455:
567:
537:
29:
447:
519:
lattice of oxygen ions, with aluminium ions occupying 40% of the octahedral sites and silicon occupying 10% of the tetrahedral sites. The aluminium octahedra form chains along the length of the crystal, half of which are straight and half of which are zigzag, with silica tetrahedra linking the chains
1387:
Prof
Stewart was keeping an eye out for a mineral known as kyanite, a beautiful blue specimen commonly seen in the Manhattan schist. 'Kyanite is a key mineral to identify, we know it only forms at very deep depths and under extensive pressure,' he said. 'It's like a fingerprint, revealing a wealth
506:
values on perpendicular axes is a key to identification; it has a hardness of 5.5 parallel to {001} and 7 parallel to {100}. Thus, a steel needle will easily scratch a kyanite crystal parallel to its long axis, but the crystal is impervious to being scratched by a steel needle perpendicular to the
489:
plane, parallel to the long axis of the crystal, and a second good cleavage plane {010} that is at an angle of 79 degrees to the {100} cleavage plane. Kyanite also shows a parting on {001} at an angle of about 85 degrees to the long axis of the crystal. Cleavage surfaces typically display a pearly
1388:
of information.' The presence of this mineral reveals that the
Manhattan schist was compressed under incredibly high pressure over 300 million years ago. The schist formed as a result of two enormous landmasses coming together to form a supercontinent, known as Pangaea.
414:
varies depending on its crystallographic direction. In kyanite, this anisotropism can be considered an identifying characteristic, along with its characteristic blue color. Its name comes from the same origin as that of the color
481:. It is typically patchy blue in color, though it can range from pale to deep blue and can also be gray or white or, infrequently, light green. It typically forms sprays of bladed crystals, but is less commonly found as distinct
711:. Kyanite is the most stable at high pressure, andalusite is the most stable at lower temperature and pressure, and sillimanite is the most stable at higher temperature and lower pressure. They are all equally stable at the
502:, which occurs frequently with kyanite. However, the most useful characteristic in identifying kyanite is its anisotropism. If one suspects a specimen to be kyanite, verifying that it has two distinctly different
493:
Kyanite's elongated, columnar crystals are usually a good first indication of the mineral, as well as its color (when the specimen is blue). Associated minerals are useful as well, especially the presence of the
903:, though this effect is limited by its anisotropism and perfect cleavage. Color varieties include orange kyanite from Tanzania. The orange color is due to inclusions of small amounts of
734:
defined kyanite zones and sillimanite zones in his pioneering work on the mineralogy of metamorphic rocks. Barrow was characterizing a region of
Scotland that had experienced
1303:
1157:
1521:
745:
Kyanite is potentially stable at low temperature and pressure. However, under these conditions, the reactions that produce kyanite, such as:
804:
Kyanite can take on an orange color, which notably occurs in
Loliondo, Tanzania. The orange color is due to inclusions of small amounts of
1304:"Precise determinations of the equilibria kyanite⇌ sillimanite and kyanite⇌ andalusite and a revised triple point for Al2SiO5 polymorphs"
719:
and 530 °C (986 °F). This makes the presence of kyanite in a metamorphic rock an indication of metamorphism at high pressure.
1562:
1472:
M. Gaft; L. Nagli; G. Panczer; G. R. Rossman; R. Reisfeld (August 2011). "Laser-induced time-resolved luminescence of orange kyanite Al
454:
985:
536:
1838:
1592:
773:
Bladed crystals of kyanite are very common, but individual euhedral crystals are prized by collectors. Kyanite occurs in
520:
together. There is no direct linkage between the silica tetrahedra, making kyanite a member of the nesosilicate class of
2608:
1456:
1140:
699:
495:
376:
84:
651:. It occurs as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks, although it tends to weather rapidly. It is associated with
1342:
1274:
1110:
1074:
574:
411:
227:
262:
2603:
2598:
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1202:
Whitney, D.L. (2002). "Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al
430:
Kyanite is used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramics and abrasives, and it is an important
738:
at depth. By contrast, the metamorphic zones surrounding the Fanad pluton of
Ireland, which formed by
2049:
731:
1885:
1707:
172:
Blue, white, rarely green, light gray to gray, rarely yellow, pink, orange, and black, can be zoned
730:
that was subject to a particular degree of metamorphism at great depth in the crust. For example,
2516:
1609:
1585:
742:
at a shallower depth in the crust, include andalusite and sillimanite zones but no kyanite zone.
