William III of England

693: 2158: 1642: 1921: 2222: 1281: 1464: 2396: 1976: 1590: 2849: 1387: 1709: 2566:. While most of these were defeats, it would be wrong to place the responsibility solely on him. He was up against a strong uniformly organised army with a coalition army. Many of the coalition troops were not as practised and disciplined as the Dutch troops, and it took time to incorporate them into the Dutch system. William did not attach much value to traditional victory signs either. He considered himself a winner if he managed to inflate French losses to the point where French offensive plans had to be abandoned. The battles he fought were almost all ones of attrition. That the Allies also suffered many casualties he took for granted. The Dutch army organisation was prepared for that; and, from 1689, so was England's. 854: 1533:, elder surviving daughter of the Duke of York, later King James II of England (James VII of Scotland). Mary was eleven years his junior and he anticipated resistance to a Stuart match from the Amsterdam merchants who had disliked his mother (another Mary Stuart), but William believed that marrying Mary would increase his chances of succeeding to Charles's kingdoms, and would draw England's monarch away from his pro-French policies. James was not inclined to consent, but Charles II pressured his brother to agree. Charles wanted to use the possibility of marriage to gain leverage in negotiations relating to the war, but William insisted that the two issues be decided separately. Charles relented, and Bishop 49: 1169: 2885: 2867: 972: 2876: 2858: 2271: 2070: 1844: 6967: 6953: 2570: 948:, one of Charles's peace conditions was the improvement of the position of his nephew. As a countermeasure in 1666, when William was sixteen, the States officially made him a ward of the government, or a "Child of State". All pro-English courtiers, including Zuylenstein, were removed from William's company. William begged De Witt to allow Zuylenstein to stay, but he refused. De Witt, the leading politician of the Republic, took William's education into his own hands, instructing him weekly in state matters and joining him for regular games of 2346:(also called the Treaty of London), under which the territories in Italy would pass to a son of the King of France, and the other Spanish territories would be inherited by a son of the Holy Roman Emperor. This arrangement infuriated both the Spanish, who still sought to prevent the dissolution of their empire, and the Holy Roman Emperor, who regarded the Italian territories as much more useful than the other lands. Unexpectedly, Charles II of Spain interfered as he lay dying in late 1700. Unilaterally, he willed all Spanish territories to 2335: 1739: 937:, London, while visiting her brother, the recently restored King Charles II. In her will, Mary requested that Charles look after William's interests, and Charles now demanded that the States of Holland end their interference. To appease Charles, they complied on 30 September 1661. That year, Zuylenstein began to work for Charles and induced William to write letters to his uncle asking him to help William become stadtholder someday. After his mother's death, William's education and guardianship became a point of contention between 1522: 2262:

wrote to William in 1697 that "the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man, and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear." This, he said, was "tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations". William tersely dismissed these suggestions, however, saying, "It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal."

2646: 2258:. These relationships with male friends, and his apparent lack of mistresses, led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. William's modern biographers disagree on the veracity of these allegations. Some believe there may have been truth to the rumours, while others affirm that they were no more than figments of his enemies' imaginations, as it was common for someone childless like William to adopt, or evince paternal affections for, a younger man. 980: 399: 2105:, a man known for his ability to chart a moderate political course, gained William's confidence early in his reign. The Whigs, a majority in Parliament, had expected to dominate the government, and were disappointed that William denied them this chance. This "balanced" approach to governance did not last beyond 1690, as the conflicting factions made it impossible for the government to pursue effective policy, and William called for new elections early that year. 2506: 1429:, which had been besieged since 28 June. Grave surrendered on 27 October. The Dutch were split by internal disputes; the powerful Amsterdam mercantile body was anxious to end an expensive war once their commercial interests were secured, while William saw France as a long-term threat that had to be defeated. This conflict increased once ending the war became a distinct possibility when Grave was captured in October 1674, leaving only Maastricht. 1433: 2537:, for example, wrote that it was due to William's insight and personal courage that the Allies held out at the Battle of Seneffe, while he also praises how William led his troops to safety during the battles of Steenkerque and Landen. Still, William has been blamed by French and British historians for his impatience and recklessness, and for treating lightly his life and the lives of his soldiers. British historian 2172:(1688–1697) against France, leaving each spring and returning to England each autumn. England joined the League of Augsburg, which then became known as the Grand Alliance. Whilst William was away fighting, his wife, Mary II, governed the realm, but acted on his advice. Each time he returned to England, Mary gave up her power to him without reservation, an arrangement that lasted for the rest of Mary's life. 1202: 1189: 1622:, was announced to be pregnant. That month, to gain the favour of English Protestants, William wrote an open letter to the English people in which he disapproved of James's pro-Roman Catholic policy of religious toleration. Seeing him as a friend, and often having maintained secret contacts with him for years, many English politicians began to urge an armed invasion of England. 1367:), as punishment for their quick surrender to the enemy. William refused but obtained a special mandate from the States General to appoint all delegates in the States of these provinces anew. William's followers in the States of Utrecht on 26 April 1674 appointed him hereditary stadtholder. On 30 January 1675, the States of Gelderland offered him the titles of Duke of 4124:

eleven days ahead of Julian dates. He died on 19 March 1702 by the Gregorian calendar, and on 8 March 1702 by the standard Julian calendar. (However, the English New Year fell on 25 March, so by English reckoning of the time, William died on 8 March 1701.) Unless otherwise noted, dates in this article follow the Julian calendar with New Year falling on 1 January.

1073:(city council member) to uphold the Edict; all but one complied. William saw all this as a defeat, but the arrangement was a compromise: De Witt would have preferred to ignore the prince completely, but now his eventual rise to the office of supreme army commander was implicit. De Witt further conceded that William would be admitted as a member of the 1835:, which met on 14 March 1689. He sent it a conciliatory letter, while James sent haughty uncompromising orders, swaying a majority in favour of William. On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown; they accepted on 11 May. 1417:, Condé led a cavalry attack against the Allied vanguard and by midday on 11 August had halted their advance. Against the advice of his subordinates, he then ordered a series of frontal assaults which led to very heavy casualties on both sides with no concrete result. William and the Dutch blamed the Imperial commander, 2521:

William's primary achievement was to contain France when it was in a position to impose its will across much of Europe. His life's aim was largely to oppose Louis XIV of France. This effort continued after his death during the War of the Spanish Succession. Another important consequence of William's

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Whatever the case, Bentinck's closeness to William did arouse jealousies at the royal court. William's young protégé, Keppel, aroused more gossip and suspicion, being 20 years William's junior, strikingly handsome, and having risen from the post of a royal page to an earldom with some ease. Portland

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also tried unsuccessfully to bring William over, but now to put pressure on Charles. Nevertheless, William secretly induced the States General to send Charles the "Insinuation", a plea beseeching the king to prevent any Catholics from succeeding him, without explicitly naming James. After receiving

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The war had seen the rebirth of the Dutch States Army as one of the most disciplined and best-trained European armed forces. This had not been enough to keep France from making conquests in the Spanish Netherlands, which William and the regents blamed mainly on the Spaniards; the Dutch expected the

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in the Spanish Netherlands. Louis believed this would deprive the Dutch regents of the courage to continue the war any longer. In this, however, he was mistaken. The impending French offensive actually led to an intensification of Dutch-Spanish cooperation. Still, the French offensive of 1677 was a

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Meanwhile, William had written a secret letter to Charles in January 1672 asking his uncle to exploit the situation by exerting pressure on the States to appoint William stadtholder. In return, William would ally the Republic with England and serve Charles's interests as much as his "honour and the

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elsewhere, including William's birthplace in the Netherlands. At the time of William's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates: thus William was born on 14 November 1650 by Gregorian reckoning, but on 4 November 1650 by Julian reckoning. At William's death, Gregorian dates were

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In 1685, when James II succeeded Charles, William at first attempted a conciliatory approach, at the same time trying not to offend the Protestants in England. William, ever looking for ways to diminish the power of France, hoped that James would join the League of Augsburg, but by 1687 it became

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and presented a proposal from Charles. In return for William's capitulation to England and France, Charles would make William Sovereign Prince of Holland, instead of stadtholder (a mere civil servant). When William refused, Arlington threatened that William would witness the end of the Republic's

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William's mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society. William's education was first laid in the hands of several Dutch governesses, some of English descent, including Walburg Howard and the

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William at first opposed the prospect of invasion, but most historians now agree that he began to assemble an expeditionary force in April 1688, as it became increasingly clear that France would remain occupied by campaigns in Germany and Italy, and thus unable to mount an attack while William's

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During the 1690s, rumours grew of William's alleged homosexual inclinations and led to the publication of many satirical pamphlets by his Jacobite detractors. He did have several close male associates, including two Dutch courtiers to whom he granted English titles: Hans Willem Bentinck became

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Johan de Witt had been unable to function as Grand Pensionary after being wounded by an attempt on his life on 21 June. On 15 August, William published a letter from Charles, in which the English king stated that he had made war because of the aggression of the De Witt faction. The people thus

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Another royal inheritance, apart from that of Spain, also concerned William. His marriage with Mary had not produced any children, and he did not seem likely to remarry. Mary's sister, Anne, had borne numerous children, all of whom died during childhood. The death of her last surviving child

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in England, which met on 22 January 1689, to discuss the appropriate course of action following James's flight. William felt insecure about his position; though his wife preceded him in the line of succession to the throne, he wished to reign as king in his own right, rather than as a mere

2302:(20 September 1697), which ended the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV recognised William III as King of England, and undertook to give no further assistance to James II. Thus deprived of French dynastic backing after 1697, Jacobites posed no further serious threats during William's reign. 2350:, a grandson of Louis XIV. The French conveniently ignored the Second Partition Treaty and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance. Furthermore, Louis alienated William III by recognising James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of the former King James II (who died in September 1701), as 1641: 623:

in coalition with both Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded William as a champion of their faith. In 1685, his Catholic uncle and father-in-law, James, became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James's reign was unpopular with Protestants in the

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existence. William answered famously: "There is one way to avoid this: to die defending it in the last ditch." On 7 July, the inundations were complete and the further advance of the French army was effectively blocked. On 16 July, Zeeland offered the stadtholdership to William.

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was an invalid with no prospect of having children; some of his closest relatives included Louis XIV of France and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. William sought to prevent the Spanish inheritance from going to either monarch, for he feared that such a calamity would upset the

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under normal circumstances, but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. It was, however, provided that "the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives".

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of France, believing the war was over, began negotiations to extract as large a sum of money from the Dutch as possible. The presence of a large French army in the heart of the Republic caused a general panic, and the people turned against De Witt and his allies.

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for the Roman Catholic cause; it was in his interests for James to be perceived as having left the country of his own accord, rather than having been forced or frightened into fleeing. William is the last person to successfully invade England by force of arms.

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reign in England involved the ending of a bitter conflict between Crown and Parliament that had lasted since the accession of the first English monarch of the House of Stuart, James I, in 1603. The conflict over royal and parliamentary power had led to the

2371:) in 1700 left her as the only individual in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights. As the complete exhaustion of the defined line of succession would have encouraged a restoration of James II's line, the English Parliament passed the 2191:

in 1693. However, William managed to inflict such damage on the French in these battles that further major French offensives were ruled out. The following year, the Allies possessed the numerical upper hand in the Low Countries. This enabled William to

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Frederick William was chosen because he could act as a neutral party mediating between the two women, but also because as a possible heir he was interested in protecting the Orange family fortune, which Amalia feared Mary would squander. Troost, pp.

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William's death meant that he would remain the only member of the Dutch House of Orange to reign over England. Members of this House had served as stadtholder of Holland and the majority of the other provinces of the Dutch Republic since the time of

1339:. In November, a 30,000-strong Dutch-Spanish army, under William's command, marched into the lands of the Bishops of Münster and Cologne. The Dutch troops took revenge and carried out many atrocities. Together with 35,000 Imperial troops, they then 2620:

and administrative centre for the city on two separate occasions reflecting his different sovereign status—first as Fort Willem Hendrick in 1673, and then as Fort William in 1691 when the English evicted Colonists who had seized the fort and city.

