1439:
51:
2492:
1377:
are the sacred places which Alevi Kurds worship. This includes trees, mountains, rocks, caves, rivers, lakes, fountains, the sun and the moon that are each related to a semi-deific figure. These places and objects are thus sacred and some objects are moreover considered dangerous and therefore kept
899:
as their mother tongue. In contrast to their mother tongue, 70.8% of Alevis mostly speak
Turkish within their family, while 18.0% speak Zaza, 9.0% Kurdish, 1.1% Arabic and 1.1% "others". Also, 73% of Alevis have tribal affiliation, which is different from the general profile of the region.
2499:
876:, different estimations exist on the Kurdish Alevi population. While Dressler and several other academics stated that about one third or fifth of the Alevi population is Kurdish, respectively, Hamza Aksüt argued in 2015 that a majority of the Alevi population is Kurdish.
1116:
elections, they increased their share of vote among Alevi Kurds. However, due to both the strong association between right-wing parties and Sunni
Muslims and the incapability of CHP to challenge the conservative parties, Alevis formed the minority rights-led leftist
844:
The
Kurdish Alevi population has experienced religious and ethnic discrimination, oppression and forced assimilation which have significantly impacted their identity. Two Kurdish Alevi rebellions were crushed by Turkish forces in the 20th century; the
1234:
es are: Axûçan, Babamansûr, Sînemîllî, Celal Abbas, Kurêsû, Cemal Avdel, Dewrêş Gewr, Dewrêş Cemal, Seyit Sabun, Sari Saltik, Ûryan Xizir, Şeyh Çoban and Şix Delîlê Berxêcan. Since sacred lineage and religious rank is determined by
1253:
is a term used to encompass every
Kurdish Alevi person who receives religious services. In Kurdish Alevism, most people only receive services, while a small segment both receive and give. This latter small segment is called
1103:
in the subsequent elections through the 1960s. The
Workers' Party of Turkey (TIP) would target the Alevi vote and openly mentioned the rights of Alevis in their 1964 program which culminated with them winning a seat in
2298:
1068:
in the 1937, due to the centralist policies of the newly established
Turkish republic. This rebellion was also suppressed. Thousands of Alevi Kurds were massacred and the town of
1129:, the party did not receive much support from Alevi Kurds. In the 1970s, the politicization of Islam pushed Alevi Kurds towards CHP, however the party was closed down after the
1173:
received support from a large majority of Alevi Kurds, becoming their main political representative. Another significant event was the election of Alevi
Kurdish
2259:
Aydin, Suavi (2020), "A Survey of the Roots and
History of Kurdish Alevism: What are the Divergences and Convergences between Kurdish Alevi Groups in Turkey?",
1013:
institution, but
Kurdish Alevis continued to hold on to their pre-Ottoman beliefs and thus bypass the institutionalism. In the late 19th century, Emperor
1699:
2395:
Wakamatsu, Hiroki (2013), "Veneration of the Sacred or
Regeneration of the Religious: An Analysis of Saints and the Popular Beliefs of Kurdish Alevis",
1525:
once a year from 13 February and the subsequent three days. During this period, Kurdish Alevis fast and it is believed that the meeting ends winter.
2493:"Kürt Seçmenlerin Oy Verme Dinamikleri: Kuzeydoğu-Ortadoğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Alt Bölgelerinde Seçmenin Siyasal Tercihlerinin Sosyolojik Analizi"
1005:
in the early 1800s, the Haji Bektash Veli order sought to surpass the Alevi order in influence. Bektashis would center their beliefs around the
2251:
1037:
stated that the Kurdish Alevis had 'fallen away from the path' and tried to influence their beliefs through the Axûçan ocax on behalf of the
1165:. Alevi Kurdish support for PKK would increase throughout the 1980s due to the devastating impact on the Turkish left as a result of the
2558:
Tee, Caroline (2010), "Holy Lineages, Migration and Reformulation of Alevi Tradition: A Study of the Derviş Cemal Ocak from Erzincan",
1134:
1072:
was almost fully destroyed. In the subsequent period from the Dersim rebellion till the 1960s, the Kurds 'went into deep silence'.