74:
1890:
2593:
840:
829:
419:, being derived from the Ancient Greek word κύανος. This is typically rendered into English as
143:
697:. Minerals with identical compositions but a different, distinct crystal structure are called
2416:
790:
778:
735:
486:
217:
207:
485:(well-shaped) crystals, which are particularly prized by collectors. It has a perfect {100}
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8:
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polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey".
1158:"Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al 2 SiO 5 polymorphs"
996:
962:
888:
This transformation results in an expansion. Mullitized kyanite is used to manufacture
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2104:
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1338:
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1337:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 8–10.
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44:
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never take place, and hydrous aluminosilicate minerals such as muscovite,
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1069:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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Kyanite is one of the most common minerals, having the composition
680:
648:
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482:
335:
149:
28:
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1424:
1422:
515:
The kyanite structure can be visualized as a distorted
1185:
1183:
1403:
M. Chadwick, Karen; R. Rossman, George (2009-01-01).
1402:
1529:"On the origin of colour and pleochroism of kyanite"
1419:
1301:
1283:
1180:
1105:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 528–529.
1135:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 319.
632:protolith). Kyanite is also occasionally found in
1302:Bohlen, S.R.; Montana, A.; Kerrick, D.M. (1991).
777:, formed under extreme pressure as a result of a
2575:
1372:"How ancient collision shaped New York skyline"
1269:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. p. 529.
1235:
1233:
1586:
753:+ staurolite + quartz → biotite + kyanite + H
391:generally indicates metamorphism deep in the
490:luster. The crystals are slightly flexible.
1230:
1155:
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1100:
956:
330:Trichroic, colorless to pale blue to blue
202:perfect imperfect with 79° angle between
1335:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
1119:
1083:
1018:
1016:
895:Kyanite has been used as a semiprecious
789:. It is also found in pegmatites of the
614:formed at high pressure during regional
453:
445:
1357:
1332:
1201:
1064:
973:
839:At temperatures above 1100 °C, kyanite
703:. There are two polymorphs of kyanite:
2576:
1440:
556:
549:
542:
1574:
1428:
1398:
1396:
1369:
1289:
1189:
1130:
1037:
1013:
933:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
930:
1527:Faye, G. H.; Nickel, E. H. (1969).
470:mineral, with the chemical formula
277:3.53–3.65 measured; 3.67 calculated
13:
1393:
828:. It is also used in electronics,
797:. Splendid specimens are found at
14:
2620:
1548:
387:, and the presence of kyanite in
1156:Winter, J.K.; Ghose, S. (1979).
820:and ceramic products, including
535:
237:6.5–7 perpendicular to that axis
27:
1465:
1434:
1363:
1326:
1295:
1258:
1195:
1065:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997).
647:, and is infrequently found in
159:γ = 106.03(1)°; Z = 4
1405:"Orange kyanite from Tanzania"
1149:
1058:
924:
899:, which may display cat's eye
770:are found instead of kyanite.
157:α = 89.99(2)°, β = 101.11(2)°
1:
1600:
1444:Thermal Analysis of Materials
910:
816:Kyanite is used primarily in
527:
441:
1502:10.1016/j.optmat.2011.03.052
1370:Quinn, Helen (6 June 2013).
851:via the following reaction:
722:Kyanite is often used as an
510:
434:used by geologists to trace
7:
781:during the assembly of the
395:. Kyanite is also known as
235:4.5–5 parallel to one axis
10:
2625:
1333:Yardley, B. W. D. (1989).
1133:Introduction to mineralogy
1131:Nesse, William D. (2000).
375:. It is the high pressure
267:Transparent to translucent
2609:Minerals in space group 2
2530:
2492:
2435:
2357:
2128:
2065:
2004:
1966:
1959:
1919:
1821:
1775:
1768:
1608:
1536:The Canadian Mineralogist
344:
334:
324:
314:
292:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
182:Columnar; fibrous; bladed
176:
168:
163:
142:
127:
105:
93:
83:
73:
50:
40:
35:
26:
21:
1265:Sinkankas, John (1964).
1241:"Geology Page - Kyanite"
1101:Sinkankas, John (1964).
2095:Nickel silver (alpacca)
1563:Encyclopædia Britannica
1441:Speyer, Robert (1993).
1267:Mineralogy for amateurs
1103:Mineralogy for amateurs
907:(Mn) in the structure.