1486:, Charles II of England's niece. An Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance followed in March 1678, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until late May. Louis seized this opportunity to improve his negotiating position and captured 2208:

William's rule led to rapid inflation in England, which caused widespread hunger from 1693 onwards. The Nine Years' War damaged English maritime trade and led to a doubling in taxation. These factors coupled with government mismanagement caused a

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Though William's complicity in the lynching has never been proved (and some 19th-century Dutch historians have made an effort to disprove that he was an accessory), he thwarted attempts to prosecute the ringleaders, and even rewarded some, like

1014:(with which the treaty had been concluded) no longer existed. In 1660, William's mother Mary and grandmother Amalia tried to persuade several provincial States to designate William as their future stadtholder, but they all initially refused. 920:

to take charge of William's education and ensure that he would acquire the skills to serve in a future—though undetermined—state function; the States acted on 25 September 1660. Around this time, the young prince played with De Graeff's sons

1425:, largely due to obstructionism from de Souches, he was relieved of command. Frustrated, William joined the army under Rabenhaupt with 10,000 troops instead of campaigning further in the Spanish Netherlands. He assumed command of operations 1099:

owed the House of Orange. Charles was unable to pay, but William agreed to reduce the amount owed to 1,800,000 guilders. Charles found his nephew to be a dedicated Calvinist and patriotic Dutchman and reconsidered his desire to show him the

2046:, which became infamous in Jacobite propaganda as William had countersigned the orders. Bowing to public opinion, William dismissed those responsible for the massacre, though they still remained in his favour; in the words of the historian 2120:. While the Tories favoured preserving the king's prerogatives, William found them unaccommodating when he asked Parliament to support his continuing war with France. As a result, William began to prefer the Whig faction known as the 1724:

on his way. He was discovered and brought back to London by a group of fishermen. He was allowed to leave for France in a second escape attempt on 23 December. William permitted James to leave the country, not wanting to make him a

2085:. English: "William III, By the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, 1695." The reverse shows the arms, clockwise from top, of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, centred on William's personal arms of the 1871:, and those of non-Christian faiths. In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed. The Act, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier 1068:

The province of Holland, the centre of anti-Orangism, abolished the office of stadtholder, and four other provinces followed suit in March 1670, establishing the so-called "Harmony". De Witt demanded an oath from each Holland

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acknowledges William's great qualities, but feels that he fell short as a field commander because, by often throwing himself into the fray, he no longer had the complete oversight. William commanded several field battles;

1053:, declared that the Captain-General or Admiral-General of the Netherlands could not serve as stadtholder in any province. Even so, William's supporters sought ways to enhance his prestige and, on 19 September 1668, the 2305:

As his life drew towards its conclusion, William, like many other contemporary European rulers, felt concern over the question of succession to the throne of Spain, which brought with it vast territories in Italy, the

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in the long logistical lines between France and the Dutch Republic. The French position in the Netherlands became untenable and Louis was forced to evacuate French troops. This deeply shocked Louis and he retreated to

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or to agree to remain king only in his wife's lifetime, there were negotiations between the two houses and the Lords agreed by a narrow majority that the throne was vacant. On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the

2331:, would obtain Spain, while France and the Holy Roman Emperor would divide the remaining territories between them. Charles II accepted the nomination of Joseph Ferdinand as his heir, and war appeared to be averted. 1460:. This meant that they could not prevent the cities from falling into French hands. The French then took a defensive posture, afraid that more success would force England to intervene on the side of the Allies. 1240:, in June the French army quickly overran the provinces of Gelderland and Utrecht. On 14 June, William withdrew with the remnants of his field army into Holland, where the States had ordered the flooding of the 2411:

following a fall from his horse, Sorrel. It was rumoured that the horse had been confiscated from Sir John Fenwick, one of the Jacobites who had conspired against William. Because his horse had stumbled into a

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After his marriage in November 1677, William became a strong candidate for the English throne should his father-in-law (and uncle) James be excluded because of his Catholicism. During the crisis concerning the

1773:. Philip remained king only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, on the other hand, demanded that he remain as king even after his wife's death. When the majority of 1902:

The Bill of Rights also settled the question of succession to the Crown. After the death of either William or Mary, the other would continue to reign. Next in the line of succession was Mary II's sister,

1108:. In addition to differing political outlooks, William found that his lifestyle differed from his uncles Charles and James, who were more concerned with drinking, gambling, and cavorting with mistresses. 1716:

James at first attempted to resist William, but saw that his efforts would prove futile. He sent representatives to negotiate with William, but secretly attempted to flee on 11 December, throwing the

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in 1692, the allies controlled the seas for the rest of the conflict, and the Treaty of Limerick (1691) pacified Ireland. At the same time, the Grand Alliance fared poorly in Europe, as William lost

7877: 3068: 1375:. The negative reactions to this from Zeeland and the city of Amsterdam made William ultimately decide to decline these honours; he was instead appointed stadtholder of Gelderland and Overijssel. 4313:

Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Mackenzie, Anna, countess of Balcarres and countess of Argyll (c. 1621–1707)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006

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in 1694 to the Bank of England, a private institution owned by bankers, is his most relevant economic legacy. It laid the financial foundation of the English takeover of the central role of the

9423: 2384: 1662:, who displaced William's Protestant wife to become first in the line of succession and raised the prospect of an ongoing Catholic monarchy. Public anger also increased because of the trial of 1443:

On both sides, the last years of the war saw minimal return for their investment of men and money. The French were preparing a major offensive, however, at the end of 1676. Intended to capture

760:. William II had intended to appoint his wife as their son's guardian in his will; however, the document remained unsigned at William II's death and was therefore void. On 13 August 1651, the 7421: 1383:

of 1677 of the need to organize the state so that the citizens maintain control over the sovereign was an influential expression of this unease with the concentration of power in one person.

2438:(William I). The five provinces of which William III was stadtholder—Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel—all suspended the office after his death. Thus, he was the last 1083:

organ administering the defence budget. William was introduced to the council on 31 May 1670 with full voting rights, despite De Witt's attempts to limit his role to that of an advisor.

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The historical verdict on William's qualities as an army commander is mixed. Many contemporaries agreed that he was a great field commander. Even his enemies spoke highly of him. The

2157: 1413:. William took the offensive and sought to bring on a battle by outflanking the French positions but the broken ground forced him to divide his army into three separate columns. At 7939: 826:. William was seen, despite his youth, as the leader of the "Orangist" party, heir to the stadholderships of several provinces and the office of Captain-General of the Union (see 2011:. Thus concluded the Williamite pacification of Ireland, and for his services, the Dutch general received the formal thanks of the House of Commons and was awarded the title of 6653: 1697:

100 years earlier: approximately consisting of 463 ships with 40,000 men on board, including 9,500 sailors, 11,000 foot soldiers, 4,000 cavalry and 5,000 English and

9323: 2375:, which provided that if Anne died without surviving issue and William failed to have surviving issue by any subsequent marriage, the Crown would pass to a distant relative, 2426:, stated that the fall "opened the door to a troop of lurking foes". William was buried in Westminster Abbey alongside his wife. His sister-in-law and cousin, Anne, became 9358: 1701:

volunteers. James's support began to dissolve almost immediately upon William's arrival; Protestant officers defected from the English army (the most notable of whom was

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was briefly renamed New Orange for him in 1673 after the Dutch recaptured the city, which had been renamed New York by the British in 1665. His name was applied to the

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William dissolved Parliament in 1695, and the new Parliament that assembled that year was led by the Whigs. The following year Parliament passed a colonial trade bill.

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during the 1640s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. During William's reign, however, the conflict was settled in Parliament's favour by the Bill of Rights 1689, the

6280: 1560:" over Europe; Louis described William as "my mortal enemy" and saw him as an obnoxious warmonger. France's annexations in the Southern Netherlands and Germany (the 692: 1937:

Although most in Britain accepted William and Mary as sovereigns, a significant minority refused to acknowledge their claim to the throne, instead believing in the

5999: 1907:, and her issue, followed by any children William might have had by a subsequent marriage. Roman Catholics, as well as those who married Catholics, were excluded. 2478:, succeeded to the title at his birth in 1711; in the Treaty of Partition (1732), William IV agreed to share the title "Prince of Orange" with Frederick William. 2233:

Mary II died of smallpox on 28 December 1694, aged only 32, leaving William III to rule alone. William deeply mourned his wife's death. Despite his conversion to

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By 1678, Louis XIV sought peace with the Dutch Republic. Even so, tensions remained: William remained suspicious of Louis, thinking that the French king desired "

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made a counterproposal: to appoint William for just a single campaign. The prince refused this and on 25 February a compromise was reached: an appointment by the

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in 1680, Charles at first invited William to come to England to bolster the king's position against the exclusionists, then withdrew his invitation—after which

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William's reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him and his wife to take power. During the early years of his reign, William was occupied abroad with the

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to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require

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In 1667, as William III approached the age of 18, the Orangist party again attempted to bring him to power by securing for him the offices of stadtholder and

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that had taken part in the rising a pardon provided that they signed allegiance by a deadline, and his government in Scotland punished a delay with the 1692

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of William's forces in Ireland and entrusted with further conduct of the war there. Ginkell took command in Ireland in the spring of 1691, and following the

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Lords proposed to acclaim her as sole ruler, William threatened to leave the country immediately. Furthermore, she, remaining loyal to her husband, refused.

752:, over the name to be given to the infant. Mary wanted to name him Charles after her brother, but her mother-in-law insisted on giving him the name William ( 1879:. It provided, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the 7932: 7606: 5144: 4584: 1899:. William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute. 1654:

troops would be occupied in Britain. Believing that the English people would not react well to a foreign invader, he demanded in a letter to Rear-Admiral

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for a formal education, under the guidance of ethics professor Hendrik Bornius (though never officially enrolling as a student). While residing in the

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Ireland was controlled by Roman Catholics loyal to James, and Franco-Irish Jacobites arrived from France with French forces in March 1689 to join the

7779: 7733: 4580: 1941:, which held that the monarch's authority derived directly from God rather than being delegated to the monarch by Parliament. Over the next 57 years 1920: 1618:

clear that James would not join the anti-French alliance. Relations worsened between William and James thereafter. In November, James's second wife,

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On 4 July, the States of Holland appointed William stadtholder, and he took the oath five days later. The next day, a special envoy from Charles II,

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from the French. The fortress was considered one of the strongest fortresses in Europe and the conquest was a major blow to Louis XIV's reputation.

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that the most eminent English Protestants first invite him to invade. In June, Mary of Modena, after a string of miscarriages, gave birth to a son,

9368: 1463: 933:. This first involvement of the authorities did not last long. On 23 December 1660, when William was ten years old, his mother died of smallpox at 830:). He was viewed as the leader of the nation in its independence movement and its protector from foreign threats. This was in the tradition of the 7925: 2290:

to assassinate William in an attempt to restore James to the English throne. The plan failed and support for William surged. Parliament passed a

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The following year, the Republic's security deteriorated quickly as an Anglo-French attack became imminent. In view of the threat, the States of

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Andrew A. Hanham. "BLATHWAYT, William (1649–1717), of Little Wallingford House, Great Street, Westminster and Dyrham Park, Glos.". published in

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than Sophia. The Act extended to England and Ireland, but not to Scotland, whose Estates had not been consulted before the selection of Sophia.

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in the north of the Dutch Republic finally forced the troops of Münster and Cologne to withdraw, while William crossed the Dutch Waterline and

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majority, quickly resolved that the throne was vacant, and that it was safer if the ruler were Protestant. There were more Tories in the

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refugees to the Republic. This led William III to join various anti-French alliances, such as the Association League, and ultimately the

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26 April 1674 – 13 February 1689: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel

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would remain in Spanish hands. On 19 August, Spain and France agreed an armistice, followed by a formal peace treaty on 17 September.

