3754:
3725:
3678:
1109:
1366:
Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into
Vietnam in other incidents. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. These 100 men were taken prisoner around the same time as Wu Rui and the historian Leo K. Shin believes all of them may have been involved in illegal trade instead of being blown off course by wind. The over 100 Chinese men who were castrated and made into eunuchs by the Vietnamese remained captives in Vietnam when the incident was reported. Both the incidents of the young Chinese man Wu Rui and the more than 100 Chinese men being castrated and used as eunuchs point to possible involvement in trade according to historians John K. Whitmore and Tana Li which was then suppressed by the Vietnamese government instead of them really being blown off course by the wind. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.
1416:
1381:
1172:
1036:
be taken every six years. Other public works that were undertaken including building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though the emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Dai Viet's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him. By 1471, the kingdom employed more than 5,300 officials (0.1 percent of the population) into the bureaucrat army, equally divided between the court and the provinces, with at least one supervising officer every three villages.
1120:
1073:
1128:
69:
1163:
defeat of Champa in 1471, he sent large groups of ethnic
Vietnamese, including prisoners and criminals, to settle in the new conquered territories. Lands were distributed fair equally, bureaucrats and military garrisons were set up to help people in the new provinces. The fall of Champa enabled the Vietnamese to monopolize Central Highlands' products which most desired in oversea markets. At the end of 15th century, according to Hall, "Vietnamese civilization had reached its zenith in prosperity."
4556:
4544:
1032:, he divided the government into six ministries: Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works. Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military. A Board of Censors was set up with royal authority to monitor governmental officials and report exclusively to the king. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level. The villages were ruled by their own councils.
1541:. In 1480 a battle occurred on the Vietnamese coast between Vietnamese and a shipwrecked Ryukyuan ship. The Ming received a message requesting aid by Lan Song in 1481 against the Vietnamese invasion. Lê Thánh Tông claimed as tributaries the countries of Melaka, Java, Siam, Laos and Champa in "The Regulations concerning Tribute Missions from Vassals to the Imperial Capital" (Chư phiên sứ thần triều cống kinh quốc lệ) in 1485. The
1554:
3092:○金星昼见于辰位○辛卯吴瑞者广东文昌县人成化中与同乡刘求等十三人于钦州贸易遭风飘至安南海边罗者得之送本国求等俱发屯田以瑞独少宫之弘治十年国王黎灏卒瑞往东津点军得谅山卫军杨三知归路缘山行九日达龙州主头目韦琛家谋告守备官送还琛不欲久之安南国知之恐泄其国事遣探儿持百金为赎琛少之议未决而凭祥州知州李广宁闻之卒兵夺送于分守官都御史邓廷瓒遣送至京礼部请罪琛为边人之戒奖广宁为土官之劝从之瑞送司礼监给役 Traditional Chinese:○金星晝見於辰位○辛卯吳瑞者廣東文昌縣人成化中與同鄉劉求等十三人於欽州貿易遭風飄至安南海邊羅者得之送本國求等俱發屯田以瑞獨少宮之弘治十年國王黎灝卒瑞往東津點軍得諒山衛軍楊三知歸路緣山行九日達龍州主頭目韋琛家謀告守備官送還琛不欲久之安南國知之恐洩其國事遣探兒持百金為贖琛少之議未決而憑祥州知州李廣寧聞之卒兵奪送於分守官都御史鄧廷瓚遣送至京禮部請罪琛為邊人之戒獎廣寧為土官之勸從之瑞送司禮監給役]
1222:
4289:
4568:
959:(東京). In 1445, Le Nhan Tong issued a decree and conferred Le Tu Thanh as Prince of Binh Nguyen (Bình Nguyên Vương), and sent to kinh sư, to study with other kings in Kinh Dien. Officials in Kinh Dien such as Tran Phong noticed that Binh Nguyen Vuong had a dignified appearance and was more intelligent than other people, so they considered him an extraordinary person.
4580:
1330:
chief Wei Chen took him into custody, overruling objections from his family who wanted to send him back to
Vietnam. Vietnam found out about his escape and sent an agent to buy Wu Rui back from Wei Chen with 100 Jin in payment since they were scared that Wu Rui would reveal Vietnamese state secrets to
1365:
escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into
Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out that more than 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the
1162:
In 1461 he warned the provincial officials not to pursue the insignificant trade/commerce to ensure internal welfare and prohibit foreigners from entering the kingdom. He also introduced a marketplaces code to standardize weights and measures. In 1469 he nationalized gunpowder and weapons. After the
1035:
In 1469, all of Dai Viet was mapped and a full census, listing all the villages in the kingdom, was taken. Around this time, the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces). Each was administrated by a
Governor, a Judge, and the local army commander. Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should
1443:
had been captured and brought to King
Chakkaphat. The elephant being a potent symbol of kingship was common throughout Southeast Asia, and Thánh Tông requested the animal's hair to be brought as a gift to the Đại Việt court. The request was seen as an affront, and according to legend a box filled
1099:
The new laws were "based on
Chinese law but included distinctly Vietnamese features, such as recognition of the higher position of women in Vietnamese society than in Chinese society. Under the new code, parental consent was not required for marriage, and daughters were granted equal inheritance
1317:
for nearly one fourth of a century. After years of serving the
Vietnamese as a eunuch slave in the palace, he was promoted to a position with real power after the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam as military superintendent since his service in the
1281:
slaves to the
Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in regular trade between China and Vietnam instead of being blown off course, and that they were punished after a Vietnamese crackdown on trade with
3370:
Simplified
Chinese:○满剌加国使臣端亚妈剌的那查等奏成化五年本国使臣微者然那入贡还至当洋被风漂至安南国微者然那与其傔从俱为其国所杀其余黥为官奴而幼者皆为所害又言安南据占城城池欲并吞满剌加之地本国以皆为王臣未敢兴兵与战适安南使臣亦来朝端亚妈剌的那查乞与廷辨兵部尚书陈钺以为此已往事不必深校宜戒其将来 上乃因安南使臣还谕其王黎灏曰尔国与满剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦结好藩屏王室岂可自恃富强以干国典以贪天祸满剌加使臣所奏朝廷虽未轻信尔亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其国复谕满剌加使臣曰自古圣王之驭四夷不追咎于既往安南果复侵陵尔国宜训练士马以御之 Traditional
3806:
The first part of this history is based on the doctoral thesis of John K. Whitmore "The Development of the Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam" (Cornell University, 1968). The thesis is mostly concerned with the structure and make-up of the Le government from 1427 to
3627:
3153:
3371:
Chinese:○滿剌加國使臣端亞媽剌的那查等奏成化五年本國使臣微者然那入貢還至當洋被風漂至安南國微者然那與其傔從俱為其國所殺其餘黥為官奴而幼者皆為所害又言安南據占城城池欲併吞滿剌加之地本國以皆為王臣未敢興兵與戰適安南使臣亦來朝端亞媽剌的那查乞與廷辨兵部尚書陳鉞以為此已往事不必深校宜戒其將來 上乃因安南使臣還諭其王黎灝曰爾國與滿剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦結好藩屏王室豈可自恃富強以幹國典以貪天禍滿剌加使臣所奏朝廷雖未輕信爾亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其國複諭滿剌加使臣曰自古聖王之馭四夷不追咎于既往安南果複侵陵爾國宜訓練士馬以禦之
1400:
for help. Champa was defeated and the balance of power between the Cham and the Vietnamese for more than 500 years came to an end. The Ming annals recorded that in 1485 that "Champa is a distant and dangerous place, and Annam is still employing troops there."
