087:Antifungals
4684:Antiemetics
4672:antagonists
4385:: 137–144.
4214:Circulation
3483:: 267–292.
3431:: 607–619.
3253:Proceedings
3159:McGraw-Hill
2723:Circulation
2606:(1): 8–13.
2600:Circulation
2420:Circulation
2379:Circulation
2281:Proceedings
2249:Mayo Clinic
1761:Circulation
1327:Heart block
1003:Aldosterone
960:Hydralazine
804:propranolol
718:Propranolol
697:other than
680:candesartan
640:telmisartan
615:candesartan
495:perindopril
459:angiotensin
425:proteinuria
381:nisoldipine
366:nicardipine
341:clevidipine
336:cilnidipine
331:barnidipine
302:triamterene
255:triamterene
176:diuretics:
7439:Sparsentan
7422:+valsartan
7415:Sacubitril
7408:inhibitors
7406:Neprilysin
7374:inhibitors
7329:("-kiren")
7311:+nebivolol
7291:+aliskiren
7258:Tasosartan
7237:Olmesartan
7199:Irbesartan
7194:Fimasartan
7189:Eprosartan
7167:Azilsartan
7131:Fosinopril
7126:Ceronapril
7114:+verapamil
7102:Temocapril
7004:Lisinopril
6981:Cilazapril
6964:Benazepril
6938:+nebivolol
6931:Zofenopril
6926:Rentiapril
6711:Satavaptan
6706:Mozavaptan
6701:Conivaptan
6623:Finerenone
6602:Eplerenone
6511:Metolazone
6496:Indapamide
6491:Fenquizone
6433:Mebutizide
6356:Torasemide
6346:Piretanide
6336:Muzolimine
6316:Bumetanide
6306:Furosemide
6150:Sitaxentan
6146:+tadalafil
6128:+tadalafil
6124:Macitentan
6084:Lidanserin
6079:Ketanserin
6016:Trimazosin
6001:Ketanserin
5963:Metirosine
5884:Peripheral
5834:Tolonidine
5824:Moxonidine
5790:Guancydine
5742:Methyldopa
5732:Guanfacine
5464:Stimulants
5444:Nootropics
5418:Deliriants
5393:Entheogens
5328:Anorectics
5306:Analgesics
5159:Alkylating
5092:Antivirals
5047:infections
4921:Emollients
4775:Coagulants
4645:metabolism
4194:2013-02-17
3834:2009-03-04
3315:2024-03-16
3302:StatPearls
3232:6 February
3136:2024-03-16
3123:StatPearls
3062:2006-09-30
3032:2006-09-30
2865:2024-01-21
2852:StatPearls
2826:2024-01-21
2813:StatPearls
2260:2016-07-27
2001:2024-03-13
1917:2023-12-22
1643:2012-01-09
1518:August 11,
1502:Nelson M.
1430:References
1389:primaquine
1246:Asthmatics
1214:furosemide
1124:endothelin
1110:inhibition
1071:moxonidine
1066:methyldopa
1061:guanfacine
1011:eplerenone
1006:pressure.
877:carvedilol
872:bucindolol
857:tolazoline
794:penbutolol
789:oxprenolol
774:metoprolol
764:carvedilol
749:bisoprolol
739:acebutolol
695:angioedema
673:amlodipine
650:fimasartan
635:olmesartan
625:irbesartan
620:eprosartan
610:azilsartan
573:angioedema
556:, such as
515:benazepril
485:lisinopril
480:fosinopril
376:nimodipine
371:nifedipine
351:isradipine
346:felodipine
326:amlodipine
289:, such as
265:eplerenone
227:metolazone
217:indapamide
162:furosemide
152:bumetanide
7470:Phase III
7458:Withdrawn
7386:Ilepatril
7357:Remikiren
7336:Aliskiren
7284:Valsartan
7147:Alacepril
7097:Spirapril
7059:Quinapril
7021:Moexipril
6999:Imidapril
6950:Enalapril
6921:Captopril
6908:("-pril")
6840:Phase III
6828:Withdrawn
6716:Tolvaptan
6597:Canrenone
6557:Amiloride
6506:Meticrane
6501:Mefruside
6481:Clopamide
6418:Epitizide
6366:Thiazides
6341:Ozolinone
6311:Azosemide
6238:Diuretics
6190:Phase III
6178:Withdrawn
6138:selective
6132:Riociguat
6006:Indoramin
5996:Doxazosin
5940:Reserpine
5907:Pargyline
5800:Guanoclor
5780:Guanadrel
5770:Bretylium
5727:Guanabenz
5722:Clonidine
5614:ATC codes
5580:Dressings
5565:Antidotes
5429:Sedatives
5425:Hypnotics
5134:malignant
4991:endocrine
4837:Diuretics
4770:Platelets
4730:and blood
4689:Laxatives
4409:252414448
4360:257843687
4326:246826268
3992:145847997
3548:2440/4230
2230:222320206
2030:: f6008.
