37:
633:" inside the ballot box. With 11.5% of the votes, they obtained sieges in the city council. The ballot initiated by the two FN dissidents was called "Vénissieux Fait Front" and featured most of the candidates that had run for the FN during the previous election, which led Marine Le Pen to denounce Benedetti and Gabriac as "parasites" and to call for the invalidation of their candidacy. The vote was eventually declared void a few months later by the
447:. The Regroupement made little headway and soon fell apart. Following an increase in far-right violence at the end of the previous decade, the police considered a first time the possibility of banning the group in 1980, highlighting their own designation as a "nationalist guard", their organized physical trainings in the woods and obsessional antisemitism as potential risks. They eventually asked the authorities to keep
794:" by competing far right groups, while its adherents highlighted the discipline and determination allowed by their organizational structure. Sidos was recognized by L'Œuvre adherents as the "future guide for the people and the nation." Far from being a mass party, the organization had 20 members at its creation, around 50 a decade later, and around 400 at the time of its dissolution in 2013. Political scientist
886:: "Plus adepte des autoritarismes de Franco, Pétain ou Salazar que des fascismes, l’Œuvre française met surtout l'accent sur un antisémitisme à la fois conspirationniste, racial et antisioniste. C’est un néo-pétainisme au fond, mais dans la forme, le groupement se veut une phalange à la discipline léniniste.
706:
was "more inclined to the authoritarianism of Franco, Pétain or
Salazar than to fascism (...) it focuses above all on an anti-Semitism that is at once conspiratorial, racial and anti-Zionist. It is a neo-Petainism in its essence, but in its form, the grouping wants to be a
656:, a radical group initially established in 1983 and re-activated earlier that year to cope with the dissolution of several far-right groups. In June 2019, Yvan Benedetti was sentenced to a suspended 8 months jail sentence for "recreating a disbanded league",
593:
as a group "organized like a private militia thanks to paramilitary-like training camps." He further added that the association had been "spreading a xenophobic and antisemitic ideology, diffusing racist and
Holocaust-denying thesis, exalting
558:, in order to attract militants disappointed with the new FN leadership. The following year, Pierre Sidos, then 85, left the presidency after 44 years in office, and was succeeded by Benedetti. On 25 May 2013, the women's branch, named
1135:
547:
Gabriac was eventually expelled from the FN in 2011 after a photo that showed him doing a Nazi salute re-emerged. His expulsion was followed the same year by that of
Benedetti, who had defined himself as an
583:. The ban occurred in a context of street violence by far-right revolutionary groups, which culminated in the death of a far-left activist in a fight against another nationalist association led by
402:
on a technical basis. It has been argued that there was a fear that any judgement in Sidos' favor would have been considered a vindication of his collaborationist background in wider society.
1156:
714:
The movement aimed at dissolving democracy and opposing mass immigration through the "deliverance of France and the French from an ideological and economic cosmopolitanism." Its motto was
325:
in 1964 after the dissolution of the former movement. Following his departure from the
Occident in 1965-66, Sidos began to focus on the creation of another far-right movement.
2677:
2258:
346:
indeed defended an anti-capitalist nationalism that denounced the role of Jews in finance, politics, and the industries, as well as the "threat" represented by the state of
532:
militants, notably
Benedetti and Alexandre Gabriac, to become part of the FN in 2007. The party however later tightened its policy regarding relations with radical groups,
552:, anti-Semite, anti-Jews" in an interview. Gabriac and Benedetti thus decided to establish "Jeunesses Nationalistes" in 2011 as the youth movement and activist branch of
1360:
1379:
1239:
1258:
1177:
1057:
2137:
1323:
778:
dismissed democracy as the "reign of drugs", "suicide" and "meaningless words like tolerance, human rights, anti-racism, liberty, that emasculate our youth."
443:
652:
was re-activated by Yvan
Benedetti and Alexandre Gabriac, with the copyright "1958–2013 Jeune Nation". In September 2015, Benedetti appealed to join the
1598:
1341:
595:
1296:
2698:
1397:
859:". Hispania Nova: Revista de historia contemporánea (Extra 1): 243–256. “Entre 1937 y 1943, el franquismo constituyó un régimen ‘semi-fascista’, ”
752:" and a Catholic doctrine purged from Jewish influence. The French head of state would be designated by an elite electoral college similar to the
1277:
1196:
2804:
1215:
1787:
471:. They infiltrated and recruited in the police, especially though the workers' union FPIP, in which they claimed half the members were
2819:
1416:
1796:
1723:
820:. The anthem, whose lyrics were written in 1974 by Sidos, was titled "Nous voulons rester Français" ("We want to remain French").
