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previously sold, in their version of an art market. During potlatch, copper pieces would be brought out, and bids were placed on them by rival chiefs. The highest bidder would have the honour of buying said copper piece. If a host still held a surplus of copper after throwing an expensive potlatch, he was considered a wealthy and important man. Highly ranked members of the communities often have the Kwakʼwala word for "copper" as part of their names.
984:
1119:, and crafted intricate bracelets and jewellery from hammered coins traded from European settlers. Copper was given a special value amongst the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw, most likely for its ceremonial purposes. This copper was beaten into sheets or plates, and then painted with mythological figures. The sheets were used for decorating wooden carvings or kept for the sake of prestige.
1640:
1386:] try to do. We do not want to have anyone here who will interfere with our customs. We were told that a man-of-war would come if we should continue to do as our grandfathers and great-grandfathers have done. But we do not mind such words. Is this the white man's land? We are told it is the Queen's land, but no! It is mine.
1942:
Figure 2: Photo 2. Margaret Wilson Frank, daughter of Emily Hunt and David Wilson, granddaughter of Lucy
Homikanis and George Hunt. Identified by Edward S. Curtis as "Tsawatenok girl, Kwakiutl Indian." 1914. (Also on the cover of this issue.) Photo by Edward S. Curtis, Library of Congress, Prints and
1448:, each made from one log, would be carved for use by individuals, families and communities. Sizes varied from ocean-going canoes, for long sea-worthy travel in trade missions, to smaller local canoes for inter-village travel. Some boats had buffalo fur inside to keep protection from the cold winters.
1364:
place of confinement; and, any Indian or other person who encourages, either directly or indirectly an Indian or
Indians to get up such a festival or dance, or to celebrate the same, or who shall assist in the celebration of same is guilty of a like offence, and shall be liable to the same punishment.
1231:
A number of revitalization efforts are underway. A 2005 proposal to build a
Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations Centre for Language Culture has gained wide support. A review of revitalization efforts in the 1990s showed that the potential to fully revitalize Kwakʼwala still remained, but serious hurdles also
1760:
Mungo and David Martin, with carpenter Robert J. Wallace, built a big house based on Chief Nakap'ankam's house in Tsaxis (Fort Rupert, British
Columbia). The house "bears on its house-posts the hereditary crests of Martin's family." It continues to be used for ceremonies with the permission of Chief
1414:
The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw built their houses from cedar planks, which are highly water resistant. They were very large, anywhere from 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) long. The houses could hold about 50 people, usually families from the same clan. At the entrance, there was usually a totem pole carved
1293:
is the ancient art of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw peoples. The music is an ancient art form, stretching back thousands of years. The music is used primarily for ceremony and ritual, and is based on percussive instrumentation, especially log, box, and hide drums, as well as rattles and whistles. The four-day
999:
Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw kinship is based on a bilinear structure, with loose characteristics of a patrilineal culture. It has large extended families and interconnected community life. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw are made up of numerous communities or bands. Within those communities they are organized into extended
1393:
We will dance when our laws command us to dance, and we will feast when our hearts desire to feast. Do we ask the white man, "Do as the Indian does"? It is a strict law that bids us dance. It is a strict law that bids us distribute our property among our friends and neighbors. It is a good law. Let
1162:
The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw are a highly stratified bilineal culture of the
Pacific Northwest. They are many separate nations, each with its own history, culture and governance. The Nations commonly each had a head chief, who acted as the leader of the nation, with numerous hereditary clan or family chiefs
1030:
Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw society was organized into four classes: the nobility, attained through birthright and connection in lineage to ancestors, the aristocracy who attained status through connection to wealth, resources or spiritual powers displayed or distributed in the potlatch, commoners, and slaves.