730: 1801:, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee, had abdicated the government of the realm, thereby leaving the throne vacant. 929:

in the park of the country house in Soestdijk. In 1674 Wilhelm bought the estate from Jacob de Graeff, which was later converted into

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In November 1670, William obtained permission to travel to England to urge Charles to pay back at least a part of the 2,797,859

767: 82: 7599: 3953: 632:. Supported by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, William invaded England in what became known as the 1456:

success. The Spaniards found it difficult to raise enough troops due to financial constraints and the Allies were defeated in the

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When, however, Joseph Ferdinand died of smallpox in February 1699, the issue re-opened. In 1700, William and Louis agreed to the

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loyalty due to this state" allowed. Charles took no action on the proposal, and continued his war plans with his French ally.

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was fought three days later on 13 August, when a combined Dutch-Spanish force under William attacked the French army under

6128: 2003:, thereby effectively suppressing the Jacobite forces in Ireland within a few more months. After difficult negotiations a 7592: 6596:

Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 2, F–O

5520: 2722: 2023: 1987:, who had accompanied William to Ireland and had commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne, was named 1253: 771: 140: 6003: 5495: 4576: 1349: 3634: 2368: 2031: 660: 1386: 1327:

to threaten the French supply lines. In September 1673, the Dutch situation further improved. The resolute defence by

7680: 7547: 7362: 7239: 6962: 6877: 6835: 6814: 6792: 6676: 6584: 6562: 6531: 6508: 6401: 6376: 6352: 6327: 6232: 5293: 4801: 4400: 4375: 4146: 4142: 3597: 2974: 2113: 2051: 1975: 1128: 843: 667:, threatened the Protestant succession. The danger was averted by placing William and Mary's cousins, the Protestant 6427: 1708: 1705:, James's most able commander), and influential noblemen across the country declared their support for the invader. 9393: 7719: 7519: 4058: 2848: 2287: 2183:

in the Spanish Netherlands in 1692. A surprise attack on the French under the command of the Duke of Luxembourg at

2098: 1667: 1645:

The formation of the Dutch fleet that sailed for England with more than 450 ships, more than twice the size of the

1270: 853: 762: 652: 17: 1006:, which forbade the province of Holland from appointing a member of the House of Orange as stadtholder. After the 9373: 9273: 7870: 7842: 2637:. The five bastions were named after William III's titles: Orange, Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Buuren and Leerdam. 2094: 1589: 896: 675:. Upon his death in 1702, William was succeeded in Britain by Anne and as titular Prince of Orange by his cousin 1979:

Lieutenant-General Godert de Ginkell successfully commanded the Williamite forces in Ireland after William left.

990:

After the death of William's father, most provinces had left the office of stadtholder vacant. At the demand of

9378: 7302: 5395:

Davies, pp. 614–615. William was "William II" of Scotland, for there was only one previous Scottish king named

2834: 2471: 1785: 1685:. William's intentions to invade were public knowledge by September 1688. With a Dutch army, William landed at 2713:

of the United Netherlands". After their accession in Great Britain in 1689, William and Mary used the titles "

1677:

On 30 June 1688—the same day the bishops were acquitted—a group of political figures, known afterward as the "

1229: 7154: 6910: 6896: 6199: 2442:

descendant of William I to be named stadtholder for the majority of the provinces. Under William III's will,

2355: 2295: 2109: 1896: 1860: 1328: 1320: 1197: 224: 168: 2806:); II and III Or a bugle horn Azure, stringed Gules Orange) with an inescutcheon, Nine pieces Or and Azure ( 1065:. A month later, Amalia allowed William to manage his own household and declared him to be of majority age. 398: 9408: 9231: 8599: 8562: 7898: 7884: 7786: 7695: 7685: 7630: 7568: 7552: 7383: 7367: 7342: 7162: 7127: 7119: 7102: 4158: 4133:

Friso was made William's universal heir in his Last Will and Testament. However, the title was disputed by

3789: 3032: 2551: 2475: 2376: 1904: 1832: 1757: 1498: 1471: 1418: 1192: 995: 966: 847: 726: 664: 596:. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he 585: 456: 367: 196: 158: 122: 9042: 8324: 7905: 7700: 7573: 7388: 2581: 1988: 1781: 1670:

granting religious liberty to his subjects, a policy which appeared to threaten the establishment of the

1659: 1529:

During the war with France, William tried to improve his position by marrying, in 1677, his first cousin

1061:. To receive this honour, William had to escape the attention of his state tutors and travel secretly to 9032: 8313: 2493:

He was a great man, an enemy of France, to which he did a great deal of harm, but we owe him our esteem.

2383:), and to her Protestant heirs. The Act debarred Roman Catholics from the throne, thereby excluding the 1968:. After progress stalled, William personally intervened to lead his armies to victory over James at the 1277:

in The Hague on 20 August. Subsequently, William replaced many of the Dutch regents with his followers.

1104:

with France, directed at destroying the Dutch Republic and installing William as "sovereign" of a Dutch

9403: 9363: 9318: 9007: 8981: 8726: 8609: 8287: 8255: 4813: 4470: 3775: 2694: 2625:, the capital of The Bahamas, is named after Fort Nassau, which was renamed in 1695 in his honour. The 2474:, ceded his territorial claim to Louis XIV, keeping only a claim to the title. Friso's posthumous son, 1872: 1774: 815: 446: 7287: 6958: 5617: 9338: 9122: 9062: 8961: 8718: 8604: 8399: 8344: 7952: 7849: 7772: 7675: 7542: 7509: 7489: 7357: 6205:

by Guy Carleton Lee Francis and Francis Newton Thorpe. Published 1904 by G. Barrie & Sons, p. 167

4884: 3996: 3782: 3590: 3333: 3094: 2714: 2097:

were William's strongest supporters, he initially favoured a policy of balance between the Whigs and

1957: 1950: 1316: 900: 839: 749: 570: 4145:, in which if the House of Orange became extinct in the male line the issue of his eldest daughter, 1949:

in England and Scotland, including over 400 clergy and several bishops of the Church of England and

655:

to assassinate William and restore James to the throne. In Scotland, William's role in ordering the

9353: 9127: 9117: 8926: 8405: 8394: 8100: 7956: 7948: 6432: 4153:, was a younger daughter of Frederick Henry.) The dispute was eventually settled in 1732 with the 2672:

16 July 1672 – 26 April 1674: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland

2626: 2451: 2057:

William's reputation in Scotland suffered further damage when he refused English assistance to the

2004: 2000: 1821: 1080: 478: 8911: 8891: 2817:

The coat of arms used by the king and queen was: Quarterly, I and IV Grand quarterly, Azure three

2416:

burrow, many Jacobites toasted "the little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat". Years later,

9388: 9333: 9097: 9092: 9072: 9047: 8374: 8369: 8354: 8329: 7347: 4069: 4063: 2838: 2589: 2547: 2538: 2534: 2343: 2251: 2210: 2027: 2019: 1457: 1336: 1284: 1021:. To prevent the restoration of the influence of the House of Orange, De Witt, the leader of the 862: 451: 426: 8871: 8036: 6319: 6313: 6186: 766:(Supreme Court) ruled that guardianship would be shared between his mother, his grandmother and 9166: 9107: 9087: 9077: 9052: 9037: 8438: 8384: 8359: 8334: 8319: 8191: 8026: 7793: 7635: 7474: 7399: 6981: 6923: 6224: 4134: 4094: 3946: 2585: 2459: 2447: 2372: 2324: 2086: 1965: 1743: 1534: 1482:

in 1676 were given a greater sense of urgency in November 1677 when William married his cousin

1401:. In 1674, Allied forces in the Netherlands were numerically superior to the French army under 1101: 1038: 945: 938: 866: 831: 823: 672: 554: 357: 8496: 6942: 6157: 1311:

William continued to fight against the invaders from England and France, allying himself with

9211: 9181: 9161: 9082: 9022: 9012: 9002: 8543: 8453: 8433: 8364: 8302: 8292: 8282: 8161: 8156: 8129: 8090: 8085: 7814: 7650: 7337: 5396: 4090: 4072:– illegitimate elder half-brother of William III and his secretary after the death of Huygens 3811: 2826: 2742: 2605: 2559: 2510: 2347: 2197: 2184: 1938: 1717: 1682: 1426: 1391: 1332: 1233: 1225: 999: 734: 629: 605: 493: 483: 441: 8976: 8248: 8000: 6216: 2810:); between the III and IV quarters, an inescutcheon, Gules a fess counter embattled Argent ( 1402: 1119:

as soon as possible, despite his youth and inexperience. On 15 December 1671, the States of

9283: 9278: 9206: 9196: 9186: 9176: 9156: 9145: 9133: 9057: 8986: 8861: 8521: 8468: 8458: 8448: 8421: 8339: 8262: 8196: 8151: 8141: 8135: 8124: 8118: 8068: 7670: 7534: 7524: 7352: 7023: 6688:

Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

6249:"The Castle of Good Hope, oldest surviving colonial building in South Africa, is completed" 5837:

Falkner, James (2004), "Keppel, Arnold Joost van, first earl of Albemarle (1669/70–1718)",

4201:, William's victory is commemorated annually by Northern Irish and Scottish Protestants on 3989: 3619: 3213: 2650: 2601: 2074: 1856: 1344: 1340: 1011: 1010:, the Act of Seclusion, which had not remained a secret for long, was declared void as the 892: 880: 573:

from 1689 until his death in 1702. He ruled Great Britain and Ireland with his wife, Queen

431: 48: 4231: 1168: 8: 9216: 9171: 9102: 8548: 8501: 8443: 8379: 8176: 8166: 8146: 8112: 7917: 7206: 7059: 6078: 6044: 3818: 3365: 2634: 2555: 2315: 2193: 2176: 2043: 1969: 1931: 1925: 1852: 1798: 1631: 1562: 1537:

married the couple on 4 November 1677. Mary became pregnant soon after the marriage, but

1398: 1305: 1062: 1007: 858: 811: 656: 633: 601: 566: 546: 473: 468: 6966: 6952: 2608:(and hence the university), were named in his honour, this is probably untrue, although 9250: 9246: 9221: 8851: 8806: 8585: 8223: 8171: 8095: 7828: 7660: 7529: 7514: 7484: 7469: 7442: 7175: 7040: 6802: 6706: 6439: 6180: 5752: 5453: 5432: 4198: 4120: 3975: 3477: 3462: 3447: 3307: 2948: 2884: 2866: 2726: 2527: 2498: 2443: 2435: 2299: 2226: 2169: 2152: 2047: 2008: 1888: 1770: 1765:. The only precedent for a joint monarchy in England dated from the 16th century, when 1575: 1557: 1545: 1530: 1483: 1380: 1353: 1120: 913: 835: 796: 676: 644: 463: 288: 261: 206: 31: 6936:

Correspondentie van Willem III en van Hans Willem Bentinck, eersten graaf van Portland

6935: 2875: 2857: 2569: 1352:

where no one, except a few intimates, were allowed to disturb him. The next year only

8751: 8218: 8031: 7863: 7835: 7821: 7746: 7665: 7655: 7479: 7312: 7277: 7213: 7067: 6873: 6854: 6847:

De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning

6831: 6810: 6788: 6769: 6752: 6721: 6691: 6672: 6638: 6599: 6580: 6558: 6527: 6504: 6496: 6484: 6467: 6457: 6397: 6372: 6348: 6323: 6228: 6217: 5806: 5756: 5744: 5289: 4797: 4396: 4371: 3825: 3006: 2702: 2698: 2687: 2543: 2523: 2467: 2417: 2408: 2291: 2255: 2129: 2035: 1992: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1813: 1579: 1414: 1297: 1237: 1116: 1054: 1050: 1046: 917: 819: 800: 788: 542: 538: 436: 274: 253: 112: 8079: 7499: 7317: 6895: 1863:. It did not, however, extend toleration as far as he wished, still restricting the 1738: 944:

The Dutch authorities did their best at first to ignore these intrigues, but in the

9151: 9112: 8971: 8906: 8536: 8526: 8416: 8389: 8241: 8073: 7993: 7986: 7807: 7645: 7332: 7078: 7030: 6914: 5734: 5149: 4883:

Bartholomew Begley, "Spinoza, Before and After the Rampjaar", European Legacy 27.6

4053: 2895: 2791: 2783: 2746: 2718: 2690: 2563: 2247: 2188: 2162: 1946: 1825: 1817: 1467: 1364: 1293: 1266: 1221: 1003: 986:

replaced De Witt as grand pensionary, and was more friendly to William's interests.

