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him, what is his name. Kush replies that: "I am God, the Giver of Daily Bread and Guide"!. The owner finds the idea laughable and Kush eventually abandons his claim to divinity. In return, the owner, who was also an expert physician performs surgery on his so that the face of Kush is restored to human form. The owner wins Kush over to the cause of God, and Kush spents 46 years with learning a variety of disciplines. The wise lord then convinces Kush to return to his homeland. Kush returns to his homeland and encourages everyone to worship God. The story ends by the fact that the wise lord was a descendant of
Jamshid, and he was giving the story of Kuš-e Pil-Dandān to Alexander.
185:'s family. The child shows extraordinary examples of physical fighting and he fights for a while against his father Kush in Abtin's army. However, once Kush and his son recognize each other, they join forces against Abtin. Abin's clan who is now under attack from both Kush and his son consults the chronicle of Jamshid. The chronicle advises that whenever he finds himself in trouble, he should seek refuge with the king of Māchin (inner China in Persian literature). Māchin itself has two section: one which borders Čin and is ruled by a king named Bahak; the other is island which a month's journey and ruled by the King Teyhur.
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which the gentry bears witness is written, so that the pact may be honored. Kush is then sent as the head of the army to Egypt and North Africa. He defeats the enemy and the spoils are sent back to
Faridun. Kush also founds several new cities in the region. However, Kush breaks his pledge to Faridun and openly rebels against him. He kills the Iranian members of his army, and orders each home to have an effigy of him and that it be worshipped daily. In order to subdue Kush, Faridun sends his son Salm to vanquish Kush. Salm defeats Kush's army, but Kush flees to the West. During this time, the three sons of Faridun,
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177:(literally, the "elephant-eared") Tribe. He battles this tribe and takes a woman from the tribe as his bride. The woman bears him an elephant-eared and tusked son. But when Kush sees the hideous like face of his son, he flies into an angry range. He kills his wife for giving birth to such a demonic creature. Subsequently, he abandons his son in the forest that was the hiding place of the house of Jamshid.
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Teyhur has not been conquered for 3000 years, he craftily takes it over. Afterwards, he actually destroys the whole island. At this time, news of Zahhak's capture at the hand of
Faridun reaches Kush and Kush returns to Čin. Fereydun, shackles Zahhak's hand and foot, and puts a yoke around his neck, imprisoning him the mount Damavand. After vanquishing Zahhak,
173:("Jamshid's Testament"), a book that foretells events in the family's future and counsels them on what to do when they do. Based on the advice of this book, Jamshid's descendants remain hidden, roaming the forests and stay away from the reach of Kush. While looking for Jamshid's descendants, Kush stumbles upon the
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In a meeting of
Faridun with his advisors, they came to a consensus that they must send a harsh tyrant to the West. The unanimous choice is Kush, who is unshackled and brought before Faridun. Kush seeks forgiveness from Fereydun, and swears to be a loyal servant of the King of Iran. A proclamation to
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which Zahak has not been able to capture. Agents of Zahak then capture Abtin and put him to death. When, Kush the Tusked learns of Abtin's refuge on the island of Jazira, his marriage to Farārang, and his return to Iran, he sets up plans to take over the island. Despite the fact that island ruled by
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Despite several setbacks, Kush remains determined on his religious aspirations and his proclamation of divinity. During a hunting expedition, he becomes separated from his crew and loses his way. On the way, he stops at a house. The wise lord of the palace, who is a pious man, invites him and asks
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wounds Kush with his bull-headed mace. The wounded Kush was able to escape to Khwāvarān (the East), and gain control of the region. Kush became very powerful again and had collected a formidable army. He rules these lands for a long time. During this era of the story, the armies from
Abyssinia and
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and Salm were openly fighting. Iraj demands tribute from his two other brothers, and they on the other hand align with Kush. Together, the brothers kill Iraj and they divide the world with Kush, and take some territory from
Faridun. However, Manuchehr the son of Iraj seeks vengeance for his father
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in Iran) attack north Africa and advance as Egypt. At this time, the inhabitants of the area seek the help of
Fereydun. Fereydun sends his Iranian troops there, to defeat the armies from the south. But once those troops leave, the armies from south return and attack the inhabitants of North Africa