1389:
Where was the Queen when our God gave this land to my grandfather and told him, "This will be thine"? My father owned the land and was a mighty Chief; now it is mine. And when your man-of-war comes, let him destroy our houses. Do you see yon trees? Do you see yon woods? We shall cut them down and
505:
Restoring their ties to their land, culture and rights, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw have undertaken much in bringing back their customs, beliefs and language. Potlatches occur more frequently as families reconnect to their birthright, and the community uses language programs, classes and social events to
1363:
Every Indian or other person who engages in or assists in celebrating the Indian festival known as the "Potlatch" or the Indian dance known as the "Tamanawas" is guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not more than six nor less than two months in a jail or other
1122:
Individual pieces of copper were sometimes given names based on their value. The value of any given piece was defined by the number of wool blankets last traded for them. In this system, it was considered prestigious for a buyer to purchase the same piece of copper at a higher price than it was
1347:
When the
Canadian government was focused on assimilation of First Nations, it made the potlatch a target of activities to be suppressed. Missionary William Duncan wrote in 1875 that the potlatch was "by far the most formidable of all obstacles in the way of Indians becoming Christians, or even
1270:
wood was the preferred medium for sculpting and carving projects as it was readily available in the native Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw regions. Totems were carved with bold cuts, a relative degree of realism, and an emphatic use of paints. Masks make up a large portion of Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw art, as masks are
1106:
As with other
Pacific Northwest nations, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw highly valued copper in their economy and used it for ornament and precious goods. Scholars have proposed that prior to trade with Europeans, the people acquired copper from natural copper veins along riverbeds, but this has not been
1641:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
1405:
Sustaining the customs and culture of their ancestors, in the 21st century the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw openly hold potlatches to commit to the revival of their ancestors' ways. The frequency of potlatches has increased as occur frequently and increasingly more over the years as families reclaim their
1339:
culture of the
Northwest is well known and widely studied. It is still practised among the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw, as is the lavish artwork for which they and their neighbours are so renowned. The phenomenon of the potlatch, and the vibrant societies and cultures associated with it, can be found in
1170:
The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw are one of the few bilineal cultures. Traditionally the rights of the family would be passed down through the paternal side, but in rare occasions, the rights could pass on the maternal side of their family also. Within the pre-colonization times, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw were
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in 1792. Disease, which developed as a result of direct contact with
European settlers along the West Coast of Canada, drastically reduced the Indigenous Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw population during the late 19th-early 20th century. Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw population dropped by 75% between 1830 and 1880. The
1423:
In summer, men wore no clothing except jewelry. In the winter, they usually rubbed fat on themselves to keep warm. In battle the men wore red cedar armor and helmets, and breech clouts made from cedar. During ceremonies they wore circles of cedar bark on their ankles as well as cedar
1765:, David Martin and Mildred Hunt. "Rather than display his own crests on the pole, which was customary, Martin chose to include crests representing the Aʼwaʼetlala, Kwaguʼl, ʼNkʼwaxdaʼxw and ʼNamgis Nations. In this way, the pole represents and honours all the Kwakwakaʼwakw people."
1223:
As a result of these pressures, there are relatively few Kwakʼwala speakers today. Most remaining speakers are past the age of child-rearing, which is considered a crucial stage for language transmission. As with many other
Indigenous languages, there are significant barriers to
1031:
On the nobility class, "the noble was recognized as the literal conduit between the social and spiritual domains, birthright alone was not enough to secure rank: only individuals displaying the correct moral behavior throughout their life course could maintain ranking status."
314:
had done most of his anthropological work in this area and popularized the term for both this nation and the collective as a whole. The term became misapplied to mean all the nations who spoke Kwakʼwala, as well as three other Indigenous peoples whose language is a part of the
1130:. The copper cutting ceremony involved breaking copper plaques. The act represents a challenge; if the target cannot break a plaque of equal or greater value, he or she is shamed. The ceremony, which had not been performed since the 1950s, was revived by chief
1228:. Another barrier separating new learners from the native speaker is the presence of four separate orthographies; the young are taught Uʼmista or NAPA, while the older generations generally use Boaz, developed by the American anthropologist Franz Boas.
1039:
As in other Northwest Coast peoples, the concept of property was well developed and important to daily life. Territorial property such as hunting or fishing grounds was inherited, and from these properties material wealth was collected and stored.
412:
Historically, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw economy was based primarily on fishing, with the men also engaging in some hunting, and the women gathering wild fruits and berries. Ornate weaving and woodwork were important crafts, and wealth, defined by
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1216:, which enforced English use and discouraged other languages. Although Kwakʼwala and Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw culture have been well-studied by linguists and anthropologists, these efforts did not reverse the trends leading to
1203:
group. Word lists and some documentation of Kwakʼwala were created from the early period of contact with Europeans in the 18th century, but a systematic attempt to record the language did not occur before the work of
428:. In contrast to most non-native societies, wealth and status were not determined by how much you had, but by how much you had to give away. This act of giving away your wealth was one of the main acts in a potlatch.
1344:, which details the incredible artwork and legendary material that go with the other aspects of the potlatch, and gives a glimpse into the high politics and great wealth and power of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw chiefs.
385:) came in the forms of animals by way of land, sea, or underground. When one of these ancestral animals arrived at a given spot, it discarded its animal appearance and became human. Animals that figure in these
1461:(1927-2013), first Aboriginal person to graduate from a BC law school, the first Aboriginal lawyer called to the BC bar and the first Aboriginal legally trained judge appointed to the BC Provincial Court
1398:
Eventually the Act was amended, expanded to prohibit guests from participating in the potlatch ceremony. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw were too numerous to police, and the government could not enforce the law.