811:
808:(Mn) in the structure.
458:Kyanite within quartz,
427:and means "dark blue."
16:Aluminosilicate mineral
1566:(11th ed.). 1911.
1045:"Kyanite Mineral Data"
995:. 2001. Archived from
993:Handbook of Mineralogy
937:Mineralogical Magazine
726:to define and trace a
463:
451:
155:c = 5.5724(10) Ă…
2436:Other natural objects
1308:American Mineralogist
1212:American Mineralogist
1162:American Mineralogist
830:electrical insulators
791:Appalachian Mountains
779:continental collision
736:regional metamorphism
457:
449:
153:b = 7.852(10) Ă…
85:Strunz classification
1911:Wire wrapped jewelry
1891:Repoussé and chasing
1224:10.2138/am-2002-0404
890:refractory materials
795:Minas Gerais, Brazil
740:contact metamorphism
406:Kyanite is strongly
356:is a typically blue
148:a = 7.1262(12)
2604:Industrial minerals
2453:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1494:2011OptMa..33.1476G
1067:Glossary of geology
958:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
949:2021MinM...85..291W
931:Warr, L.N. (2021).
577:Phase diagram of Al
517:face centered cubic
2599:Triclinic minerals
2589:Aluminium minerals
1798:Jewellery designer
1513:General references
916:Specific citations
595:Kyanite occurs in
464:
452:
367:-rich metamorphic
285:Biaxial (-); high
282:Optical properties
2571:
2570:
2488:
2487:
2358:Organic gemstones
1955:
1954:
1522:Mineral Galleries
1488:(10): 1476–1480.
1482:Optical Materials
1409:Gems and Gemology
622:which is rich in
612:metamorphic rocks
522:silicate minerals
468:aluminum silicate
450:Deep blue kyanite
436:metamorphic zones
389:metamorphic rocks
351:
350:
320:δ = 0.012 – 0.016
306:= 1.720 – 1.725 n
302:= 1.712 – 1.718 n
247:Vitreous to white
192:Lamellar on {100}
123:
2616:
2015:Britannia silver
1964:
1963:
1773:
1772:
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1361:
1360:, p. 68-69.
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1047:. Webmineral.com
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990:
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960:
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801:in Switzerland.
775:Manhattan schist
758:
728:metamorphic zone
696:
588:aluminosilicates
569:
561:
554:
547:
539:
480:
460:Hunterian Museum
373:sedimentary rock
294:Refractive index
273:Specific gravity
232:
138:
117:
114:
69:
57:
56:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
18:
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2473:Spondylus shell
2431:
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2110:Stainless steel
2061:
2045:Sterling silver
2005:Precious metal
2000:
1968:Precious metals
1951:
1915:
1817:
1764:
1604:
1599:
1557:"Cyanite"
1554:
1551:
1546:
1531:
1510:
1509:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:. p. 166.
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883:
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849:vitreous silica
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640:and associated
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562:
557:
555:
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444:
358:aluminosilicate
310:= 1.727 – 1.734
309:
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2534:Related topics
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1549:External links
1547:
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1524:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1433:
1431:, p. 316.
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1325:
1314:(3–4): 677–680
1294:
1282:
1275:
1257:
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1218:(4): 405–416.
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:, p. 315.
1179:
1168:(5–6): 573–586
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943:(3): 291–320.
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865:
861:
857:
813:
810:
783:supercontinent
760:
759:
754:
693:
689:
582:
578:
573:
572:
564:
541:
534:
533:
532:
531:
529:
526:
512:
509:
477:
473:
466:Kyanite is an
443:
440:
410:, in that its
349:
348:
346:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
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164:Identification
161:
160:
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125:
124:
109:
103:
102:
97:
95:Crystal system
91:
90:
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66:
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58:
48:
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42:
38:
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33:
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24:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2621:
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2607:
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2594:Nesosilicates
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2564:
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2538:Body piercing
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2427:Tortoiseshell
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2240:
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2205:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
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1997:
1994:
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1989:
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1784:
1783:Bench jeweler
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1458:0-8247-8963-6
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1309:
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1292:, p. 76.
