Ibn Saud - Knowledge

1106: 1134: 1481: 1465:"O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give you in the Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" an elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered that she be given ten bags of money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having trouble bringing the money back to her home, so he had his aid service deliver the money and accompany her back to her home. Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside of Riyadh when he came across an elderly man dressed in rags. The old man proceeded to stand up in front of the King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it is terribly cold, and I have no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's condition, removed his cloak and gave it to him. He also offered the elderly man a stipend to help him with his everyday costs. 1649: 2089: 1702:

Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation. She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain the territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around 1930.

84: 1633: 2200:, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561" 1971: 725: 1375: 954: 2060: 1515: 7352: 2000: 1300: 7468: 1884: 1942: 8197: 7302: 1472:" or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to the poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his aid to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given to them on an annual basis. The King said, "I haven't obtained all this wealth by myself. It is a blessing from Allah, and all of you have a share in it. So, I want you to guide me to whatever takes me nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness." 2029: 1402:. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the 1311:, but the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down the problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including 1094: 8436: 1262: 5484: 1335: 1598:, but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token. The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians. He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between the Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries. 1753:

with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him. However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability.

1250:, British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between 1453:'s defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality. 1752:

When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him

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tribe in the southern desert of Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months. Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed briefly. The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait where they settled and lived for nearly a decade. Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the

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Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies." and "In my youth and manhood, I made a nation. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it." His last words to his two sons, the future King Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already

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Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts. Many of his marriages were contracted in order to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Saudi state was founded and stabilized. He was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that

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Ibn Saud was tall, his height reported as between 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in). He was known to have a strong, charming, and charismatic personality that earned him respect among his people and foreign diplomats. His family and others described Ibn Saud as

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visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the

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and to the Ottoman governor of Baghdad asking their help to stop Ibn Saud's raids on the tribes loyal to Al Rashid. These events led to a decrease in the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture Riyadh. However, Ibn Saud did not cancel the raid and

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Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait,

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Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought a great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of

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conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month. After World War I Ibn Saud

1114: 1394:, Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible. 1296:, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam. 1609:

built the railway, at a cost of $ 70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.

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from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein.

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appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage

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Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow." He had much more positive views about the United States, including finance, and in 1947 when

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Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.

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Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.

1105: 1812:. In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final destruction and eternal damnation". For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad" and "enemies of the Muslims until the end of the world." In some instances he made use of 1203:, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him. The British agent, Captain 1461:

Ibn Saud's charity earned him respect among his people. The King would direct money to be handed to the impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the poor would eagerly anticipate his appearance in villages, towns, and even the desert.

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Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh. He was the fourth child and third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal

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Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah sent him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's younger brother Saad. Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence in the palace of his grandfather,

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during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946. Ibn Saud's first official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company.

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on tilted palm trees and took the city. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi in front of his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the third Saudi State.

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Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people ... religion and the rights inherited from our fathers." He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, and we know what to accept for our own benefit."

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During the four-hour meeting between the President and the King, where the two discussed oil, Palestinian territories and their future partnership, "7-foot tall Nubian slaves" could be found on the opposite deck of the

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Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read."

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On 23 November 1916, British diplomat Sir Percy Cox arranged the Three Leaders Conference in Kuwait where Ibn Saud was awarded the Star of India and the Order of the British Empire. He was appointed an honorary

7668: 1917:(GCIE) on 1 January 1920. He was awarded the British Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1935, the American Legion of Merit in 1947, and the Spanish Order of Military Merit (Grand Cross with White Decoration) in 1952. 4551: 1741:, who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince. Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, 1173:

by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.

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Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926–1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and Development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud

1796:, Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish 1816:, calling the Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money", accusing them of "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians. 1207:, was well received by the Bedouin. Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into the 6681: 901:

in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the

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received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed.

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family had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the

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In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from the British. However, due to the outbreak of

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and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state. In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.

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against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named

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chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of

1745:, heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son 1242:

The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by

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Abdullah F. Alrebh (September 2015). "Covering the Building of a Kingdom: The Saudi Arabian Authority in The London Times and The New York Times, 1901–1932".

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Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author

1785:, Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would do business with and be indebted to the United States instead of other countries and international agencies. 5215: 3562: 8510: 4485: 1544:

In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president

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Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son

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In addition to their political role, the rulers of the Al Saud family also held religious authority over their subjects, holding the title of imam.

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On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king. He transferred his court to

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Anthony B. Toth (2012). "Control and Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916–1955".

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With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central

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centered on Riyadh. Ibn Saud's mother was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi of the Sudairi family. She died in 1910. His full-siblings were Faisal,

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one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in 1924, causing him to have poor sight in one eye. He later forgave her, but divorced her.

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While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the

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Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with

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in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for

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This article is about Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the first king of Saudi Arabia. For his ancestor who is also called Ibn Saud, see

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1936, the same year in which King Abd al Aziz ibn Abd ar Rahman Al Saud (r. 1902-53) decreed the Saudi Arabian slave regulations

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One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in

1623: 1323:, Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting. Tensions finally boiled over when the 4973: 192: 7568: 6713: 6697: 6593: 5467: 5319: 5296: 5272: 5130: 4905: 3230: 2850: 2812: 2624: 2428: 2290: 958: 890: 783: 748: 673: 4334: 1721:. He survived the attack unhurt, and the three attackers were arrested. Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when 1165:

of southern Nejd by the Ottomans which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed. Ibn Saud's victory in

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Ibn Saud had come from Jidda on an American destroyer, the USS Murphy, with an entourage of bodyguards, cooks, and slaves

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On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his half-brother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them

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from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been

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Ibn Saud kept slaves, and regulated slavery in his kingdom in 1936. It was only his son, King Faisal, who abolished

1050:. His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral and unorthodox. 8374: 8268: 8076: 7965: 7874: 7488: 6741: 6723: 6705: 3160: 2968: 2510: 1281:. On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz and the 1219: 8163: 8084: 8032: 7808: 7740: 7598: 7144: 6349: 6230: 5988: 4362:

Rosie Bsheer (February 2018). "A Counter-Revolutionary State: Popular Movements and the Making of Saudi Arabia".

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On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of

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who brought them to Washington D.C., USA. Of them, the male named Ch Abdul Farouk won a championship in the USA.

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Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927. On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the

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Peter Sluglett (December 2002). "The Resilience of a Frontier: Ottoman and Iraqi Claims to Kuwait, 1871–1990".

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The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, and Saudi Arabia

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S. R. Valentine. "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London,

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Mordechai Abir (April 1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia".

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to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually,

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Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912. He then founded the

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Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the

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The United States and Saudi Arabia, 1933–1953: Post-Imperial Diplomacy and the Legacy of British Power

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In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of

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Joseph J. Malone (Summer 1976). "America and the Arabian Peninsula: The First Two Hundred Years".

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The Origins of Saudi-American Relations: From recognition to diplomatic representation (1931-1943)

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From the camel to the cadillac: automobility, consumption, and the U.S.-Saudi special relationship

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in 1938 and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.

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with the support from various tribes. Upon this Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler

8186: 8123: 8061: 7982: 7945: 7848: 7759: 7715: 7498: 7404: 7110: 6885: 5913: 2939:(January–March 2009). "From fragility to stability: a survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". 2229: 2095: 1770: 1722: 1627: 1293: 982: 942: 773: 743: 4629:"The History of the House of Saud: A Timeline of the Saudi Royal Family and Their Rise to Power" 3963: 3811:. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. "World War II and Its Aftermath" 1196:

bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan.

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stated after the King's death that he would be remembered for his achievements as a statesman.

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Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by

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The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam

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Fahd Al Semmari (Summer 2001). "The King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives".

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to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons

8: 8337: 8144: 6948: 6873: 6855: 6833: 6357: 4871: 4556: 3303: 3253: 2750: 1383: 1193: 753: 592: 562: 547: 502: 362: 5238: 3714: 3327:"The 'Imama vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State" 2899: 7828: 7700: 7558: 7437: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7158: 7114: 6982: 6365: 6215: 6054: 5943: 5455: 5241:, The Arab Orient Center for Strategic and civilization studies London, United Kingdom. 4771: 4729: 4673: 4606: 4470: 4439: 4400: 4391: 4261: 4060: 3884: 3636: 3201: 3069:(2002). "Saudi–European relations 1902–2001: a pragmatic quest for relative autonomy". 3041: 2993: 2985: 2911: 2527: 2490: 2482: 1855: 1549: 1493: 974: 532: 4749:"Shaping the Saudi state: Human agency's shifting role in the rentier state formation" 83: 8475: 7990: 7432: 7427: 7120: 7025: 6815: 6315: 6281: 6034: 5821: 5590: 5463: 5415: 5349: 5315: 5292: 5268: 5205: 5149:"Truman Presents Legion of Merit Medals at White House for Their Aid to the Allies". 5126: 4979: 4901: 4775: 4610: 4527: 4265: 4141: 3989: 3625:

May Darwich (Spring 2018). "The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status".