939:
as "Magnificently gifted, his mind and body are marvelous, his looks elegantly strong; kind-hearted and generous, bright, earnest, truly the brilliant kind who deserves the title of Emperor, whose ingenuity and bravery will preserve the nation".
2923:
Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations Ngọg Huy Nguy~en ... In 1464 Emperor Lê Thánh Tông warned people against reckless selfcastration ( TT 3 : 189 )
3285:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume
3415:
Simplified Chinese:○癸亥广东守珠池奉御陈彝奏南海县民为风飘至安南国被其国王编以为军其后逸归言中国人飘泊被留及所为阉禁者百余人奏下户部请移文巡抚镇守等官禁约军民人等毋得指以□贩私通番国且令守珠军人设法堤备从之 Traditional Chinese:○癸亥廣東守珠池奉禦陳彝奏南海縣民為風飄至安南國被其國王編以為軍其後逸歸言中國人飄泊被留及所為閹禁者百余人奏下戶部請移文巡撫鎮守等官禁約軍民人等毋得指以□販私通番國且令守珠軍人設法堤備從之]
1277:) and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become
2892:
D. Homosexuality and Vietnamese Law Proschan (Aronson 1999; "Frank" 2000) writes that neither homosexual identity nor behaviors had ... a prohibition of castration and selfcastration (Le Code, Article 305; Nguyen Code, Article
1265:
Article 344 of the Nguyen dynasty code and Article 305 of the Le dynasty code both forbade self-castration and castration of Vietnamese men. Self-castration of Vietnamese men was banned by Lê Thánh Tông, the emperor, in 1464.
1487:. The Dai Viet forces suffered a defeat after facing Lan Xang-Lanna allied forces, which resulted in their troops diminishing. By November 1484, Thanh Tong and his forces had withdrawn back to Dai Viet. According to the
1059:
The new government proved to be effective and represented a successful adaptation of the Chinese Confucian system of government outside of China. However, following the deaths of Thánh Tông and of his son and successor,
987:
was successfully carried out, and Nghi Dân was killed in the royal palace. The plotters asked Prince Tư Thành to become the new emperor and he accepted. Two days after Lê Nghi Dân's death, Lê Hạo was proclaimed Emperor.
3713:(A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in Southeast Asian Studies (Interdisciplinary program)). Graduate School Chulalongkorn University. pp. 70, 71.
3157:
1564:
A group of 28 poets were formally recognized by the court (the Tao Dan). Lê Thánh Tông himself was a poet and some of his poems have survived. He wrote the following at the start of his campaign against the Champa:
1039:
A national-wide census was conducted in 1490, reported approximately 8,000 village-level jurisdictions throughout the country including the thirty-six urban wards that lay between the royal compound and the
1155:, has yielded numerous Vietnamese ceramic products of the fifteenth century. However, he took an unfavorable view toward international trade, and emphasized for a national self-sustaining economy based on
1331:
China. Wei Chen planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese but told them the amount they were offering was too little and demanded more however before they could agree on a price, Wu was rescued by the
1448:
who had previously acknowledged Vietnamese suzerainty and had regularly paid tribute to Đại Việt. Thus, the campaigns to reassert Dai Viet's authority over the Tai tribes led to the invasion of Laos.
1347:) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.
1250:
in 1471, the Vietnamese informed the Ming court that the fall of Champa's ruling house had come about as "a result of civil war." In 1472, as Vietnamese pirates attacked Chinese and merchant ships in
3237:
Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "DVSK Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 12: Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472) ... Phần 1(Đại Việt Sử Ký Bản Kỷ Thực Lục Quyển XII Kỷ Nhà Lê Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế)".
4228:——— (2011), "Vân Đồn, the "Mạc Gap" and the End of Jiaozhi Ocean system: Trade and state of Đại Việt, Circa 1450-1550", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A.; Cooke, Nola (eds.),
2911:. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Văn Tài Tạ. Ohio University Press. p. 174.
767:
2003:
1179:
Thánh Tông devoted much of his time to the advancement of learning. He expanded the national university, perfected examinations, encouraged literature, patronized the publication of
1354:
were attacked and captured in 1469 by Vietnamese navy as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.
2987:此外,沿海平民在海上航行或捕撈漁獵,遇風漂流至越南者時有發生。如成化十三年, 廣東珠池奉御陳彜奏:南海縣民遭風飄至安南被編入軍隊及被閹禁者超過 100 人。5成化中, 海南文昌人吳瑞與同鄉劉求等 13 人到欽州做生意,遇風飄至安南,當局將他們"俱發屯田, 以瑞獨少,宮之"。6... 6《明孝宗實錄》卷一百五十三,弘治十二年八月辛卯。
1431:
in northeastern Laos, and Thánh Tông made that territory a prefecture of Đại Việt in 1471. Began in 1478, Thánh Tông felt it was the time to take his revenge on
839:
territory in the south, and a cultural revolution that replaced the old aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars. His reign was later praised as the
1497:
embassy in China complained about Dai Viet's incursion into its territory. In the next year (1489) the Ming court sent envoys to admonish Dai Viet to stop.
1269:
The Vietnamese under Emperor Le Thanh Tong cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong (
4351:
3304:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1
3207:
3180:
1415:
1000:
984:
2908:
The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Volume 2
1108:
4164:
Yi, Insun (2006), "Lê Văn Hưu and Ngô Sĩ Liên: A Comparison of Their Perception of Vietnamese History", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.),
1191:
built in all the provinces. There, Confucius was venerated and classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new
4428:
774:
4435:
2223:
1246:
to the test. The first was the final destruction of Champa in 1471, and the other, the invasion of Laos between 1479 and 1481. After destroying
881:
2548:
1340:
1313:(吳瑞) was selected by the Vietnamese court for castration since he was the only young man in among the thirteen and he became a eunuch at the
1215:
1028:
oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations. Following the
936:
874:
1380:
1187:
treaties. and issued the first complete map of Vietnam. He also encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout the kingdom by having
1003:. The pair had been out of power since the 1440s, but they still commanded respect due to their association with the dynasty's founder,
165:
4451:
943:
When Tư Thành was three years old, he was brought to the royal palace and was educated just like his half-brother, the ruling emperor
591:
4630:
2964:
4344:
2873:
4625:
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1293:
including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from
979:. Nghi Dân then proclaimed himself Emperor. Nine months later, a counter-coup against Lê Nghi Dân led by two military leaders
4255:
4200:
4154:
4084:
4057:
4048:
Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.),
3893:
3841:
2808:
3952:
1410:
1029:
2880:. Updates by J. Pastoetter; contributor Beldina Opiyo-Omolo (illustrated, revised ed.). A&C Black. p. 1350.