2318:
1136:"L'enquête sur un projet d'action contre un conseiller de M. Pasqua Trois militants de l'OEuvre française ont été mis en examen"
2814:
1591:
2147:
1473:
1067:
926:
1680:
1708:
1608:
798:
explains the large media coverage compared to the size of the group by an "excellent communication from the leadership".
195:
866:
2824:
2809:
2343:
2142:
1889:
1550:
2207:
2829:
1584:
1518:
1499:
1443:
989:
395:
1945:
505:, in reference to an older group Sidos had founded nearly forty-five years earlier and dissolved by decree in 1958.
2212:
1657:
421:
399:
2187:
1436:
Extrême France: les mouvements frontistes, nationaux-radicaux, royalistes, catholiques traditionalistes et provie
1999:
290:
was—until its dissolution by the authorities in 2013—the oldest nationalist association still active in France.
1780:
1939:
618:
467:
kept on acting mostly alone among the far-right nebula, and preferred instead developing its own strategy of
634:
2599:
2323:
2313:
2152:
1858:
1685:
127:
2283:
487:, then special adviser in the French government with responsibility for combating racism and xenophobia.
2404:
2132:
1703:
2293:
2273:
1952:
1835:
1773:
1035:
748:
defined their political agenda as the establishment of a "nationalist state" founded on the idea of "
1979:
2044:
1815:
1713:
1662:
1629:
653:
2524:
434:
339:
2657:
2157:
2782:
2768:
2333:
1934:
1647:
862:
675:
281:
2489:
2172:
856:
2353:
2182:
1863:
1695:
2197:
2589:
2122:
1894:
1752:
388:
2429:
1278:"Manuel Valls annonce la dissolution de l'Oeuvre française et des Jeunesses nationalistes"
8:
2758:
2594:
2574:
2499:
2303:
2192:
2177:
2069:
2029:
1928:
1914:
1900:
1756:
1652:
787:
756:. Display of political affiliation or atheism in public life were to be banned, while a "
322:
200:
2384:
2238:
1852:
1380:"Peine alourdie en appel pour Yvan Benedetti pour non-dissolution de l'Oeuvre française"
727:
2731:
2691:
2268:
1820:
1748:
757:
742:
as the group's intellectual mentors. During its two first congresses in 1970 and 1975,
630:
438:
338:. The periodical was fervently anti-Semite, even described as such by the organ of the
253:
190:
152:
147:
132:
2564:
2529:
2464:
2263:
2079:
2024:
1830:
739:
603:
2703:
2569:
2549:
2504:
2414:
1989:
1974:
1825:
1616:
1546:
1514:
1495:
1469:
1439:
1304:
1063:
985:
922:
607:
576:
523:
2712:
2459:
2222:
2217:
2034:
1969:
1624:
1240:"L'Oeuvre française et les Jeunesses nationalistes n'acceptent pas leur dissolution"
1157:"Dissolution de l'Oeuvre française, plus ancien groupe d'extrême droite en activité"
735:
2725:
2604:
2454:
2449:
2278:
2059:
2049:
1576:
1564:
761:
696:
organization, influenced by various conspiracy theories. In the words of historian
498:
2539:
406:, on its side, dismissed the Jewish origin of some members in the council, namely
2645:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2419:
2409:
2389:
2348:
2328:
2288:
2202:
2064:
1869:
1810:
1560:
1487:
1483:
852:
846:
795:
731:
697:
671:
611:
541:
484:
407:
314:
277:
248:
223:
162:
2614:
2534:
575:
was dissolved on 10 July 2013 after the issue of an official decree by the then
433:
participated in the
Regroupement Nationaliste ("Nationalist Union"), along with
36:
2753:
2559:
2469:
2399:
2374:
2298:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2039:
2009:
1765:
1731:
817:
753:
749:
519:
509:
2737:
2019:
2014:
411:
2798:
2684:
2509:
2434:
2127:
2099:
1994:
1308:
533:
387:). The group held their first congress two years later on 10 October 1970 in
2338:
1736:
622:
2778:
2773:
2651:
2638:
2579:
2544:
2514:
2444:
2439:
2253:
2162:
2089:
2054:
2004:
1984:
1876:
842:
813:
791:
693:
685:
648:
599:
580:
549:
364:
318:
310:
273:
269:
265:
257:
140:
136:
47:
1324:"Vénissieux. Marine Le Pen demande d'invalider la liste Benedetti-Gabriac"
2631:
2609:
2584:
2554:
2519:
2394:
2379:
2369:
2074:
1639:
1565:"L'Œuvre française, une longue marche sous le signe de la croix celtique"
1053:
584:
494:
376:
261:
982:
Les ennemis du système: Enquête sur les mouvements extrémistes en France
414:, as the reason for their refusal. In 1973, Sidos ran again as the only
2762:
1907:
1529:
1178:"Marine Le Pen dénonce "une opération d'entrisme" au FN pour lui nuire"
662:
having kept on operating for several months following the dissolution.