3527: 3474: 3346: 3279: 3226: 3205: 3114: 2997: 2866: 2846: 2620: 2494: 2445: 2424: 2420: 2382: 2286: 2135: 2037: 1813: 1564: 1556: 1489: 1328: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1158: 1098: 1001:. He also had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages, including 970: 875: 871: 763: 381: 143: 42: 3913: 1999: 1832:

several times, which were his last words. He died in his sleep of a heart attack in

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Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present

5082: 4763: 4665: 4598: 4466: 4431: 4373: 4253: 4052: 3607: 3507: 3375: 3338: 3193: 3080: 2977: 2948: 2903: 2652: 2610: 2519: 2474: 2416: 2257: 2167: 1653: 1567:

in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of

1507: 1500: 1468:

Due to the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house known as the "

1427: 1231: 1170: 1067: 1043: 926: 758: 5122:

The Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud: with an Updated Preface

4043:

Michel G. Nehme (1994). "Saudi Arabia 1950–80: Between Nationalism and Religion".

2981: 1854:

issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November 1953. U.S. Secretary of State

1277:

rule. Following this he issued the first decree which was about the collection of

7442: 7214: 6867: 6549: 6420: 6331: 5933: 5817: 5511: 5286: 5232: 4587:

Alaine S. Hutson (2002). "Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926–38".

4257: 4202: 3943: 3249:

Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century

3197: 2773: 2764: 2170:

into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 23 September 1932. Thereafter, he reigned as

2163: 2066: 1844: 1836:

in Ta'if on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, and Prince Faisal was at his side.

1587: 1534: 1518: 1243: 1234:

entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the

1208: 1189: 1138: 1066:

managed to reach Riyadh. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the

945:, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of 2024. 910: 851: 846:; 15 January 1876 – 9 November 1953), known in the Western world mononymously as 827: 808: 788: 537: 276: 248: 5308: 5225: 5158: 4706: 4280: 4123: 3662: 3311: 3261: 3049: 2820: 2678: 2261: 1941: 1033:. Ibn Saud was 15 at the time. He and his family initially took refuge with the 7673: 6464: 6438: 6307: 6135: 6130: 6104: 5938: 5054:"Control of al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia) and direct contact with Britain, 1910 –1916" 4552:"Joe Biden is making clear that Saudi human rights violations won't be ignored" 4396:"Faisal, Rich and Powerful, Led Saudis Into 20th Century and to Arab Forefront" 3627: 3595: 2213: 1778: 1469: 1387: 1355: 1343: 1223: 978: 402: 4767: 4602: 4435: 4188: 4056: 3611: 2952: 2523: 2478: 2028: 8469: 6673: 6257: 6109: 5878: 5680: 5339:

Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1949

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Due to pressures Faisal issued an executive order in 1967 abolishing slavery.

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and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the

1251: 1122: 1058: 922: 918: 883: 778: 663: 264: 5346:

FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East.

5021: 4244:

Stig Stenslie (2011). "Power behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud".

3692: 3532:"Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century: III. Politics and internal stability" 3394: 3276:

The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State

3084: 2709: 1578:, the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in 1169:, in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and 7392: 7291: 7054: 6373: 6151: 5983: 5928: 5841: 5631: 5376:

George Rentz. (1972). "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed.,

5116: 4422:

Joseph Nevo (July 1998). "Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia".

4377: 4226: 4114: 3098: 2193: 1602: 1538: 1391: 1212: 938: 914: 879: 863: 730: 213: 147: 5252:

Grayson, Benson Lee (2005). "Amid Problems, the American Presence Grows".

3012: 7823: 7104: 6265: 6238: 6094: 5888: 3119:

Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert

2281:

Muhamad Ali (2016). "Controlling Politics and Bureaucratising Religion".

1359: 1200: 1126: 557: 427: 49: 7361: 7257: 5703: 4172:

Seven League Boots: Adventures Across the World from Arabia to Abyssinia

3888: 3640: 3512: 3495: 3168: 2989: 2486: 1411:, the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship. 1093: 6891: 5812: 4748: 4733: 4677: 4443: 4064: 3379: 3132: 2936: 2915: 2744: 2656: 2531: 1843:

in Ta'if. Ibn Saud's body was brought to Riyadh where he was buried in

1840: 1781:

was suggested to him as the source of development loans instead of the

1443: 1327:. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the 1255: 3875:

Bahgat Gawdat (Winter 2004). "Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism".

3013:"Mapping Tribes: Ottoman Spatial Thinking in Iraq and Arabia, c. 1910" 1211:

in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British

7019: 5923: 5873: 5427:

The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud

4897:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

4335:"Ibn Saud, King of Arabia, Goes out from Mecca to Grant an Interview" 4020: 3342: 1825: 1533:. However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the 1274: 1247: 1162: 1118: 1034: 990: 447: 407: 109: 5496: 4893: 4669: 2907: 2881: 1386:, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933. Through his advisers 8155: 7588: 3990:"King Abdulaziz archives reveal film about Saudi Army in Palestine" 3964:"File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia" 1113: 8521:

Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

4486:"Women and education in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and achievements" 3326: 1559:

segment of the Suez Canal. The meeting laid down the basis of the

1261: 8104: 7838: 7098: 6089: 6044: 6019: 4520:

Kings and Presidents Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR

3685:"جريدة الرأي ; راشد الخزاعي.. من رجالات الوطن ومناضلي الأمة" 2130:

List of things named after Saudi kings#Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman

1896: 1829: 1793: 1403: 1038: 1013:, who all had roles in the Saudi government. Ibn Saud was taught 966: 658: 58: 53: 8010: 6079: 6074: 5831: 5826: 5483: 5216:

History of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai with King Abdul Aziz Al Saud

4656:

C. C. Lewis (July 1933). "Ibn Sa'ūd and the Future of Arabia".

2225: 1809: 1682: 1678: 1606: 1347: 1266: 1235: 1182: 1178: 1047: 1030: 898: 244: 3850:"1945 Meeting of FDR and Saudi King Was Pivotal for Relations" 2283:

Islam and Colonialism: Becoming Modern in Indonesia and Malaya

1265:

Ibn Saud sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered

1025:

In 1891, the House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by

937:

in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after

41:"King Abdel-Aziz" redirects here. For the passenger ship, see 8089: 6114: 6084: 6029: 5918: 5908: 5850: 5807: 5094: 5092: 4246:

Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea

3037:

Saudi Arabia' Territorial Limits: A Study in Law and Politics

1805: 1797: 1568: 1282: 1278: 1185: 1014: 906: 897:. The family were exiled from their residence in the city of 5246:

American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900–1939

4794: 4112:

Mohammed Leopold Weiss (August 1929). "My friend Ibn Saud".

3563:"المجلة المصرية نون – سيرة حياة الأمير المناضل راشد الخزاعي" 2808:

Saudi Arabia 1902–1932: The Development of a Wahhabi Society

2379:

Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists

7818: 5690: 5144: 5142: 5047: 5045: 5043: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4457:

G. D. Van Peursem (April 1936). "Guests of King Ibn Saud".

1718: 1583: 1579: 1408: 1218:

The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support

925:

beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the

902: 5214:

Muneer Husainy and Khalid Al Sudairi. (27 November 2009).

5089: 4095:'s sister, after she got her divorce from Mubarak Al Sabah 3161:"Ibn Saud meets Sir Percy Cox in Uqair to draw boundaries" 862:), was an Arab political and religious leader who founded 3906:"Ibn Saud meets British Prime Minister Winston Churchill" 3033: 2639: 1674:

in May 1943 which introduced him as a legendary monarch.

1438:. This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British 1334: 5139: 5111: 5109: 5040: 4847: 4806: 2742: 2447:

Government administration in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1915:

Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

5000:"Message on the Death of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia" 3222:

Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: The Imperial Oasis

2408:

The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years

2377:

David W. Del Testa, ed. (2001). "Saūd, Abdulaziz ibn".

4978:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 42–43. 4111: 3396:

Saudi–American Relations 1968–78: A study in ambiguity

3017:

Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association

2216:), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the 1303:

Letter of Ibn Saud to the UK head of Persian Gulf 1930

8526:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

5771: 5106: 4894:

Michael R. T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2007).

4835: 4823: 4782: 3740:

The True Account of the History of Abdul Aziz Al Saud

2804: 1789:

battling each other, were "You are brothers, unite!"