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4013:
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2937:
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Wang, Gungwu (1998), "Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John K. (eds.),
991:
The leaders of the counter-coup which removed and killed Nghi Dân were two of the last surviving friends and aides of
4219:
4131:
1309:'s rule (1464–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest Chinese man,
3707:
THE RISE OF THE NGUYỄN DYNASTY AND CHANGE IN THE POWER PARADIGM OF EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA
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827:
His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, education, and fiscal reforms he instituted,
4610:
760:
4620:
4105:
3688:
3639:
2916:
2885:
1375:
1322:
guard soldier Dương Tam tri (Yang Sanzhi; 楊三知) told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to
1314:
1064:(r. 1498–1504), this new model of government crashed not once but twice in the next three following centuries.
911:
in her dream, and started to become pregnant with Tư Thành the following day. He was the fourth son of emperor
828:
3215:
1171:
4615:
1393:
3705:
4640:
4275:
Lectures Sur L'histoire D'Annam: Depuis L'avènement Des Lê Suivies de Notions Élémentaires D'administration
4635:
816:, and is widely praised as one of the greatest emperors in Vietnamese history. He came to power through a
3732:. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 147.
3386:
3339:
3319:
2503:
1606:
1093:
935:) were related (cousins or perhaps sisters). Young Tư Thành was described in the national chronicle, the
460:
82:
74:
59:
37:
in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the
3063:
2726:
2331:
359:
184:
4534:
3238:
1558:
1011:
became one of the king's councilors, and Đinh Liệt was gifted command over the royal army of Đại Việt.
4237:——— (2016), "The Emergence of the state of Vietnam", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
3959:. CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1439:, preparing his army along the Annamite border in preparation for an invasion. Around the same time a
1339:
to work as a eunuch in the Ming palace at the Directorate of Ceremonial (silijian taijian 司禮監太監). The
3656:
1048:, the only city in the country; with the total population was approximately 3.7 million people, the
948:
311:
Sùng Thiên Quảng Vận Cao Minh Quang Chính Chí Đức Đại Công Thánh Văn Thần Vũ Đạt Hiếu Thuần Hoàng đế
3943:
3214:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành. Archived from
4412:
3279:
1624:
551:
4521:
4146:
3911:
1463:
was captured and the Laotian ruler Chakkaphat was killed. His forces pushed further to the upper
1440:
1344:
1113:
1444:
with dung was sent instead. Thánh Tông also realized that Laos was expanding its authority over
1119:
4506:
4501:
4481:
3436:
3428:
3008:
3000:
1545:
system was used to rule "barbarian" ethnic minorities in peripheral and mountain border areas.
1517:, who killed thirty thousand Vietnamese soldiers. In 1485, envoys of Champa, Lan Xang, Melaka,
1432:
1077:
928:
743:
713:
703:
663:
3875:
Hall, Kenneth (1999), "Economic History of Early Southeast Asia", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.),
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3043:
4516:
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4397:
4321:
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3151:
1613:
1202:
During his reign, Vietnamese Confucian scholarship had reached its golden era, with over 501
1061:
916:
904:
733:
652:
631:
521:
199:
110:
4422:
1451:
In fall 1479, Thánh Tông led an army of 180,000 men marched westward, attacked Muang Phuan,
1175:
First page of an essay to encourage people study Confucian literature, written by Thánh Tông
561:
4605:
4600:
4461:
3782:"Later-seventeenth-century Cham-Viet interactions: New lightfrom French missionary sources"
611:
4476:
4466:
4382:
4377:
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2731:. Library of Congress: Federal Research Division. p. 19 – via Internet Archive.
1891:
1588:
1092:
In 1483 Lê Thánh Tông created a new code for Đại Việt, called the Hồng Đức Code, which is
976:
968:
944:
932:
924:
912:
903:) in the third year of Đại Bảo (1442). A legend surrounding his birth is that, his mother
642:
621:
491:
481:
349:
8:
4496:
3868:
2572:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Nhà Xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội, 1993, bản điện tử, trang 428, 429.
1396:
arrived and besieged the Vietnamese garrison at Huế. The local commander sent appeals to
1192:
1188:
693:
471:
417:
375:
4417:
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3953:"8 EPIDEMICS, TRADE, AND LOCAL WORSHIP IN VIETNAM, LEIZHOU PENINSULA, AND HAINAN ISLAND"
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1259:
1211:
836:
809:
531:
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4441:
3810:
The second part is based in part on the Library of Congress Country studies for Vietnam
1668:
Lê Thánh Tông may have had Cham women as concubines, dancers and singers in his court.
1332:
1140:
900:
581:
571:
1557:
Blue and white bowl with dragon decoration, during Lê Thánh Tông's years (1460–1497).
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4196:
4179:, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore
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4002:
Shin, Leo K. (2007). "5 Ming China and Its Border with Annam". In Lary, Diana (ed.).
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3886:
A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500
3634:. New Perspectives in SE Asian Studies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 103, 104.
1214:(1401–1489) to compile an official national history book, and in 1479 the chronicle
817:
723:
4584:
4486:
4456:
4387:
4329:
4304:
3851:
3243:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành
1594:
1306:
1243:
1007:. The new king appointed these men to the highest positions in his new government:
972:
952:
821:
673:
601:
501:
100:
4407:
1112:
Ewer in shape of a dragon made in Chu Đậu, Vietnam during the years of 1460–1497,
1072:
1008:
996:
980:
541:
4560:
4491:
4095:
4003:
1464:
1362:
1323:
1310:
1305:), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, in the 1460s, during the
1049:
683:
304:
22:
3940:
Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
1319:
1199:
temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land.
1081:
812:, reigning from 1460 to 1497, the fifth and the longest-reigning emperor of the
4572:
4548:
3981:
3179:
PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (22 April 2013).
3152:
PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (28 March 2013).
2581:
Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám Cương mục, Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục, 1998, trang 467.
1530:
1526:
1494:
1053:
68:
3398:
3354:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 203-大明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之二百十九"
3353:
3076:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 47-明实录孝宗实录-- > 146-明孝宗敬皇帝实录卷之一百五十三"
3075:
2874:"Vietnam (Cộng hoà Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)"
1123:
Coins issued by Emperor Lê Thánh Tông during his later reign from 1469 to 1497
431:
389:
4594:
4068:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c.1800
3877:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c.1800
1460:
1428:
1258:, the Ming emperor called on Thánh Tông to end such activities. The court of
860:
802:
4372:
4361:
4239:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2
3399:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 106-明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之一百六"
2941:
2508:
1782:
1004:
992:
920:
813:
457:
339:
3491:
3473:
3308:
3290:
3268:
3140:
3122:
3048:
1456:
1240:
908:
4555:
3327:
1419:
Map shows the Vietnamese conquest and immigration to the south (Nam tiến).