934: 930: 922: 906: 738: 530: 488: 421: 175: 73: 6825: 6655:

Redefining William III. The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context

6347:, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, pp. 191–192, 5168: 4439:. Vol. 4. Oscar A. Bierstadt (trans.) (1st ed.). AMS Press. p. 300. 4395:. Oxford University Press. pp. 429–30, 569, 604, 608, 660, 664, 720, 785–86. 2466:, his mother Louise Henriette being Henriette Catherine's older sister. Under the 1304:, with high offices. This damaged his reputation in the same fashion as his later 659:

remains notorious. William's lack of children and the death in 1700 of his nephew

8996: 8791: 8531: 8276: 8106: 8058: 8048: 8042: 7453: 7082: 7074: 6989: 6572: 6461: 4421: 4368:

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

4116: 3982: 3612: 3245: 2822: 2799: 2760: 2710: 2622: 2168:

William continued to absent himself from Britain for extended periods during his

2125: 2012: 1671: 1567: 1241: 1096: 1018: 991: 971: 926: 647:(1688–1697), leaving Mary to govern Britain alone. She died in 1694. In 1696 the 597: 562: 77: 69: 54: 8687: 6614: 5633:, ed. D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley, London: Boydell and Brewer. 2002. 4945: 4814:"De schuld van Willem III en zijn vrienden aan den moord der gebroeders de Witt" 2237:, William's popularity in England plummeted during his reign as a sole monarch. 2069: 9201: 8746: 8629: 8516: 8473: 8427: 8212: 7504: 7464: 6870:

Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England

6615:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679)" 6132: 5153: 4946:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679)" 4585:

Andries de Graeff, voorbeeld van culturele elite? Tweede opdrach, by Pieter Vis

3187: 2768: 2730: 2617: 2597: 2380: 2311: 2161:

The return of the Stadholder-King in the Dutch Republic on 31 January 1691, by

2137: 1961: 1892: 1789: 1694: 1678: 1646: 1619: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1544:

Throughout William and Mary's marriage, William had only one reputed mistress,

1376: 1372: 1359:

Fagel now proposed to treat the liberated provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland and

1075: 784: 709: 705: 558: 518: 334: 238: 5739: 5722: 5138: 4314: 4115:

During William's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe: the Old Style

1843: 9267: 8756: 7800: 7640: 7584: 6756: 6550: 6488: 6471: 5748: 4809: 2818: 2756: 2645: 2613: 2574: 2463: 2427: 2413: 2307: 2133: 2058: 2039: 1884: 1805: 1663: 1506: 1274: 1092: 909: 625: 387: 5616:

Ed. William A Shaw. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1933. 290–301.

1953:

as well as numerous laymen, refused to take oaths of allegiance to William.

1614:

indignant reactions from Charles and James, William denied any involvement.

9139: 8816: 8654: 8411: 7231: 2787: 2663: 2275: 2270: 2050:, "one became a colonel, another a knight, a third a peer, and a fourth an 1766: 1762: 1494:

in early March, before signing a peace treaty with the Dutch on 10 August.

1444: 1301: 1034: 1022: 983: 8916: 8006: 7711: 2596:, is a namesake. Long Island itself was also known as Nassau during early 2450:

as well as several lordships in the Netherlands. He was William's closest

1131:

for one summer, followed by a permanent appointment on his 22nd birthday.

8896: 8836: 8801: 8659: 8644: 8229: 7742: 7615: 7430: 7262: 7186: 7171: 7134: 6436:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 238–239 4202: 2669:

9–16 July 1672: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland

2609: 2593: 2439: 2234: 1804:

The Crown was not offered to James's infant son, who would have been the

1257: 949: 722: 668: 534: 8876: 2505: 8946: 8901: 8846: 8831: 8826: 8771: 8634: 8624: 8614: 8201: 8063: 7619: 7194: 6744: 6109: 4119:

in Britain and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the New Style

2385:

candidacy of several dozen people more closely related to Mary and Anne

2121: 1942: 1538: 1452: 1422: 1360: 1324: 1214:

For the Dutch Republic, 1672 proved calamitous. It became known as the

1112: 1105: 1026: 648: 612: 99: 5697: 2803: 2786:

Or, armed and langued azure (Dietz); between the I and II quarters an

2334: 1689:

in southwest England on 5 November 1688. He came ashore from the ship

696:

William's parents, William II of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal, 1647

8941: 8936: 8866: 8856: 8821: 8781: 8761: 8649: 8619: 8206: 8181: 5685: 4181: 2630: 2404: 1792:, which would not initially agree, but after William refused to be a 1521: 1410: 1245: 1042: 792: 701: 620: 257: 234: 230: 9027: 8307: 5496:"BBC – History – Scottish History – Restoration and Revolution (II)" 1541:. After a further illness later in 1678, she never conceived again. 1525:

William married his first cousin, the future Queen Mary II, in 1677.

1432: 1406: 8921: 8886: 8881: 8841: 8796: 8776: 8766: 8741: 8639: 8580: 8186: 8011: 7266: 7190: 6851:

The 40 Years War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King

6282:

The life of William III. Late King of England, and Prince of Orange

6059: 4138: 2830: 2196:

in 1694. A year later, the Allies achieved their grand success and

1698: 1571: 1479: 1368: 1216: 1149: 1123:

made this their official policy. On 19 January 1672, the States of

1070: 745: 616: 550: 4885:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2022.2083912

2798:); at the fess point an inescutcheon, quarterly I and IV Gules, a 1712:

Arms of William and Mary, as depicted on his invasion banner, 1688

1397:

Meanwhile, the front of the war against France had shifted to the

808:

Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange

141:

Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel

9191: 8951: 8811: 8786: 8736: 8557: 8463: 7438: 7434: 7142: 7138: 7091: 6543:

Hollands roem in kunsten en wetenschappen. Met register: Volume 2

4149:, Frederick I's mother, would have first claim. (Friso's mother, 2779: 2753: 2706: 2679: 2573:

Victorian reimagining of William III at the Battle of Landen, by

2283: 1686: 1448: 1228:, the Netherlands was invaded by France and its allies: England, 1143: 1124: 1030: 637: 574: 352: 132: 7429: 2749: 2026:

raised Highland forces and won a victory on 27 July 1689 at the

787:. From April 1656, the prince received daily instruction in the 525:; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as 9067: 9017: 8349: 8297: 8021: 8016: 4975: 4925: 2807: 2775: 2327:(1698), which provided for the division of the Spanish Empire: 1996: 1793: 1726: 1721: 1583: 979: 9424:

Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland

6766:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

5521:"BBC – History – British History in depth: The Jacobite Cause" 2399:

19th-century depiction of William's deadly fall from his horse

2140:

and Bank of Amsterdam in global commerce in the 18th century.

2124:. The Whig government was responsible for the creation of the 1820:, Henry Compton. Normally, the coronation is performed by the 1551: 8991: 8931: 8269: 6635:

The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)

2811: 2795: 2764: 2180: 1548:, in contrast to the many mistresses his uncles openly kept. 1513:

once powerful Spanish Empire to have more military strength.

1491: 1487: 1312: 888: 6501:

A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution

6369:

Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

4832: 2841:); over all an escutcheon Azure billetty a lion rampant Or. 615:, William participated in several wars against the powerful 8053: 4963: 4577:

opgang van Mens en Wetenschap, by Hubert Luns, p. 90 (2018)

4393:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806

2772: 1201: 7947: 6718:

Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte

2821:

Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in

2278:

who administered the kingdom while William was on campaign

2061:, a Scottish colony (1698–1700) that failed disastrously. 1964:. William sent his navy to the city in July, and his army 1390:

The thanksgiving service of William's army in Grave after

1188: 636:. In 1688, he landed at the south-western English port of 6219:

Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People

5631:

The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715

1887:

during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the

6396:. Vol. 2. Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 297. 6342: 4913: 4232:"Treaty between Prussia and Orange-Nassau, Berlin, 1732" 2358:, broke out in July 1701 and continued until 1713/1714. 810:, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors, 27:

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702

6906:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 662–664. 6785:

William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography

2843: 2354:

King of England. The subsequent conflict, known as the

2187:

was repulsed and the French defeated the allies at the

2175:

After the Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated a French fleet at

1972:

on 1 July 1690, after which James fled back to France.

744:

Eight days before William was born, his father died of

6977:

William III of England and Orange & II of Scotland

6943:"Archival material relating to William III of England" 4901: 4184:

that office was filled by William's uncle-by-marriage

2298:, and he was beheaded in 1697. In accordance with the 2030:, but he died in the fight and a month later Scottish 1236:. Although the Anglo-French fleet was disabled by the 1115:

wanted William to be appointed Captain-General of the

814:. In these lessons, the prince was taught that he was 6737:

William III: From Prince of Orange to King of England

4889: 1470:

saves William of Orange from a French dragoon at the

6214: 4806:

Staatkundige Geschiedenis van Nederland. Tweede Deel

4353:

John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1625–1672

975:

Johan de Witt took over William's education in 1666.

941:

and the advocates of a more republican Netherlands.

