642:
In 1940s, Germany, the thrust of a rocket engine was measured in kilograms-force, in the Soviet Union it remained the primary unit for thrust in the
Russian space program until at least the late 1980s. Dividing the thrust in kilograms-force on the mass of an engine or a rocket in kilograms
265:
of 9.80665 m/s for this purpose in 1901, though they had been used in low-precision measurements of force before that time. Even then, the proposal to define kilogram-force as a standard unit of force was explicitly rejected. Instead, the
1414:
Breaking load (BL): The strength of a wire and its actual force (usually given in grams, grams-force, mN, etc.) required to break a particular wire in a tensile pull. It is not tensile strength, which by definition is the force per unit
198:. It is not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI) and is deprecated for most uses. The kilogram-force is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one
283:
Prior to this, the units were widely used in much of the world. They are still in use for some purposes; for example, they are used to specify tension of bicycle
1522:
European
Economic Community, Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement
1376:
The recommended tension for spokes in bicycle wheels can be as low as 80 Kilograms force (Kfg) and as high as 230 Kilograms force. Author=Park Tool
1252:
479:
1287:
484:
742:
703:), exactly 10 N, is used in some fields as an approximation to the kilogram-force, because it is close to the 9.80665 N of 1 kgf.
1438:
1399:
1248:
364:
1240:
1339:
43:
489:
273:
1543:
735:
469:
191:
48:
334:" (PS) as 75 metre-kiloponds per second. In addition, the kilogram force was the standard unit used for
619:
386:
1188:) as used in the official definition of the kilogram-force is used here for all gravitational units.
1492:
Klinkenberg, Adrian (1969). "The
American Engineering System of Units and Its Dimensional Constant g
1224:
218:, a conventional value approximating the average magnitude of gravity on Earth). That is, it is the
357:
1538:
1453:
In the past the units for
Vickers hardness were kg/mm2; in Table 12.6 we use the SI units of GPa.
1284:
728:
1326:
1314:
644:
335:
614:
316:
272:
was proposed in 1913 and accepted in 1948. The kilogram-force has never been a part of the
21:
8:
350:
185:
1444:
1434:
1405:
1395:
331:
1303:
1270:
1505:
1474:
1172:
652:
215:
1291:
1244:
668:
374:
1364:
1235:
648:
176:
1433:. David G. Rethwisch (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1532:
1448:
1409:
770:
752:
634:
597:
578:
474:
277:
268:
229:
1074:
496:
380:
1428:
1389:
257:
The gram-force and kilogram-force were never well-defined units until the
1465:
Comings, E. W. (1940). "English
Engineering Units and Their Dimensions".
1205:
1162:
288:
1509:
1478:
1343:
535:
512:
322:
222:
of a kilogram under standard gravity. One kilogram-force is defined as
1200:
296:
28:
592:
302:, for informal references to pressure (as the technically incorrect
604:
583:
579:
553:
377:
199:
1327:
Proceedings of the 5th
General Conference on Weights and Measures
1315:
Proceedings of the 3rd
General Conference on Weights and Measures
775:
292:
276:(SI), which was introduced in 1960. The SI unit of force is the
569:
219:
629:
624:
560:
548:
539:
534:
342:
Three approaches to metric units of mass and force or weight
284:
195:
58:
1365:"Balancing wheel tension with the TM-1 Spoke Tension Metre"
1272:
1267:
757:
587:
543:
525:
258:
203:
511:
647:, dividing the thrust on propellant consumption rate (
1225:
NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 5: Units
Outside the SI
1394:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 408.
1340:"Resolution 7 of the 9th meeting of the CGPM (1948)"
320:, the value of which is very near those of both the
27:"Kilopond" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1430:Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
1530:
658:The term "kilopond" has been declared obsolete.
736:
358:
1491:
743:
729:
613:
365:
351:
20:"kgf" redirects here. For other uses, see
1426:
618:
1320:
1308:
1464:
1275:Special Publication 811, (1995) page 51
1263:
1261:
1531:
1498:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1467:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1387:
1332:
1237:The international system of units (SI)
16:Weight on earth of a one-kilogram mass
190:'weight'), is a non-standard
1317:, 1901, pages 62–64 and 68, (french)
1258:
1255:Special Publication 330, 2008, p. 52
1249:United States Department of Commerce
651:) in kilograms per second gives the
1147:
1007:
985:
898:
830:
13:
1427:Callister, William D. Jr. (2010).
14:
1555:
1329:, 1913, pages 51 and 56, (french)
1304:Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901)
688:) are each 1000 kilograms-force.
1391:Wire Bonding in Microelectronics
661:
314:per square centimetre being the
263:standard acceleration of gravity
1516:
1485:
1458:
1420:
1381:
1357:
1297:
1278:
1229:
1218:
552:
304:kilogram per square centimetre
1:
1211:
547:
274:International System of Units
233:. Similarly, a gram-force is
633:
596:
591:
7:
1194:
628:
623:
241:, and a milligram-force is
126:British Gravitational units
49:Gravitational metric system
10:
1560:
1388:Harman, George G. (2010).