1326:
after walking for 9 days through the mountains. The local ethnic minority
1025:
4248:
Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History
3903:
1445:
1424:
1180:
1156:
1144:
975:
staged a coup in the middle of the night, assassinating reigning emperor
896:
795:
318:
170:
4066:
Taylor, K. W. (1999), "The early kingdoms", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.),
3730:
Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia
1538:
3759:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 127, 128.
3666:(11). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 23, 24.
1489:
1358:
1286:
1041:
38:
4141:
Loke, Alexander; Chen-Wishart, Mindy; Vogenauer, Stefan, eds. (2018).
444:
441:
438:
399:
396:
131:
128:
125:
1298:
1255:
1152:
867:
4174:
3816:
New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia
3781:
1096:
and is kept in the National Library in form of woodblocks No A.314.
3865:
The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)
1525:
arrived Dai Viet. In 1470 he sent an anti-pirate expedition in the
1510:
1468:
1452:
1436:
1290:
1210:
graduated from 1076 to 1911. In 1460, he ordered Confucian scholar
1148:
4232:, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 101–116
3236:
3205:
1553:
1139:
During the reign of Thánh Tông, Vietnamese export porcelains from
855:
Lê Thánh Tông is known by several names, including his birth name
1480:
1472:
1336:
1302:
1184:
967:
On the 3rd of the 10th lunar month, 1459, 6th year of Diên Ninh,
334:
26:
3825:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
4288:
1534:
1484:
1476:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1251:
1247:
1221:
832:
2878:
The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
2551:, Nhà Xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội, 1993, bản điện tử, trang 429.
1397:
1318:
palace was apparently valued by the Vietnamese. However, the
1085:
1045:
956:
2940:. 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). Archived from
2740:
2738:
4214:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–332,
3628:"3 Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca.1390–1497"
3181:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"
3154:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"
2628:
2626:
1542:
1529:, secured the maritime transit. Also in 1475, pirates from
1522:
1327:
1239:
During the reign of Thánh Tông, two related events put the
4212:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty
4176:
Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource
4052:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 72–120,
2970:. 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所 南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from
1343:
records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now
1024:
Lê Thánh Tông introduced reforms designing to replace the
4241:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197–233
4193:
Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century: The China Factor
4140:
3530:
3528:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3208:"Phần 26 (Bản kỷ thực lục Q2(a) Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472).)"
2735:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2532:
2530:
2528:
1645:
Imperial Consort Kinh of Nguyen clan (敬妃阮氏; 1444 - 1485)
895:
Lê Tư Thành was born on the 20th of the 7th lunar month (
3657:"Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c. 1390-1497"
2684:
2682:
2623:
4168:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–71
3607:
3595:
2853:
2841:
2638:
2589:
2587:
1631:
Imperial Consort Minh of Pham clan (明妃范氏; 1448 - 1498)
1067:
3726:"The Vietnamese Empire and Its Expansion, c.980–1840."
3525:
3508:
2876:. In Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (eds.).
2817:
2782:
2780:
2767:
2765:
2694:
2650:
2525:
1225:
Stele dated 1478 inscribes names of graduated scholars
4532:
3908:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
3680:
Ming-Southeast Asian Overland Interactions, 1368-1644
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3206:
Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993).
2679:
2599:
1423:
Back in 1448, the Vietnamese had annexed the land of
4359:
4097:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3487:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3469:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3264:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3037:
3035:
2611:
2584:
2554:
1640:
Princess Lan Minh Lê Lan Khuê (兰明公主黎兰圭; 1470 - 14??)
1620:
Empress Nhu Huy of Phung clan (柔徽皇后馮氏; 1444 - 1489)
1500:
790:(黎聖宗; 25 August 1442 – 3 March 1497), personal name
3756:
A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830
3753:Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2015).
3540:
2777:
2762:
2750:
1206:(royal scholars) graduated, out of the total 2,896
297:
Quang Thuận (光順)(lit. Follower of Light): 1460–1469
4032:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History
3814:Aung-Thwin, Michael Arthur; Hall, Kenneth (2011).
3683:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 266.
3583:
3571:
3552:
3496:
1509:, Thánh Tông led ninety thousand troops to invade
1080:dish, was made during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông.
3111:
3109:
3032:
2871:
2706:
2667:
1392:In 1470, a Cham army numbered 100,000 under king
92:13 June 1460 – 13 March 1497 (36 years, 250 days)
4592:
2829:
1218:was finished, and was presented to the emperor.
436:
422:
394:
380:
299:Hồng Đức (洪德)(lit. Great Virtue): 1470–1497
3813:
3630:. In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.).
3106:
2724:
1052:had been the most densely inhabited region of
16:Emperor of Đại Việt (1442–1497) (r. 1460–1497)
4345:
4038:
3340:"明實錄憲宗實錄 : 大明憲宗純皇帝實錄卷之二百十九 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃"
1335:magistrate Li Guangning and then was sent to
927:and it is likely that his mother and consort
768:
4191:———; Sun, Laichen (2010).
3995:Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation
3752:
3664:Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series
4273:Maybon, Charles B.; Russier, Henri (1921),
3856:Vietnam: a Dragon Embattled: Vietnam at war
3435:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p.
3007:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p.
4352:
4338:
3980:
3957:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours
3955:. In Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (eds.).
3118:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours
3001:"5 | Ming China and Its Border with Annam"
2744:
962:
775:
761:
67:
3850:
2566:
2542:
1600:Consort(s) and their Respective Issue(s):
4245:
4236:
4227:
3992:
3836:. Harvard University. pp. 205–212.
3831:
3822:
3792:. The Australian National University: 8.
3613:
3601:
3183:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from
3156:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from
2859:
2644:
2632:
2605:
2536:
1648:Princess Minh Kinh Lê Thụy Hoa (明敬公主黎瑞华)
1552:
1414:
1379:
1315:Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long
1289:recorded that thirteen Chinese men from
1262:denied its people would do such things.
1220:
1170:
1126:
1118:
1107:
1071:
4190:
4143:Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries
4070:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
3919:Lary, Diana (2007). Lary, Diana (ed.).
3902:
3888:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
3879:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
3519:
2904:
2823:
2700:
2661:
1569:One hundred thousand officers and men,
1019:
907:, was bestowed a Tiên đồng (仙童) by the
73:Statue of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông in the
4593:
4074:
4065:
3862:
3429:"Ming China and Its Border with Annam"
2798:
2688:
2617:
2593:
2560:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2240:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2020:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1799:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1479:borrowed troops of Dai Viet to invade
4333:
4029:
3779:
3723:
3534:
2444:
2441:
2431:
2419:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2369:
2359:
2355:
2330:
2320:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2258:
2248:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2200:
2190:
2186:
2174:
2171:
2161:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2110:
2100:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2008:
2002:
1992:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1890:
1880:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1839:
1829:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1758:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1729:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1637:Princess Loi Y Lê Oánh Ngọc (雷懿公主黎莹玉)
1609:of Nguyen Clan (徽嘉皇后阮氏; 1441 - 1505)
1605:Empress Huy Gia (Empress Truong Lac)
4209:
4172:
4121:
4100:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press.