6787:. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Ashgate Publishing. 6540: 6065: 2633:, South Africa, in the 17th century, naming it the 2213:and a run on the recently created Bank of England. 1983:Upon William's return to England, his close friend 865:within a flower garland filled with symbols of the 5137: 2686:By 1674, William was fully styled as "Willem III, 2612:, the college's first building, is named for him. 879:From early 1659, William spent seven years at the 604:, the younger brother and later successor of King 9324:English military personnel of the Nine Years' War 8717: 6824:Van der Zee, Henri; Van der Zee, Barbara (1973). 6708:England in the Reigns of James II and William III 6577:The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 6002:. Westminster Abbey Official site. Archived from 5614:Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 11, 1696–1697. 4424:(trans.) (reprint ed.). Phoenix. p. 65. 4137:, who had a claim to the title on the basis of a 3414: 2741:As Prince of Orange, William's coat of arms was: 1578:(an anti-French coalition that also included the 960: 891:, William had a small personal retinue including 806:The ideal education for William was described in 9265: 6343:Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), 6278: 6152: 6150: 2454:relative, as well as grandson of William's aunt 2286:made William its Stadtholder. In the same year, 1945:pressed for restoration of James and his heirs. 9359:Dutch military personnel of the Nine Years' War 6463:William III and the Defense of European Liberty 5787:Van der Kiste, pp. 186–192; Troost, pp. 226–237 5221:Troost, pp. 200–203; van der Kiste, pp. 102–103 4355:. Princeton University Press. pp. 781–797. 2906:Royal coat of arms outside Scotland, 1694–1702 2900:Royal coat of arms outside Scotland, 1689–1694 2649:Joint monogram of William and Mary carved onto 1593:Portrait of William, aged 27, in the manner of 1505:. Luxembourg withdrew and William thus ensured 1037:, to induce the States of Holland to issue the 600:Mary, the elder daughter of his maternal uncle 7614: 6652:Mijers, Esther; Onnekink, David, eds. (2007). 6215:Craton, Michael; Saunders-Smith, Gail (1992). 1928:between James II and William III, 12 July 1690 795:preacher Cornelis Trigland, a follower of the 8703: 7933: 7727: 7600: 7415: 7247: 6366: 6147: 6131:. College of William and Mary. Archived from 5958: 5956: 5928: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5723:"The Economic Crisis of the 1690s in England" 5646:Troost, pp. 239–241; van der Zee, pp. 368–369 5481: 5479: 4794:John de Witt: Statesman of the "true Freedom" 2488:Cultural depictions of William III of England 2338:Louis XIV of France, William's lifelong enemy 2329:Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria 2112:, William began to favour the Tories, led by 899:, who (as an illegitimate son of stadtholder 828:Politics and government of the Dutch Republic 7261: 6844: 6518:is the third volume of four, published 1957. 6425: 6285:. Google eBoek (scanned version). p. 28 6115: 6102: 6100: 5835:Van der Kiste, pp. 204–205; Baxter, p. 352; 5703: 5691: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5181: 5179: 5148:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5094: 5092: 5082: 5080: 4981: 4969: 4931: 4870: 4868: 4849: 4847: 2462:also claimed the Principality as the senior 1586:, Spain and several German states) in 1686. 1086: 708:on 4 November 1650. Baptised William Henry ( 671:, in line to the throne after Anne with the 577:, and their joint reign is known as that of 8500:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 7741: 5826:Troost, pp. 25–26; Van der Zee, pp. 421–423 5288:. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. 4770: 4768: 4749: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4704: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4457: 4455: 2640: 2513:. Erected in 1701, it was destroyed by the 2361: 2240: 2077:, 1695. The Latin inscription is (obverse) 1552:Tensions with France, intrigue with England 822:, fulfilling the historical destiny of the 594:Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland 9344:Deaths by horse-riding accident in England 8710: 8696: 8677:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 7940: 7926: 7734: 7720: 7607: 7593: 7422: 7408: 7254: 7240: 6965: 6951: 6371:. Little, Brown & Co. pp. 29–30. 5953: 5923: 5911: 5859: 5857: 5811:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5612:"Treasury Calendar: October 1696, 16–31." 5488: 5476: 5409: 5407: 5405: 4325:Troost, 27. The author may also have been 4151:Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau 2909:Royal coat of arms in Scotland, 1694–1702 2903:Royal coat of arms in Scotland, 1689–1694 2509:Statue of William III formerly located on 1847:Engraving of William III and Mary II, 1703 1831:William also summoned a Convention of the 1812:William and Mary were crowned together at 1167: 777: 731:Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 47: 6715: 6097: 5738: 5366: 5316: 5302: 5286:The Dutch role in the Glorious Revolution 5254: 5242: 5176: 5089: 5077: 4865: 4844: 4838: 4186:William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz 2423:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 2064: 1960:and contest Protestant resistance at the 1356:and Maastricht remained in French hands. 768:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 6711:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6391: 5567:Troost, p. 222; van der Zee, pp. 301–302 5513: 5194:Troost, p. 191; van der Kiste, pp. 91–92 4765: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4699: 4687: 4637: 4619: 4594: 4592: 4554: 4542: 4526: 4524: 4496: 4452: 4437:History of the People of the Netherlands 4307: 4300: 4298: 4224: 3954:Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz 2894:The coat of arms used by William III as 2837:); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( 2829:); II Or a lion rampant within a double 2644: 2568: 2504: 2394: 2333: 2269: 2220: 2156: 2068: 1974: 1919: 1842: 1838: 1828:, refused to recognise James's removal. 1737: 1707: 1640: 1588: 1520: 1462: 1431: 1421:, and after a failed attempt to capture 1385: 1323:. In November 1672, he took his army to 1279: 1041:. The Edict, supported by the important 1002:, had a secret annexe that required the 978: 970: 852: 691: 651:, a faction loyal to the deposed James, 308: 9369:English pretenders to the French throne 6593: 6579:. Clarendon Press. pp. 1477–1806. 6367:Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999). 6223:. University of Georgia Press. p. 5854: 5839:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5836: 5720: 5402: 5145:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5135: 4907: 3125:11. Countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein 3069:John Albert I, Count of Solms-Braunfels 1138: 756:) to bolster his prospects of becoming 640:; James was deposed shortly afterward. 304: 14: 9266: 6178: 6129:"Historical Chronology, pp. 1618–1699" 5716: 5714: 5712: 5283: 4390: 4365: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 3287: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3048: 2938: 2934: 1915: 1851:William encouraged the passage of the 1636: 1625: 729:. Mary was the elder daughter of King 9289:17th-century Dutch military personnel 8691: 7921: 7715: 7588: 7403: 7328:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn 7298:Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein 7235: 6897:"William III., King of England" 6685: 6318:. Guinness Publishing. 1991. p. 5796: 5454:"The Battle of the Boyne (1689–1690)" 4919: 4589: 4521: 4350: 4295: 4292:Van der Kiste, pp. 5–6; Troost, p. 27 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3650: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3555: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3337: 3331: 3321: 3305: 3295: 3291: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3243: 3233: 3229: 3217: 3211: 3201: 3185: 3175: 3171: 3147: 3137: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3066: 3056: 3052: 3036: 3030: 3020: 3004: 2994: 2990: 2978: 2972: 2962: 2946: 2942: 2666:The Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau 1438:Capture of Valenciennes by the French 9419:Stadtholders of Guelders and Zutphen 6632: 4943: 4895: 4434: 4415: 4034:John William Friso, Prince of Orange 3448:William the Silent, Prince of Orange 2656: 2265: 1910: 1173:William inspects the Dutch Waterline 1144:"Disaster year" and Franco-Dutch War 6392:Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (2003). 5709: 5274:Baxter, pp. 242–246; Miller, p. 208 4370:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 65–67. 4274:Troost, p. 26; van der Zee, pp. 6–7 4100: 2924:Ancestors of William III of England 2022:also took place in Scotland, where 687: 24: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2430:of England, Scotland and Ireland. 2369:Prince William, Duke of Gloucester 2323:. William and Louis agreed to the 2203: 2132:. William's decision to grant the 1875:, established restrictions on the 1824:, but the Archbishop at the time, 1733: 1566:policy) and the revocation of the 1265:incited, De Witt and his brother, 834:before him: his great-grandfather 25: 9435: 9414:Stadtholders in the Low Countries 9399:People of the Glorious Revolution 6963:National Portrait Gallery, London 6888: 6541:Collot d'Escury, Hendrik (1825). 6045:"Text of the Treaty of Partition" 4581:Jephta Dullaart: Triumph of Peace 4205:of July – cf. Troost, pp. 278–280 4147:Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau 4143:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange 4089:William was declared King by the 3598:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange 3422:Family of William III of England 2975:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange 2763:); II Or a lion rampant guardant 2678:13 February 1689 – 8 March 1702: 2470:(1713), Frederick I's successor, 2034:forces subdued the rising at the 2007:was signed on 3 October 1691—the 1666:who had publicly opposed James's 1220:("disaster year") because in the 1079:, the Council of State, then the 9349:Deaths from pneumonia in England 6911:William II & III and Mary II 6872:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6557:. Oxford University Press, USA. 6428:"Amalie, Prinzessin von Oranien" 6419: 6410: 6385: 6360: 6336: 6306: 6297: 6272: 6263: 6241: 6208: 6193: 6172: 6121: 6071: 6036: 6027: 6018: 5992: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5944: 5935: 5902: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5845: 5829: 5820: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5623: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5467: 5446: 5433:"The Siege of Derry (1688–1689)" 5425: 5416: 5389: 5380: 5139:"William III and II (1650–1702)" 4804:, p. 222; Nijhoff, D. C. (1893) 4191: 2530:and the Act of Settlement 1701. 2282:In 1696, the Dutch territory of 2274:Engraving from 1695 showing the 2146: 1200: 1187: 955: 763:Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland 397: 7977:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 7843:Willem Lodewijk of Nassau-Dietz 6922:at the official website of the 6913:at the official website of the 6619:Oxford Public International Law 6449: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5277: 5268: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5068: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4950:Oxford Public International Law 4937: 4877: 4856: 4823: 4786: 4777: 4756: 4711: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4628: 4610: 4601: 4570: 4533: 4512: 4487: 4478: 4464: 4443: 4428: 4409: 4384: 4359: 4344: 4335: 4319: 4286: 4174: 4093:on 13 February 1689 and by the 2662:4 November 1650 – 9 July 1672: 2110:Parliamentary elections of 1690 1985:Dutch General Godert de Ginkell 1296:, with money, and others, like 897:Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein 770:, husband of his paternal aunt 663:, the son of his sister-in-law 300: 150:4 July 1672 – 8 March 1702 9309:17th-century Scottish monarchs 9294:17th-century Dutch politicians 7974:Monarchs of England until 1603 6853:] (in Dutch). Prometheus. 6524:William III: Profiles in Power 6416:Maclagan and Louda, pp. 27, 73 6251:. South African History Online 6200:"The Dutch Under English Rule" 5799:Culture and Society in Britain 5618:British History Online website 5336:Davies, p. 469; Israel, p. 136 4808:, pp. 92–93, and fn. 4 p. 92; 4796:, Cambridge University Press, 4435:Blok, Petrus Johannes (1970). 