106:
2719:
2494:
2424:
1511:
Les faux-semblants du Front national: Sociologie d'un parti politique
689:
493:
was banned from publicity and sales to minors in 1990 following the
1883:
1672:
1161:
1140:
537:
468:
328:
In
February 1966, Sidos created with André Cantelaube the magazine
1342:"Le Conseil d'Etat annule les élections municipales de Vénissieux"
919:
Les droites nationales et radicales en France: répertoire critique
790:, the organization was labeled a sect or nicknamed the "Church of
1257:
Faye, Olivier; Mestre, Abel; Monnot, Caroline (7 February 2012).
708:
317:
during WWII. He later established and led the neo-fascist group
1921:
1361:"Yvan Benedetti et Alexandre Gabriac réactivent "Jeune nation""
1359:
Faye, Olivier; Mestre, Abel; Monnot, Caroline (7 August 2013).
765:
347:
1155:
Faye, Olivier; Mestre, Abel; Monnot, Caroline (24 July 2013).
1100:
1098:
1096:
2308:
2248:
2243:
508:
Sidos tried in this period to build a rapprochement with the
176:
2259:
Association for the
Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain
1093:
768:
of all nation activities and forces". In its monthly organ
626:
518:
to the party, despite the opposition of his right-hand-man
172:
1197:"Salut nazi: Gollnisch "étonné" de l'exclusion de Gabriac"
1398:"Marine Le Pen porte plainte contre Montebourg et Pulvar"
1259:"Pierre Sidos quitte la présidence de l'Oeuvre française"
180:
501:. The movement launched in early 1994 a new organ named
1297:"Nouvelles dissolutions de structures d'extrême droite"
1216:"Un très proche de Gollnisch exclu du FN pour deux ans"
1059:
Biographical
Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890
565:
960:
958:
332:("The Sun"), which would become the official organ of
1117:
1115:
1113:
1083:
1081:
1079:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
562:, was launched and headed by Marie-Claire Gandillon.
1606:
477:
adherents in the 1990s. In 1993, three militants of
353:
1543:
Les extrêmes droites en France: De 1945 à nos jours
998:
847:
Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition
1110:
1076:
935:
889:
540:" to facilitate the seizure of power by her rival
637:due to irregularities in the list of candidates.
2796:
1795:
1358:
1256:
1154:
587:. Valls justified the dissolution by denouncing
394:On this platform, Sidos attempted to run in the
461:After the failure of the Regroupement project,
921:. Presses Universitaires de Lyon. p. 97.
456:
1781:
1592:
1482:
1104:
807:
773:
743:
701:
679:
657:
641:
588:
570:
553:
527:
513:
512:(FN). In 1996, he announced the rallying of
478:
472:
462:
448:
428:
415:
358:
333:
304:
285:
237:
212:
24:
2138:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
1033:
979:
916:
1788:
1774:
1599:
1585:
617:In 2014, Benedetti and Gabriac ran in the
483:were arrested while planning an attack on
1466:L'extrême-droite en France de 1965 à 1984
1417:"L'oeuvre française contre la démocratie"
398:, but his candidacy was rejected by the
298:
2319:National Council of European Resistance
1559:
1540:
1237:
964:
917:Camus, Jean-Yves; Monzat, René (1992).
904:
883:
2797:
1527:
1508:
1463:
1433:
1348:(in French). Reuters. 4 February 2015.