204:. During his stay in the island, Abtin is inspired by a dream which tells him to go to Iran. This episode illustrates the overall recurring importance of dreams in the epic. With Teyhur's approval, Abtin and Farārang aided by an ancient mariner sail for fourteen months and reach the sea of
161:. In a section at the beginning, the story deals with the heroism, triumphs, deceit and philandering of the character Kush the Tusked. The claim of Kush the Tusked being divine is also recounted in the story. The tale starts with the dragon-fiend king Zahhak who was on the verge of slaying
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house of Karen) to the land of Chin with a vast army. Fereydun's army is victorious and Qāran captures Kush in hand-to-hand combat. Kush is sent back to Iran, and he is imprisoned beside Zahhak, in
Damavand. Kush is imprisoned for forty years until Armies from
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Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
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During this time, Abtin (pronounced as Ābtin), the third generation of
Jamshid's line (Jamšid > Nunak > Mahāru > Ābtin) appears in the story. Abtin's wife provides shelter to the tusked and elephant-eared son of Kush and he is raised in
102:
prose texts. This manuscript has 10,129 couplets and contains some scribal errors. The text can be divided into a preface, a frame story about a king named Kush (different from the main character), a second frame story about
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now is the king of Iran. Kush convinces the Iranian ruler to go to war, however the combined forces of Kush and the Iranian armies is not enough to defeat the armies of Abyssinia and Nubia. However, the great legendary hero
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decides to put an end to Kush the Tusked' tyranny in Chin. Fereydun sends an army to Chin to defeat Kush and capture him, but the army is rerouted. Meanwhile, Kush builds a city by the name of Kushan in the lands beyond the
165:. Zahhak predicts that a person from Jamshid's royal line shall avenge his death. In order to circumvent this prediction, Zahhak sends his brother Kush to Čin (parts of China and Central Asia in
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is sent to the area and defeats the armies of Abyssinia and Nubia. This part of the epic is very close to Ferdowsi's version of Rustam's mission to Mazandaran (Abyssinia and Nubia).
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as his previous work. Then he gives the reasons behind their composition and ends with praise of the patron. The story deals with the eventful life of Kush the Tusked (or Persian:
271:
and with a large army goes to battle against Tur, Salm and Kush. Manuchehr with a large army goes into battle against the two sons and Kuš. Tur and Salm are killed in battle, and
240:. Kush decrees that a statue of himself be erected in the city, and he forces the inhabitants to worship it. Fereydun, eventually sends Kāran/Qāran (c.f. with the
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J. Matini (2004), "Kushnama" in T. Daryaee and M. Omidsalar, "The Spirit of Wisdom: Essays in Memory of Ahmad Tafazolli", Mazda Publishers.
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The introduction (lines 1-226) begins by the customary tradition of extolling God. Subsequently, the author then references the
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220:. When the child reaches the age of four, his father, inspired by a dream, entrusts Faridun to a person by the name of
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169:) to get rid of Jamshid's off-springs. These off-springs have in their possession, the chronicle called the
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A critical edition of the poem based on unique manuscript of the work is found in a collection held in the
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Nubia attack once again. Kush goes to battle against these armies but he has no success. During this era,
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The work encompasses events that take place during the reigns of the mythical kings of Iran,
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Saghi Gazerani, “Kush-e Pildandān, the Anti-Hero: Polemics of Power in Late Antique Iran,”
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138:. Kush the Tusked is said to have lived 1,500 years. The epic poem is dedicated to the
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Abtin is warmly received by Teyhur and he stays in the island which is referenced as
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in the book. Abtin also marries the daughter of Teyhur who is named daughter
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Elaine Wright, “Firdausi and More: A Timurid Anthology of Epic Tales,” in
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134:, "The Elephant-eared"), the son of Kush who is the brother of the king
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145:(r. 498—511/1105-18). The writer's name does not appear in the work.