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1234:
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1142:9780195106916
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1017:
1002:on 2019-05-08
998:
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891:
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842:
837:
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831:
827:
824:plumbing and
823:
819:
809:
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800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
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776:
771:
769:
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741:
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729:
725:
724:index mineral
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
684:
682:
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674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
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631:
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621:
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553:
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523:
518:
508:
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501:
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491:
488:
484:
469:
461:
456:
448:
439:
437:
433:
432:index mineral
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:Earth's crust
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
317:
316:Birefringence
313:
297:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
234:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:
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191:
189:
185:
181:
179:
178:Crystal habit
175:
171:
167:
162:
151:
147:
145:
141:
135:
132:
130:
126:
121:
110:
108:
107:Crystal class
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
59:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2563:Wearable art
2558:Phaleristics
2553:Metalworking
2458:Gutta-percha
2234:Lapis lazuli
2223:
2020:Colored gold
1901:Stonesetting
1561:
1539:
1535:
1485:
1481:
1467:
1443:
1436:
1412:
1408:
1386:
1380:. Retrieved
1375:
1365:
1358:Yardley 1989
1353:
1334:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1307:
1297:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1247:. 2014-05-16
1245:Geology Page
1244:
1215:
1211:
1197:
1170:. Retrieved
1165:
1161:
1151:
1132:
1102:
1066:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1004:. Retrieved
997:the original
992:
940:
936:
926:
894:
887:
838:
815:
803:
772:
764:pyrophyllite
761:
744:
732:G. M. Barrow
721:
713:triple point
698:
685:
627:
616:metamorphism
610:, which are
594:
544:
514:
492:
465:
429:
424:
420:
405:
400:
396:
353:
352:
133:
111:Pinacoidal (
45:Nesosilicate
2500:Art jewelry
2324:Tiger's eye
2229:Labradorite
2179:Chrysocolla
2174:Chrysoberyl
2090:Mokume-gane
2067:Base metals
1839:centrifugal
1808:Silversmith
1683:Ferronnière
1633:Belt buckle
1628:Belly chain
1378:. BBC.co.uk
1376:BBC Science
799:Pizzo Forno
709:sillimanite
661:sillimanite
559:Sillimanite
507:long axis.
408:anisotropic
385:sillimanite
363:, found in
326:Pleochroism
263:Diaphaneity
129:Space group
2578:Categories
2334:Tourmaline
2279:Prasiolite
2154:Aventurine
2025:Crown gold
1927:Draw plate
1876:Metal clay
1813:Watchmaker
1803:Lapidarist
1788:Clockmaker
1663:Collar pin
1658:Chatelaine
1429:Nesse 2000
1382:2013-06-13
1344:0582300967
1290:Nesse 2000
1276:0442276249
1251:2020-02-20
1190:Nesse 2000
1112:0442276249
1076:0922152349
1051:2013-06-14
1030:2013-06-14
1006:2018-01-01
911:References
901:chatoyancy
876:·2SiO
841:decomposes
818:refractory
705:andalusite
700:polymorphs
669:hornblende
657:andalusite
653:staurolite
638:pegmatites
552:Andalusite
528:Occurrence
500:staurolite
496:polymorphs
442:Properties
381:andalusite
369:pegmatites
345:References
228:Mohs scale
120:H-M symbol
75:IMA symbol
2584:Gemstones
2480:Toadstone
2417:Operculum
2344:Variscite
2339:Turquoise
2319:Tanzanite
2254:Moonstone
2249:Marcasite
2244:Malachite
2169:Carnelian
2144:Amazonite
2131:gemstones
2105:Pinchbeck
2050:Argentium
2040:Shibuichi
1981:Palladium
1960:Materials
1896:Soldering
1886:Polishing
1861:Engraving
1856:Enameling
1822:Processes
1793:Goldsmith
1728:Tie chain
1703:Neck ring
1693:Lapel pin
1602:Jewellery
1449:CRC Press
1318:28 August
1172:28 August
1024:"Kyanite"
986:"Kyanite"
967:235729616
905:manganese
864:·SiO
834:abrasives
822:porcelain
806:manganese
768:kaolinite
751:muscovite
715:near 4.2
649:eclogites
624:aluminium
620:protolith
511:Structure
462:, Glasgow
377:polymorph
365:aluminium
212:Splintery
144:Unit cell
100:Triclinic
2548:Gemology
2522:Fineness
2513:(purity)
2448:Bog-wood
2395:Precious
2375:Ammolite
2314:Sunstone
2304:Sodalite
2299:Sapphire
2259:Obsidian
2199:Fluorite
2189:Diopside
2149:Amethyst
2129:Mineral
2120:Tungsten
2115:Titanium
2030:Electrum
1986:Platinum
1871:Kazaziye
1866:Filigree
1844:lost-wax
1743:Toe ring
1733:Tie clip
1708:Pectoral
1698:Necklace
1673:Cufflink
1648:Bracelet
1643:Bolo tie
1623:Barrette
1542:: 35–46.