1027:
had several sub-chiefs, who gained their titles and position through their own family's primogeniture. These chiefs organized their people to harvest the communal lands that belonged to their family.
1091:
tradition created a demand for stored surpluses, as such a display of wealth had social implications. By the time of European colonialism, it was noted that wool blankets had become a form of common
1171:
organized into three classes: nobles, commoners, and slaves. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw shared many cultural and political alliances with numerous neighbours in the area, including the
1052:
formed the early stages of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw economy. Trade was carried out between internal Kwakwakaʼwakw nations, as well as surrounding Indigenous nations such as the
987:
1821:
1516:
1512:
1941:
1331:, the figure represents a speaker at a potlatch. An orator standing behind the figure would have spoken through its mouth, announcing the names of arriving guests.
1278:, dance aprons and button cloaks, each patterned with Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw designs. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw used a variety of objects for jewellery, including ivory, bone,
1402:
convinced Parliament to change the offence from criminal to summary, which meant "the agents, as justice of the peace, could try a case, convict, and sentence".
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2044:
1967:
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414:
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1220:. According to Guy Buchholtzer, "The anthropological discourse had too often become a long monologue, in which the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw had nothing to say."
2412:
1095:. In the potlatch tradition, hosts of the potlatch were expected to provide enough gifts for all the guests invited. This practice created a system of
1444:
Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw transportation was similar to that of other coastal people. Being an ocean and coastal people, they travelled mainly by canoe. Cedar
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We want to know whether you have come to stop our dances and feasts, as the missionaries and agents who live among our neighbors [
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the white man observe his law; we shall observe ours. And now, if you come to forbid us dance, be gone. If not, you will be welcome to us.
2526:
2452:
2294:: Cosmologies, Colonialism, Death, and Ritual Authority in the Kwakwakaʼwakw Potlatch, 1849 to 1922, San Diego: University of California.
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in the late 19th and early 20th century. The use of Kwakʼwala declined significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly due to the
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consist of a diverse range of crafts, including totems, masks, textiles, jewellery and carved objects, ranging in size from
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girl, Margaret Frank (née Wilson) wearing abalone shell earrings, a sign of nobility and worn only by members of this class.
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816:
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linguistic group, but whose language is not Kwakʼwala. These peoples, incorrectly known as the Northern Kwakiutl, were the
257:
Their language, now spoken by only 3.1% of the population, consists of four dialects of what is commonly referred to as
2541:
2240:
538:, chiefs, history, culture and peoples, but remain collectively similar to the rest of the Kwak̓wala-Speaking nations.
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230:. Their current population, according to a 2016 census, is 3,665. Most live in their traditional territory on northern
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important in the portrayal of the characters central to Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw dance ceremonies. Woven textiles included the
1252:
In the old times, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw believed that art symbolized a common underlying element shared by all species.
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2279:
2118:
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1968:
Bruchac, Margaret M. - My Sisters Will Not Speak: Boas, Hunt, and the Ethnographic Silencing of First Nations Women.
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Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw canoe welcoming with masks and traditional dug out cedar canoes. On bow is dancer in Bear regalia.
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festival is an important cultural display of song and dance and masks; it occurs just before the advent of the
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669:
269:
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1953:
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Boas, Contributions to the Ethnology of the Kwakiutl, Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology
1822:
Theatres of Contact: The Kwakwak'wakw Meet Colonialism in British Columbia and the Chicago World's Fair
800:
289:
243:
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shell, copper, silver and more. Adornments were frequently found on the clothes of important persons.
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had positions that carried particular responsibilities and privileges. Each community had around four
394:
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2068:
1732:
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351:
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1111:, brought an influx of copper to their territories. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw nations also were aware of
17:
1980:
Cosmologies, Colonialism, Death, and Ritual Authority in the Kwakwakaʼwakw Potlatch, 1849 to 1922,
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1428:. The women wore skirts of softened cedar, and a cedar or wool blanket on top during the winter.
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507:
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1943:
Photographs Division, Edward S. Curtis Collection, no. 3567. - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate
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Oast'akalagalis 'Walas 'Namugwis (Peter Knox, Martin's grandson) and Mable Knox. Pole carved by
1745:
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Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw follow their genealogy back to their ancestral roots. A head chief who, through
1612:
1167:, but this was a separate society within the main society and applied to the potlatching only.
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1290:
409:, or chief ghost. Some ancestors have human origins and are said to come from distant places.
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2536:
1500:
1399:
1209:
2442:
1323:
2551:
2546:
2107:. In Reyhner, Jon; Cantoni, Gina; St. Clair, Robert N.; Yazzie, Evangeline Parsons (eds.).