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4164: 4127: 4083: 3415:Orange and Stuart: Family tree 2472:Frederick William I of Prussia 2216: 1995:, succeeded in capturing both 1478:The peace talks that began at 961:Exclusion from stadtholdership 857:The young prince portrayed by 584:William was the only child of 13: 1: 9384:Lord high admirals of England 9299:17th-century English monarchs 8719:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 7155:Second Stadtholderless Period 6959:Portraits of King William III 6669:James II: A Study in Kingship 6503:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6345:The Royal Heraldry of England 5635:History of Parliament website 4212: 4059:British monarchs' family tree 2356:War of the Spanish Succession 2128:following the example of the 1897:cruel and unusual punishments 1747: 1329:John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen 1198:Second Stadtholderless Period 1183: 1157:Stadtholderate of William III 870: 682: 169:Second Stadtholderless Period 58: 9329:Burials at Westminster Abbey 7787:Georg Schenck van Toutenburg 7631:Georg Schenck van Toutenburg 7343:John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg 7120:First Stadtholderless Period 6315:The Guinness Book of Answers 6203:The History of North America 6079:"Statue of King William III" 5169:UK public library membership 4391:Israel, Jonathan I. (1995). 4217: 4159:First Stadtholderless Period 3790:William II, Prince of Orange 3033:William II, Prince of Orange 2377:Sophia, Electress of Hanover 2083:MAG BR, FRA, ET HIB REX 1695 1405:, which was based along the 1287:by William of Orange in 1673 1193:First Stadtholderless Period 967:First Stadtholderless Period 727:William II, Prince of Orange 716:), he was the only child of 586:William II, Prince of Orange 368:William II, Prince of Orange 159:First Stadtholderless Period 7: 9314:Accidental deaths in London 9304:17th-century Irish monarchs 8584:British monarchs after the 6845:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). 6479:Chapman, Hester W. (1953). 6179:Norris, Edwin Mark (1917). 5136:Claydon, Tony (May 2008) . 4418:Orange and Stuart 1641–1672 4047: 2915: 2833:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 2582:College of William and Mary 1660:James Francis Edward Stuart 1570:in 1685, caused a surge of 1516: 818:to become an instrument of 250:[NS: 19 March 1702] 10: 9440: 6185:. Little, Brown. pp. 6158:"History of Nassau County" 6118:, pp. 36–39 & 95. 5971:Van der Kiste, pp. 251–254 5863:Van der Kiste, pp. 202–203 5778:Van der Kiste, pp. 180–184 5769:Van der Kiste, pp. 179–180 5664:Van der Kiste, pp. 150–158 5413:Van der Kiste, pp. 114–115 5345:Van der Kiste, pp. 107–108 4351:Rowen, Herbert H. (1978). 4066:– secretary to William III 3776:Louise Henriette of Nassau 3281: 3165: 3042: 2936: 2485: 2150: 1703:Lord Churchill of Eyemouth 1629: 1147: 964: 903:) was his paternal uncle. 29: 9240: 8960: 8725: 8672: 8595: 8579: 8575: 8512: 8495: 8491: 7968: 7964: 7773:Charles, Duke of Guelders 7753: 7681:Frederick Henry of Orange 7626: 7548:Frederick Henry of Orange 7510:Maximilian II of Burgundy 7490:Henry III of Nassau-Breda 7449: 7363:Frederick Henry of Orange 7273: 7220: 7211: 7203: 7184: 7169: 7149: 7132: 7114: 7109: 7099: 7072: 7054: 7037: 7028: 7015: 7010: 6975: 6658:. Ashgate. Archived from 6481:Mary II: Queen of England 6279:S. and J. Sprint (1703). 5841:, Oxford University Press 5740:10.1017/S0018246X22000309 5706:, pp. 239 & 250. 5284:Israel, Jonathan (2003). 4197:Due to the change to the 4018: 4016: 4002: 3997:George I of Great Britain 3972: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3877: 3875: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3783:Albertine Agnes of Nassau 3768: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3616: 3594: 3591:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3523: 3521: 3505: 3503: 3351: 3343: 3334:Henrietta Maria of France 3315: 3293: 3289: 3253: 3231: 3223: 3195: 3173: 3169: 3131: 3112: 3104: 3095:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels 3076: 3054: 3050: 3014: 2992: 2984: 2956: 2940: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2715:King and Queen of England 2629:built a military fort in 2481: 2403:In 1702, William died of 2211:currency crisis 1695–1697 1951:Scottish Episcopal Church 1668:Declaration of Indulgence 1196: 1186: 1178: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1087:Conflict with republicans 901:Frederick Henry of Orange 783:Scottish noblewoman Lady 750:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels 508: 504: 414: 409: 405: 393: 383: 373: 363: 351: 327: 322: 318: 282: 267: 244: 217: 213: 202: 192: 181: 174: 164: 154: 146: 139: 128: 118: 108: 98: 90: 68: 46: 41: 6868:Waller, Maureen (2006). 6433:Neue Deutsche Biographie 5872:Van der Zee, pp. 402–403 5801:, Manchester, p. 97 5721:Waddell, Brodie (2023). 5637:Retrieved 3 August 2023. 5620:Retrieved 3 August 2023. 5558:Van der Zee, pp. 296–297 5038:Van der Zee, pp. 202–206 5011:Van der Kiste, pp. 44–46 5002:Van der Kiste, pp. 42–43 4993:Van der Kiste, pp. 38–39 4657:Van der Kiste, pp. 18–20 4598:Van der Kiste, pp. 16–17 4530:Van der Kiste, pp. 14–15 4518:Van der Kiste, pp. 12–17 4327:Johan van den Kerckhoven 4141:made by his grandfather 4076: 2641:Titles, styles, and arms 2627:Dutch East India Company 2600:. Though many alumni of 2407:, a complication from a 2390: 2362:English royal succession 2294:against the ringleader, 2241:Rumours of homosexuality 1822:Archbishop of Canterbury 1816:on 11 April 1689 by the 1363:as conquered territory ( 939:his dynasty's supporters 700:William III was born in 598:married his first cousin 30:Not to be confused with 9394:Nobility from The Hague 7475:Wolfert VI van Borselen 7348:Willem IV van den Bergh 7303:John V of Nassau-Siegen 7288:Philip I of Croÿ-Chimay 6903:Encyclopædia Britannica 6764:Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). 6716:Panhuysen, Luc (2009). 6160:. Nassau County website 5694:, p. 95 & 236. 5500:The Making of the Union 5173:(Subscription required) 4064:Constantijn Huygens Jr. 2736: 2604:think that the town of 2590:Nassau County, New York 2344:Second Partition Treaty 2252:Arnold Joost van Keppel 2028:Battle of Killiecrankie 1742:Portrait attributed to 863:Jan Vermeer van Utrecht 778:Childhood and education 592:, the daughter of King 248:8 March 1702 (aged 51) 227:: 14 November 1650] 185:4 November 1650 – 9374:House of Orange-Nassau 9274:William III of England 8727:Monarchs of the Picts 7794:Maximiliaan van Egmond 7636:Maximiliaan van Egmond 7224:The Earl of Torrington 6982:House of Orange-Nassau 6924:Royal Collection Trust 6735:Pull, William (2021). 6686:Nolan, Cathal (2008). 6594:Jacques, Tony (2007). 6545:(in Dutch). Van Cleef. 6522:Claydon, Tony (2002). 6466:. pp. 1650–1702. 6182:The Story of Princeton 6047:(in French). Heraldica 5797:Black, J, ed. (1997), 5727:The Historical Journal 5154:10.1093/ref:odnb/29450 4366:Schama, Simon (1987). 4135:Frederick I of Prussia 4095:Parliament of Scotland 3969:William III of England 3947:Frederick I of Prussia 3150:William III of England 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2782:), IV Gules two lions 2731:Defenders of the Faith 2653: 2586:Williamsburg, Virginia 2577: 2518: 2503: 2460:Frederick I of Prussia 2448:Principality of Orange 2400: 2373:Act of Settlement 1701 2339: 2325:First Partition Treaty 2279: 2230: 2165: 2090: 2087:House of Orange-Nassau 2065:Parliament and faction 1980: 1934: 1848: 1753: 1713: 1650: 1601: 1526: 1475: 1440: 1394: 1288: 1102:Secret Treaty of Dover 987: 976: 946:Second Anglo-Dutch War 895:, and a new governor, 876: 867:House of Orange-Nassau 824:House of Orange-Nassau 713: 697: 673:Act of Settlement 1701 661:the Duke of Gloucester 653:plotted unsuccessfully 522: 338: 9379:Knights of the Garter 8962:Monarchs of the Scots 7892:William III of Orange 7815:Gillis van Berlaymont 7691:William III of Orange 7651:Gillis van Berlaymont 7561:William III of Orange 7376:William III of Orange 7338:Gillis van Berlaymont 7293:Willem van Egmond jr. 7283:Willem van Egmond jr. 6783:Troost, Wout (2005). 6667:Miller, John (1991). 6662:on 23 September 2015. 6426:Harry Gerber (1953), 6042:Israel, pp. 991–992; 5980:Van der Kiste, p. 255 5851:Van der Kiste, p. 201 5239:Van Nimwegen, 183–186 5134:e.g. Troost, p. 190; 4473:Vrouwen van Soestdijk 4416:Geyl, Pieter (2002). 4091:Parliament of England 3812:Charles II of England 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2697:etc., Stadtholder of 2648: 2606:Princeton, New Jersey 2572: 2560:Battle of Steenkerque 2552:Battle of Saint-Denis 2511:College Green, Dublin 2508: 2491: 2446:stood to inherit the 2398: 2348:Philip, Duke of Anjou 2337: 2273: 2224: 2160: 2079:GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA 2072: 1978: 1939:divine right of kings 1923: 1846: 1839:Revolution settlement 1758:Convention Parliament 1741: 1711: 1644: 1597:after a prototype by 1592: 1524: 1499:Battle of Saint-Denis 1472:Battle of Saint-Denis 1466: 1435: 1389: 1333:Hans Willem van Aylva 1283: 1226:Third Anglo-Dutch War 1000:First Anglo-Dutch War 996:Treaty of Westminster 982: 974: 856: 695: 630:Catholic Emancipation 484:Battle of Steenkerque 457:Battle of Saint-Denis 9043:Constantine III (IV) 9008:Constantine II (III) 8554:William III & II 8119:Henry the Young King 8069:Edward the Confessor 8037:Æthelred the Unready 7899:William IV of Orange 7885:William II of Orange 7696:William IV of Orange 7686:William II of Orange 7671:Adolf van Nieuwenaar 7569:William IV of Orange 7553:William II of Orange 7535:Adolf van Nieuwenaar 7525:Philip of Noircarmes 7520:Maximilian of Hennin 7384:William IV of Orange 7368:William II of Orange 7353:Adolf van Nieuwenaar 6987:Cadet branch of the 6947:UK National Archives 6720:. Uitgeverij Atlas. 6555:The Isles: A History 6066:Collot d'Escury 1825 6033:Israel, pp. 962, 968 5989:Churchill, pp. 30–31 5603:Claydon, pp. 129–131 5203:Van der Kiste, p. 91 5020:Van der Kiste, p. 47 4792:Rowen, H. H. (1986) 4315:accessed 29 Nov 2014 4070:Abel Tassin d'Alonne 3990:James Francis Edward 3805:Mary, Princess Royal 3620:Charles I of England 3272:Mary, Princess Royal 3214:Charles I of England 2651:Hampton Court Palace 2602:Princeton University 2580:William endowed the 2379:(a granddaughter of 1873:Declaration of Right 1867:of Roman Catholics, 1857:religious toleration 1285:Recapture of Naarden 1139:Becoming stadtholder 1012:English Commonwealth 893:Hans Willem Bentinck 881:University of Leiden 733:and sister of kings 718:Mary, Princess Royal 590:Mary, Princess Royal 561:from the 1670s, and 529:, was the sovereign 378:Mary, Princess Royal 307:; died 9409:Protestant monarchs 9073:Malcolm III Canmore 8502:Union of the Crowns 7906:William V of Orange 7829:Georges van Lalaing 7766:Jasper van Marwijck 7759:Christoph van Moers 7701:William V of Orange 7661:Georges van Lalaing 7574:William V of Orange 7389:William V of Orange 7060:Glorious Revolution 7047:as titular claimant 6803:Van der Kiste, John 6705:Ogg, David (1957). 6633:Lynn, John (1999). 6613:Lesaffer, Randall. 6573:Israel, Jonathan I. 6083:Dublin City Council 6024:Israel, pp. 959–960 5932:Troost, pp. 258–260 5920:Troost, pp. 256–257 5899:Troost, pp. 253–255 5881:Van der Zee, p. 414 5682:Troost, pp. 244–246 5673:Troost, pp. 281–283 5655:Troost, pp. 241–246 5594:Troost, pp. 228–232 5576:Troost, pp. 223–227 5540:Troost, pp. 220–223 5485:Troost, pp. 274–275 5473:Troost, pp. 270–273 5422:Troost, pp. 212–214 5386:Troost, pp. 266–268 5377:Troost, pp. 219–220 5363:Troost, pp. 210–212 5327:Troost, pp. 207–210 5313:Davies, pp. 614–615 5265:Troost, pp. 205–207 5251:Troost, pp. 204–205 5212:Troost, pp. 193–196 5107:Troost, pp. 180–183 5098:Troost, pp. 173–175 5086:Troost, pp. 152–153 5074:Troost, pp. 150–151 5065:Troost, pp. 156–163 5056:Troost, pp. 153–156 5047:Troost, pp. 141–145 4984:, pp. 166–167. 4944:Lesaffer, Randall. 4934:, pp. 157–161. 4922:, pp. 126–128. 4874:Troost, pp. 109–112 4853:Troost, pp. 106–110 4841:, pp. 391–398. 