2618:
1084:
2236:
1170:
484:
2623:
911:
is the only Kurdish Alevi-majority province in Turkey. Moreover, there are Kurdish Alevi settlements in the provinces of
813:) refers to the unique rituals, sacred place practices, mythological discourses and socio-religious organizations among
1100:
1161:. PKK sought to present itself as defenders of Alevi Kurds and targeted the Turkish nationalists who took part in the
2481:
2443:
2420:
2386:
2377:
van Bruinessen, Martin (2015), "Dersim and Dalahu: Some Reflections on Kurdish Alevism and the Ahl-i Haqq religion",
821:. Kurdish Alevis consider their hereditary sacred lineages as semi-deific figures, often have beliefs more rooted in
604:
1038:
776:
2518:
Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan (2022), "Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma across Three Generations of Alevi Kurds",
2603:
2462:
1166:
1130:
2353:
1113:
1109:
1080:
1076:
686:
589:
322:
1021:
the Kurdish Alevis. The Axûçan ocax was the first to be approached and did subject itself to the beliefs of
1088:
884:
629:
2613:
1395:
1138:
711:
297:
1289:
who prepares and serves the religious functions and therefore leads the others down the right path. The
1207:. By the end of the 20th century, this system had been gravely impacted by cultural destruction and the
2633:
2335:
1480:. It is believed that Xizir travels between earth and heaven and during travels has generated numerous
1060:
took place with the goal of receiving political autonomy for Kurds and withdrawal of Turkish forces in
995:
529:
514:
944:
2628:
2330:, Erdal (2021), "The Kurdish Alevis: The Followers of the Path of Truth", in Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.),
948:
2638:
1034:
242:
1301:
at birth and the title is lifelong. Nonetheless, the person can always choose not to practice his
1455:
1092:
880:
1451:
1096:
441:
416:
217:
1174:
1137:, until CHP was reestablished in 1992. Alevi Kurds not only took part in the formation of the
2435:
2371:
Political Representation of Alevi Kurds in Turkey: Historical Trends and Main Transformations
2362:
699:
282:
2289:
Kurdish Alevi Belief System, Rêya Heqî/Raa Haqi: Structure, Networking, Ritual, and Function
1239:, it is fairly easy to identify which individual has which religious position in which ocax
1118:
928:
509:
315:
36:
1057:
912:
846:
494:
8:
1126:
802:
769:
519:
489:
232:
172:
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2542:
2276:
940:
619:
479:
252:
80:
1574:
920:
2587:
2547:
2477:
2458:
2439:
2416:
2400:
2382:
2315:
2307:
2280:
2245:
2232:
1700:"Westminster Sociologists edit first Special Issue of Kurdish Studies on Alevi-Kurds"
1443:
1212:
1150:
1022:
991:
932:
830:
650:
642:
614:
609:
599:
549:
544:
524:
302:
257:
159:
115:
105:
1468:) is an important religious figure who is considered to have spiritual power and an
1411:
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1046:
924:
854:
2608:
2567:
2537:
2527:
2412:
2339:
2268:
1419:
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1065:
956:
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936:
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671:
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292:
237:
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154:
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135:
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1391:
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247:
227:
202:
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125:
40:
1514:
1142:
960:
1236:
1195:
Traditionally, the socio-religious structure of Kurdish Alevis consists of two
1154:
1050:
1014:
1010:
983:
964:
822:
762:
748:
363:
272:
222:
28:
2344:
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1473:
1430:
was the name of a shepherd who was believed to be able to practice miracles.
1341:
1026:
888:
681:
676:
624:
594:
456:
266:
212:
207:
67:
1178:
2551:
2532:
1469:
1001:
After surviving the attempted elimination of Bektashism by Ottoman Emperor
972:
829:
as their religious symbol, unlike Turkish Alevis who emphasize the role of
723:
718:
436:
406:
738:
2407:
Sinclair-Webb, Emma (2003). White, Paul Joseph; Jongerden, Joost (eds.).
2327:
2272:
1399:
1369:
1042:
1030:
998:
and the autonomy of this emirate made the community flourish and expand.
426:
2579:
1270:
therefore had to travel from village to village to offer their service.