1932:
The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians, Boas, Franz, 1897
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Many people who others call "Kwakiutl" consider that name a misnomer. They prefer the name
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8:
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Good Intentions Gone Awry – Emma Crosby and the Methodist Mission On the Northwest Coast
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Copper's importance as an indicator of status also led to its use in a Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
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Good intentions gone awry Emma Crosby and the Methodist mission on the Northwest Coast
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1868:
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235:
1710:"The Kwakʼwala Speaking Tribes", Uʼmista Cultural Centre. Retrieved November 21 2013
1212:
policies of the Canadian government. Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw children were forced to attend
496:, about these two books, was published in the British Columbia online news magazine
2571:
2266:
Goldman, Irving. The Mouth of Heaven: an Introduction to Kwakiutl Religious Thought
1080:
486:
483:
The Letters of Margaret Butcher – Missionary Imperialism on the North Pacific Coast
432:
239:
231:
187:
119:
82:
69:
2260:
Fisher, Robin. Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia
1865:
The letters of Margaret Butcher: missionary-imperialism on the north Pacific Coast
1709:
474:(Port Simpson). This covers the period from 1870 to the turn of the 20th century.
471:
2576:
2477:
1328:
1272:
835:
827:
370:
343:
251:
115:
2248:
Bancroft-Hunt, Norman. People of the Totem: The Indians of the Pacific Northwest
2108:
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903:
780:
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2152:
Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890
42:
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558:
467:
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111:
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2045:"First Nations chief to perform rare shaming rite on legislature lawn today"
1775:
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and Jean Barman contains the letters and account of the life of the wife of
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302:
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s ancestors delineated the roles throughout the rest of his family. Every
339:
261:. These dialects are Kwak̓wala, ʼNak̓wala, G̱uc̓ala and T̓łat̓łasik̓wala.
258:
223:
141:
86:
1720:
1693:
1571:
1458:
581:
386:
307:
2447:
485:, edited by Mary-Ellen Kelm. It picks up the story from 1916 to 1919 in
276:, also known as Mungo Martin House, a Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw "big house", with
242:
mainland. Some also live outside their homelands in urban areas such as
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ceremonies. These customs were the subject of extensive study by the
324:
247:
2619:
952:
Weiwaikai, Yuculta, Euclataws, Laich-kwil-tach, Lekwiltok, Likʷʼala
2650:
2604:
2262:, 1774–1890, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1977.
2113:. Flagstaff, AZ, USA: Northern Arizona University. pp. 33–52.
1914:"FirstVoices: Kwak̓wala. Nature / Environment - place names: words"
1555:
1336:
1176:
1100:
1092:
1088:
983:
881:
498:
463:
418:
350:—they are known as the Southern Kwakiutl, and their council is the
328:
176:
2624:
2316:
Walens, Stanley "Review of the Mouth of Heaven by Irving Goldman,"
1359:
and making it illegal to practise. The official legislation read,
1138:
movement. He performed a copper cutting ritual on the lawn of the
369:, Gwaʼsa̱la Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw (Native American), late 19th century,
1606:
1279:
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proven. Contact with European settlers, particularly through the
1057:
2340:
2286:
Jonaitis, Aldona. Chiefly Feasts: the Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch
2128:
2105:"Chapter 4: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?"
1415:
with different animals, mythological figures and family crests.
2634:
2069:
SFU News Online - Native language centre planned - July 7, 2005
1267:
1112:
443:
Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw dancers from Vancouver Island performed at the
2298:
Reid, Martine and Daisy Sewid-Smith. Paddling to Where I Stand
489:
and details of Butcher's experiences among the Haisla people.
306:—the name of a single community of Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw located at
214:
2614:
2207:"Totem pole in Montreal honours residential school survivors"
2154:, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1977, 207.
1698:
Ministry of Education, Government of British Columbia Website
1694:
Ministry of Education, Government of British Columbia Website
431:
The first documented contact with Europeans was with Captain
199:
1639:
Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (25 October 2017).
1376:
on October 7, 1886, when he arrived to study their culture:
417:
and material goods, was prominently displayed and traded at
1733:
Kwakwa̱ka̱'wakw/Kʷakʷəkəw̓akʷ Communities, LanguageGeek.com
1116:
1096:
1079:, hammered in the characteristic "T" shape. Photo taken by
1024:
535:
402:
398:
208:
1382:
205:
2335:
2178:"The Story Behind Jordan Peterson's Indigenous Identity"
2167:, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1991, p.159.