1548:

on 14 February 1945. The meeting took place on board

1109:

Ibn Saud's signature in a document to Eqab bin Muhaya

977:, the First Saudi State, until its destruction by an 27:

Founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (r. 1932–1953)

3526: 3471:

The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power

3245: 2443: 2139:(2012 film) – a biopic film on Ibn Saud directed by 1563:. The other meeting was with British prime minister 1537:

was found to be connected to the German Ambassador,

1382:

Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by

841: 5462:. London: I. B. Taurus & Co. Ltd. p. 190. 5331:

Jews, Muslims and Jerusalem. Disputes and Dialogues

4948:"Sultan will have simple burial at Al Oud cemetery" 4332: 4230:. Vol. 12, no. 5. May 1961. pp. 3–5. 4186: 3225:. London; Totowa, NJ: Psychology Press. p. 9. 866:– the third Saudi state – and reigned as its first 5454: 5307: 5051: 4971: 4945: 4549: 4390: 4278: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3655:"الشيخ عز الدين القسام أمير المجاهدين الفلسطينيين" 3363: 3324: 3130: 3010: 2879: 2833: 2376: 2299: 1521:of Egypt and Sudan alongside Ibn Saud checking an 6798: 5409:The Politics of Truth. Management in Saudi Arabia 4920: 4690: 4626: 4456: 3218: 2676: 8467: 5281: 4719: 4586: 3295: 2609: 2285:. Tun: Edinburgh University Press. p. 150. 1696: 1020: 948: 5115: 4042: 3797: 3473:. New York: Touchstone. pp. 289–292, 300. 3181: 3105:. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 312–13. Print. 2882:"Captain Shakespear's Last Journey (Continued)" 2763: 2700: 2464: 1652:Ibn Saud (seated left) with his brother-in-law 5170: 5168: 4746: 3792:The Unification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 3560: 3556: 3554: 3537:Center for Strategic and International Studies 3493: 2965: 2585:"نورة بنت عبد الرحمن.. السيدة السعودية الأولى" 2507: 2404: 1978:The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 1586:and Taif in September 1945. Ibn Saud met with 1285:(oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the 34:. For the Ottoman ruler of the same name, see 8171: 7377: 7273: 6784: 6185: 5757: 5719: 5393:Saudi Arabia. The Shape of a Client Feudalism 5125:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. 4975:The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders) 4243: 3947:. Vol. 6, no. 20. 16 November 1953. 3874: 3847: 3594: 3465: 3065: 3011:Camille Lyans Cole; et al. (Fall 2022). 2642:"Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745–1975" 2256: 2158: 2156: 1369: 1137:Ibn Saud alongside captured weapons from the 649:Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud 5100:The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947 4900:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 344. 4756:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4516: 4483: 4361: 4298: 7787:Council of Economic and Development Affairs 5378:The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics 5165: 5074: 4655: 4421: 3900: 3898: 3624: 3551: 3392: 2452:California State University, San Bernardino 2280: 2007:The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 1949:The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India 1705:Ibn Saud was also very close to his sister 1434:In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the 8178: 8164: 7384: 7370: 7280: 7266: 7243:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 6791: 6777: 6192: 6178: 5764: 5750: 5726: 5712: 5460:The Third Reich and the Palestine Question 5391:Simons, Geoff (1998). Winberg Chai (ed.). 5256:. Indianapolis University. pp. 51–64. 5235:Arab News Network, London – United Kingdom 5102:. HM Stationery Office. 1947. p. 107. 4883:– via National Library of Australia. 4526:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 2. 4328: 4326: 4282:H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine 3600:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 3155: 3153: 2935: 2743:Mohammad Zaid Al Kahtani (December 2004). 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2450:(Master of Public Administration thesis). 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2153: 2087: 2058: 1969: 1940: 1561:future relations between the two countries 82: 8511:Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit 7391: 7287: 6953:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 6927:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 5733: 5420:The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers 5328: 5058:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4817: 4800: 4590:Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 4216: 4214: 4212: 4182: 4180: 3933: 3931: 3511: 2616:King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times 2381:. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. p. 165. 1712: 843:ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbd ar Raḥmān Āl Suʿūd 370:Mudhi bint Abdullah Almandeel Al Khalidi 5288:The Desert King: Ibn Saud and His Arabia 4107: 4105: 4103: 3895: 3843: 3841: 3590: 3588: 3496:"Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh" 3121:. London u.a.: Tauris, pp. 133–39. Print 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2467:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 1647: 1631: 1513: 1479: 1373: 1333: 1298: 1260: 1132: 1112: 1104: 1092: 952: 8506:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit 6290:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 5314:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 5251: 4841: 4357: 4355: 4323: 4294: 4292: 4239: 4237: 4195:University of California, Santa Barbara 3598:(1934). "The Operations in the Yemen". 3500:Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law 3150: 3061: 3059: 2727: 2703:"Discovery! The Search for Arabian Oil" 2400: 2398: 2331: 1922: 1800:and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish 1484:Ibn Saud converses with U.S. president 14: 8468: 7235:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 7225:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 5390: 4946:Abdul Nabi Shaheen (23 October 2011). 4829: 4788: 4209: 4177: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3928: 3738:Abdullah Al Ali Al Mansour Al Zaamil. 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2640:Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). 2162:Ibn Saud incorporated the kingdoms of 1624:Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne 1378:Ibn Saud with a foreigner in the 1930s 935:discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia 8159: 7365: 7261: 6772: 6199: 6173: 5745: 5707: 5694: 5406: 5358:James Parry. (January/February 1999. 5341:. University of North Carolina Press. 5305: 5028:. London. 11 November 1953. p. 5 4159:Ibn Saʻud: the puritan king of Arabia 4138:The Arabs: Journeys Beyond the Mirage 4100: 4016:"Saudi Arabian move for a settlement" 3838: 3585: 2813:University of California, Los Angeles 2538: 2305: 2233: 1188:. In the same year, he instituted an 959:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd 891:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd 674:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd 353:Nouf bint Nawwaf bin Nuri Al Shaalan 8185: 7230:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 6969:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 6646:Southern Israel cross-border attacks 6558:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 6489:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 5260: 4853: 4550:Nicholas DeAntonis (11 March 2021). 4352: 4333:Richard Halliburton (24 June 1935). 4289: 4279:Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981). 4234: 4140:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 3367:DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies 3056: 2746:The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz 2395: 1839:The funeral prayer was performed at 1819: 1488:(right) in 1945 through interpreter 8536:People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War 8496:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire 5387:. Boston: Houghton–Mifflin Company. 5022:"Western tributes to King Ibn Saud" 4627:Gabriel Marinescu (14 March 2023). 3951: 3910:King Abdulaziz Information Resource 2922: 2785: 2228:in 1902 it referred to his father, 855: 831: 24: 8491:20th-century kings of Saudi Arabia 7220:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 7111:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 5964:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 5512:Newspaper clippings about Ibn Saud 5448: 5344:Christopher D O'Sullivan. (2012). 5264:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World 5052:Mohammed Al Mutari (August 2018). 4867:"Warrior King Ibn Saud Dies at 73" 4471:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1936.tb00862.x 4285:(MA thesis). University of Kansas. 3661:. 19 November 1935. Archived from 3415:"Murabba Palace Historical Centre" 3034:Abdulkarim Mohamed Hamadi (1981). 2027: 1222:and Emir of the Hejaz, by sending 824:Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud 25: 8567: 7574:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 5648:Himself as King of Hejaz and Nejd 5477: 5002:. The American Presidency Project 4174:, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 255 4024:. No. 52217. 