1415:
1158:
1064:. The rebellion was put down, but Kurdish Alevis rebelled again in the
1025:
by introducing the Bektashi beliefs to their religious ceremonies (see
834:
396:
2225:
Aleviler: Türkiye, İran, İrak, Suriye, Bulgaristan: Araştırma-İnceleme
1484:- including oases and springs from where his feet touched the ground.
1017:
did not shy away from using the institutionalized Bektashi beliefs to
986:
associated with Kurdish Alevism were not included in the 13th century
2379:
Islamic Alternatives: Non-Mainstream Religion in Persianate Societies
1387:
1061:
1002:
733:
728:
421:
386:
376:
346:
96:
2432:
The Kurds and the Politics of Turkey: Agency, Territory and Religion
1438:
1196:
1122:
838:
743:
661:
451:
411:
351:
341:
1579:
2520:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1293:
also has the role of explaining the religion to its members. The
1190:
1069:
861:
818:
461:
446:
356:
1575:"Banga Pîrên Elewiyên Dêrsimê; 'Li zimanê xwe xwedî derbikevin'"
994:. In the 16th century, Kurdish Alevis of Dersim lived under the
2228:
1665:
1522:
1447:
1345:
1006:
896:
873:
853:
in 1937–1938. Kurdish Alevis were also the main victims of the
666:
391:
101:
1869:
1794:
1755:
1141:(PKK) but many of them also became leading figures, including
833:. Some Kurdish Alevis argue that their beliefs are related to
2355:
Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion
1495:
1465:
1219:
s have strengthened the cultural identity of Kurdish Alevis.
814:
706:
466:
131:
60:
50:
1641:
1266:
must travel to their place of residence. Traditionally, the
121:
111:
2189:
2187:
2185:
1230:
refers to various sacred lineages in Kurdish Alevism. The
2124:
2122:
1477:
1941:
1682:
1680:
1557:
1555:
1542:
1540:
1538:
2199:
2182:
2170:
1999:
1823:
1821:
1772:
1770:
1600:
1598:
1398:
and the sacred mountain associated with (or embodying)
1087:, while the Alevi Kurdish vote would split between the
860:
The heartland and sacred land of Kurdish Alevis is the
2158:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2011:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1745:
1743:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1386:
Jiare can be utilized to treat people who suffer from
1112:. While the national support for TIP decreased in the
1677:
1552:
1535:
2071:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1818:
1806:
1782:
1767:
1716:
1653:
1595:
2146:
2134:
2083:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
1987:
1972:
1953:
1929:
1740:
1728:
1610:
1199:social positions; members of the sacred lineage or
1133:. Alevi Kurds afterwards gave their support to the
2297:
1317:have spiritual power through bloodline. While the
891:, 20.2% of them speak Kurdish, 9.0% of them speak
971:. Outside of Turkey, there are Kurdish Alevis in
2595:
1203:and those subordinated to the sacred lineage or
1177:as co-mayor of the largest Kurdish municipality
2409:Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview
1321:guides the members of Alevism practically, the
1262:population to receive a religious service, the
1211:has gained influence in regard to religion and
879:According to a study published in 2015, in the
2376:
1647:
1215:. Since the anti-Alevi violence in the 1990s,
2406:
1671:
1336:is the highest rank in the ocax systems. The
1083:general elections, Alevi Kurds voted for the
808:
770:
1352:feels injustice regarding the decision of a
1517:which is the location where it is believed
1422:and people pray to God through the various
2250:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1344:element of the system and has the role of
777:
763:
2560:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
2541:
2531:
2394:
2343:
2205:
2193:
1635:
1053:have both Alevi and Sunni members today.
1045:of Kurdish Alevis and tribes such as the
887:regions of Turkey, 69.7% of Alevis speak
2517:
2471:
2452:
2351:
2295:
2176:
2164:
2128:
2077:
1686:
1659:
1623:
1604:
1561:
1546:
1437:
1313:It is believed that some members of the
2455:Kurdish Culture: A Cross-cultural Guide
2596:
2457:. Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft.
2429:
2005:
1121:in 1966. Yet, because of its focus on
2490:
2368:
2326:
2286:
2258:
2222:
2152:
2140:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
1993:
1981:
1966:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1761:
1749:
1734:
1722:
485:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
2474:Asimilasyon Kıskacında Alevi Kürtler
1498:and is also visited by Sunni Kurds.