1978:
Joseph Masco, "It is a Strict Law that Bids Us Dance":
2292:
Masco, Joseph. "It is a Strict Law that Bids Us Dance"
1163:
below him. In some of the nations, there also existed
27:
Indigenous ethnic group of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2304:
Spradley, James. Guests Never Leave Hungry, New Haven
1690:
University of British Columbia Totem Park House Names
202:
196:
193:
2322:
Wilson, Duff. The Indian History of British Columbia
2312:. Creation myth of Kwakwakaʼwakw (December 1, 2007).
2256:, vol. 3, New York: Columbia University Press, 1925.
211:
450:An account of experiences of two founders of early
190:
1908:
1906:
510:. Artists in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as
2237:Aldona Jonaitis (Editor) U. Washington Press 1991
228:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2683:
2288:, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991.
1837:
1746:"Thunderbird Park – A Place of Cultural Sharing"
2091:"Native language centre planned" - July 7, 2005
1903:
1552:Joe Peters Jr. artist, woodcarver (b.1960-1994)
1485:, artist, author and Indigenous rights activist
2235:Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch
2165:Chiefly Feasts: the Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch
2020:
2018:
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2006:
1390:build new houses and live as our fathers did.
1342:Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch
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2042:
1954:The Kwakwakaʼwakw, Curtis, and the Making of
1372:"Fort Rupert Tribes", said to anthropologist
1319:Showing of masks at Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw potlatch.
2080:Stabilizing Indigenous Languages: Conclusion
2027:
1663:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1142:on February 10, 2013, to ritually shame the
2003:
477:A second book was published in 2005 by the
452:residential schools for Aboriginal children
2363:
2349:
1451:
1012:, although some had more, some had less.
41:
2557:Mamalilikulla-QweʼQwaʼSotʼEm First Nation
2507:Campbell River First Nation (Wei Wai Kum)
625:Those-Who-Are-One-When-They-Come-Together
342:-speaking-peoples". One exception is the
250:. They are politically organized into 13
1721:First Voices: Kwak̓wala Community Portal
1435:
1322:
1314:
1305:
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1153:
1070:
982:
534:Each Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw nation has its own
438:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
361:
268:
1418:
234:, nearby smaller islands including the
14:
2684:
2274:University of Washington Press. 1988.
2204:
2102:
1809:The Indian History of British Columbia
1678:National Museum of the American Indian
1638:
1409:
440:alone killed over half of the people.
175:
2512:Cape Mudge First Nation (Wei Wai Kai)
2344:
2324:, 38-40; Sessional Papers, 1873–1880.
2268:, New York: Joh Wiley and Sons, 1975.
1811:, 38–40; Sessional Papers, 1873–1880.
151: T̓łat̓łasik̓wala
2336:Uʼmista Cultural Society - Alert Bay
1862:
456:University of British Columbia Press
226:-speaking peoples"), are one of the
63:Regions with significant populations
2205:Curtis, Christopher (May 5, 2017).
1467:(b. 1975), interdisciplinary artist
1103:, using wool blankets as currency.
47:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw mask (19th century)
24:
2250:University of Oklahoma Press, 1988
2241:American Museum of Natural History
1019:, could trace his origins to that
561:, archaic variants or adaptations
25:
2703:
2370:
2329:
2110:Revitalizing Indigenous Languages
2043:Judith Lavoie (9 February 2013).
1431:
445:1893 World's Columbian Exposition
101:, Traditional Indigenous religion
2486:
1838:Hare, Jan; Barman, Jean (2006).
1776:"Kwakiutl | people | Britannica"
1004:which means 'of one kind'. Each
186:
2272:Hawthorn, Audrey. Kwakiutl Art.
2198:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2135:
2096:
2084:
2073:
2062:
2036:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1961:
1956:In the Land of the Head Hunters
1947:
1935:
1926:
1881:
1867:. University of Calgary Press.
1856:
1831:
1814:
1801:
1798:Boas, (1925) vol. 3, pp 229-30.
1601:In the Land of the Head Hunters
1368:Oʼwax̱a̱laga̱lis, Chief of the
1355:was revised to include clauses
1262:to 40 ft (12 m) tall
522:, have taken efforts to revive
2318:American Anthropologist, 1981.
2306:: Yale University Press, 1969.
1863:Kelm, Mary-Ellen, ed. (2005).
1792:
1768:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1703:
1683:
1671:
1632:
1327:Speaker Figure, 19th century,
752:People-Of-The-Eulachon-Country
147: ʼNak̓wala
145: Kwak̓wala
13:
1:
2542:Daʼnaxdaʼxw Awaetlatla Nation
2517:Gwaʼsala-ʼNakwaxdaʼxw Nations
2300:, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004.
2227:
1750:Royal British Columbia Museum
1696:Retrieved December 15, 2014.
1692:Retrieved December 15, 2014.