24 January 1952 2557:"King Abdulaziz' Noble Character" 2352:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 2108:Grand Cross with White Decoration 1725:Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of 1017:by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh. 985:in the early nineteenth century. 223:Himself (as King of Saudi Arabia) 8434: 8195: 7466: 7350: 7300: 7149:Agreement on Movement and Access 5482: 5068: 5014: 4992: 4965: 4939: 4914: 4887: 4859: 2969:The International History Review 2880:Douglas Carruthers (June 1922). 2421:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1 2113:Gran Cruz con distintivo blanco) 1998: 1882: 1661:an affectionate and caring man. 1636:Ibn Saud (seated) with his sons 1613: 1456: 1449:In 1935 Prince Rashed supported 1220:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 1082: 933:. As King, he presided over the 832:عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود 723: 7741:General Intelligence Presidency 7183:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 7177:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 7145:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 6350:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 6231:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 5989:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 5623:Himself as King of Saudi Arabia 4740: 4713: 4684: 4649: 4620: 4580: 4543: 4510: 4493:International Education Journal 4477: 4450: 4415: 4384: 4272: 4164: 4151: 4130: 4079:"King Saud's Maternal ancestry" 4071: 4036: 4008: 3982: 3868: 3848:Rudy Abramson (9 August 1990). 3826: 3814: 3784: 3771: 3758: 3745: 3732: 3715:"مركز الشرق العربي ـ برق الشرق" 3707: 3677: 3647: 3618: 3520: 3487: 3459: 3437: 3407: 3386: 3357: 3318: 3289: 3268: 3239: 3212: 3175: 3124: 3108: 3091: 3027: 3004: 2959: 2873: 2859: 2827: 2757: 2694: 2670: 2633: 2603: 2577: 2501: 2458: 2437: 2370: 1861: 1582:. His first flight was between 1421: 1141:after its surrender during the 1027:Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid 314:Lajah bint Khalid bin Hithlain 36:Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire 8556:World War II political leaders 8551:Survivors of terrorist attacks 6822:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 6638:Palestinian militancy campaign 5561:Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid 5248:University of Minnesota Press. 3445:"Rebirth of a historic center" 2805:Lawrence Paul Goldrup (1971). 2680:Saudi Arabia under King Faisal 2311: 2274: 2250: 2203: 2186: 2177: 1475: 1154:Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid 310:Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud 13: 1: 8450:Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia 7731:Chairman of the General Staff 6910:American trusteeship proposal 5979:Popular Resistance Committees 5369:H. St. J. B. Philby. (1955). 5254:Saudi Arabia. A Modern Reader 4170:Richard Halliburton. (2013). 3809:A Country Study: Saudi Arabia 3451:. Spring 1999. Archived from 3246:Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). 2982:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640981 2708:. Selwa Press. Archived from 2649:American University of Beirut 2444:George T. Fitzgerald (1983). 2243: 2212:, meaning "son of Saud" (see 2019:Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) 1697:Relations with family members 1594:Ibn Saud participated in the 1574:After naming his son Saud as 1446:tanks – between Arab states. 1097:Territorial evolution of the 1021:Exile and recapture of Riyadh 949:Early life and family origins 320:Jawhara bint Saad Al Sudairi 306:Luluwah bint Salih Al Dakhil 302:Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh 5695: 5337:Aaron David Miller. (1980). 4258:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050 4187:Paul Reed Baltimore (2014). 3278:Oxford University Press US, 3198:10.1080/19436149.2012.658667 2619:. London: Saqi. p. 12. 1732: 1342:against the alliance of the 1063:Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani 905:in 1922, then conquered the 784:Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish 297:Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair 7: 8541:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslims 7973:Water supply and sanitation 7802:History of the oil industry 7669:Mutaween (religious police) 6507:Palestinian suicide attacks 5516:20th Century Press Archives 5439:Van der D. Meulen. (1957). 5436:Princeton University Press. 5399:Richard H. Sanger. (1954). 4972:Jennifer Bond Reed (2006). 3325:Abdulaziz Al Fahad (2002). 2123: 1928: 1925: 1749:to be designated the heir. 1089:Unification of Saudi Arabia 1046:and frequently visited his 842: 324:Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 32:Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin 10: 8572: 8501:Burials at Al Oud cemetery 7083:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 7071:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 7065:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 6997:Palestinian autonomy talks 5190: 5179:Boletín Oficial del Estado 5175:Boletín Oficial del Estado 4921:Richard Cavendish (2003). 4691:Fahd M. Al Nafjan (1989). 4499:(1): 42–64. Archived from 3219:Clive Leatherdale (1983). 2839:The Middle East: A History 2677:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). 2348:"The kings of the Kingdom" 1847:next to his sister Noura. 1617: 1400:Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1370:Oil discovery and his rule 1086: 895:Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 684:Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 332:Fahda bint Asi Al Shammari 47: 40: 29: 8443: 8432: 8202: 8193: 8117: 8075: 7981: 7882: 7873: 7767: 7758: 7691: 7612: 7594:National Security Council 7554: 7550: 7541: 7484: 7475: 7464: 7403: 7348: 7307: 7298: 7197: 7040: 6993:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 6918: 6850:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 6807: 6768: 6541: 6404: 6249: 6207: 6169: 6144: 6123: 6067: 5997: 5884:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 5866: 5859: 5789: 5741: 5701: 5681:Head of the House of Saud 5678: 5670: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5611: 5608:Himself as Sultan of Nejd 5605: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5577:Himself as Sultan of Nejd 5574: 5565: 5557: 5552: 5527: 5432:Karl S Twitchell. (1958) 5403:Cornell University Press. 5244:John A. De Novo. (1963). 4768:10.1017/S0020743807071073 4603:10.1080/10669920120122243 4436:10.1080/00263209808701231 4222:"Greyhound of the Desert" 4157:Kenneth Williams. (1933) 4057:10.1080/00263209408701030 3751:Abdul-Hameed Al-Khateeb. 3612:10.1080/03068373408725322 3296:Isadore Jay Gold (1984). 3274:Joseph Kostiner. (1993). 2953:10.1080/17550910802576114 2941:Contemporary Arab Affairs 2688:Aligarh Muslim University 2524:10.1080/00263208708700697 2479:10.1017/S0026318400041432 1902: 1890: 1881: 1868: 1546:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1440:Rolls-Royce armoured cars 817: 794:Idrisid Emirate Rebellion 736: 718: 713: 709: 689: 679: 669: 657: 648: 643: 639: 380: 340:Haya bint Saad Al Sudairi 284: 271: 254: 231: 227: 219: 209: 198: 191: 179: 164: 153: 138: 128: 118: 108: 97: 90: 81: 74: 69: 7839:Tadawul (stock exchange) 7834:Supreme Economic Council 7782:Capital Market Authority 7736:General Staff Presidency 7589:Mabahith (secret police) 7032:Israel–Lebanon agreement 6844:Anglo-French Declaration 6840:Declaration to the Seven 6413:Misgav Am hostage crisis 5383:Amin al Rihani. (1928). 4118:. No. 144. Boston. 3779:Traits of King Abdulaziz 3764:Khairuddeen Al Zarkali. 3131:Abdullah Mohammad Sind. 2887:The Geographical Journal 2701:Wallace Stegner (2007). 2591:(in Arabic). 24 May 2020 2413:Harvard University Press 2174:until his death in 1953. 2146: 1756: 889:Ibn Saud was the son of 769:Second Saudi—Rashidi War 7721:Strategic Missile Force 6724:Israel–Palestine crisis 6575:Bringing Home the Goods 5914:Guardians of the Cedars 5674:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal 5600:Himself as King of Nejd 5585:Himself as Emir of Nejd 5504:Encyclopædia Britannica 5425:Gary Troeller. (1976). 5360:"A Man for our Century" 5333:. Liverpool University. 4747:Steffen Hertog (2007). 3494:Cameron Zargar (2017). 3085:10.1111/1468-2346.00211 2405:Jacob Goldberg (1986). 2324:Encyclopædia Britannica 2267:Encyclopædia Britannica 2230:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal 2096:Cross of Military Merit 1961:Knight Commander (KCSI) 1771:slavery in Saudi Arabia 1628:Descendants of Ibn Saud 1338:The Ikhwan army during 774:Saudi conquest of Hejaz 749:First Saudi—Rashidi War 7141:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 7061:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 6943:Tripartite Declaration 6566:Ain es Saheb airstrike 6447:South Lebanon conflict 5507:(12th ed.). 1922. 5443:. London: John Murray. 5407:Shahi, Afshin (2013). 5306:Lacey, Robert (1982). 5261:Herf, Jeffrey (2009). 