1121:
1087:
1004:
264:far-right movement founded in 1968 by
2148:French and European Nationalist Party
1769:
1580:
1513:(in French). Presses de Sciences Po.
1233:
1231:
1229:
1133:
1062:. Simon & Schuster. p. 358.
1034:De Boissieu, Laurent (3 March 2019).
975:
973:
764:state, with the union under the same
367:in April 1968, who declared himself "
247:
222:
1414:
1052:
1029:
1027:
1025:
879:
877:
835:
833:
566:Dissolution and legacy: 2013–present
2805:Defunct political parties in France
1709:Union of Democrats and Independents
1438:(in French). Grasset. p. 403.
1377:
1294:
1288:
1275:
1213:
1194:
1175:
855:: Recio, Glicerio Sánchez (2015). "
313:, had been a member of the fascist
13:
2344:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms
2143:Federation of Nationalist Students
1890:French National-Collectivist Party
1250:
1226:
970:
857:En torno a la dictadura franquista
646:in 2013, the website of the organ
14:
2841:
1415:Dely, Renaud (11 November 1996).
1238:Knepper, Maxence (24 July 2013).
1022:
874:
830:
522:. After negotiations with Sidos,
396:1969 French presidential election
354:Creation and emergence: 1968–1982
2820:2013 disestablishments in France
2213:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups
980:Bourseiller, Christophe (1989).
849:. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137.
760:" was to achieve a "popular and
35:
2208:Rassemblement National Français
1530:"Entretien : Pierre Sidos"
1528:Doucet, David (12 April 2013).
1456:
1427:
1408:
1390:
1371:
1352:
1334:
1321:
1315:
1269:
1207:
1188:
1169:
1148:
1127:
1046:
629:, inviting electors to "slip a
1404:(in French). 29 February 2012.
1010:
910:
1:
2815:1968 establishments in France
2670:Active publications and media
1940:Revolutionary Social Movement
984:(in French). Robert Laffont.
823:
670:Closer to the "semi-fascist"
640:Following the dissolution of
2324:National Republican Movement
1859:Antisemitic League of France
1797:Far-right politics in France
1494:. Harvard University Press.
1492:Far-Right Politics in Europe
781:
602:, paying regular tribute to
536:denouncing an "operation of
7:
2284:Equality and Reconciliation
1946:Service d'ordre légionnaire
1609:political parties in France
1541:Gautier, Jean-Paul (2017).
845:: Stanley G. Payne (1983).
711:with Leninist discipline."
678:than true fascist regimes,
665:
457:Entryst strategy: 1983–2012
342:'s youth movement in 1975.
62:; 56 years ago
16:French nationalist movement
10:
2846:
2188:Organisation Armée Secrète
2133:European Rally for Liberty
1468:(in French). L'Harmattan.
1434:Venner, Fiammetta (2006).
1134:Staff (18 December 1993).
1019:, n°99, 2–15 octobre 1970.
801:
718:("France to the French").
441:and the magazine-movement
293:
52:Yvan Benedetti (2012–2013)
2825:Neo-fascist organizations
2810:Fascist parties in France
2746:
2669:
2623:
2362:
2231:
2113:
1962:
1844:
1803:
1745:
1722:
1694:
1671:
1638:
1615:
1176:AFP (29 September 2010).
869:p. 313-317 2003 Routledge
808:
774:
744:
721:
702:
680:
658:
642:
589:
571:
554:
528:
514:
479:
473:
463:
449:
429:
416:
359:
334:
305:
286:
238:
213:
186:
168:
158:
146:
126:
115:
105:
89:
74:
56:
43:
34:
25:
21:
2830:Banned far-right parties
2624:Ideologies and movements
1630:New Anticapitalist Party
1509:Crépon, Sylvain (2015).
1105:Camus & Lebourg 2017
654:French Nationalist Party
577:Minister of the Interior
321:(1949–58), then founded
2153:Front Algérie Française
1545:(in French). Syllepse.
1464:Algazy, Joseph (1989).
865:: Kallis, Aristotle A.