4820:(1867), pp. 201–218 4471:Catharina Hooft at 4180:In the province of 4155:Treaty of Partition 3819:James II of England 2709:etc., Captain- and 2635:Castle of Good Hope 2556:Battle of the Boyne 2456:Henriette Catherine 2316:Charles II of Spain 2103:Marquess of Halifax 2044:Massacre of Glencoe 1970:Battle of the Boyne 1932:Jan van Huchtenburg 1926:Battle of the Boyne 1916:Jacobite resistance 1855:, which guaranteed 1853:Toleration Act 1689 1833:Estates of Scotland 1799:Bill of Rights 1689 1756:William summoned a 1637:Invasion of England 1632:Glorious Revolution 1626:Glorious Revolution 1399:Spanish Netherlands 1008:English Restoration 859:Jan Davidsz de Heem 812:Constantijn Huygens 657:Massacre of Glencoe 634:Glorious Revolution 602:James, Duke of York 474:Battle of the Boyne 469:Invasion of England 447:Siege of Maastricht 94:1689 – 8 March 1702 9146:Second Interregnum 9113:William I the Lion 8982:Constantine I (II) 8972:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8586:Acts of Union 1707 8549:James II & VII 8242:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8027:Edgar the Peaceful 7878:Hendrik Casimir II 7495:Antoon van Lalaing 7485:Jan III van Egmond 7458:Willem van Lalaing 7308:Philip of Burgundy 7159:Title next held by 7124:Title last held by 7110:Political offices 7068:James II & VII 7064:Title last held by 7041:John William Friso 7020:Title last held by 6497:Churchill, Winston 6458:Baxter, Stephen B. 5029:Chapman, pp. 86–93 4199:Gregorian calendar 4121:Gregorian calendar 3976:Mary II of England 3478:James I of England 3463:Henry IV of France 3308:Henry IV of France 2949:William the Silent 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2654: 2578: 2528:Triennial Act 1694 2519: 2499:Napoleon Bonaparte 2444:John William Friso 2436:William the Silent 2401: 2340: 2300:Treaty of Rijswijk 2280: 2231: 2227:Godfried Schalcken 2166: 2091: 2048:John Dalberg-Acton 2038:. William offered 2009:Treaty of Limerick 1989:Commander in Chief 1981: 1935: 1889:right to bear arms 1849: 1754: 1714: 1681:", sent William a 1651: 1602: 1576:League of Augsburg 1558:universal kingship 1546:Elizabeth Villiers 1527: 1476: 1441: 1395: 1381:Political Treatise 1379:'s warning in his 1337:recaptured Naarden 1306:actions at Glencoe 1289: 998:, which ended the 988: 977: 914:Cornelis de Graeff 877: 842:, his grandfather 838:, his grand-uncle 836:William the Silent 797:Contra-Remonstrant 698: 677:John William Friso 289:Mary II of England 207:John William Friso 113:James II & VII 42:William III and II 32:William the Silent 9404:Princes of Orange 9364:Dutch Protestants 9319:British Anglicans 9261: 9260: 9134:First Interregnum 8685: 8684: 8668: 8667: 8571: 8570: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8032:Edward the Martyr 7915: 7914: 7864:Hendrik Casimir I 7850:Maurice of Nassau 7836:Francisco Verdugo 7822:Caspar van Robles 7709: 7708: 7676:Maurice of Nassau 7666:Francisco Verdugo 7656:Caspar van Robles 7582: 7581: 7543:Maurice of Nassau 7539: 7530:William of Orange 7515:William of Orange 7505:Louis of Flanders 7480:Joost van Lalaing 7461:Gozewijn de Wilde 7397: 7396: 7358:Maurice of Nassau 7323:Philip de Lalaing 7313:Floris van Egmond 7278:Willem van Egmond 7230: 7229: 7221:Succeeded by 7214:Lord High Admiral 7100:Succeeded by 7050: 7038:Succeeded by 6933:N. Japikse, ed., 6860:978-9-0446-3871-4 6775:978-0-3930-6050-8 6768:. Penguin Group. 6749:William of Orange 6727:978-9-0450-1328-2 6697:978-0-3133-3046-9 6644:978-0-5820-5629-9 6605:978-0-3133-3538-9 6516:Age of Revolution 6116:Van Nimwegen 2020 6006:on 6 January 2008 5704:Van Nimwegen 2020 5692:Van Nimwegen 2020 5167:(Subscription or 4982:Van Nimwegen 2020 4970:Van Nimwegen 2020 4932:Van Nimwegen 2020 4898:, pp. 80–81. 4783:Troost, pp. 89–90 4774:Troost, pp. 85–86 4753:Troost, pp. 80–81 4729:Troost, pp. 78–83 4708:Troost, pp. 65–66 4648:Troost, pp. 62–64 4616:Troost, pp. 53–54 4567:Troost, pp. 52–53 4539:Troost, pp. 29–30 4484:Troost, pp. 43–44 4449:Troost, pp. 37–40 4341:Troost, pp. 36–37 4304:Troost, pp. 34–37 4097:on 11 April 1689. 4045: 4044: 4041: 4040: 3826:Sophia of Hanover 3411: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3007:Louise de Coligny 2913: 2912: 2657:Titles and styles 2544:Battle of Seneffe 2535:Marquis de Quincy 2524:English Civil War 2468:Treaty of Utrecht 2418:Winston Churchill 2409:broken collarbone 2292:bill of attainder 2288:Jacobites plotted 2266:Peace with France 2256:Earl of Albemarle 2130:Bank of Amsterdam 2036:Battle of Dunkeld 1993:Battle of Aughrim 1911:Rule with Mary II 1881:right to petition 1877:royal prerogative 1865:religious liberty 1814:Westminster Abbey 1683:formal invitation 1580:Holy Roman Empire 1474:, by Jacob de Vos 1298:Johan van Banchem 1271:brutally murdered 1256:, met William in 1238:Battle of Solebay 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1117:Dutch States Army 1057:appointed him as 1055:States of Zeeland 1051:Gillis Valckenier 1047:Andries de Graeff 918:States of Holland 846:, and his father 832:princes of Orange 820:Divine Providence 801:Gisbertus Voetius 789:Reformed religion 527:William of Orange 512: 511: 479:Siege of Limerick 437:Battle of Seneffe 347: 346: 275:Westminster Abbey 254:Kensington Palace 16:(Redirected from 9431: 9339:Counts of Nassau 9254: 9245:also monarch of 8712: 8705: 8698: 8689: 8688: 8577: 8576: 8537:Richard Cromwell 8527:The Protectorate 8517:James I & VI 8493: 8492: 8074:Harold Godwinson 7994:Edward the Elder 7987:Alfred the Great 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7808:Karel van Brimeu 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7646:Karel van Brimeu 7609: 7602: 7595: 7586: 7585: 7537: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7401: 7400: 7333:Karel van Brimeu 7256: 7249: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7204:Preceded by 7044: 7031:Prince of Orange 7006: 6999: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6955: 6950: 6915:British monarchy 6907: 6899: 6883: 6864: 6841: 6827:William and Mary 6820: 6807:William and Mary 6798: 6779: 6760: 6740: 6731: 6712: 6701: 6682: 6663: 6648: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6609: 6590: 6568: 6546: 6537: 6514: 6492: 6475: 6443: 6440:full text online 6437: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6394:Armorial general 6389: 6383: 6382: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6222: 6212: 6206: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6106:Claydon, pp. 3–4 6104: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5951: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5921: 5918: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5742: 5718: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5314: 5311: 5300: 5299: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5252: 5249: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5141: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5087: 5084: 5075: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4742: 4739: 4730: 4727: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4697: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4587: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4552: 4549: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4206: 4195: 4189: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4131: 4125: 4113: 4098: 4087: 4054:Anglo-Dutch Wars 3635:Elizabeth Stuart 3428: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3366:Marie de' Medici 2930: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2896:Prince of Orange 2844: 2784:passant guardant 2691:Prince of Orange 2584:(in present-day 2564:Battle of Landen 2548:Battle of Cassel 2501: 2321:balance of power 2248:Earl of Portland 2198:recaptured Namur 2189:Battle of Landen 2163:Ludolf Bakhuysen 2020:Jacobite risings 1966:landed in August 1869:non-trinitarians 1826:William Sancroft 1818:Bishop of London 1782:House of Commons 1752: 1749: 1468:Hendrik Overkirk 1458:Battle of Cassel 1373:Count of Zutphen 1365:Generality Lands 1294:Hendrik Verhoeff 1222:Franco-Dutch War 1204: 1191: 1184: 1171: 1154: 1153: 1004:Act of Seclusion 935:Whitehall Palace 931:Soestdijk Palace 907:Grand Pensionary 875: 872: 772:Louise Henriette 739:James II and VII 688:Birth and family 579:William and Mary 531:Prince of Orange 517:(William Henry; 489:Battle of Landen 452:Battle of Cassel 427:Siege of Naarden 422:Franco-Dutch War 410:Military service 401: 320: 319: 312: 310: 306: 302: 251: 228: 221:4 November 1650 188: 176:Prince of Orange 63: 60: 51: 39: 38: 21: 18:King william iii 9439: 9438: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9354:Dutch Anglicans 9264: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9244: 9236: 8963: 8956: 8912:Constantine (I) 8792:Galam Cennalath 8728: 8721: 8716: 8686: 8681: 8664: 8591: 8567: 8532:Oliver Cromwell 8508: 8483: 8478: 8325:Constantine III 8234: 8059:Harold Harefoot 8049:Edmund Ironside 7960: 7955: and 7946: 7916: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7871:Willem Frederik 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7780:Ludolf Coenders 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7740: 7710: 7705: 7622: 7613: 7583: 7578: 7470:Lewis de Bruges 7454:Hugo van Lannoy 7445: 7428: 7398: 7393: 7269: 7260: 7226: 7217: 7209: 7198: 7179: 7160: 7157: 7146: 7125: 7122: 7105: 7088: 7086: 7075:King of England 7065: 7062: 7043: 7034: 7021: 7000: 6998:4 November 1650 6994: 6993: 6990:House of Nassau 6985: 6978: 6941: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6867: 6861: 6838: 6823: 6817: 6801: 6795: 6782: 6776: 6763: 6743: 6734: 6728: 6704: 6698: 6679: 6666: 6651: 6645: 6623: 6621: 6612: 6606: 6587: 6571: 6565: 6549: 6534: 6521: 6511: 6495: 6478: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6213: 6209: 6198: 6194: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6135:on 15 July 2008 6127: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 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5024: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4433: 4429: 4422:Arnold Pomerans 4414: 4410: 4403: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4364: 4360: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4196: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4132: 4128: 4117:Julian calendar 4114: 4101: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4050: 3983:Anne of England 3613:Henrietta Maria 3417: 3412: 3246:Anne of Denmark 2918: 2771:); III Gules a 2767:crowned Azure ( 2739: 2711:Admiral-General 2695:Count of Nassau 2659: 2643: 2562:(1692) and the 2502: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2393: 2364: 2268: 2243: 2219: 2206: 2204:Economic crisis 2170:Nine Years' War 2155: 2153:Nine Years' War 2149: 2126:Bank of England 2067: 2024:Viscount Dundee 2013:Earl of Athlone 1918: 1913: 1841: 1771:Philip of Spain 1750: 1736: 1734:Proclaimed king 1672:Anglican Church 1639: 1634: 1628: 1611:Lord Sunderland 1568:Edict of Nantes 1554: 1519: 1343:, an important 1273:by an Orangist 1242:Dutch Waterline 1182: 1174: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1097:House of Stuart 1089: 1039:Perpetual Edict 1019:Captain-General 992:Oliver Cromwell 969: 963: 958: 927:Jacob de Graeff 873: 844:Frederick Henry 780: 690: 685: 645:Nine Years' War 563:King of England 500: 464:Nine Years' War 343: 314: 298: 294: 291: 278: 272: 252: 249: 229: 222: 186: 86: 70:King of England 64: 61: 55:Godfrey Kneller 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9437: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9389:Lords of Breda 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9334:Child monarchs 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8968: 8966: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8428:Edward Balliol 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8288:Constantine II 8285: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8216: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8080:Edgar Ætheling 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7962: 7961: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7589: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7563: 7558: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7538:(Utrecht only) 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7500:René of Châlon 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7465:Jean de Lannoy 7462: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7378: 7373: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7318:René of Châlon 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7219: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7182: 7181: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7098: 7071: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7039: 7036: 7027: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7011:Regnal titles 7008: 7007: 6986: 6979: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6956: 6939: 6931: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6890: 6889:External links 6887: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6865: 6859: 6842: 6836: 6821: 6815: 6799: 6793: 6780: 6774: 6761: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6713: 6702: 6696: 6683: 6677: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6591: 6585: 6569: 6563: 6551:Davies, Norman 6547: 6538: 6532: 6519: 6509: 6493: 6476: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6418: 6409: 6402: 6384: 6377: 6359: 6353: 6335: 6328: 6305: 6296: 6271: 6262: 6240: 6233: 6207: 6192: 6171: 6146: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6070: 6068:, p. 306. 6058: 6035: 6026: 6017: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5962:Troost, p. 235 5952: 5950:Troost, p. 234 5943: 5941:Troost, p. 260 5934: 5922: 5910: 5908:Troost, p. 255 5901: 5892: 5890:Troost, p. 251 5883: 5874: 5865: 5853: 5844: 5828: 5819: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5733:(2): 281–302. 