5231:11 August 2011 at the 4424:Middle Eastern Studies 4045:Middle Eastern Studies 3877:Arab Studies Quarterly 3449:Saudi Embassy Magazine 3103:The Arab of the Desert 2867:Current Biography 1943 2511:Middle Eastern Studies 2079:Chief Commander Degree 2050:Knight Commander (KCB) 2032: 1990:Knight Commander (KBE) 1792:A staunch opponent of 1737:Ibn Saud's eldest son 1713:Assassination attempts 1657: 1645: 1526: 1511: 1379: 1351: 1304: 1270: 1145: 1143:Ha'il campaign of 1921 1130: 1110: 1102: 962: 913:would greatly bolster 804:First Arab–Israeli War 279:, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 7569:Consultative Assembly 7189:John Kerry Parameters 6862:Churchill White Paper 6828:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6384:Coastal Road massacre 6005:Arab Higher Committee 5894:Arab Liberation Front 5837:Palestinian Authority 5735:Arab–Israeli conflict 5491:at Wikimedia Commons 5441:The Wells of Ibn Saud 5429:. London: Frank Cass. 5401:The Arabian Peninsula 5329:Ma'oz, Moshe (2020). 5197:Michael Oren. (2007) 4658:International Affairs 4517:Bruce Riedel (2019). 4484:Amani Hamdan (2005). 3968:Qatar Digital Library 3401:University of Salford 3072:International Affairs 2031: 1783:US Export-Import Bank 1727:Royal Saudi Air Force 1691:Henry Maitland Wilson 1651: 1635: 1618:Further information: 1596:1948 Arab-Israeli War 1517: 1486:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1483: 1377: 1337: 1302: 1287:Great Mosque of Mecca 1264: 1136: 1116: 1108: 1096: 956: 267:, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia 173:Emir of Jabal Shammar 7171:Annapolis Conference 7165:UNSC Resolution 1701 7155:UNSC Resolution 1850 7137:UNSC Resolution 1583 7131:UNSC Resolution 1566 7127:UNSC Resolution 1559 7077:Wye River Memorandum 6933:Armistice agreements 6690:Gaza border protests 6612:Gaza–Israel conflict 6324:Lod Airport massacre 6157:United Arab Republic 6100:United Arab Emirates 6010:Arab Liberation Army 5654:King of Saudi Arabia 5395:. Palgrave Macillan. 5385:Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia 5348:Palgrave Macmillan. 5153:. 19 February 1947. 5075:Gamal Hagar (1981). 4699:University of Kansas 4378:10.1093/pastj/gtx057 4339:The Kansas City Star 4136:David Lamb. (1988). 4081:. Information Source 3939:"King of the Desert" 3790:Mohammed Al Maani'. 3755:, Part 2, pp.102–103 3573:on 11 September 2011 3561:المجلة المصرية نون. 3528:Anthony H. Cordesman 3393:Odah Sultan (1988). 3185:Middle East Critique 2172:King of Saudi Arabia 1852:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1802:1929 Hebron massacre 1451:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 1321:Dhaydan bin Hithlain 373:Possibly other wives 185:King of Saudi Arabia 169:Abdulaziz bin Mutaib 101:23 September 1932 – 92:King of Saudi Arabia 7829:Saudi Central Bank 7637:Freedom of religion 7418:Early Islamic State 7014:UNSC Resolution 497 7008:UNSC Resolution 478 7002:UNSC Resolution 452 6989:UNSC Resolution 446 6979:UNSC Resolution 425 6973:UNSC Resolution 350 6963:UNSC Resolution 339 6959:UNSC Resolution 338 6949:Khartoum Resolution 6937:Lausanne Conference 6886:Morrison–Grady Plan 6856:San Remo conference 6834:Balfour Declaration 6706:Gaza–Israel clashes 6698:Gaza–Israel clashes 6473:Mothers' Bus attack 6050:Revolutionary Cells 5267:. Yale University. 4923:"Death of Ibn Saud" 4872:The West Australian 4856:, pp. 226–227. 4803:, pp. 164–165. 4722:Middle East Journal 4557:The Washington Post 4197:. pp. 48, 91. 3530:(30 October 2002). 3513:10.5070/N4161038736 3304:Columbia University 3254:Columbia University 2900:1922GeogJ..59..401C 2751:University of Leeds 2319:"History of Arabia" 2260:(5 November 2021). 2236:, pp. 15, 65). 1194:nomadic pastoralist 1055:Abdullah bin Jiluwi 983:Ottoman–Wahhabi War 973:in the form of the 911:Islamic revivalists 754:Conquest of al-Hasa 623:Princess Al Jawhara 598:Prince Abdul Majeed 513:Prince Abdul Rahman 488:Princess Al Bandari 468:Prince Abdul Muhsin 363:Baraka Al Yamaniyah 356:Saida Al Yamaniyah 8531:People from Riyadh 7844:Telecommunications 7627:Capital punishment 7559:Allegiance Council 7438:Emirate of Diriyah 7423:Rashidun Caliphate 7413:Pre-Islamic Arabia 7159:Quartet Principles 7093:Clinton Parameters 6983:Camp David Accords 6366:Savoy Hotel attack 6216:1948 Palestine war 6055:South Lebanon Army 5944:Muslim Brotherhood 5664:Saud bin Abdulaziz 5456:Francis R. Nicosia 5364:Saudi Aramco World 5151:The New York Times 5026:The Canberra Times 4875:. 10 November 1953 4633:The Science Survey 4401:The New York Times 4392:Paul L. Montgomery 4365:Past & Present 4299:Amin K. Tokumasu. 3996:. 27 December 2017 3380:10.1111/dome.12073 3331:EUI Working Papers 3171:on 8 January 2016. 3097:Robert Wilson and 3042:Indiana University 2835:William Ochsenwald 2715:on 20 October 2013 2645:(Master's Project) 2415:. pp. 30–33. 2358:on 22 October 2012 2033: 1856:John Foster Dulles 1814:antisemitic tropes 1658: 1646: 1644:in the early 1950s 1527: 1512: 1380: 1352: 1305: 1271: 1205:William Shakespear 1146: 1131: 1111: 1103: 997:, Bazza, Haya and 975:Emirate of Diriyah 963: 921:. Concording with 573:Prince Abdul Illah 157:13 January 1902 – 8516:Founding monarchs 8463: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8427: (1947–1994) 8421: (born 1945) 8413: (born 1942) 8407: (born 1942) 8401: (1942–2007) 8395: (1941–2012) 8389: (1941–2013) 8383: (1940–2023) 8377: (born 1939) 8371: (1938–2003) 8365: (1937–1958) 8359: (born 1935) 8353: (1934–2008) 8347: (1934–2016) 8341: (1934–2012) 8333: (1932–2015) 8327: (1932–2013) 8321: (1932–2000) 8315: (1931–2018) 8309: (1931–2019) 8303: (1931–2017) 8297: (1928–2011) 8289: (1926–2017) 8283: (1925–1985) 8277: (1924–2015) 8271: (1923–2013) 8265: (1923–2019) 8259: (1921–2005) 8253: (1921–1951) 8247: (1915–1993) 8241: (1913–1982) 8235: (1911–1984) 8229: (1910–1988) 8221: (1906–1975) 8215: (1902–1969) 8209: (1900–1919) 8153: 8152: 8113: 8112: 7941:Human trafficking 7869: 7868: 7754: 7753: 7687: 7686: 7579:Foreign relations 7537: 7536: 7433:Abbasid Caliphate 7428:Umayyad Caliphate 7359: 7358: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7121:Geneva Initiative 7089:Camp David Summit 7049:Madrid Conference 7026:Reagan peace plan 6999: 6904:UN Partition Plan 6898:London Conference 6880:London Conference 6816:Damascus Protocol 6764: 6763: 6665:Pillar of Defense 6316:Sabena Flight 571 6282:Battle of Karameh 6201:Armed engagements 6165: 6164: 6063: 6062: 6035:Japanese Red Army 5790:Primary countries 5689: 5688: 5661:Succeeded by 5621:Succeeded by 5598:Succeeded by 5575:Succeeded by 5498:"Ibn Sa'ud" 5487:Media related to 5469:978-1-85043-010-0 5416:Benjamin Shwadran 5321:978-0-15-147260-4 5298:978-0-906527-62-7 5274:978-0-300-15583-9 5132:978-0-7475-7874-1 4907:978-1-57607-919-5 4506:on 19 April 2012. 4394:(26 March 1975). 3970:. 13 January 1948 3854:Los Angeles Times 3695:on 8 October 2011 3665:on 11 August 2011 3455:on 7 August 2013. 3232:978-0-7146-3220-9 3115:John C. Wilkinson 2852:978-0-07-244233-5 2769:"Prince of Arabs" 2626:978-0-86356-761-2 2430:978-0-6742-8184-4 2411:. Cambridge, MA: 2292:978-1-4744-0920-9 2136:King of the Sands 2121: 2120: 2075:18 February 1947 2038:Order of the Bath 1986:23 November 1916 1957:23 November 1916 1910: 1909: 1820:Death and funeral 1565:Winston Churchill 1557:Great Bitter Lake 1490:Colonel Bill Eddy 1329:Battle of Sabilla 1313:Faisal Al Duwaish 1309:Arabian Peninsula 1159:guerrilla warfare 1099:Third Saudi State 971:Arabian Peninsula 931:Jannat al-Mu'alla 840: 821: 820: 764:Al-Khurma dispute 653: 652: 204:23 September 1932 202:8 January 1926 – 159:23 September 1932 114:23 September 1932 43:MV King Abdelaziz 16:(Redirected from 8563: 8438: 8199: 8187:Sons of Ibn Saud 8180: 8173: 8166: 8157: 8156: 8133: 8126: 7966:response to ISIL 7880: 7879: 7824:Riyal (currency) 7765: 7764: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7494:Cities and towns 7482: 7481: 7470: 7448:Kingdom of Hejaz 7386: 7379: 7372: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7304: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7209:Trump peace plan 7201: 6995: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6755: 6752:Israel–Hamas war 6747: 6743:Shield and Arrow 6737: 6727: 6719: 6709: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6682:Wave of violence 6677: 6669: 6659: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6615: 6607: 6599: 6589: 6579: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6534: 6524: 6514: 6502: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6416: 6397: 6387: 6379: 6369: 6361: 6358:Ma'alot massacre 6353: 6345: 6335: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6303: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6274:War of Attrition 6269: 6261: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6223:Arab–Israeli War 6218: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6068:Other countries 5864: 5863: 5804:Egyptian Kingdom 5766: 5759: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5705: 5704: 5692: 5691: 5671:Preceded by 5646:Preceded by 5629:Preceded by 5606:Preceded by 5583:Preceded by 5558:Preceded by 5548: 5541: 5525: 5524: 5508: 5500: 5486: 5473: 5412: 5396: 5334: 5325: 5313: 5302: 5283:David A. Howarth 5278: 5257: 5184: 5183: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5083:Keele University 5072: 5066: 5065: 5049: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4753: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4564:on 18 March 2021 4560:. Archived from 4547: 4541: 4540: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4459:The Muslim World 4454: 4448: 4447: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4307:. Archived from 4296: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4218: 4207: 4206: 4184: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4161:, J. Cape, p. 21 4155: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4109: 4098: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3949: 3948: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3912:. Archived from 3902: 3893: 3892: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3777:Fahd Al Maarik. 