435:Jean-Gilles Malliarakis
224:[lœvʁəfʁɑ̃sɛːz]
148:Political position
111:Jeunesses Nationalistes
78:July 23, 2013
2783:Algiers putsch of 1961
2769:6 February 1934 crisis
2334:Rassemblement National
2274:Carrefour de l'Horloge
1935:National Popular Rally
1648:French Communist Party
1244:Le Journal du Dimanche
716:La France aux Français
625:, in the outskirts of
400:Constitutional Council
1864:Breton National Party
1195:AFP (20 April 2011).
758:corporatist socialism
299:Background: 1949–1967
2658:Révolution nationale
2158:Groupe Union Défense
2123:Charles Martel Group
1953:Solidarité Française
1895:French Popular Party
1753:Miscellaneous centre
1378:AFP (12 June 2019).
1295:AFP (24 July 2013).
1276:AFP (24 July 2013).
1214:AFP (10 July 2011).
453:under surveillance.
422:legislative election
2759:Franco-Prussian War
2505:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
2314:League of the South
2304:Generation Identity
2193:Party of New Forces
2173:Nouvelle Résistance
1929:Mouvement Franciste
1915:Ligue des Patriotes
1901:Jeunesses Patriotes
1757:Miscellaneous right
1686:Democratic Movement
1653:La France Insoumise
788:cult of personality
684:was nonetheless an
619:municipal elections
371:for life" (French:
268:. Inspired by the "
2678:Boulevard Voltaire
2198:Phalange Française
1749:Miscellaneous left
254:French nationalist
191:Politics of France
133:French nationalism
2792:
2791:
2600:Tixier-Vignancour
2168:L'Œuvre Française
2045:Drieu La Rochelle
1763:
1762:
1475:978-2-7384-0229-5
1069:978-0-13-089301-7
1036:"Œuvre Française"
928:978-2-7297-0416-2
816:painted with the
809:L'Œuvre Française
681:L'Œuvre Française
572:L'Œuvre Française
524:Jean-Marie Le Pen
497:, which outlawed
420:candidate in the
360:L'Œuvre Française
335:L'Œuvre Française
306:L'Œuvre Française
287:L'Œuvre Française
214:L'Œuvre Française
209:
208:
196:Political parties
26:L'Œuvre Française
2837:
2726:Radio Courtoisie
2707:
2363:Post-1945 people
2294:The Nationalists
2279:Debout la France
2239:Action Française
2116:post-1945 groups
1853:Action Française
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1561:Lebourg, Nicolas
1556:
1537:
1524:
1505:
1488:Lebourg, Nicolas
1484:Camus, Jean-Yves
1479:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:France Politique
1031:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
995:
977:
968:
962:
933:
932:
914:
908:
902:
887:
881:
872:
837:
811:
810:
777:
776:
747:
746:
728:Maurice Bardèche
705:
704:
683:
682:
661:
660:
645:
644:
592:
591:
574:
573:
557:
556:
531:
530:
517:
516:
499:Holocaust denial
482:
481:
476:
475:
466:
465:
452:
451:
432:
431:
419:
418:
362:
361:
350:on geopolitics.
337:
336:
308:
307:
289:
288:
251:
246:
241:
240:
235:"), also called
226:
221:
216:
215:
119:
85:
83:
70:
68:
63:
39:
28:
27:
19:
18:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2742:
2701:
2665:
2646:Nouvelle Droite
2619:
2510:Le Pen (Marine)
2358:
2349:Terre et Peuple
2329:Party of France
2289:Europe-Jeunesse
2264:Cité catholique
2227:
2203:Radical Network
2115:
2109:
1963:Pre-1945 people
1958:
1870:Camelots du Roi
1845:Pre-1945 groups
1840:
1799:
1794:
1764:
1759:
1741:
1718:
1714:The Republicans
1690:
1667:
1663:Socialist Party
1634:
1611:
1605:
1575:
1553:
1521:
1502:
1476:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1432:
1428:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1376:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1320:
1316:
1293:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1236:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1193:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1153:
1149:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1103:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1051:
1047:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
992:
978:
971:
963:
936:
929:
915:
911:
903:
890:
882:
875:
853:Francoist Spain
838:
831:
826:
818:French tricolor
804:
796:Jean-Yves Camus
784:
740:Édouard Drumont
732:Charles Maurras
724:
698:Nicolas Lebourg
672:Francoist Spain
668:
568:
542:Bruno Gollnisch
485:Patrick Gaubert
459:
408:Gaston Palewski
363:was founded by
356:
315:Parti Franciste
303:The founder of
301:
296:
278:Francoist Spain
244:
233:The French Work
219:
205:
163:Catholic Church
139:
135:
117:
97:
81:
79:
66:
64:
61:
51:
30:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2754:Dreyfus affair
2750:
2748:
2747:Notable events
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2713:Nouvelle École
2709:
2699:National-Hebdo
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:French Renewal
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2223:Unité Radicale
2220:
2218:Troisième Voie
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Benoist-Méchin
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1732:National Rally
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1658:The Ecologists
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:Lutte Ouvrière
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1557:
1552:978-2849505700
1551:
1538:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1426:
1407:
1389:
1370:
1351:
1333:
1314:
1287:
1268:
1249:
1225:
1206:
1187:
1168:
1147:
1126:
1109:
1107:, p. 158.