1402:, both located in Tunceli Province.
2557:
1450:and Khidr praying together from an
1245:
807:'The Path of God/Truth' or
797:
13:
2511:
2332:The Cambridge History of the Kurds
14:
2650:
2306:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1135:Social Democratic Populist Party
49:
2215:
1692:
1405:
1285:is a term used to describe the
1039:Committee of Union and Progress
2352:Gültekin, Ahmet Kerim (2019),
2314:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1567:
1:
2619:History of the Kurdish people
1583:(in Kurdish). 18 January 2023
1410:Munzur River is located near
867:
323:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
2572:10.1080/13530194.2010.524440
2498:(in Turkish). Archived from
2453:Sweetnam, Denise L. (1994).
1184:
903:
7:
2624:History of Tunceli Province
2476:(in Turkish). Siyam Kitap.
2227:(in Turkish) (5 ed.),
825:, and put more emphasis on
10:
2655:
2336:Cambridge University Press
1394:. Two important jiare are
1367:
1188:
978:
895:and 1.1% of them per cent
530:Kurdish Republic of Lachin
515:Kurdish Republic of Ararat
2345:10.1017/9781108623711.026
2296:Dressler, Markus (2008).
1878:, pp. 235 & 239.
1803:, pp. 239 & 261.
1764:, pp. 213 & 264.
1328:
1325:thus guides spiritually.
1273:
1171:Peoples' Democratic Party
1089:Republican People's Party
2472:Dalkılıç, Halil (2015).
1528:
1433:
1363:
1167:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1139:Kurdistan Workers' Party
1131:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1101:Workers' Party of Turkey
1035:Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi
1456:Stories of the Prophets
1356:they can appeal to the
1222:
1041:. This period also saw
16:Kurdish religious group
2533:10.3390/ijerph19010081
2430:Çiftçi, Deniz (2019).
2369:Günes, Cengiz (2020),
2312:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1458:
1452:illuminated manuscript
1308:
1033:, Bektashi missionary
809:
2604:Religion in Kurdistan
2491:Yeğen, Mesut (2015).
2436:Bloomsbury Publishing
2363:University of Leipzig
2287:Deniz, Dilşa (2019),
2223:Aksüt, Hamza (2012),
1704:www.westminster.ac.uk
1648:van Bruinessen (2015)
1446:manuscript depicting
1441:
996:Emirate of Çemişgezek
885:Southeastern Anatolia
2273:10.33182/ks.v8i1.551
1672:Sinclair-Webb (2003)
1348:. For example, if a
1169:. In the 2010s, the
1009:which emerged as an
630:Kurdish philosophers
510:Kingdom of Kurdistan
336:Karduchian dynasties
2267:(1), CEEOL: 17–42,
1950:, pp. 565–566.
1127:Turkish nationalism
520:Republic of Mahabad
490:Simko Shikak revolt
2614:Religion in Turkey
2302:. In Fleet, Kate;
1674:, p. 222–223.
1459:
1340:presides over the
1237:tribal affiliation
480:Kurdistansky Uyezd
126:Southern Kurdistan
106:Northern Kurdistan
2634:Religion in Syria
2401:Sophia University
2291:, Lexington Books
2238:978-975-9025-61-8
2116:, pp. 56–57.
2104:, pp. 54–55.
2020:, pp. 78–79.
1297:is chosen from a
1213:identity politics
1157:, Rıza Altun and
1151:Ali Haydar Kaytan
1058:Koçgiri rebellion
1023:Haji Bektash Veli
992:Haji Bektash Veli
847:Koçgiri rebellion
831:Haji Bektash Veli
823:nature veneration
806:
787:
786:
651:Kurdish languages
550:Turkish Kurdistan
545:Iranian Kurdistan
525:Al-Anfal campaign
495:Koçgiri Rebellion
136:Western Kurdistan
116:Eastern Kurdistan
2646:
2629:Ethnic religions
2590:
2554:
2545:
2535:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2468:
2449:
2426:
2413:Brill Publishers
2403:
2399:, vol. 31,
2391:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2323:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2209:
2206:Wakamatsu (2013)
2203:
2197:
2194:Wakamatsu (2013)
2191:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2008:, p. 64–65.