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3691:. Archived from 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3569:. Archived from 3558: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3421:. Archived from 3411: 3405: 3404: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3293: 3287: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3167:. Archived from 3157: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3112: 3106: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2877: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2802: 2783: 2782: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2740: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2646: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2611:Alexei Vassiliev 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2553: 2536: 2535: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2354:. Archived from 2344: 2329: 2328: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2254: 2237: 2207: 2201: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2160: 2091: 2062: 2002: 1973: 1944: 1920: 1919: 1886: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1654:Mubarak Al Sabah 1508:William D. Leahy 1501:Yalta Conference 1436:Saudi-Yemeni War 1428:Rashed Al-Khuzai 1317:Sultan bin Bajad 1294:Treaty of Jeddah 1077:Faisal bin Turki 1044:Mubarak Al Sabah 927:Al-Baqi Cemetery 857: 845: 835: 833: 799:Saudi–Yemeni War 759:Battle of Kanzan 744:Battle of Riyadh 729: 727: 726: 699:religious leader 696:Tribal chieftain 641: 640: 627:Princess Latifa 498:Princess Luluwah 493:Princess Sultana 391: 261: 241: 239: 205: 160: 123:Post established 104: 86: 67: 66: 21: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8439: 8430: 8200: 8189: 8184: 8154: 8149: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8109: 8071: 8033:Public holidays 7977: 7865: 7809:Foreign workers 7750: 7683: 7608: 7599:Nuclear program 7533: 7471: 7462: 7443:Emirate of Nejd 7399: 7390: 7360: 7355: 7346: 7305: 7294: 7286: 7256: 7247: 7215:Abraham Accords 7199: 7193: 7036: 7018:1981–1982 6914: 6868:Peel Commission 6803: 6801:peace proposals 6797: 6760: 6750: 6740: 6730: 6722: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6662: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6628: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6592: 6582: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6550:Second Intifada 6548: 6537: 6530:Grapes of Wrath 6527: 6517: 6505: 6495: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6419: 6411: 6400: 6390: 6382: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6338: 6332:Munich massacre 6330: 6322: 6314: 6306: 6296: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6245: 6237: 6229: 6221: 6214: 6203: 6198: 6161: 6140: 6119: 6059: 6015:Black September 5993: 5934:Lebanese Forces 5855: 5851:Ba'athist Syria 5847:Syrian Republic 5792:and authorities 5791: 5785: 5784: 5770: 5737: 5732: 5697: 5684: 5676: 5666: 5657: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5632:Ali bin Hussein 5624: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5495: 5480: 5470: 5451: 5449:Further reading 5446: 5366:, pp. 4–11 5322: 5299: 5291:. McGraw-Hill. 5275: 5233:Wayback Machine 5193: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5166: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5117:Saïd K. Aburish 5114: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5073: 5069: 5050: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4940: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4718: 4714: 4689: 4685: 4670:10.2307/2603605 4654: 4650: 4637: 4635: 4625: 4621: 4585: 4581: 4567: 4565: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4455: 4451: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4389: 4385: 4360: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4290: 4277: 4273: 4242: 4235: 4220: 4219: 4210: 4185: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4135: 4131: 4110: 4101: 4091:married Hussa, 4084: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3952: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3916:on 22 July 2013 3904: 3903: 3896: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3856:. Washington DC 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3798: 3794:, Part 1, p.433 3789: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3719:Asharq Al Arabi 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3623: 3619: 3593: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3464: 3460: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3425:on 19 June 2013 3413: 3412: 3408: 3391: 3387: 3362: 3358: 3323: 3319: 3294: 3290: 3273: 3269: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3180: 3176: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3137:Social Sciences 3129: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3096: 3092: 3064: 3057: 3032: 3028: 3009: 3005: 2964: 2960: 2934: 2923: 2908:10.2307/1780633 2878: 2874: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845:. p. 697. 2832: 2828: 2803: 2786: 2774:Foreign Affairs 2765:Joel Carmichael 2762: 2758: 2741: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2539: 2506: 2502: 2463: 2459: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2346: 2345: 2332: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2279: 2275: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2220:, similar to a 2208: 2204: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2126: 2067:Legion of Merit 2046:1 January 1935 2043:United Kingdom 2015:1 January 1920 2012:United Kingdom 1983:United Kingdom 1954:United Kingdom 1892:Reference style 1874: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1850:U.S. president 1845:Al Oud cemetery 1822: 1759: 1735: 1715: 1699: 1677:Ibn Saud had a 1656:in Kuwait, 1910 1630: 1616: 1535:Kingdom of Iraq 1510:(left) watches. 1492:, on board the 1478: 1459: 1424: 1372: 1331:in March 1929. 1325:Ikhwan rebelled 1244:Eqab bin Mohaya 1209:Treaty of Darin 1190:agrarian policy 1139:Rashidi Emirate 1091: 1085: 1023: 951: 813: 809:Buraimi Dispute 789:Najran conflict 724: 722: 714:Military career 705: 635: 603:Prince Hathloul 578:Princess Madawi 538:Prince Turki II 478:Princess Qumash 418:Prince Muhammad 399: 398: 388:among others... 385: 384: 376: 293: 292: 280: 277:Al Oud cemetery 263: 259: 258:9 November 1953 243: 242:15 January 1875 237: 235: 214:Ali bin Hussein 203: 158: 103:9 November 1953 102: 63: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8569: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8454: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8201: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8135: 8134: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8081: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7916: 7914:Discrimination 7911: 7910: 7909: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7746:Military ranks 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7726:National Guard 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7604:Prime Minister 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7458:Modern history 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7151: 7133: 7123: 7117: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7057: 7051: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6985: 6975: 6965: 6955: 6945: 6939: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799:Diplomacy and 6796: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6738: 6728: 6720: 6710: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6660: 6655:Returning Echo 6650: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6608: 6600: 6590: 6580: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6525: 6520:Accountability 6515: 6503: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6465:First Intifada 6461: 6451: 6443: 6439:Bus 300 affair 6435: 6427: 6417: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6380: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6308:Yom Kippur War 6304: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6136:United Nations 6133: 6131:European Union 6127: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6105:United Kingdom 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5939:al-Mourabitoun 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Ba'athist Iraq 5815: 5810: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5687: 5686: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5638:King of Hejaz 5635: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5591:Sultan of Nejd 5587: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5553:Regnal titles 5550: 5549: 5531: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5509: 5479: 5478:External links 5476: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5413: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5356: 5342: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5303: 5297: 5279: 5273: 5258: 5249: 5242: 5236: 5223: 5222:. Cairo, Egypt 5212: 5210:978-1849044646 5202: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5164: 5138: 5131: 5105: 5088: 5081:(PhD thesis). 