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epic poem and part of a mythical history of Iran written by
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60:(OR 2780) and published in a critical edition by Professor
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Shahnama: The Visual Language of the Persian Book of Kings
79:"The History of Genghis Khan and his Successors", the
221:
216:). In Iran, Farārang gives birth to the Iranian hero
367:; Hemmat, Kaveh L. (July 2022). Lee, Hee Soo (ed.).
67:
The manuscript collection contains five epic poems:
64:, and in an English translation by Kaveh L Hemmat.
370:The Kushnameh: The Persian Epic of Kush the Tusked
98:Much of the epic was likely based on one or more
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1458:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
363:
1403:
432:
51:
46:Ḥakim Iranshān (or Irānshāh) ibn Abu l-Khayr
1463:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1410:
1396:
439:
425:
115:and their adventures in China, Korea, the
3464:and one of the two official languages of
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14:
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1417:
77:Tārikh-e Changiz Khān va Jāneshinānash
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89:. It originally also contained the
37:
24:
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1033:
1026:
373:. University of California Press.
71:'s Garshasp-nama, Ahmad Tabrizi's
48:between the years 501-04/1108-11.
25:
3512:
1498:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
226:, the commander of a fortress in
2425:
1372:
1371:
1201:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
3427:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
2858:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
2498:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
1518:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
400:
387:
357:
348:
331:
13:
1:
2606:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
1846:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
1596:
1210:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
1213:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
7:
2309:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
410:52, no. 5–6 (2019): 859–901
292:
222:
10:
3517:
3501:12th-century Persian books
2387:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
1480:
1207:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
1204:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
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3409:
3363:
3269:
3095:
3013:
2904:
2795:
2775:
2759:
2703:
2657:
2641:
2611:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
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2154:
2147:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
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1983:
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1606:
1602:
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1538:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
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588:
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467:
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52:Manuscript and background
3026:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
2069:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
1892:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1788:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
1448:Old Persian inscriptions
324:
148:
3376:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2980:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2975:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
2960:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
2871:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
2371:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
2345:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
1430:
2828:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
2379:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
2000:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
1743:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
1337:Rostam's Seven Labours
1216:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
1045:
1038:
1031:
3496:Epic poems in Persian
3364:Children's literature
3221:Rasoul Mollagholipour
3111:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
3054:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
3049:Alireza Koushk Jalali
2995:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2881:Shahriyar Mandanipour
2123:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
1967:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
1808:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
1579:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1562:Anthology of Zadspram
1332:Rostam and Esfandiyar
1044:
1037:
1030:
3261:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
3126:Pouran Derakhshandeh
3106:Mohammad Reza Aslani
3044:Amir Reza Koohestani
2803:Ali Mohammad Afghani
2473:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2402:Mahmud Saba Kashani
2138:Fazlallah Astarabadi
2014:Afdal al-Din Kashani
2009:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
1959:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1841:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1655:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
1443:Behistun Inscription
788:Eskandar (Alexander)
343:Encyclopædia Iranica
212:(probably meant the
3186:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
2925:Abolhassan Etessami
2843:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2695:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2680:Khalilullah Khalili
2620:Manouchehr Sheybani
2596:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
2503:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
2460:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
2102:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
1947:Faramarz-e Khodadad
1533:Shabuhragan of Mani
105:Alexander the Great
3330:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
3315:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
3285:Najaf Daryabandari
3146:Behrouz Gharibpour
2990:Shahrnush Parsipur
2965:Aboutorab Khosravi
2867:Aboutorab Khosravi
2731:Gulrukhsor Safieva
2649:Edward Haghverdian
2313:Rasa Salim Tehrani
2032:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
2019:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1675:Abusaeid Abolkheir
1614:Muhammad ibn Wasif
1569:Zand-i Wahman yasn
1528:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1513:Book of Arda Viraf
1419:Persian literature
1348:Khosrow and Shirin
1186:Other locations...