4093:
4001:
3918:
3883:
3874:
3546:
3426:
3382:
3323:
3059:
2998:
2847:
2786:
2771:
2756:
1513:but was chased by the troops of the
1229:
1068:Legal reforms and a new national law
4047:
4008:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press.
3923:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press.
3676:
3654:
3625:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3502:
2935:
1166:
13:
4266:
4163:
4039:Smith, R.B.; Williams, B. (2014).
3950:
3937:
3786:Annalen der Hamburger Vietnamistik
3703:
2835:
2712:
2673:
1612:Crown Prince Le Tranh, so Emperor
1103:
14:
4652:
4282:
4230:The Tongking Gulf Through History
3832:Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1840).
3136:The Tongking Gulf Through History
3044:The Tongking Gulf Through History
2872:Pastoetter, Ph.D., Jakob (2004).
1680:Ancestry of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông
1623:Prince Le Tan, father of Emperor
1501:Other regional powers and pirates
1404:
1388:during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông
937:Complete Annals of the Great Viet
4631:15th-century Vietnamese monarchs
4578:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4287:
4005:The Chinese State at the Borders
3921:The Chinese State at the Borders
3433:The Chinese State at the Borders
3005:The Chinese State at the Borders
1571:Start out on a distant journey.
1411:Vietnamese-Laotian War (1479–80)
1361:reported that some Chinese from
919:. He was the fourth grandson of
4124:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
3773:
3746:
3717:
3697:
3670:
3655:Sun, Laichen (September 2003).
3648:
3619:
3478:
3460:
3420:
3391:
3376:
3346:
3332:
3313:
3295:
3273:
3255:
3230:
3199:
3172:
3145:
3127:
3097:
3068:
3053:
2992:
2962:
2956:
2929:
2898:
2865:
2799:Karnow, Stanley (1 June 1997).
2792:
2725:Ronald J. Cima, Ronald (1989).
2718:
1664:Lady Nguyen (才人阮氏; 1444 - 1479)
1577:Softens the sounds of the army.
1573:Falling on the sails, the rain
4195:. Hong Kong University Press.
4166:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
4122:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
4094:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996).
4079:. Cambridge University Press.
4075:——— (2013).
4050:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
3884:——— (2011).
3632:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
2575:
1350:Several Malay envoys from the
1135:(安南國圖) of Hồng Đức era (1490).
437:
395:
1:
4626:15th-century Vietnamese poets
3834:Chronology of Tonkinese Kings
3827:. Cambridge University Press.
2514:
1234:
890:
33:, but is often simplified to
4250:. Harvard University Press.
4246:Woodside, Alexander (2009).
2519:
1548:
1094:Vietnam's National Treasures
7:
4077:A History of the Vietnamese
3823:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
2965:"貿易、移殖與文化交流:15-17 世紀廣東人與越南"
2504:List of Vietnamese monarchs
2497:
1671:
1593:Mother: Empress Quang Thuc
1143:kilns were found as far as
841:Prospered reign of Hồng Đức
820:against his second brother
75:Temple of Literature, Hanoi
10:
4657:
4313:(ruled from 1460 to 1497)
3997:. Long Beach Publications.
3799:
2905:Nguy~en, Ngọg Huy (1987).
2349:
2341:
2234:
2129:
2125:
2014:
1910:
1902:
1793:
1696:
1692:
1653:Consort Nguyen thi (貴妃阮氏)
1559:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1408:
1376:Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)
1373:
20:
4368:
4318:
4309:
4301:
3984:; Yian, Goh Geok (2016).
2425:
2407:
2399:
2375:
2357:
2353:
2314:
2296:
2288:
2264:
2246:
2242:
2206:
2188:
2180:
2155:
2137:
2133:
2094:
2076:
2068:
2044:
2026:
2022:
1986:
1968:
1960:
1936:
1918:
1914:
1874:
1856:
1848:
1823:
1805:
1801:
1765:
1746:
1738:
1713:
1700:
1581:
1369:
1056:in the early-modern era.
430:
423:
416:
411:
388:
381:
374:
369:
355:
345:
333:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
291:
286:
281:
277:
190:
180:
159:
147:
120:
116:
106:
96:
88:
83:Emperor of the Lê dynasty
81:
66:
57:
50:
4277:, Impr. d'Extrême-Orient
3993:SarDesai, D. R. (1988).
3944:Cornell University Press
3728:. In Wade, Geoff (ed.).
3431:. In Lary, Diana (ed.).
3003:. In Lary, Diana (ed.).
2803:. Penguin. p. 117.
2728:Vietnam: A Country Study
1131:National map of Vietnam
1014:
835:states and expansion of
4147:Oxford University Press
4043:. Taylor & Francis.
4041:Pre-Communist Indochina
4034:. Taylor & Francis.
3912:Oxford University Press
3863:Coedès, George (2015),
3818:. Taylor & Francis.
3240:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
3212:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
2549:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1341:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1216:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1114:Cleveland Museum of Art
1078:Blue and white patterns
963:Ascension to the throne
850:
313:(崇天廣運高明光正至德大功聖文神武達孝淳皇帝)
292:Era name and dates
3986:Ancient Southeast Asia
3724:Shiro, Momoki (2014).
2745:Miksic & Yian 2016
1597:(光淑文皇后吳氏; 1421 - 1496)
1579:
1561:
1420:
1389:
1301:'s Qin subprefecture (
1226:
1176:
1136:
1124:
1116:
1089:
947:, and other brothers,
923:, the half-brother of
267:Princess Lê Cẩm Thương
225:Princess Lê Thanh Toại
4621:Vietnamese male poets
4296:at Wikimedia Commons
4030:Simms, Sanda (2013).
3704:Vu, Duc Liem (2012).
3677:Sun, Laichen (2000).
3626:SUN, LAICHEN (2006).
3427:Shin, Leo K. (2007).
3133:Cooke (2011), p. 108
3103:《明孝宗实录》卷一五三，弘治十二年八月辛卯
3041:Cooke (2011), p. 109
2999:Shin, Leo K. (2007).
2936:黄啟臣 (16 March 2008).
1730:Lê Khoáng (1350–1402)
1567:
1556:
1427:in what is today the
1418:
1383:
1224:
1189:temples of literature
1174:
1130:
1122:
1111:
1075:
264:Princess Lê Lan Đường
258:Princess Lê Bảo Huyền
252:Princess Lê Bính Hiểu
249:Princess Lê Triệt San
246:Princess Lê Minh Kính
243:Princess Lê Oánh Ngọc
200:Crown Prince Lê Tranh
4616:Vietnamese reformers
4311:Emperor of Đại Việt
4173:Wade, Geoff (2005),
3869:Taylor & Francis
3780:Cooke, Nola (2010).
3218:on 21 September 2013
2944:on 21 September 2013
1357:A 1472 entry in the
1285:A 1499 entry in the
1020:Bureaucratic reforms
808:, was an emperor of
270:Princess Lê Mỹ Thuần
261:Princess Lê Lệ Khanh
255:Princess Lê Lan Khuê
4641:Vietnamese monarchs
4611:Lê dynasty emperors
3982:Miksic, John Norman
3115:Li (2015), p. 202
2850:, pp. 327–328.