1564:204078909
1340:Pregnancy
1257:psoriasis
1104:reserpine
1056:guanabenz
1051:clonidine
988:Aliskiren
895:Although
887:clonidine
882:labetalol
852:terazosin
837:indoramin
822:doxazosin
784:nebivolol
769:labetalol
759:carteolol
754:betaxolol
645:valsartan
588:Valsartan
565:dry cough
500:quinapril
490:moexipril
475:enalapril
470:captopril
444:Captopril
401:verapamil
396:diltiazem
298:amiloride
250:amiloride
237:clopamide
180:epitizide
167:torsemide
139:Diuretics
119:Diuretics
99:endpoints
67:mortality
7491:Category
7220:Losartan
7072:Ramipril
6986:Delapril
6778:Mersalyl
6661:Glycerol
6656:Mannitol
6562:Benzamil
6521:Xipamide
6398:Butizide
6388:Altizide
6326:Etozolin
6120:Bosentan
6021:Urapidil
6011:Prazosin
5891:Indirect
5817:agonists
5805:Guanoxan
5459:Serenics
5124:Vaccines
4891:Fibrates
4713:Vitamins
4663:Antacids
4591:32519776
4531:19707182
4496:28611661
4401:36194966
4318:35164513
4277:30540406
4236:17502569
4185:Archived
4181:12748199
4139:20818905
4085:20842819
4077:11593107
4041:27527376
3984:31384329
3933:28439398
3884:14594956
3797:Archived
3775:26414121
3767:17707755
3732:43027989
3689:20976708
3601:53207044
3593:30398611
3557:12584366
3505:40939559
3457:19688101
3406:25849473
3357:12748199
3310:32119308
3283:16200104
3226:Archived
3207:10893382
3131:32119310
3104:12925554
3001:10381708
2952:23759357
2944:15530629
2909:34364430
2901:16257341
2860:32310526
2821:30422501
2794:25148386
2745:27208050
2663:16286568
2622:14707017
2581:16125050
2532:13678870
2496:19111421
2488:15207952
2442:16923769
2401:16923768
2360:15564232
2311:16278727
2254:Archived
2222:33047990
2187:16864749
2157:Davis BR
2142:12479763
2098:12435255
2054:24157497
1959:15149313
1912:31643892
1886:21896151
1832:23152254
1823:11380160
1783:10209012
1742:16801488
1701:24352797
1634:Archived
1613:29667175
1556:11453328
1486:14604498
1404:Research
1336:outcome.
1232:Age and
1145:thiazide
1120:Bosentan
902:atenolol
862:urapidil
847:prazosin
799:pindolol
744:atenolol
630:losartan
597:work by
550:thiazide
505:ramipril
410:thiazide
232:xipamide
174:Thiazide
134:diuretic
132:thiazide
104:evidence
59:dementia
6755:Ethanol
6695:Vaptans
6293:Na-K-Cl
5702:Central
5316:General
5223:muscles
5192:L03–L04
5188:disease
5140:L01–L02
5136:disease
4886:Statins
4582:7387859
4487:5447095
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4130:3192488
4032:5129475
3975:6639944
3924:5394506
3724:6128594
3644:25 July
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3274:1200656
2785:6486121
2704:2057034
2540:5650345
2302:1200815
2045:3807847
1877:8108866
1604:6513559
1375:History
1309:retinal
1240:Anxiety
1090:release
809:timolol
779:nadolol
7453:WHO-EM
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7432:Other
7366:Dual
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4161:JAMA
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3279:PMID
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2356:PMID
2307:PMID
2218:PMID
2183:PMID
2138:PMID
2120:JAMA
2094:PMID
2076:JAMA
2050:PMID
1990:ISBN
1955:PMID
1908:PMID
1882:PMID
1828:PMID
1779:PMID
1738:PMID
1697:PMID
1679:JAMA
1609:PMID
1587:2018
1552:PMID
1520:2010
1482:PMID
1315:Gout
1307:and
1108:VMAT
529:and
300:and
187:and
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7372:NEP
7368:ACE
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5552:ATC
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