1046:
1039:
1032:
314:Persian literature
3486:Persian mythology
3473:
3472:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3396:Farhad Hasanzadeh
3335:Hamid Samandarian
3276:Amrollah Abjadian
3241:Fereydoun Rahnema
3206:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
3191:Samuel Khachikian
3176:Ebrahim Hatamikia
3087:Mohammad Yaghoubi
3083:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
2950:Houshang Golshiri
2863:Houshang Golshiri
2823:Mahshid Amirshahi
2808:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
2791:
2790:
2726:Abolqasem Lahouti
2721:Iskandar Khatloni
2634:Fereydoon Moshiri
2581:Mohammad Mokhtari
2541:Forugh Farrokhzad
2493:Manouchehr Atashi
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2348:
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2296:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
2289:
2276:
2268:
2239:
2235:Muhtasham Kashani
2231:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2087:Nozhat al-Majales
2083:
2041:
2028:
2024:Mahmud Shabistari
1991:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
1976:
1963:
1955:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1896:
1877:Suzani Samarqandi
1821:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
1812:
1784:
1776:
1772:Masud Sa'd Salman
1768:
1760:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1687:
1679:
1650:Abu Shakur Balkhi
1587:
1586:
1523:Cube of Zoroaster
1493:Ayadgar-i Zariran
1471:
1470:
1385:
1384:
1359:Persian mythology
1354:Bijan and Manijeh
1327:Rostam and Sohrab
1022:
1021:
798:Female characters
778:Rostam Farrokhzād
723:Zangay-i Shavaran
380:978-0-520-38530-6
167:Persian mythology
121:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
3508:
3491:Poems in Persian
3417:Aydin Aghdashloo
3246:Rasul Sadr Ameli
3236:Kambuzia Partovi
3196:Abbas Kiarostami
3181:Abdolreza Kahani
3161:Ebrahim Golestan
3141:Farrokh Ghaffari
3136:Bahman Farmanara
3069:Abbas Nalbandian
2945:Ebrahim Golestan
2912:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
2848:Soudabeh Fazaeli
2746:Mirzo Tursunzoda
2741:Payrav Sulaymoni
2576:Shams Langeroodi
2532:Parviz Eslampour
2488:Aminollah Rezaei
2455:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
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2445:
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2432:
2422:
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2403:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2346:
2335:
2304:Naw'i Khabushani
2298:
2287:
2274:
2266:
2237:
2229:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2133:Abu Ali Qalandar
2081:
2039:
2026:
1974:
1961:
1953:
1942:
1934:
1922:
1915:Najm al-Din Razi
1894:
1810:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1685:
1677:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1558:Dadestan-i Denig
1477:
1476:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1374:
996:House of Goudarz
465:
464:
441:
434:
427:
418:
417:
411:
404:
398:
391:
385:
384:
361:
355:
352:
346:
335:
225:
171:Andarz-e Jamshid
39:
21:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3441:
3432:Ehsan Yarshater
3405:
3391:Poopak NikTalab
3359:
3350:Ahmad Tafazzoli
3265:
3256:Parviz Shahbazi
3211:Dariush Mehrjui
3171:Abolfazl Jalili
3091:
3009:
2970:Mostafa Mastoor
2935:Simin Daneshvar
2900:
2896:Iraj Pezeshkzad
2891:Mansour Koushan
2838:Simin Daneshvar
2787:
2771:
2755:
2699:
2653:
2637:
2628:She'r-e Nimaa'i
2591:Yadollah Royaee
2566:Siavash Kasraie
2546:Hossein Monzavi
2536:Parvin E'tesami
2523:Hushang Ebtehaj
2513:Simin Behbahani
2468:Qeysar Aminpour
2444:
2427:
2408:
2351:
2341:Neshat Esfahani
2316:
2272:Asir-e Esfahani
2247:
2215:
2150:
2106:
2059:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
1996:Awhadi Maraghai
1979:
1905:Falaki Shirvani
1882:Hassan Ghaznavi
1860:
1856:Mahsati Ganjavi
1816:Uthman Mukhtari
1710:
1618:
1598:
1583:
1574:Drakht-i Asurig
1484:
1467:
1434:
1421:
1416:
1386:
1381:
1363:
1322:Zal and Rudabeh
1312:Derafsh Kaviani
1287:
1259:of Shah Tahmasp
1219:
1190:
1111:
1053:
1047:
1018:
1006:House of Nowzar
983:
977:
894:
868:
792:
590:Male characters
584:
526:
456:
445:
415:
414:
408:Iranian Studies
405:
401:
392:
388:
381:
362:
358:
353:
349:
336:
332:
327:
295:
151:
73:Shāhanshāh-nāma
54:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3471:
3470:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3401:Ramak NikTalab
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Hengameh Mofid
3383:
3381:Babak NikTalab
3378:
3373:
3371:Samad Behrangi
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Saleh Hosseini
3307:
3305:Ramak NikTalab
3302:
3300:Sadegh Hedayat
3297:
3292:
3290:Mohammad Ghazi
3287:
3282:
3280:Jaleh Amouzgar
3277:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Mohammad Sadri
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Reza Mirkarimi
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Bahman Ghobadi
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Asghar Farhadi
3128:
3123:
3121:Hajir Darioush
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Hengameh Mofid
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:Mohsen Yalfani
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:Bahram Sadeghi
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Sadegh Hedayat
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Nader Ebrahimi
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Reza Amirkhani
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2783:Muhammad Iqbal
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2751:Satim Ulugzade
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Sadriddin Ayni
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:Massoud Nawabi
2687:
2685:Youssof Kohzad
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Wasef Bakhtari
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Sohrab Sepehri
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Nosrat Rahmani
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Ahmad NikTalab
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:Hormoz Alipour
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2328:Hatef Esfahani
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2275:(c. 1620–1648)
2269:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2182:Kamal Khujandi
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Khwaju Kermani
2089:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:Nizami Ganjavi
1948:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1756:Qatran Tabrizi
1753:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Book of Jamasp
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1173:Mount Damavand
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1107:White Elephant
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:House of Sasan
1008:
1003:
1001:House of Viseh
998:
993:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
882:
878:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
861:
856:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
592:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
570:Humay Chehrzad
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
534:
528:
527:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
473:
471:
462:
458:
457:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
413:
412:
399:
386:
379:
356:
347:
329:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
294:
291:
150:
147:
100:Middle Persian
58:British Museum
53:
50:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3513:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3438:
3437:Ahmad Kasravi
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Ali Latifiyan
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Jafar Shahidi
3343:
3341:
3340:Jalal Sattari
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Mohammad Moin
3323:
3321:
3320:Ahmad Shamlou
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Lili Golestan
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Fereydun Gole
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Bahram Beyzai
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:Saeed Aghighi
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Bahram Beyzai
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:Short stories
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Abbas Maroufi