1537:raided the port of
1345:Quảng Ninh Province
1282:foreign countries.
1100:rights with sons."
845:Hồng Đức Thịnh trị;
418:Vietnamese alphabet
376:Vietnamese alphabet
60:Emperor of Đại Việt
3160:on 2 December 2013
2801:Vietnam: A History
2111:Lê Hạo (1442–1497)
2004:Phạm Thị Ngọc Trần
1661:Lady Nguyen (修容阮氏)
1562:
1493:, in 1488 Burmese
1421:
1390:
1227:
1177:
1137:
1125:
1117:
1090:
971:'s firstborn son,
901:Gregorian calendar
885:Thiên Nam động chủ
878:Tao Đàn nguyên súy
4530:
4529:
4328:
4327:
4319:Succeeded by
4292:Media related to
4257:978-0-67404-534-7
4202:978-9971-69-448-7
4156:978-0-192-53564-1
4086:978-0-521-87586-8
4059:978-1-316-44504-4
3951:Li, Tana (2015).
3938:Li, Tana (2018).
3895:978-0-742-56762-7
3852:Buttinger, Joseph
3843:978-1-377-64408-0
3537:, pp. 51–52.
2938:"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展"
2810:978-0-14-026547-7
2635:, pp. 35–37.
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
1840:Trịnh Ngọc Thương
1515:Malacca Sultanate
1505:According to the
1352:Malacca sultanate
1271:Leizhou Peninsula
1254:and the coast of
1230:Foreign relations
785:
784:
752:
751:
452:
451:
407:
406:
365:
364:
329:
328:
287:Lê Tư Thành (黎思誠)
4648:
4636:Lê dynasty poets
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4362:Later Lê dynasty
4360:Emperors of the
4354:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4302:Preceded by
4299:
4298:
4291:
4278:
4261:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4206:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4169:
4160:
4137:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4090:
4071:
4062:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4022:
3998:
3989:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3947:
3934:
3915:
3899:
3880:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3828:
3819:
3794:
3793:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3482:
3476:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3403:明實錄 (Ming Shilu)
3395:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3358:明實錄 (Ming Shilu)
3350:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3317:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3149:
3143:
3131:
3125:
3113:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3080:明實錄 (Ming Shilu)
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2442:Đinh Thị Ngọc Kế
2332:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1595:Ngo Thi Ngoc Dao
1307:Chenghua Emperor
1244:tributary system
1167:Education policy
917:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
915:and his consort
905:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
814:Later Lê dynasty
777:
770:
763:
468:
467:
454:
453:
448:
447:
426:
425:
409:
408:
403:
402:
384:
383:
367:
366:
360:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
279:
278:
185:Nguyễn Thị Huyên
174:
154:
142:
140:
71:
48:
47:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4364:
4358:
4324:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4285:
4272:
4269:
4267:Further reading
4264:
4258:
4222:
4203:
4182:
4180:
4157:
4134:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4087:
4060:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3931:
3896:
3844:
3802:
3797:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3483:
3479:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3425:
3421:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3300:
3296:
3278:
3274:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3187:on 27 July 2013
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3132:
3128:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3040:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2997:
2993:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2930:
2919:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2500:
2495:
1674:
1656:Prince Le Thoan
1607:Nguyễn Thị Hằng
1584:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1551:
1503:
1465:Irrawaddy River
1433:King Chakkaphat
1413:
1407:
1384:The kingdom of
1378:
1372:
1237:
1232:
1169:
1106:
1104:Economic policy
1070:
1050:Red River delta
1022:
1017:
965:
931:(the mother of
893:
871:Đạo Am chủ nhân
853:
781:
325:Thánh Tông (聖宗)
312:
305:Posthumous name
298:
273:
234:Prince Lê Thoan
228:Prince Lê Chiêu
222:Prince Lê Tương
216:Prince Lê Thông
210:Prince Lê Tranh
176:
168:
152:
138:
136:
135:
77:
52:
46:
23:Vietnamese name
17:
12:
11:
5:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4522:Lê Chiêu Thống
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4308:
4303:
4284:
4283:External links
4281:
4280:
4279:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4220:
4207:
4201:
4188:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4138:
4132:
4126:. SUNY Press.
4119:
4106:
4091:
4085:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4015:978-0774813334
4014:
3999:
3990:
3978:
3966:978-9814620536
3965:
3948:
3935:
3930:978-0774813334
3929:
3916:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3842:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3772:
3766:978-0521889926
3765:
3745:
3739:978-1135043520
3738:
3716:
3696:
3689:
3669:
3647:
3640:
3618:
3616:, p. 111.
3606:
3604:, p. 110.
3594:
3592:, p. 104.
3582:
3580:, p. 103.
3570:
3568:, p. 102.
3551:
3549:, p. 328.
3539:
3524:
3522:, p. 211.
3507:
3505:, p. 100.
3495:
3477:
3459:
3446:978-0774813334
3445:
3419:
3390:
3375:
3345:
3331:
3312:
3294:
3272:
3254:
3229:
3198:
3171:
3144:
3126:
3105:
3096:
3067:
3052:
3031:
3018:978-0774813334
3017:
2991:
2977:on 29 May 2013
2955:
2928:
2917:
2897:
2886:
2864:
2862:, p. 109.
2852:
2840:
2828:
2826:, p. 208.
2816:
2809:
2791:
2789:, p. 269.
2776:
2774:, p. 248.
2761:
2759:, p. 247.
2749:
2747:, p. 525.
2734:
2717:
2715:, p. 171.
2705:
2703:, p. 212.
2693:
2691:, p. 206.
2678:
2676:, p. 169.
2666:
2664:, p. 205.
2649:
2647:, p. 210.
2637:
2622:
2620:, p. 213.
2610:
2598:
2596:, p. 204.
2583:
2574:
2565:
2563:, p. 205.
2553:
2541:
2539:, p. 200.