1092:
1075:
1068:
1045:
1021:
1009:
997:
990:
969:
934:
927:
909:
888:
873:
871:
870:
867:Fascism Reader
860:
850:
828:
827:
825:
822:
806:The emblem of
803:
800:
786:Designed as a
783:
780:
754:Papal conclave
750:blood and soil
736:Maurice Barrès
723:
720:
667:
664:
635:Conseil d'État
567:
564:
560:Les Caryatides
520:Yvan Benedetti
510:Front National
458:
455:
439:Troisième Voie
355:
352:
340:Front National
300:
297:
295:
292:
249:[lœvʁ]
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
130:
124:
123:
120:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
91:
87:
86:
76:
72:
71:
58:
54:
53:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2842:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:Active groups
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Ordre Nouveau
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Europe-Action
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:Revue Charles
1531:
1526:
1522:
1520:9782724618129
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1501:9780674971530
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1447:
1445:9782246666011
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1303:(in French).
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1007:, p. 75.
1006:
1001:
993:
991:9782221233283
987:
983:
976:
974:
966:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
930:
924:
920:
913:
906:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
885:
880:
878:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
829:
821:
819:
815:
799:
797:
793:
789:
779:
771:
767:
763:
762:communitarian
759:
755:
751:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:Sidos listed
719:
717:
712:
710:
699:
695:
694:neo-Pétainist
691:
687:
677:
673:
663:
655:
651:
650:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:collaboration
586:
582:
578:
563:
561:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:Marine Le Pen
526:allowed some
525:
521:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
470:
454:
446:
445:
440:
436:
425:
423:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
351:
349:
345:
341:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
291:
283:
279:
275:
272:" regimes of
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:néo-Pétainist
255:
250:
242:
234:
230:
225:
217:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
137:Neo-Pétainism
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
77:
73:
59:
55:
49:
46:
42:
38:
33:
20:
2779:Algerian War
2774:Vichy France
2730:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2656:
2644:
2639:Maurrassisme
2637:
2630:
2354:The Patriots
2254:Alsace First
2167:
2163:Jeune Nation
1951:
1944:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1882:
1877:Croix-de-Feu
1875:
1868:
1851:
1571:(in French).
1568:
1542:
1536:(in French).
1533:
1510:
1491:
1465:
1457:Bibliography
1435:
1429:
1423:(in French).
1420:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1373:
1367:(in French).
1364:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1330:(in French).
1327:
1317:
1300:
1290:
1284:(in French).
1281:
1271:
1265:(in French).
1262:
1252:
1246:(in French).
1243:
1222:(in French).
1219:
1209:
1203:(in French).
1200:
1190:
1184:(in French).
1181:
1171:
1165:(in French).
1160:
1150:
1144:(in French).
1139:
1129:
1058:
1054:Rees, Philip
1048:
1039:
1016:
1012:
1000:
981:
965:Gautier 2017
918:
912:
905:Lebourg 2014
884:Lebourg 2014
843:Vichy France
814:Celtic Cross
805:
785:
770:Jeune Nation
769:
725:
715:
713:
669:
649:Jeune Nation
647:
639:
616:
600:Vichy regime
581:Manuel Valls
569:
559:
550:anti-Zionist
546:
507:
503:Jeune Nation
502:
490:
489:
460:
442:
426:
403:
393:
384:
380:
372:
368:
365:Pierre Sidos
357:
343:
329:
327:
319:Jeune Nation
311:Pierre Sidos
302:
274:Vichy France
270:semi-fascist
266:Pierre Sidos
236:
232:
231:; English: "
228:
211:
210:
141:Antisemitism
99:Jeune Nation
98:
93:
48:Pierre Sidos
2738:TV-Libertés
2702: [
2632:Boulangisme
2525:Malliarakis
1821:de Gobineau
1681:Renaissance
1122:Doucet 2013
1088:Crépon 2015
1005:Algazy 1989
863:Estado Novo
686:antisemitic
676:Estado Novo
585:Serge Ayoub
544:in the FN.