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Ahmad Mahmoud
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Reza Ghassemi
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Reza Baraheni
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Loiq Sher-Ali
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Nadia Anjuman
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Ahmad Shamlou
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Hushang Irani
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Reza Baraheni
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Kalim Kashani
2278:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2243:'Orfi Shirazi
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Salman Savaji
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Badr Shirvani
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2079:Homam Tabrizi
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Pur-Baha Jami
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1972:Shams Tabrizi
1970:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Faramarz Nama
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
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1863:
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1794:
1793:Ahmad Ghazali
1791:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1764:Nizam al-Mulk
1762:
1757:
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1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1727:Nasir Khusraw
1725:
1723:
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1707:
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1701:Kisai Marvazi
1699:
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1689:
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1660:Shahid Balkhi
1658:
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1548:Menog-i Khrad
1546:
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1342:Davazdah Rokh
1340:
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1268:
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1262:
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1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:Great Mongol
1237:
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1234:
1229:
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1080:
1078:Koulad-Ghandi
1077:
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1067:
1065:Kharvazan Div
1064:
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890:Mehrab Kaboli
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309:Faramarz nama
307:
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286:
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259:
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186:
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176:
172:
168:
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160:
156:
146:
144:
141:
140:Seljuk sultan
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
96:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
49:
47:
43:
35:
31:
30:
19:
3355:Abbas Zaryab
3231:Jafar Panahi
3201:Majid Majidi
3039:Bahman Forsi
3005:Goli Taraqqi
2930:Javad Mojabi
2920:Sadeq Chubak
2916:Shamim Bahar
2813:Bozorg Alavi
2767:Asad Gulzoda
2624:Nima Yooshij
2561:Bijan Jalali
2478:Aref Qazvini
2426:Contemporary
2363:Mirza Ghalib
2333:Azar Bigdeli
2292:Saba Kashani
2285:Hazin Lāhiji
2264:Saib Tabrizi
2227:Vahshi Bafqi
2211:Baba Faghani
2187:Ahli Shirazi
2162:Ubayd Zakani
2037:Amir Khusrau
2027:(1288–1320s)
2004:Sultan Walad
1831:Banu Goshasp
1780:Omar Khayyam
1670:Rabia Balkhi
1553:Jamasp Namag
1346:
1317:Babr-e Bayan
1305:
1304:Abu-Mansuri
1281:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1244:(or Demotte)
1240:
1232:
1015:House of Sām
841:Banu Goshasp
447:
407:
402:
394:
389:
369:
359:
350:
341:
333:
287:
260:
197:
193:
189:
187:
179:
174:
170:
152:
143:Malik-Shah I
131:
127:
125:
97:
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:Jalal Matini
55:
28:
27:
26:
3466:Afghanistan
3270:Translators
3226:Amir Naderi
3096:Screenplays
3079:Pari Saberi
3059:Bijan Mofid
2985:Bijan Najdi
2675:Raziq Faani
2658:Afghanistan
2571:Esmail Khoi
2528:Bijan Elahi
2404:(1813–1893)