454:was published in 2006 by the
153: Liqʼwala
149: G̱uc̓ala
2522:Kʼómoks (Comox) First Nation
1842:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
1700:Retrieved December 15, 2014.
1680:Retrieved December 15, 2014.
1620:I Heard the Owl Call My Name
1140:British Columbia Legislature
529:
7:
2239:(also a publication of the
2033:Hawthorn, A. (1988) pp. 173
1723:Retrieved November 21, 2013
1585:
1543:(b. 1969), artist, academic
1310:
1190:
1034:
479:University of Calgary Press
161:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw A̱wi'nagwis
10:
2708:
2141:Jonaitis, A. (1991) pp 67.
2024:Hawthorn, A. (1988) pp. 35
2000:Hawthorn, A. (1988) pp. 33
1991:Hawthorn, A. (1988) pp. 31
1889:"Mothers of a Native Hell"
1826:Canadian Historical Review
1199:language is a part of the
1149:
1043:
994:
978:
492:A review article entitled
470:, the first missionary in
357:
290:Victoria, British Columbia
2643:
2585:
2567:Tsawataineuk First Nation
2527:Kwikwasutʼinuxw Haxwaʼmis
2495:
2484:
2380:
1828:81: 2(June 2000):157-191.
352:Kwakiutl District Council
177:[ˈkʷakʷəkʲəʔwakʷ]
157:
137:
129:
110:
105:
97:
92:
81:
76:
67:
62:
57:
52:
40:
2103:Anonby, Stan J. (1999).
1735:Retrieved April 6, 2013.
1626:
1285:
1134:in 2013, as part of the
775:People-Of-The-Other-Side
601:The-People-Of-Malilikala
494:Mothers of a Native Hell
2310:Umista Cultural Society
2049:Victoria Times Colonist
1452:Notable Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
1235:
1226:language revitalization
923:Those-Of-The-Ocean-Side
908:Oyag̱a̱mʼla / Quatsino
264:
1613:Dances of the Kwakiutl
1549:(b. 1988), snowboarder
1441:
1396:
1366:
1332:
1320:
1249:
1159:
1084:
991:
381:says their ancestors (
374:
293:
2644:Culture & Society
2562:Kwakiutl First Nation
2537:Quatsino First Nation
1517:Maʼamtaglia-Tlowitsis
1440:A Kwakwakaʼwakw canoe
1439:
1400:Duncan Campbell Scott
1378:
1361:
1326:
1318:
1306:Ceremonies and events
1243:
1157:
1074:
986:
866:Gwasilla, Quawshelah
840:Nakoaktok, Nakwoktak
586:Kwagyewlth, Kwakiutl
365:
310:. The anthropologist
272:
180:), also known as the
106:Related ethnic groups
2552:Kwiakah First Nation
2547:Tlatlasikwala Nation
2532:ʼNamgis First Nation
1578:Jody Wilson-Raybould
1479:, artist, woodcarver
1473:, artist, woodcarver
1419:Clothing and regalia
1357:banning the potlatch
1260:transformation masks
1109:Hudson's Bay Company
899:Head-Of-Inlet-People
640:Nimpkish-Cheslakees
508:restore the language
284:in 1953. Located at
1645:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1509:(1942-2017), artist
1497:(1923-1985), artist
1410:Housing and shelter
1291:Kwakwakaʼwakw music
1246:transformation mask
1214:residential schools
1050:subsistence economy
1048:A trade and barter
238:, and the adjacent
58:3,665 (2016 census)
37:
1780:www.britannica.com
1442:
1333:
1321:
1256:Kwakwakaʼwakw arts
1250:
1160:
1085:
992:
702:The-Sandstone-Ones
678:Those-Up-The-Inlet
576:Smoke-Of-The-World
375:
294:
35:
2679:
2678:
2381:Tribes or Nations
2163:Aldona Jonaitis,
2093:, SFU News Online
1874:978-1-55238-166-3
1849:978-0-7748-1270-2
1820:Raibmon, Paige. "
1541:Marianne Nicolson
1503:(b. 1951), artist
1491:(b. 1956), artist
1244:"Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
1201:Wakashan language
976:
975:
915:T̓łat̕ła̱siḵwa̱la
768:Ḵwiḵwa̱sut̓inux̱w
711:Harbledown Island
524:Kwakwakaʼwakw art
280:. Built by Chief
236:Discovery Islands
165:
164:
125:
124:
16:(Redirected from
2699:
2572:Tlowitsis Nation
2499:
2490:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:Montreal Gazette
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:. March 22, 2018
2174:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1636:
1531:, artist, writer
1081:Edward S. Curtis
1000:family units or
988:Dzawa̱da̱ʼenux̱w
878:People of Guseʼ
779:G̱waʼyasda̱ms /
744:Dzawa̱da̱ʼenux̱w
541:
540:
487:Kitamaat Village
433:George Vancouver
377:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
286:Thunderbird Park
252:band governments
240:British Columbia
232:Vancouver Island
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
179:
174:
127:
126:
70:British Columbia
53:Total population
45:
38:
34:
21:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2639:
2581:
2577:Gwawaenuk Tribe
2497:
2491:
2482:
2478:Laich-kwil-tach
2463:Tʼlatʼlasikwala
2376:
2372:
2369:
2332:
2327:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2121:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1891:. 8 August 2007
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1588:
1583:
1547:Spencer O'Brien
1454:
1434:
1421:
1412:
1329:Brooklyn Museum
1313:
1308:
1288:
1238:
1210:assimilationist
1193:
1152:
1087:Over time, the
1046:
1037:
997:
981:
927:X̱wa̱mdasbeʼ /
836:Deserters Group
828:Blunden Harbour
785:Kwicksutaineuk
532:
371:Brooklyn Museum
360:
344:Laich-kwil-tach
338:, which means "
336:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
267:
189:
185:
172:
169:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
152:
150:
148:
146:
144:
133:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
48:
36:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Kwikwasutʼinux
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:External links
2328:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2197:
2169:
2156:
2150:Robin Fisher,
2143:
2134:
2119:
2095:
2083:
2072:
2061:
2035:
2026:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1971:
1960:
1946:
1934:
1925:
1902:
1880:
1873:
1855:
1848:
1830:
1813:
1800:
1791:
1767:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1702:
1682:
1670:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1566:Willie Seaweed
1563:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1515:, carver from
1513:Charles Joseph
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:Joe Peters Jr.
1468:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1433:
1432:Transportation
1430:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1287:
1284:
1237:
1234:
1192:
1189:
1173:Nuu-chah-nulth
1151:
1148:
1144:Stephen Harper
1128:shaming ritual
1062:Nuu-chah-nulth
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
996:
993:
980:
977:
974:
973:
970:
968:Campbell River
964:
962:
960:
954:
953:
950:
946:Ceqʷəl̓utən /
944:
942:
940:
934:
933:
931:
925:
920:
918:
910:
909:
906:
904:Winter Harbour
901:
896:
894:
888:
887:
884:
879:
876:
874:
868:
867:
864:
863:, Burnett Bay
857:
852:
850:
842:
841:
838:
824:
822:
820:
817:ʼNak̕waxdaʼx̱w
812:
811:
808:
797:
795:
793:
787:
786:
783:
781:Gilford Island
777:
772:
770:
764:
763:
760:
758:Kingcome Inlet
754:
749:
747:
739:
738:
732:
729:
727:
725:
717:
716:
713:
704:
699:
697:
689:
688:
686:
680:
675:
673:
670:A̱ʼwa̱ʼetła̱la
665:
664:
661:
659:Turnour Island
655:
650:
648:
642:
641:
638:
631:Nimpkish River
627:
622:
620:
612:
611:
609:
607:Village Island
603:
598:
596:
588:
587:
584:
578:
573:
571:
563:
562:
556:
553:
550:
545:
531:
528:
520:Willie Seaweed
423:anthropologist
393:, his brother
359:
356:
348:Campbell River
266:
263:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
139:
135:
134:
131:
123:
122:
108:
107:
103:
102:
95:
94:
90:
89:
79:
78:
74:
73:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2704:
2693:
2692:Kwakwaka'wakw
2690:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:New Vancouver
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:First Nations
2494:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:ʼNakʼwaxdaʼxw
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:Kwakwakaʼwakw
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:0-88894-612-0
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:0-9670554-0-7
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1807:Duff Wilson,
1804:
1795:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:Tony Hunt Sr.
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1446:dugout canoes
1438:
1429:
1427:
1426:breech clouts
1416:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:In 1885, the
1349:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1303:
1302:, or winter.
1301:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1218:language loss
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:primogeniture
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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1644:
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1592:
1580:, politician
1568:, woodcarver
1560:medicine man
1537:, woodcarver
1525:, woodcarver
1523:Mungo Martin
1501:Richard Hunt
1443:
1422:
1413:
1406:birthright.
1404:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1367:
1362:
1350:
1348:civilized".
1346:
1341:
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1273:
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1230:
1222:
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1185:Coast Salish
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1165:Eagle Chiefs
1164:
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1136:Idle No More
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1077:copper piece
1066:Coast Salish
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722:Maʼa̱mtagila
720:
701:
692:
684:Knight Inlet
677:
668:
657:Ḵalug̱wis /
652:
645:
633:and Yalis /
624:
615:
600:
591:
575:
566:
552:Translation
544:Nation name
533:
512:Mungo Martin
504:
497:
493:
491:
482:
476:
459:
449:
447:in Chicago.