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1636:Wakamatsu (2013)
1633:
1627:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1490:is one of these
1420:ritual slaughter
1246:Taliw and sayyid
1106:Malatya Province
1093:New Turkey Party
1066:Dersim rebellion
909:Tunceli Province
881:Eastern Anatolia
851:Dersim rebellion
849:in 1921 and the
827:Pir Sultan Abdal
812:
801:
799:
779:
772:
765:
653:
605:Historical sites
555:Syrian Kurdistan
539:Kurdistan Region
505:Dersim Rebellion
500:Ararat rebellion
337:
53:
43:
32:
24:
19:
18:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2639:Kurdish culture
2594:
2593:
2514:
2512:Further reading
2509:
2502:
2495:
2484:
2465:
2446:
2423:
2389:
2358:
2308:Rowson, Everett
2261:Kurdish Studies
2243:
2242:
2239:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2177:Sweetnam (1994)
2175:
2171:
2165:Gültekin (2019)
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2129:Gültekin (2019)
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2078:Dalkılıç (2015)
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1687:Gültekin (2019)
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:Gültekin (2019)
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:Dressler (2008)
1622:
1611:
1605:Gültekin (2019)
1603:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1562:Gültekin (2019)
1560:
1553:
1547:Gültekin (2019)
1545:
1536:
1531:
1436:
1426:in the region.
1414:and a place of
1408:
1372:
1366:
1331:
1311:
1276:
1248:
1225:
1193:
1187:
981:
906:
870:
790:Kurdish Alevism
783:
754:
753:
702:
692:
691:
656:
649:
645:
635:
634:
575:Kurdish culture
570:
560:
559:
535:Iraqi Kurdistan
475:
382:Mir Jafar Dasni
372:
340:
335:
331:
318:
308:
307:
83:
73:
72:
63:
44:
41:Kurdish culture
37:Kurdish history
35:
34:
33:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2566:(3): 335–392,
2555:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2505:on 2021-06-24.
2488:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2444:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2374:
2366:
2349:
2324:
2304:Krämer, Gudrun
2293:
2284:
2256:
2237:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2181:
2179:, p. 213.
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1971:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1926:, p. 222.
1916:
1914:, p. 275.
1904:
1902:, p. 233.
1892:
1890:, p. 224.
1880:
1868:
1866:, p. 234.
1856:
1854:, p. 229.
1844:
1842:, p. 225.
1832:
1830:, p. 236.
1817:
1815:, p. 223.
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 228.
1781:
1779:, p. 277.
1766:
1754:
1739:
1727:
1725:, p. 562.
1715:
1691:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1650:, p. 577.
1640:
1628:
1609:
1594:
1566:
1551:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1488:Xizir Fountain
1435:
1432:
1407:
1404:
1365:
1362:
1330:
1327:
1310:
1307:
1275:
1272:
1247:
1244:
1224:
1221:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1175:Gültan Kışanak
1163:Çorum massacre
1155:Mustafa Karasu
1110:1965 elections
1085:Democrat Party
1015:Abdul Hamid II
980:
977:
905:
902:
869:
866:
855:Maraş massacre
817:who adhere to
785:
784:
782:
781:
774:
767:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
749:Zoroastrianism
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
703:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
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641:
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637:
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617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
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587:
582:
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561:
558:
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522:
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507:
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459:
454:
449:
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429:
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409:
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367:
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359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
326:
325:
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314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
298:United Kingdom
295:
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280:
275:
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260:
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162:
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84:
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64:
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58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2651:
2640:
2637:
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2627:
2625:
2622:
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2601:
2599:
2589:
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2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2483:9786058448018
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2445:9781788316385
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2422:9789004125384
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2388:9783447107792
2384:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2208:, p. 80.
2207:
2202:
2196:, p. 77.
2195:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2167:, p. 15.
2166:
2161:
2155:, p. 60.
2154:
2149:
2143:, p. 57.
2142:
2137:
2131:, p. 13.
2130:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 55.
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2068:, p. 85.