5708: 5696: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5622: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5585:Troost, p. 226 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5549:Troost, p. 221 5542: 5533: 5512: 5487: 5475: 5466: 5445: 5424: 5415: 5401: 5388: 5379: 5365: 5356: 5354:Troost, p. 209 5347: 5338: 5329: 5315: 5301: 5294: 5276: 5267: 5253: 5241: 5232: 5230:Rodger, p. 137 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5185:Troost, p. 191 5175: 5127: 5125:Troost, p. 186 5118: 5116:Troost, p. 189 5109: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4974: 4972:, p. 166. 4962: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4910:, p. 408. 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4862:Troost, p. 109 4855: 4843: 4839:Panhuysen 2009 4831: 4829:Troost, p. 122 4822: 4785: 4776: 4764: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4588: 4569: 4553: 4541: 4532: 4520: 4511: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4463: 4451: 4442: 4427: 4408: 4401: 4383: 4376: 4358: 4343: 4334: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4265:Claydon, p. 14 4258: 4249: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4190: 4173: 4163: 4126: 4099: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 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3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188:James VI and I 3184: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2769:Katzenelnbogen 2738: 2735: 2688:by God's grace 2684: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2642: 2639: 2592:, a county on 2495: 2483: 2480: 2392: 2389: 2363: 2360: 2267: 2264: 2242: 2239: 2218: 2215: 2205: 2202: 2151:Main article: 2148: 2145: 2138:Dutch Republic 2066: 2063: 2040:Scottish clans 1962:Siege of Derry 1958:war in Ireland 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1893:excessive bail 1861:nonconformists 1859:to Protestant 1840: 1837: 1790:House of Lords 1735: 1732: 1695:Spanish Armada 1679:Immortal Seven 1656:Arthur Herbert 1647:Spanish Armada 1638: 1635: 1630:Main article: 1627: 1624: 1620:Mary of Modena 1607:Exclusion Bill 1599:Sir Peter Lely 1595:Willem Wissing 1553: 1550: 1518: 1515: 1377:Baruch Spinoza 1319:, and Emperor 1254:Lord Arlington 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1195: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1148:Main article: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1129:States General 1088: 1085: 1076:Raad van State 1025:, allowed the 965:Main article: 962: 959: 957: 954: 912:and his uncle 785:Anna Mackenzie 779: 776: 714:Willem Hendrik 706:Dutch Republic 689: 686: 684: 681: 628:, who opposed 559:Dutch Republic 523:Willem Hendrik 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 499: 498: 497: 496: 494:Siege of Namur 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 461: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 442:Siege of Grave 439: 434: 429: 418: 416: 412: 411: 407: 406: 403: 402: 395: 391: 390: 385: 381: 380: 375: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 355: 349: 348: 345: 344: 342: 341: 339:Willem Hendrik 332: 328: 325: 324: 316: 315: 296: 292: 287: 286: 284: 280: 279: 273: 269: 265: 264: 246: 242: 241: 239:Dutch Republic 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 183: 179: 178: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 137: 136: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 80: 66: 65: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9436: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9123:Alexander III 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8964:(traditional) 8959: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8757:Galan Erilich 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8729:(traditional) 8724: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8400:Alexander III 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8256:Constantine I 8253: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8114: 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Greenwood. 6689: 6684: 6680: 6678:0-4136-5290-4 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598:. Greenwood. 6597: 6592: 6588: 6586:0-1982-0734-4 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6564:0-1951-3442-7 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6533:0-5824-0523-8 6529: 6525: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6510:0-3043-6393-6 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6405: 6403:0-8063-4811-9 6399: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6378:1-8560-5469-1 6374: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6354:0-9004-5525-X 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6329:0-8511-2957-9 6325: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6303:Troost, p. 77 6300: 6284: 6283: 6275: 6266: 6250: 6244: 6236: 6234:0-8203-2122-2 6230: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6211: 6204: 6201: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6175: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6103: 6101: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6005: 6001: 6000:"William III" 5995: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5957: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 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1908: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:standing army 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1806:heir apparent 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1745: 1744:Thomas Murray 1740: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:seven bishops 1661: 1657: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1535:Henry Compton 1532: 1523: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350:Saint Germain 1346: 1342: 1341:captured Bonn 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1275:civil militia 1272: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 985: 981: 973: 968: 956:Early offices 953: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 915: 911: 910:Johan de Witt 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 868: 864: 860: 855: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 775: 773: 769: 765: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 725: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 694: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:British Isles 622: 619:French ruler 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 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7743:Stadtholders 7690: 7616:Stadtholders 7560: 7431:Stadtholders 7375: 7263:Stadtholders 7212: 7185: 7170: 7161: 7150: 7133: 7126: 7115: 7095: 7089: 7073: 7066: 7055: 7046: 7045: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7005:8 March 1702 7002: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6934: 6901: 6869: 6850: 6846: 6826: 6806: 6784: 6765: 6748: 6736: 6717: 6707: 6687: 6668: 6660:the original 6654: 6634: 6622:. Retrieved 6618: 6595: 6576: 6554: 6542: 6523: 6515: 6500: 6480: 6462: 6450:Bibliography 6438:; ( 6431: 6421: 6412: 6393: 6387: 6368: 6362: 6344: 6338: 6314: 6308: 6299: 6287:. Retrieved 6281: 6274: 6269:Troost, p. 5 6265: 6253:. Retrieved 6243: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6195: 6181: 6174: 6162:. Retrieved 6137:. Retrieved 6133:the original 6123: 6111: 6089:28 September 6087:. Retrieved 6082: 6073: 6061: 6049:. Retrieved 6038: 6029: 6020: 6008:. Retrieved 6004:the original 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5946: 5937: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5847: 5838: 5831: 5822: 5798: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5765: 5730: 5726: 5699: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5630: 5625: 5613: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5524:. Retrieved 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5499: 5490: 5469: 5457:. Retrieved 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5427: 5418: 5391: 5382: 5359: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5285: 5279: 5270: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5157:. Retrieved 5143: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4953:. Retrieved 4949: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4908:Jacques 2007 4903: 4891: 4879: 4858: 4834: 4825: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4788: 4779: 4758: 4713: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4572: 4535: 4514: 4489: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4417: 4411: 4392: 4386: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4321: 4309: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4235: 4226: 4193: 4176: 4166: 4154: 4129: 4085: 3968: 3149: 2835:for Scotland 2816: 2790:, Or a fess 2788:inescutcheon 2740: 2685: 2664:His Highness 2579: 2532: 2520: 2492: 2432: 2421: 2402: 2365: 2351: 2341: 2304: 2296:John Fenwick 2281: 2260: 2254:was created 2244: 2232: 2225:Portrait by 2207: 2174: 2167: 2142: 2107: 2092: 2082: 2078: 2056: 2018:A series of 2017: 2005:capitulation 1982: 1955: 1936: 1924: 1901: 1850: 1830: 1811: 1803: 1779: 1767:Queen Mary I 1755: 1715: 1690: 1676: 1652: 1616: 1603: 1561: 1555: 1543: 1528: 1511: 1496: 1477: 1445:Valenciennes 1442: 1396: 1358: 1310: 1302:Johan Kievit 1290: 1263: 1251: 1215: 1213: 1179: 1133: 1110: 1090: 1074: 1067: 1058: 1045:politicians 1035:Gaspar Fagel 1023:States Party 1016: 989: 984:Gaspar Fagel 943: 905: 884: 878: 807: 805: 781: 761: 757: 753: 743: 721: 699: 642: 610: 583: 578: 533:from birth, 526: 514: 513: 415:Battles/wars 187:8 March 1702 53:Portrait by 36: 9284:1702 deaths 9279:1650 births 9098:Alexander I 9048:Kenneth III 8999:(uncertain) 8897:Talorgan II 8862:Nechtan III 8837:Gartnait IV 8802:Gartnait II 8660:Charles III 8645:Edward VIII 8375:Alexander I 8355:Malcolm III 8330:Kenneth III 8230:Elizabeth I 8192:Richard III 7565:interregnum 7557:interregnum 7380:interregnum 7372:interregnum 7187:Stadtholder 7172:Stadtholder 7135:Stadtholder 7096:(1689–1694) 6920:William III 6745:Robb, Nesca 6671:. Methuen. 6637:. Longman. 6624:30 December 6526:. Longman. 6289:1 September 6255:21 December 5459:10 November 5438:10 November 4955:30 December 4238:(in French) 4203:The Twelfth 4139:fideicommis 2839:for Ireland 2827:for England 2680:His Majesty 2610:Nassau Hall 2594:Long Island 2588:) in 1693. 2539:John Childs 2458:. However, 2440:patrilineal 2235:Anglicanism 2217:Later years 1895:or inflict 1751: 1690 1409:river near 1392:its capture 1317:Brandenburg 1258:Nieuwerbrug 1244:on 8 June. 1059:First Noble 950:real tennis 916:pushed the 874: 1660 816:predestined 799:theologian 758:stadtholder 723:stadtholder 669:Hanoverians 535:Stadtholder 515:William III 193:Predecessor 155:Predecessor 135:(1689–1694) 109:Predecessor 62: 1690 9268:Categories 9227:William II 9212:Charles II 9167:Robert III 9108:Malcolm IV 9088:Donald III 9078:Donald III 9053:Malcolm II 9038:Kenneth II 8947:Bridei VII 8902:Drest VIII 8847:Bridei III 8832:Talorgan I 8827:Talorc III 8807:Nechtan II 8772:Gartnait I 8635:Edward VII 8625:William IV 8615:George III 8544:Charles II 8439:Robert III 8385:Malcolm IV 8360:Donald III 8335:Malcolm II 8320:Kenneth II 8202:Henry VIII 8162:Richard II 8157:Edward III 8091:William II 8064:Harthacnut 7620:Overijssel 7199:1675–1702 7195:Overijssel 7180:1674–1702 7163:William IV 7147:1672–1702 7128:William II 7035:1650–1702 7024:William II 6809:. Sutton. 5526:9 November 5505:9 November 5171:required.) 4920:Nolan 2008 4213:References 2598:Dutch rule 2486:See also: 2476:William IV 2185:Steenkerke 2118:Nottingham 2108:After the 2081:(reverse) 2075:Crown coin 2032:Cameronian 1883:, raise a 1718:Great Seal 1539:miscarried 1503:Luxembourg 1453:Saint-Omer 1423:Oudenaarde 1419:de Souches 1361:Overijssel 1325:Maastricht 1180:Chronology 1113:Gelderland 1106:rump state 1081:generality 1063:Middelburg 1027:pensionary 885:Prinsenhof 848:William II 735:Charles II 683:Early life 613:Protestant 606:Charles II 555:Overijssel 209:(disputed) 197:William II 129:Co-monarch 100:Coronation 9217:James VII 9207:Charles I 9182:James III 9162:Robert II 9083:Duncan II 9013:Malcolm I 9003:Donald II 8942:Ciniod II 8937:Bridei VI 8917:Óengus II 8867:Drest VII 8857:Bridei IV 8822:Bridei II 8782:Talorc II 8762:Drest III 8747:Nechtan I 8650:George VI 8620:George IV 8610:George II 8522:Charles I 8504:from 1603 8454:James III 8434:Robert II 8390:William I 8365:Duncan II 8293:Malcolm I 8283:Donald II 8207:Edward VI 8197:Henry VII 8182:Edward IV 8152:Edward II 8142:Henry III 8125:Richard I 8086:William I 8007:Æthelstan 7087:1689–1702 6830:. 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William III of England

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