442:
430:
411:
407:grizzly bear
389:include the
387:origin myths
382:
379:oral history
376:
367:Grave Marker
366:
335:
333:
301:
297:
295:
282:Mungo Martin
273:
256:
181:
168:
166:
99:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
2418:Maʼamtagila
2413:Daʼnaxdaʼxw
2408:Aʼwaʼetʼala
2054:10 February
1572:James Sewid
1489:Calvin Hunt
1459:Alfred Scow
1264:totem poles
929:Hope Island
861:Smith Inlet
582:Fort Rupert
391:Thunderbird
308:Fort Rupert
2600:Gwayasdums
2458:Gwatʼsinux
2433:Gwawaʼenux
2228:References
2183:The Walrus
1919:2012-07-08
1785:2022-08-12
1755:2006-06-24
1650:2017-11-16
1535:Ellen Neel
1529:David Neel
1495:Henry Hunt
1465:Sonny Assu
1374:Franz Boas
1353:Indian Act
1206:Franz Boas
972:Weiwaikum
948:Cape Mudge
872:G̱usgimukw
859:T̓a̱kus /
810:Gwawaenuk
715:Tanakteuk
682:Dzawadi /
663:Tlowitsis
653:Angry-ones
629:Xwa̱lkw /
580:Tsax̱is /
559:Anglicized
555:Community
516:Ellen Neel
426:Franz Boas
312:Franz Boas
278:totem pole
274:Wawaditʼla
2671:Kwakʼwala
2661:Mythology
2595:Memkumlis
2453:Gusgimukw
2438:Haxwaʼmis
2403:Ławitʼsis
2216:August 5,
2190:August 5,
1483:Gord Hill
1477:Beau Dick
1232:existed.
1197:Kwakʼwala
1183:and some
1181:Wuikinuxv
1132:Beau Dick
1075:Man with
1068:peoples.
1054:Tsimshian
938:Wiwēqay̓i
847:Gwaʼsa̱la
826:Baʼaʼs /
756:Gwaʼyi /
736:Iʼtsika̱n
734:Etsekin,
731:Itsika̱n
635:Alert Bay
617:ʼNa̱mg̱is
530:Divisions
502:in 2007.
340:Kwakʼwala
325:Wuikinuxv
296:The name
259:Kwakʼwala
248:Vancouver
224:Kwakʼwala
142:Kwak̓wala
120:Wuikinuxv
87:Kwakʼwala
77:Languages
2686:Category
2651:Potlatch
2605:Kalugwis
2587:Villages
2448:Gwaʼsala
2129:99-70356
1659:cite web
1595:(statue)
1593:Kwakiutl
1586:See also
1574:, writer
1562:, writer
1556:Quesalid
1337:potlatch
1311:Potlatch
1300:tsetseka
1191:Language
1177:Heiltsuk
1101:interest
1093:currency
1089:potlatch
1035:Property
1021:naʼmima'
1002:naʼmima,
886:Koskimo
882:Quatsino
834:, &
801:Hopetown
646:Ławitsis
499:The Tyee
464:Jan Hare
419:potlatch
383:ʼnaʼmima
329:Heiltsuk
317:Wakashan
298:Kwakiutl
244:Victoria
182:Kwakiutl
138:Language
116:Heiltsuk
93:Religion
68:Canada (
18:Kwakiutl
2473:Wiwekam
2468:Wekaʼyi
2398:ʼNamgis
2388:Kwaguʼł
1607:Sisiutl
1370:Kwaguʼł
1296:Klasila
1280:abalone
1276:blanket
1274:Chilkat
1150:Culture
1058:Tlingit
1044:Economy
1010:naʼmima
1006:naʼmima
995:Kinship
979:Society
958:Wiwēkam
568:Kwaguʼł
399:seagull
358:History
303:Kwaguʼł
158:Country
83:English
2635:Tsaxis
2620:Gwaʼyi
2278:
2127:
2117:
1895:27 May
1871:
1846:
1113:silver
1060:, the
415:slaves
397:, the
327:, and
321:Haisla
130:People
112:Haisla
2656:Music
2630:Takus
2625:Baʼas
2615:Yalis
1627:Notes
1519:tribe
1286:Music
1268:Cedar
536:clans
395:Kolas
2276:ISBN
2218:2018
2192:2018
2125:LCCN
2115:ISBN
2056:2013
1897:2012
1869:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1665:link
1335:The
1236:Arts
1195:The
1117:gold
1115:and
1099:and
1097:loan
1064:and
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265:Name
246:and
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