5067: 5039: 5013: 4991: 4984: 4964: 4938: 4913: 4906: 4886: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4832:, p. 191. 4822: 4820:, p. 164. 4805: 4793: 4791:, p. 189. 4781: 4762:(4): 539–563. 4739: 4728:(3): 421–422. 4712: 4701:. p. 83. 4697:(PhD thesis). 4683: 4648: 4619: 4579: 4542: 4532: 4509: 4476: 4449: 4414: 4383: 4351: 4322: 4311:on 8 July 2013 4288: 4271: 4233: 4208: 4193:(PhD thesis). 4176: 4163: 4150: 4146:978-0394757582 4129: 4099: 4070: 4051:(4): 930–943. 4035: 4007: 3981: 3950: 3927: 3894: 3867: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3796: 3783: 3770: 3757: 3744: 3731: 3706: 3676: 3646: 3635:(2): 125–142. 3628:Insight Turkey 3617: 3584: 3550: 3519: 3486: 3479: 3458: 3436: 3406: 3399:(PhD thesis). 3385: 3374:(2): 187–212. 3356: 3317: 3306:. p. 18. 3302:(PhD thesis). 3288: 3267: 3256:. p. 56. 3252:(PhD thesis). 3238: 3231: 3211: 3174: 3149: 3123: 3107: 3090: 3055: 3044:. p. 60. 3040:(PhD thesis). 3026: 3003: 2958: 2921: 2872: 2869:', pp. 330–334 2858: 2851: 2841:. Boston, MA: 2826: 2815:. p. 25. 2811:(PhD thesis). 2784: 2756: 2749:(PhD thesis). 2726: 2693: 2686:(PhD thesis). 2669: 2632: 2625: 2602: 2576: 2537: 2518:(2): 150–171. 2500: 2457: 2436: 2429: 2394: 2388:978-1573561532 2387: 2369: 2330: 2310: 2298: 2291: 2273: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2202: 2185: 2176: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2105: 2104:22 April 1952 2102: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2072:United States 2070: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2034: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1863: 1860: 1821: 1818: 1779:the World Bank 1758: 1755: 1734: 1731: 1714: 1711: 1698: 1695: 1615: 1612: 1477: 1474: 1458: 1455: 1423: 1420: 1388:St John Philby 1371: 1368: 1356:Murabba Palace 1344:British Empire 1224:T. E. Lawrence 1192:to settle the 1167:Rawdat Muhanna 1129:, Basrah, 1916 1117:Ibn Saud with 1084: 1081: 1042:Kuwaiti ruler 1022: 1019: 950: 947: 941:. He fathered 819: 818: 815: 814: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 740: 738: 734: 733: 720: 716: 715: 711: 710: 707: 706: 704: 703: 700: 697: 693: 691: 687: 686: 681: 677: 676: 671: 667: 666: 661: 655: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 637: 636: 634: 633: 628: 625: 620: 615: 610: 608:Prince Mashour 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 583:Prince Mamdouh 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 528:Prince Mishari 525: 520: 515: 510: 508:Princess Seeta 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 473:Prince Mishaal 470: 465: 460: 458:Prince Musa'id 455: 450: 445: 443:Prince Mansour 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 403:Prince Turki I 396: 395: 394: 392: 378: 377: 375: 374: 371: 368: 365: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 337: 334: 329: 326: 321: 318: 315: 312: 307: 304: 299: 290: 289: 288: 286: 282: 281: 275: 273: 269: 268: 262:(aged 78) 256: 252: 251: 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 200: 196: 195: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 166: 162: 161: 155: 151: 150: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 99: 95: 94: 88: 87: 79: 78: 72: 71: 26: 18:King Abdulaziz 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8568: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8275:King Abdullah 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7353: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6896:1946–47 6895: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6733:Breaking Dawn 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6595:Autumn Clouds 6591: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6258:Samu incident 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145:Former states 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124:Transnational 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:United States 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025:Holy War Army 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5899:Army of Islam 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860:Organizations 5858: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818:Iraqi Kingdom 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:All-Palestine 5797: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5781:Organizations 5780: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5593: 5592: 5581: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5533:House of Saud 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5085:. p. 41. 5084: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4987: 4985:9780791092187 4981: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4928:History Today 4924: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4844:, p. 52. 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4583: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4533:9780815737162 4529: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3835:, 3 July 1939 3834: 3829: 3823:, 26 May 1941 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3753:The Just Imam 3748: 3741: 3735: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3606:(3): 445–49. 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:K S Twitchell 3591: 3589: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3480:9780671799328 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467:Daniel Yergin 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3284:0-19-507440-8 3281: 3277: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3067:Gerd Nonneman 3062: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2947:(1): 90–105. 2946: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2767:(July 1942). 2766: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2690:. p. 52. 2689: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2454:. p. 55. 2453: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2308:, p. 51. 2307: 2302: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2258:John B. Glubb 2253: 2249: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:Scottish clan 2219: 2218:House of Saud 2215: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2142: 2141:Najdat Anzour 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1867: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1834:Shubra Palace 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1687:Field Marshal 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1671:Life magazine 1666: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1638:Prince Faisal 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:House of Saud 1614:Personal life 1611: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525:unit in 1946. 1524: 1523:Egyptian army 1520: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1505:Fleet Admiral 1502: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1457:Charity works 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1444:Renault FT-17 1441: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1416:Prince Faisal 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1252:British India 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1123:Gertrude Bell 1120: 1115: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1083:Rise to power 1080: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1059:Empty Quarter 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1009:, Ahmed, and 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 960: 955: 946: 944: 943:many children 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Islamic world 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 884:King of Hejaz 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 853: 849: 844: 838: 829: 825: 816: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 779:Ikhwan Revolt 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 739: 735: 732: 721: 717: 712: 708: 701: 698: 695: 694: 692: 688: 685: 682: 678: 675: 672: 668: 665: 664:House of Saud 662: 660: 656: 647: 642: 638: 632: 631:Princess Nouf 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 618:Prince Hamoud 616: 614: 613:Prince Muqrin 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:Prince Sattam 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 568:Prince Thamir 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 553:Prince Fawwaz 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Prince Nawwaf 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 518:Prince Mutaib 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503:Princess Haya 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 483:Prince Sultan 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 463:King Abdullah 461: 459: 456: 454: 453:Prince Bandar 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 438:Princess Sara 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 423:Prince Nasser 