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
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2465:
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2461:
2459:
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2436:
2433:
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2427:
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2424:
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2415:
2414:
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2315:
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2309:
2307:
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2299:
2297:
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2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2208:
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2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1892:Lê Nguyên Long
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
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1843:
1841:
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1822:
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1813:
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1809:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1780:
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1770:
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1760:
1757:
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1740:
1739:
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1731:
1728:
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1721:
1720:
1718:
1715:
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1712:
1709:
1708:
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1701:
1699:
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1691:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:Prince Le Tung
1629:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1550:
1547:
1531:Ryukyu Islands
1527:Gulf of Tonkin
1502:
1499:
1471:in modern-day
1441:white elephant
1409:Main article:
1406:
1405:Laos and Burma
1403:
1374:Main article:
1371:
1368:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1168:
1165:
1133:An Nam quốc đồ
1105:
1102:
1069:
1066:
1054:Southeast Asia
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
964:
961:
929:Nguyễn Thị Anh
892:
889:
852:
849:
783:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
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696:
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689:
686:
680:
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628:
627:
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618:
617:
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607:
604:
598:
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584:
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558:
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386:
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363:
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331:
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321:
315:
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289:
288:
284:
283:
275:
274:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:Prince Lê Kiện
238:
237:Prince Lê Kinh
235:
232:
231:Prince Lê Cảnh
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:Prince Le Tung
205:
202:
196:
194:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
163:
161:
157:
156:
155:(aged 54)
149:
145:
144:
143:25 August 1442
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
79:
78:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:Lê Thánh Tông
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4653:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Lê Thuần Tông
4505:
4503:
4502:Lê Duy Phường
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Lê Huyền Tông
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Lê Trung Tông
4450:
4448:
4447:Lê Trang Tông
4445:
4443:
4442:Lê Cung Hoàng
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:Lê Chiêu Tông
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Lê Thánh Tông
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Lê Thánh Tông
4290:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4259:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4221:0-521-24333-5
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4133:0-791-42687-4
4129:
4125:
4120:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3614:Whitmore 2011
3610:
3603:
3602:Whitmore 2011
3598:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3490:, p. 245, at
3489:
3488:
3484:Tsai (1996),
3481:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3466:Tsai (1996),
3463:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3307:, p. 252, at
3306:
3305:
3301:Rost (1887),
3298:
3292:
3289:, p. 252, at
3288:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3261:Tsai (1996),
3258:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3139:, p. 108, at
3138:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3121:, p. 202, at
3120:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3093:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3047:, p. 109, at
3046:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2860:Whitmore 2011
2856:
2849:
2844:
2838:, p. 46.
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2645:Bridgman 1840
2641:
2634:
2633:SarDesai 1988
2629:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2608:, p. 84.
2607:
2606:Baldanza 2016
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2578:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2537:Whitmore 2016
2533:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Luang Phabang
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Plain of Jars
1426:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:, capital of
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:Chinese model
1027:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
950:
949:Lê Khắc Xương
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
886:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
861:courtesy name
858:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
803:courtesy name
800:
797:
793:
789:
788:Lê Thánh Tông
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
756:
755:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
714:Lê Thuần Tông
712:
711:
707:
705:
704:Lê Duy Phường
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
664:Lê Huyền Tông
662:
661:
657:
655:(second time)
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:Lê Trung Tông
590:
589:
585:
583:
582:Lê Trang Tông
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:Lê Cung Hoàng
570:
569:
565:
563:
562:Lê Chiêu Tông
560:
559:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
529:
525:
523:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:Lê Thánh Tông
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
446:
443:
440:
435:
433:
429:
424:Lê Thánh Tông
421:
419:
415:
410:
401:
398:
393:
391:
387:
379:
377:
373:
370:Personal name
368:
361:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
338:
336:
332:
323:
320:
316:
309:
306:
302:
295:
290:
285:
280:
276:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
219:Prince Lê Táo
218:
215:
213:Prince Lê Cảo
212:
209:
206:
204:Prince Lê Tân
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
172:
167:
162:
158:
150:
146:
133:
130:
127:
124:Lê Tư Thành (
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
70:
65:
62:
61:
56:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
4517:Lê Hiển Tông
4477:Lê Chân Tông
4472:Lê Thần Tông
4467:Lê Kính Tông
4434:
4427:
4418:Lê Quang Trị
4413:Lê Tương Dực
4398:Lê Hiến Tông
4392:
4383:Lê Nhân Tông
4378:Lê Thái Tông
4322:Lê Hiến Tông
4310:
4286:
4274:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4211:
4192:
4181:, retrieved
4175:
4165:
4142:
4123:
4111:. Retrieved
4096:
4076:
4067:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4004:
3994:
3988:. Routledge.
3985:
3970:. Retrieved
3956:
3939:
3920:
3907:
3904:Kiernan, Ben
3885:
3876:
3864:
3855:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3755:
3748:
3729:
3719:
3706:
3699:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3650:
3631:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3542:
3535:Simms (2013)
3520:Kiernan 2019
3498:
3492:Google Books
3485:
3480:
3474:Google Books
3472:, p. 16, at
3467:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3432:
3422:
3414:
3407:. Retrieved
3405:(in Chinese)
3402:
3393:
3378:
3369:
3362:. Retrieved
3360:(in Chinese)
3357:
3348:
3334:
3315:
3309:Google Books
3302:
3297:
3291:Google Books
3283:
3275:
3269:Google Books
3267:, p. 15, at
3262:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3239:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:the original
3211:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3185:the original
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:the original
3147:
3141:Google Books
3134:
3129:
3123:Google Books
3116:
3099:
3091:
3084:. Retrieved
3082:(in Chinese)
3079:
3070:
3055:
3049:Google Books
3042:
3022:. Retrieved
3004:
2994:
2986:
2979:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2931:
2922:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2877:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2824:Kiernan 2019
2819:
2800:
2794:
2752:
2727:
2720:
2708:
2701:Kiernan 2019
2696:
2669:
2662:Kiernan 2019
2640:
2613:
2601:
2577:
2568:
2556:
2544:
1759:Nguyễn Quách
1667:
1625:Lê Tương Dực
1614:Lê Hiến Tông
1589:Lê Thái Tông
1576:
1568:
1563:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1450:
1422:
1391:
1356:
1349:
1284:
1268:
1264:
1238:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1181:mathematical
1178:
1161:
1138:
1132:
1098:
1091:
1082:Musée Guimet
1062:Lê Hiến Tông
1058:
1038:
1034:
1023:
990:
977:Lê Nhân Tông
969:Lê Thái Tông
966:
945:Lê Nhân Tông
942:
933:Lê Nhân Tông
925:Lê Nhân Tông
913:Lê Thái Tông
909:Jade Emperor
894:
884:
882:formal title
877:
870:
863:
856:
854:
844:
840:
826:
805:
798:
791:
787:
786:
734:Lê Hiển Tông
653:Lê Thần Tông
643:Lê Chân Tông
634:(first time)
632:Lê Thần Tông
622:Lê Kính Tông
552:Lê Tương Dực
522:Lê Hiến Tông
511:
492:Lê Nhân Tông
482:Lê Thái Tông
350:Lê Thái Tông
164:Chiêu Tomb,
153:(1497-03-03)
151:3 March 1497
111:Lê Hiến Tông
58:
42:
34:
30:
18:
4606:1497 deaths
4601:1442 births
4487:Lê Gia Tông
4462:Lê Thế Tông
4457:Lê Anh Tông
4403:Lê Túc Tông
4388:Lê Nghi Dân
4305:Lê Nghi Dân
3320:Wade (2005)
3280:Rost (1887)
2689:Taylor 2013
2618:Taylor 2013
2594:Taylor 2013
2561:Taylor 2013
2006:(1386–1425)
1894:(1423–1442)
1785:(1385–1433)
1446:Tai peoples
1425:Muang Phuan
1212:Ngô Sĩ Liên
1157:agriculture
973:Lê Nghi Dân
953:Lê Nghi Dân
897:August 25th
875:rhymed name
822:Lê Nghi Dân
818:coup d'état
796:temple name
674:Lê Gia Tông
612:Lê Thế Tông
602:Lê Anh Tông
532:Lê Túc Tông
502:Lê Nghi Dân
412:Temple name
319:Temple name
169: [
101:Lê Nghi Dân
97:Predecessor
4595:Categories
4497:Lê Dụ Tông
4492:Lê Hy Tông
4436:Thiên Hiến
4373:Lê Thái Tổ
4316:1442–1497
4183:6 November
4107:0791426874
3858:. Praeger.