2067:
2062:
2056:, p. 86.
2055:
2050:
2044:, p. 84.
2043:
2038:
2032:, p. 83.
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:Çiftçi (2019)
2002:
1996:, p. 34.
1995:
1990:
1984:, p. 32.
1983:
1978:
1976:
1969:, p. 31.
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1938:, p. 30.
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1752:, p. 39.
1751:
1746:
1744:
1737:, p. 37.
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1638:, p. 72.
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1564:, p. 10.
1563:
1558:
1556:
1549:, p. 12.
1548:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:of God and a
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:mental issues
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
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1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Sakine Cansız
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1097:Justice Party
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:In 1921, the
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Sunnification
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:Kahramanmaraş
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
865:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
804:
795:
791:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
696:
695:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
639:
638:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
564:
563:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
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468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
339:
334:
333:
332:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
312:
311:
304:
303:United States
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
142:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
69:
68:List of Kurds
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
30:
21:
20:
2563:
2559:
2523:
2519:
2500:the original
2473:
2454:
2431:
2408:
2396:
2378:
2370:
2354:
2331:
2311:
2288:
2264:
2260:
2224:
2216:Bibliography
2201:
2172:
2160:
2153:Deniz (2019)
2148:
2141:Deniz (2019)
2136:
2114:Deniz (2019)
2109:
2102:Deniz (2019)
2097:
2090:Deniz (2019)
2085:
2073:
2066:Günes (2020)
2061:
2054:Günes (2020)
2049:
2042:Günes (2020)
2037:
2030:Günes (2020)
2025:
2018:Günes (2020)
2013:
2001:
1994:Aydin (2020)
1989:
1982:Aydin (2020)
1967:Aydin (2020)
1948:Gezik (2021)
1943:
1936:Aydin (2020)
1931:
1924:Aksüt (2012)
1919:
1912:Aksüt (2012)
1907:
1900:Aksüt (2012)
1895:
1888:Aksüt (2012)
1883:
1876:Aksüt (2012)
1871:
1864:Aksüt (2012)
1859:
1852:Aksüt (2012)
1847:
1840:Aksüt (2012)
1835:
1828:Aksüt (2012)
1813:Aksüt (2012)
1808:
1801:Aksüt (2012)
1796:
1789:Aksüt (2012)
1784:
1777:Aksüt (2012)
1762:Aksüt (2012)
1757:
1750:Yeğen (2015)
1735:Yeğen (2015)
1730:
1723:Gezik (2021)
1718:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
1689:, p. 4.
1667:
1662:, p. 5.
1655:
1643:
1631:
1607:, p. 3.
1585:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1461:
1460:
1427:
1423:
1409:
1406:Munzur River
1396:Munzur River
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:jurisprudent
1337:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1143:Mazlum Doğan
1074:
1055:
1018:
1000:
987:
982:
973:Afrin, Syria
907:
878:
871:
859:
843:
789:
788:
719:Christianity
590:Celebrations
472:
471:
407:Hasanwayhids
369:
368:
328:
327:
283:Turkmenistan
144:
143:
88:
87:
1505:related to
1494:located in
1454:version of
1428:Munzur Bawa
1400:Duzgin Bawo
1380:rawyer, pîr
1370:Duzgin Bawo
1299:sayyid ocax
1119:Unity Party
1031:World War I
988:Vilayetname
427:Hazaraspids
243:Netherlands
2598:Categories
2464:3926105194
1709:2022-09-13
1416:pilgrimage
1368:See also:
1197:hereditary
1179:Diyarbakır
1159:Bese Hozat
1029:). During
1019:Bektashify
868:Population
835:Ahl-e Haqq
620:Literature
397:Shaddadids
233:Kazakhstan
173:Azerbaijan
81:Population
2588:142830312
2526:(1): 81,
2320:1873-9830
2281:219734521
1511:Gola Çeto
1470:emanation
1388:paralysis
1185:Structure
1181:in 2014.
1062:Kurdistan
1003:Mahmud II
945:Gümüşhane
941:Gaziantep
904:Geography
857:in 1978.