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 393: 390: 389: 383: 379: 372: 369: 366: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 341: 338: 335: 333: 330: 327: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 311: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 287: 283: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:Shubra Palace 257: 253: 250: 246: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 201: 197: 194: 193:King of Hejaz 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 156: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 113: 111: 107: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 80: 77: 73: 68: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 8445: 8416: 8399:Abdul Majeed 8336: 8301:Abdul Rahman 8292: 8281:Abdul Muhsin 8224: 7956:Prostitution 7929:universities 7902:Demographics 7797:Oil reserves 7642:Human rights 7509:Governorates 7393:Saudi Arabia 7311: 7292:Saudi Arabia 7157: / 7147: / 7143: / 7139: / 7129: / 7113: / 7091: / 7063: / 7055:Oslo Accords 7000: / 6991: / 6981: / 6971: / 6961: / 6951: / 6935: / 6842: / 6742: 6732: 6714: 6664: 6654: 6620: 6594: 6585:Summer Rains 6584: 6574: 6529: 6519: 6509:(1993–2008; 6498:Bramble Bush 6497: 6455: 6421: 6392: 6374: 6340: 6298: 6152:Soviet Union 5842:Saudi Arabia 5679: 5652: 5637: 5614:King of Nejd 5612: 5589: 5568:Emir of Nejd 5566: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5502: 5481: 5459: 5440: 5434:Saudi Arabia 5433: 5426: 5419: 5411:. Routledge. 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5377: 5371:Saudi Arabia 5370: 5363: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5309: 5287: 5263: 5253: 5245: 5219: 5198: 5182:(in Spanish) 5174: 5150: 5121: 5099: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5030:. Retrieved 5025: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4994: 4974: 4967: 4955:. Retrieved 4951: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4916: 4896: 4889: 4877:. Retrieved 4870: 4861: 4849: 4842:Grayson 2005 4837: 4825: 4796: 4784: 4759: 4755: 4742: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4693: 4686: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4643: 4638:30 September 4636:. Retrieved 4632: 4622: 4614: 4597:(1): 49–70. 4594: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4568:30 September 4566:. Retrieved 4562:the original 4555: 4545: 4537: 4519: 4512: 4501:the original 4496: 4492: 4479: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4430:(3): 34–53. 4427: 4423: 4417: 4405:. Retrieved 4399: 4386: 4369: 4363: 4344:27 September 4342:. Retrieved 4338: 4313:. 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Retrieved 3136: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3099:Zahra Freeth 3093: 3076: 3070: 3036: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3006: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2944: 2940: 2891: 2885: 2875: 2865: 2861: 2838: 2829: 2807: 2781:(July 1942). 2778: 2772: 2759: 2745: 2717:. Retrieved 2710:the original 2696: 2679: 2672: 2660:. Retrieved 2635: 2615: 2605: 2593:. Retrieved 2588: 2579: 2567:. Retrieved 2563: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2473:(1): 45–46. 2470: 2466: 2460: 2446: 2439: 2407: 2378: 2372: 2360:. Retrieved 2356:the original 2351: 2322: 2313: 2301: 2282: 2276: 2265: 2252: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2194:Robert Lacey 2188: 2179: 2134: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2094: 2078: 2065: 2049: 2036: 2018: 2006: 1989: 1976: 1960: 1947: 1911: 1906:Your Majesty 1903:Spoken style 1873: 1862:State honors 1849: 1838: 1823: 1791: 1787: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1736: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1603:Persian Gulf 1600: 1593: 1576:crown prince 1573: 1551: 1543: 1539:Fritz Grobba 1528: 1499:, after the 1495: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1448: 1433: 1425: 1422:Foreign wars 1413: 1396: 1392:Ameen Rihani 1381: 1364: 1353: 1350:and Ibn Saud 1340:their revolt 1306: 1291: 1272: 1241: 1217: 1213:protectorate 1198: 1176: 1151: 1147: 1073: 1052: 1024: 987: 981:army in the 964: 957:His father, 939:World War II 915:pan-Islamism 888: 880:King of Nejd 864:Saudi Arabia 859: 847: 823: 822: 737:Battles/wars 731:Saudi Arabia 593:Prince Ahmed 563:Prince Majid 548:Prince Nayef 523:Prince Talal 386: 260:(1953-11-09) 183:Himself (as 148:King of Nejd 122: 76:Imam of Nejd 75: 64: 57: 8486:1953 deaths 8481:1875 births 8357:King Salman 8239:King Khalid 8219:King Faisal 7996:Visual arts 7936:Health care 7772:Agriculture 7716:Air Defense 7679:Visa policy 7504:Earthquakes 7453:Unification 7105:Taba Summit 6874:White Paper 6754:(2023–2024) 6684:(2015–2016) 6632:(2008–2009) 6624:(2007–2008) 6604:Lebanon War 6552:(2000–2005) 6467:(1987–1993) 6431:Lebanon War 6344:(1972–1979) 6292:(1968–1982) 6276:(1967–1970) 6266:Six-Day War 6239:Suez Crisis 6233:(1949–1956) 6225:(1948–1949) 6095:North Korea 5889:Arab League 5778:Authorities 5310:The Kingdom 4830:Simons 1998 4789:Simons 1998 2843:McGraw Hill 2657:10938/10663 2595:7 September 2564:Islam House 2214:Arabic name 2198:The Kingdom 1923:Decoration 1897:His Majesty 1743:Prince Saud 1642:Prince Saud 1640:(left) and 1588:King Farouk 1519:King Farouk 1476:Later years 1442:and French 1360:Masmak Fort 1201:World War I 1127:Arab Revolt 1125:during the 1101:(1902–1932) 917:across the 558:King Salman 533:Prince Badr 433:Prince Saad 428:King Khalid 413:King Faisal 210:Predecessor 165:Predecessor 119:Predecessor 50:Arabic name 8470:Categories 8448:indicates 8375:Abdul Elah 8021:television 7892:Censorship 7814:Irrigation 7241:2022 7213:2020 7207:2019 7187:2016 7181:2013 7175:2010 7169:2007 7163:2006 7153:2006 7135:2005 7125:2004 7119:2003 7109:2002 7103:2001 7097:2000 7087:2000 7081:1999 7075:1998 7069:1995 7059:1994 7053:1993 7047:1991 7030:1983 7024:1982 7012:1981 7006:1980 6987:1979 6977:1978 6967:1974 6957:1973 6947:1967 6941:1950 6931:1949 6925:1948 6908:1948 6902:1947 6892:Bevin Plan 6890:1947 6884:1946 6878:1939 6872:1939 6866:1937 6860:1922 6854:1920 6848:1919 6838:1918 6832:1917 6826:1916 6820:1915 6814:1914 6808:Background 6715:Black Belt 6621:Hot Winter 6481:Tunis raid 6456:Wooden Leg 5813:Hamas Gaza 5685:1901–1953 5658:1932–1953 5641:1926–1932 5618:1927–1932 5595:1921–1927 5572:1902–1921 5418:. (1973). 5354:1137025247 4818:Ma'oz 2020 4801:Ma'oz 2020 4664:(4): 529. 4465:(2): 113. 4372:(1): 247. 4203:1638271483 4028:2 November 3724:25 October 3699:25 October 3669:25 October 3577:25 October 3543:5 February 3142:10 January 3117:. (1993). 3101:. (1983). 3079:(3): 638. 2976:(4): 792. 2937:Mai Yamani 2894:(6): 402. 2662:23 January 2647:. Beirut: 2306:Shahi 2013 2262:"Ibn Saud" 2244:References 2234:Lacey 1982 1841:Al Hawiyah 1256:Suez Canal 1087:See also: 1068:city walls 1029:conquered 719:Allegiance 702:politician 690:Occupation 238:1875-01-15 8257:King Fahd 8213:King Saud 7961:Terrorism 7924:libraries 7919:Education 7854:Transport 7777:Companies 7711:Air Force 7664:Judiciary 7632:Elections 7622:Basic Law 7519:Provinces 7514:Mountains 7477:Geography 7041:1991–2016 7020:Fahd Plan 6919:1948–1983 6542:2000–2021 6405:1980–1999 6250:1960–1979 6208:1947–1959 5984:as-Sa'iqa 5924:Hezbollah 5874:Abu Nidal 5775:Countries 5529:Ibn Saud 5422:, 3rd ed. 5201:. Norton. 5159:107818801 5064:(2): 144. 4952:Gulf News 4854:Herf 2009 4776:145139112 4707:303791009 4611:145685854 4575:destroyer 4315:2 January 4266:153320942 4124:203560415 4021:The Times 3994:Arab News 3974:18 August 3766:Al-Wajeez 3351:1028-3625 3343:1814/1769 3312:303285941 3262:303101806 3206:144536155 3192:(1): 66. 3050:303155302 3023:(2): 226. 2998:153471013 2821:302463650 2495:185974453 1870:Styles of 1826:arthritis 1773:in 1967. 1733:Successor 1550:USS 1494:USS 1358:from the 1275:Hashemite 1248:Percy Cox 1163:qaimmaqam 1152:In 1904, 1119:Percy Cox 1035:Al Murrah 991:sheikhdom 860:Ibn Suʿūd 837:romanized 448:King Fahd 408:King Saud 347:Munaiyir 336:Bazza II 220:Successor 180:Successor 129:Successor 8476:Ibn Saud 8393:Hathloul 8345:Turki II 8226:Muhammad 8140:Category 8067:Heritage 8055:football 8038:Religion 8011:Language 7951:Polygamy 7887:Abortion 7693:Military 7674:Passport 7543:Politics 7529:Wildlife 7397:articles 7337:Abdullah 7312:Ibn Saud 7289:Kings of 7115:Road map 6674:Gaza War 6630:Gaza War 5808:Republic 5696:Ibn Saud 5489:Ibn Saud 5458:(1985). 5285:(1964). 5229:Archived 5155:ProQuest 5119:(2005). 5032:11 April 4703:ProQuest 4199:ProQuest 4120:ProQuest 3889:41858472 3742:, p. 429 3641:26390311 3469:(1991). 3419:Simbacom 3308:ProQuest 3286:, p. 104 3258:ProQuest 3046:ProQuest 2990:40111134 2837:(2004). 2817:ProQuest 2719:29 April 2613:(2013). 2589:Al Bayan 2569:29 April 2487:23063369 2210:Ibn Saud 2196:'s book 2124:See also 1926:Country 1875:Ibn Saud 1808:and the 1404:pilgrims 1228:Abdullah 1007:Abdullah 1003:Muhammad 929:and the 856:ابن سعود 848:Ibn Saud 397:See list 367:Futayma 328:Shahida 317:Bazza I 291:See list 70:Ibn Saud 48:In this 8546:Sultans 8446:Italics 8405:Mashour 8381:Mamdouh 8319:Mishari 8287:Mishaal 8269:Musa'id 8251:Mansour 8207:Turki I 8124:Outline 8077:Symbols 8062:Theatre 8006:Cuisine 7983:Culture 7946:Obesity 7875:Society 7849:Tourism 7760:Economy 7564:Cabinet 7499:Climate 7489:Borders 7405:History 7200:present 7099:Isratin 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