3690:0599833289
3641:0299217736
3385:, p.
3326:, p.
3062:, p.
2918:0821406302
2887:0826414885
2515:References
2509:Lê dynasty
1507:Ming Shilu
1490:Ming Shilu
1475:. In 1482
1394:Maha Sajan
1359:Ming Shilu
1287:Ming Shilu
1235:Ming China
1185:scientific
1076:A Chu Đậu
891:Early life
859:(黎灝), his
799:Thánh Tông
694:Lê Dụ Tông
684:Lê Hy Tông
472:Lê Thái Tổ
458:Lê dynasty
175:, Đại Việt
139:1442-08-25
39:given name
4585:Biography
4512:Lê Ý Tông
4408:Lê Uy Mục
4113:5 January
4021:4 January
3972:5 January
3547:Wang 1998
3452:5 January
3409:5 January
3383:Wade 2005
3324:Wade 2005
3086:5 January
3060:Wade 2005
3024:5 January
2981:5 January
2848:Wang 1998
2787:Hall 1999
2772:Hall 2011
2757:Hall 2011
2520:Citations
2226:1370–1453
1549:As a poet
1519:Ayutthaya
1467:, around
1333:Pingxiang
1299:Guangdong
1256:Guangzhou
1153:Majapahit
1145:West Asia
1141:Hải Dương
1046:Dong Kinh
1042:Red River
1026:Thanh Hoá
1009:Nguyễn Xí
1001:Đinh Liệt
997:Nguyễn Xí
985:Đinh Liệt
981:Nguyễn Xí
957:Đông Kinh
868:pseudonym
829:conquests
824:in 1460.
748:1786–1789
744:Lê Mẫn Đế
738:1740–1786
728:1735–1740
724:Lê Ý Tông
718:1732–1735
708:1729–1732
698:1705–1729
688:1676–1705
678:1674–1675
668:1663–1671
658:1649–1662
647:1643–1649
637:1619–1643
626:1600–1619
616:1573–1599
606:1556–1573
596:1548–1556
586:1533–1548
576:1522–1527
566:1516–1522
556:1509–1516
546:1505–1509
542:Lê Uy Mục
526:1498–1504
516:1460–1497
506:1459–1460
496:1443–1459
486:1434–1442
476:1428–1433
107:Successor
4561:Monarchy
3906:(2019).
3854:(1967).
3590:Sun 2006
3578:Sun 2006
3566:Sun 2006
3503:Sun 2006
2498:See also
2172:Ngô Kinh
1672:Ancestry
1587:Father:
1539:Qui Nhơn
1511:Lan Xang
1469:Kengtung
1453:Lan Xang
1386:Đại Việt
1324:Longzhou
1320:Lạng Sơn
1291:Wenchang
1260:Đại Việt
1193:Buddhist
1149:Trowulan
887:(天南洞主).
880:(騷壇元帥),
873:(道庵主人),
864:Tư Thành
837:Đại Việt
810:Đại Việt
806:Tư Thành
461:monarchs
340:Later Lê
166:Lam Kinh
21:In this
4573:History
4549:Vietnam
4535:Portals
4429:Đại Đức
3800:Sources
3387:2078/79
3364:26 July
3328:3785/86
3247:26 July
3222:26 July
3191:26 July
3164:26 July
3064:2704/05
2948:26 July
2836:Yi 2006
2713:Li 2018
2674:Li 2018
1707:Lê Đinh
1473:Myanmar
1337:Beijing
1303:Qinzhou
1208:tiến sĩ
1204:tiến sĩ
847:洪德盛治).
432:Chữ Hán
390:Chữ Hán
335:Dynasty
27:surname
4254:
4218:
4199:
4153:
4130:
4104:
4083:
4056:
4012:
3963:
3927:
3892:
3840:
3763:
3736:
3687:
3638:
3443:
3015:
2915:
2884:
2807:
2224:Ngô Từ
1783:Lê Lợi
1582:Family
1535:Champa
1521:, and
1485:Lan Na
1481:Hsenwi
1477:Momeik
1370:Champa
1363:Nanhai
1311:Wu Rui
1295:Hainan
1279:eunuch
1275:Hainan
1252:Hainan
1248:Champa
1197:Taoist
1005:Lê Lợi
993:Lê Lợi
921:Lê Lợi
866:(思誠),
857:Lê Hạo
833:Champa
792:Lê Hạo
382:Lê Hạo
356:Mother
346:Father
181:Spouse
160:Burial
25:, the
3807:1471.
3711:(PDF)
3660:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2968:(PDF)
2963:李慶新.
2893:344).
1398:Hanoi
1086:Paris
1015:Reign
282:Names
192:Issue
173:]
89:Reign
4252:ISBN
4216:ISBN
4197:ISBN
4185:2012
4151:ISBN
4128:ISBN
4115:2013
4102:ISBN
4081:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4023:2013
4010:ISBN
3974:2019
3961:ISBN
3925:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3838:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3454:2013
3441:ISBN
3411:2013
3366:2013
3249:2013
3224:2013
3193:2013
3166:2013
3088:2013
3026:2013
3013:ISBN
2983:2013
2950:2013
2913:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2805:ISBN
1543:Tusi
1533:and
1523:Java
1483:and
1455:and
1437:Laos
1328:Tusi
1273:and
1241:Ming
1183:and
999:and
983:and
951:and
851:Name
536:1504
148:Died
121:Born
3790:4–5
1495:Ava
1457:Nan
1435:of
1297:to
1195:or
1044:at
955:in
899:in
831:of
53:黎聖宗
43:Hạo
29:is
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4145:.
3942:.
3910:.
3867:,
3788:.
3784:.
3662:.
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3527:^
3510:^
3439:.
3437:92
3413:.
3401:.
3368:.
3356:.
3322:,
3282:,
3210:.
3108:^
3090:.
3078:.
3034:^
3011:.
3009:91
2985:.
2921:.
2890:.
2779:^
2764:^
2737:^
2681:^
2652:^
2625:^
2586:^
2527:^
1459:.
1159:.
1147:.
1084:,
995:-
801:,
794:,
171:vi
41:,
35:Le
31:Lê
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4353:e
4346:t
4339:v
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4117:.
4089:.
4025:.
3976:.
3946:.
3933:.
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3742:.
3693:.
3644:.
3456:.
3342:.
3286:1
3251:.
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3195:.
3168:.
3028:.
2952:.
2924:.
2813:.
1088:.
843:(
776:e
769:t
762:v
445:宗
442:聖
439:黎
400:灝
397:黎
141:)
137:(
134:)
132:誠
129:思
126:黎
45:.
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