1026:. MinDat
897:gemstone
826:dishware
681:corundum
608:hornfels
504:hardness
487:cleavage
483:euhedral
412:hardness
397:disthene
336:2V angle
231:hardness
218:Tenacity
208:Fracture
198:Cleavage
188:Twinning
41:Category
2543:Fashion
2517:Finding
2365:Abalone
2274:Peridot
2239:Larimar
2224:Kyanite
2209:Howlite
2194:Emerald
2184:Diamond
2057:Tumbaga
2035:ShakudĹŤ
1991:Rhodium
1942:Mandrel
1881:Plating
1834:Casting
1829:Carving
1738:Tie pin
1713:Pendant
1688:Genital
1678:Earring
1490:Bibcode
945:Bibcode
868:) → 3Al
845:mullite
793:and in
787:Pangaea
677:mullite
673:gedrite
634:granite
629:pelitic
602:, mica
597:biotite
545:Kyanite
401:cyanite
361:mineral
354:Kyanite
340:78°–83°
222:Brittle
89:9.AF.15
52:Formula
36:General
22:Kyanite
2507:(mass)
2443:Bezoar
2349:Zircon
2309:Spinel
2284:Quartz
2219:Jasper
2204:Garnet
2100:Pewter
2085:Copper
2080:Bronze
2007:alloys
1996:Silver
1947:Pliers
1937:Hammer
1849:vacuum
1776:People
1769:Making
1753:pocket
1653:Brooch
1618:Anklet
1455:
1341:
1273:
1139:
1109:
1073:
965:
642:quartz
606:, and
604:schist
600:gneiss
425:kuanos
421:kyanos
287:relief
253:Streak
243:Luster
118:(same
2511:Carat
2505:Carat
2493:Terms
2468:Shell
2422:Pearl
2412:Nacre
2402:Ivory
2390:Black
2385:Coral
2380:Copal
2370:Amber
2329:Topaz
2288:smoky
2159:Beryl
2139:Agate
2075:Brass
1920:Tools
1758:strap
1748:Watch
1723:Tiara
1668:Crown
1638:Bindi
1610:Forms
1532:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
963:S2CID
880:+ SiO
843:into
766:, or
645:veins
618:of a
257:White
169:Color
2463:Hair
2294:Ruby
2269:Opal
2264:Onyx
2214:Jade
1976:Gold
1932:File
1718:Ring
1453:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1320:2021
1271:ISBN
1174:2021
1137:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1071:ISBN
856:3(Al
847:and
832:and
812:Uses
717:kbar
707:and
679:and
665:talc
636:and
417:cyan
383:and
371:and
2407:Jet
2163:red
1498:doi
1480:".
1476:SiO
1220:doi
1206:SiO
953:doi
785:of
692:SiO
626:(a
581:SiO
498:of
476:SiO
423:or
399:or
379:of
65:SiO
2580::
1560:.
1540:10
1538:.
1534:.
1496:.
1486:33
1484:.
1447:.
1421:^
1413:45
1411:.
1407:.
1395:^
1385:.
1374:.
1312:76
1310:.
1306:.
1243:.
1232:^
1216:87
1214:.
1182:^
1166:64
1164:.
1160:.
1121:^
1085:^
1015:^
991:.
975:^
961:.
951:.
941:85
939:.
935:.
892:.
836:.
688:Al
683:.
675:,
671:,
667:,
663:,
659:,
655:,
590:).
524:.
472:Al
438:.
403:.
115:)
79:Ky
61:Al
2290:)
2286:(
2165:)
2161:(
1594:e
1587:t
1580:v
1504:.
1500::
1492::
1478:5
1474:2
1461:.
1415:.
1347:.
1322:.
1279:.
1254:.
1226:.
1222::
1208:5
1204:2
1176:.
1145:.
1115:.
1079:.
1054:.
1033:.
1009:.
969:.
955::
947::
882:2
878:2
874:3
872:O
870:2
866:2
862:3
860:O
858:2
757:O
755:2
694:5
690:2
586:(
583:5
579:2
478:5
474:2
308:Îł
304:β
300:α
298:n
150:Ă…
137:1
134:P
122:)
113:1
67:5
63:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