495:Gayssot Act
412:René Cassin
377:portmanteau
282:Estado Novo
262:antisemitic
116:Membership
101:(1994–2013)
96:(1968–1993)
50:(1968–2012)
2799:Categories
2763:Revanchism
2575:Saint-Loup
2475:Fredriksen
2455:de Lesquen
2450:de Benoist
2339:Reconquête
1990:Brasillach
1908:La Cagoule
1836:de Lapouge
1826:de Maistre
1804:Precursors
1747:See also:
1737:Reconquête
1421:Libération
1328:Le Progrès
1220:Libération
824:References
623:Vénissieux
608:Brasillach
389:Versailles
245:pronounced
107:Youth wing
82:2013-07-23
2652:Pétainism
2570:Reynouard
2550:Philippot
2500:Le Gallou
2485:Holeindre
2480:Gollnisch
2400:Benedetti
2030:Déroulède
1975:Bainville
1816:Boulanger
1724:Far-right
1402:L'Express
1384:Le Figaro
1309:0242-6056
1282:France 24
1201:L'Express
1017:Le Soleil
782:Structure
690:racialist
491:Le Soleil
427:In 1982,
404:Le Soleil
385:dictateur
381:président
373:présideur
344:Le Soleil
330:Le Soleil
252:), was a
201:Elections
153:Far-right
94:Le Soleil
90:Newspaper
75:Dissolved
44:Présideur
2685:Éléments
2590:Stirbois
2560:Rachline
2530:Maréchal
2430:Brigneau
2420:Bousquet
2390:Bardella
2385:Bardèche
2178:Occident
2105:Vaugeois
2060:Maulnier
2035:Dorgères
2025:Deloncle
2000:Clémenti
1884:Faisceau
1704:Horizons
1617:Far-left
1563:(2014).
1490:(2017).
1365:Le Monde
1301:La Croix
1263:Le Monde
1182:Le Point
1162:Le Monde
1141:Le Monde
1056:(1990).
792:Sidology
666:Ideology
631:quenelle
598:and the
538:entryism
469:entryism
444:Militant
369:presidor
323:Occident
280:and the
159:Religion
128:Ideology
2732:Rivarol
2720:Présent
2615:Zemmour
2545:Messiha
2415:Bouchet
2410:Bompard
2269:Civitas
2114:Defunct
2095:Rebatet
2085:Plateau
2070:Maxence
2065:Maurras
2010:Darnard
1985:Bonnard
1831:Drumont
1346:Capital
802:Symbols
775:L'Œuvre
745:L'Œuvre
709:phalanx
703:L'Œuvre
659:L'Œuvre
643:L'Œuvre
612:Maurras
590:L'Œuvre
555:L'Œuvre
529:L'Œuvre
515:L'Œuvre
480:L'Œuvre
474:L'Œuvre
464:L'Œuvre
450:L'Œuvre
430:L'Œuvre
417:L'Œuvre
294:History
239:L'Œuvre
220:French:
169:Colours
80: (
65: (
57:Founded
2692:Minute
2605:Venner
2595:Susini
2565:Ravier
2540:Ménard
2535:Mégret
2520:Maribe
2465:Duprat
2445:Coston
2435:Briois
2375:Antony
2100:Vallat
2080:Pétain
2075:Ousset
2050:Guénon
2040:Doriot
2015:Daudet
2005:Coston
1995:Bucard
1970:Barrès
1922:Milice
1811:Bonald
1673:Centre
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812:was a
766:fasces
738:, and
722:Agenda
604:Pétain
348:Israel
118:(2013)
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2580:Sidos
2490:Jalkh
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2405:Binet
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2309:GRECE
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1696:Right
1607:Main
1569:Slate
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839:See:
177:White
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2495:Lang
2470:Faye
2460:Dior
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2090:Pujo
2020:Déat
1755:and
1640:Left
1547:ISBN
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