798:Rêya Heqî
739:Yazdânism
734:Yarsanism
729:Shabakism
643:Languages
422:Hadhabani
417:Marwanids
387:Aishanids
377:Shahrizor
347:Zabdicene
253:Palestine
97:Kurdistan
2580:23077033
2552:35010342
2310:(eds.).
2299:"Alevīs"
2246:citation
1587:15 March
1501:Another
1258:For the
1123:Kemalism
933:Erzincan
913:Adıyaman
864:region.
839:Yazidism
744:Yazidism
700:Religion
662:Kurmanji
615:Folklore
610:Language
580:Clothing
432:Ayyubids
412:Annazids
402:Rawadids
370:Medieval
364:Kayusids
352:Cyrtians
342:Corduene
267:Chechnya
258:Pakistan
165:Caucasia
146:Diaspora
89:Homeland
29:a series
27:Part of
2609:Alevism
2543:8751140
1515:Pülümür
1444:Persian
1384:murşîd.
1378:by the
1256:sayyid.
1191:Alevism
1108:in the
1091:(CHP),
1075:In the
1011:Ottoman
979:History
957:Malatya
953:Kayseri
937:Erzurum
917:Ardahan
893:Turkish
819:Alevism
810:Elewîtî
805:
794:Kurdish
724:Judaism
585:Cuisine
568:Culture
462:Mokryan
452:Badinan
447:Ardalan
357:Moxoene
329:Ancient
316:History
293:Ukraine
238:Lebanon
198:Germany
188:Finland
183:Denmark
177:Georgia
169:Armenia
155:Belgium
2586:
2578:
2550:
2540:
2480:
2461:
2442:
2419:
2397:上智アジア学
2385:
2318:
2279:
2235:
2229:Ankara
1523:Elijah
1521:meets
1448:Elijah
1412:Ovacık
1358:murşîd
1346:appeal
1338:murşîd
1334:Murşîd
1329:Murşîd
1319:raywer
1315:sayyid
1305:ship.
1303:raywer
1295:raywer
1291:raywer
1287:sayyid
1279:Raywer
1274:Raywer
1268:sayyid
1264:sayyid
1070:Dersim
1047:Reşwan
1007:dargah
969:Yozgat
929:Elazığ
921:Bingöl
897:Arabic
874:Turkey
862:Dersim
712:Spread
687:Gorani
672:Xwarin
667:Sorani
473:Modern
442:Badlis
392:Daisam
288:Turkey
278:Sweden
263:Russia
248:Norway
228:Jordan
218:Israel
203:Greece
193:France
160:Canada
102:Turkey
61:People
23:
2584:S2CID
2576:JSTOR
2503:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2359:(PDF)
2328:Gezik
2277:S2CID
1580:Rûdaw
1529:Notes
1519:Xizir
1507:Xizir
1503:jiare
1496:Varto
1492:jiare
1482:jiare
1474:batin
1466:Khidr
1464:(ie.
1462:Xizir
1434:Xizir
1424:jiare
1375:Jiare
1364:Jiare
1350:taliw
1283:rêber
1260:taliw
1251:Taliw
1217:Taliw
1209:taliw
1205:taliw
1051:Şavak
984:Ocaks
965:Sivas
925:Çorum
815:Kurds
707:Islam
625:Music
595:Dance
467:Baban
457:Soran
437:Zands
273:Syria
223:Japan
132:Syria
2548:PMID
2478:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2316:ISSN
2252:link
2233:ISBN
1589:2023
1418:and
1354:pîr,
1232:ocax
1228:Ocax
1223:Ocax
1201:ocax
1125:and
1114:1969
1099:and
1081:1954
1079:and
1077:1950
1049:and
967:and
889:Zaza
883:and
837:and
803:lit.
682:Laki
677:Zaza
600:Flag
213:Iran
208:Iraq
122:Iraq
112:Iran
39:and
2568:doi
2538:PMC
2528:doi
2340:doi
2269:doi
1513:in
1509:is
1478:Ali
1476:of
1390:or
1382:or
1323:pîr
1309:Pîr
1281:or
1027:Jem
990:by
961:Muş
872:In
175:) (
171:) (
2600::
2582:,
2574:,
2564:37
2562:,
2546:,
2536:,
2524:19
2522:,
2438:.
2434:.
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