2398:(1808–1854)
2390:(1801–1880)
2382:(1800–1871)
2374:(1779–1837)
2366:(1797–1869)
2347:(1798–1857)
2336:(1722–1781)
2299:(1642–1720)
2288:(1692–1766)
2267:(1607–1670)
2259:Taleb Amoli
2238:(1500–1588)
2230:(1523–1583)
2206:(1487–1524)
2198:(1483–1556)
2190:(1454–1535)
2082:(1238–1314)
2040:(1253–1325)
1962:(1149–1209)
1954:(1141–1209)
1943:(1126–1189)
1935:(1120–1190)
1895:(1155–1191)
1811:(1098–1131)
1783:(1048–1131)
1775:(1046–1121)
1767:(1018–1092)
1759:(1009–1072)
1746:(1006–1088)
1738:(1058–1111)
1730:(1004–1088)
1565:Warshtmansr
1248:Baysonghor
1224:Manuscripts
1074:Div-e Sepid
1069:Arzhang Div
1054:and animals
555:Kay Lohrasp
550:Kay Khosrow
338:"Kush Nama"
299:Bahman-nama
258:and Egypt.
214:Caspian Sea
128:Bahman-nama
82:Bahman-nama
3480:Categories
3462:Tajikistan
3166:Ali Hatami
3074:Akbar Radi
3021:Reza Abdoh
2760:Uzbekistan
2704:Tajikistan
2556:Iraj Mirza
1900:Adib Sabir
1836:Borzu-Nama
1803:Manuchehri
1751:Asadi Tusi
1735:Al-Ghazali
1722:Bābā Tāher
1686:(980–1037)
1678:(967–1049)
1543:Bundahishn
1267:of Rashida
1195:Structures
1168:Alborzkouh
1163:Mazandaran
1133:Zabulistan
1052:Creatures
991:Kashvadian
846:Gordafarid
693:Esfandiyār
565:Kay Bahman
469:Pishdadian
461:Characters
255:Mazandaran
119:, and the
85:, and the
69:Asadi Tusi
3410:Essayists
2118:Ibn Yamin
1644:Shahnameh
1597:Classical
1453:Ganjnameh
1306:Shahnameh
1282:Shahnameh
1274:Shahnameh
1265:Shahnameh
1257:Shahnameh
1250:Shahnameh
1241:Shahnameh
1233:Shahnameh
1231:Florence
1182:Kasa-Roud
1153:Ctesiphon
1082:Huma bird
1061:Akvan Div
982:Clans and
973:Biderafsh
618:Kayanoush
575:Kay Darab
545:Kay Kāvus
540:Kay Kawād
507:Manuchehr
449:Shahnameh
273:Manuchehr
247:Abyssinia
92:Shahnameh
87:Kush-nama
29:Kush-Nama
18:Kushnameh
2776:Pakistan
2518:Dehkhoda
2203:Ismail I
2053:Golestān
1975:(d.1248)
1872:Iranshah
1683:Avicenna
1640:Ferdowsi
1377:Category
1272:Windsor
1178:Tammisha
1102:Shabrang
984:families
968:Nastihan
928:Afrasiab
923:Garsivaz
918:Aghrirat
900:Turanian
859:Katāyoun
855:Manizheh
851:Farangis
821:Sindukht
816:Shahrnāz
713:Siyâvash
708:Fariborz
703:Faramarz
698:Pashotan
663:Gershasp
658:Gostaham
608:Shahrasp
560:Goshtasb
532:Kayanian
522:Garshasp
497:Fereydun
487:Tahmuras
477:Keyumars
454:Ferdowsi
365:Iranshah
319:Shahnama
304:Ferdowsi
293:See also
278:Kaykavus
242:Parthian
233:Fereydun
228:Damavand
202:Farārang
132:Pil-gush
113:Fereydun
40:), is a
38:کوش نامه
2716:Farzona
2642:Armenia
1932:Khaqani
1851:Mu'izzi
1798:Hujwiri
1665:Bal'ami
1503:Dēnkard
1292:Related
1280:Davari
1158:Estakhr
1097:Shabdiz
1087:Simurgh
913:Pashang
908:Zadashm
836:Tahmina
831:Sudabeh
811:Arnavāz
806:Faranak
773:Shaghad
733:Goudarz
728:Kashvad
668:Nariman
580:Dara II
492:Jamshid
482:Hushang
218:Faridun
163:Jamshid
159:Faridun
117:Maghreb
42:Persian
34:Persian
2796:Novels
2436:Poetry
2195:Fuzuli
2172:Hatefi
2143:Nasimi
2049:Bustan
1940:Anvari
1925:c.1220
1923:(1142–
1706:Ayyuqi
1696:Asjadi
1691:Unsuri
1635:Daqiqi
1630:Rudaki
1482:Middle
1299:Daqiqi
1138:Sistan
1116:Places
1092:Rakhsh
963:Barman
958:Houman
943:Arjasp
938:Shideh
933:Tageuo
885:Zahhak
881:Mardas
874:Tazian
864:Azadeh
826:Rudaba
783:Barbad
768:Zavara
763:Gorgin
753:Bahram
748:Rohham
743:Bizhan
688:Sohrab
683:Rostam
603:Siamak
598:Jamasp
512:Nowzar
377:
283:Rustam
223:salkat
198:Jazira
190:Basilā
175:Pilguš
155:Zahhak
3014:Plays
2395:Qaani
2356:1800s
2321:1700s
2252:1600s
2220:1500s
2155:1400s
2128:Hafez
2111:1300s
2045:Saadi
1984:1200s
1920:Attar
1910:Am'aq
1865:1100s
1826:Sanai
1715:1000s
1148:Balkh
1143:Kabul
1128:Turan
953:Piran
948:Viseh
758:Hojir
718:Farud
648:Qaren
643:Qobád
628:Arash
613:Abtin
325:Notes
251:Nubia
206:Gilan
183:Abtin
149:Story
136:Zahak
109:Abtin
3458:Iran
2449:Iran
2177:Jami
2074:Rumi
1623:900s
1607:800s
1123:Iran
653:Tous
633:Salm
623:Kāve
517:Zaav
502:Iraj
375:ISBN
268:Iraj
249:and
238:Oxus
210:Amol
208:and
196:and
157:and
111:and
1432:Old
738:Giv
678:Zāl
673:Sām
638:Tur
452:of
340:at
264:Tur
194:Kuh
3482::
3460:,
2051:/
266:,
192:,
123:.
75:,
36::
3468:.
2630:)
2626:(
2055:)
2047:(
1927:)
1646:)
1642:(
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
440:e
433:t
426:v
383:.
32:(
20:)
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