586:
542:
295:, and tensile strength of
252:
18:
1170:
1090:
1004:
921:
849:
781:
774:
769:
761:
756:
751:
724:
603:
559:
524:
495:
473:
468:
448:
417:
390:
136:
122:
108:
94:
90:
72:
64:
54:
42:
37:
488:
483:
478:
336:Vickers hardness testing
643:conveniently gives the
645:thrust to weight ratio
330:), and to define the "
180:
140:Absolute English units
716:of a kilogram-force.
214:gravitational field (
615:technical atmosphere
317:technical atmosphere
192:gravitational metric
22:KGF (disambiguation)
1544:Non-SI metric units
1510:10.1021/ie50712a010
1479:10.1021/ie50367a028
721:
620:standard atmosphere
343:
328:standard atmosphere
85:... is equal to ...
1290:2004-06-15 at the
1243:2016-06-03 at the
719:
706:The gram-force is
341:
144:
138:
130:
124:
118:980,665.0 dyn
116:
110:
102:
96:
1440:978-0-470-41997-7
1401:978-0-07-164265-1
1192:
1191:
640:
639:
387:2nd law of motion
332:metric horsepower
189:
150:
149:
146:70.93164 pdl
132:2.204623 lbf
73:Conversions
1551:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1342:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1294:, chapter 2.2.2.
1285:BIPM SI brochure
1282:
1276:
1265:
1256:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1187:
1185:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
982:
975:
971:
967:
958:
952:
950:
945:
939:
937:
932:
925:
917:
915:
910:
904:
903:
896:
891:
885:
883:
878:
872:
869:
863:
860:
853:
845:
842:
836:
835:
828:
823:
817:
815:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
785:
745:
738:
731:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
674:metric ton-force
653:specific impulse
461:
446:
445:
443:
442:
437:
434:
415:
414:
412:
411:
406:
403:
367:
360:
353:
344:
340:
248:
246:
240:
238:
232:
227:
216:standard gravity
213:
211:
184:
145:
139:
131:
125:
117:
111:
103:
97:
35:
34:
32:
25:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1463:
1459:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1292:Wayback Machine
1283:
1279:
1266:
1259:
1245:Wayback Machine
1234:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1197:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1085:32.174 pdl
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:70.932 pdl
998:
995:
989:
983:
980:
973:
969:
965:
964:
956:
948:
946:
943:
935:
933:
930:
923:
913:
911:
908:
902:
894:
892:
889:
881:
879:
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
851:
844:7.2330 pdl
843:
840:
834:
826:
824:
821:
813:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
783:
766:
749:
720:Units of force
712:
708:
707:
664:
568:
449:
438:
435:
426:
425:
423:
418:
407:
404:
399:
398:
396:
391:
371:
255:
244:
242:
236:
234:
225:
223:
209:
207:
165:
143:
137:
129:
123:
115:
109:
104:9.806650 N
101:
95:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:Units of force
1525:
1524:
1515:
1493:
1484:
1473:(7): 984–987.
1457:
1439:
1419:
1400:
1380:
1356:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1296:
1277:
1257:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1149:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1062:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1001:
992:
987:
977:
962:
953:
940:
927:
919:
918:
905:
900:
886:
873:
864:
855:
847:
846:
837:
832:
818:
805:
796:
787:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:kilogram-force
760:
755:
750:
748:
747:
740:
733:
725:
678:megagram-force
663:
660:
649:mass flow rate
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
582:
577:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
538:
533:
522:
521:
518:
515:
510:
507:
504:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
463:
462:
447:
416:
389:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
362:
355:
347:
310:, the kilogram
254:
251:
163:
154:kilogram-force
148:
147:
141:
134:
133:
127:
120:
119:
113:
106:
105:
99:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
38:kilogram-force
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1556:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1377:
1367:. Cyclingnews
1366:
1360:
1346:on 2020-06-22
1345:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1175:
1171:The value of
1169:
1164:
1155:
1136:
1123:
1110:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1061:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1015:
1003:
993:
978:
961:
954:
941:
928:
920:
906:
887:
874:
871:1 g⋅cm/s
865:
856:
848:
838:
819:
806:
797:
794:1 kg⋅m/s
788:
780:
777:
772:
764:
759:
754:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
726:
723:
717:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
662:Related units
659:
656:
654:
650:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
606:
602:
599:
594:
589:
581:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
555:
550:
545:
537:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
514:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
464:
460:
456:
452:
441:
433:
429:
421:
410:
402:
394:
388:
385:
384:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
348:
346:
345:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:
264:
260:
250:
231:
221:
217:
205:
201:
197:
193:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
159:
155:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
107:
100:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
45:
41:
36:
30:
23:
1518:
1504:(4): 53–59.
1501:
1497:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1334:
1322:
1310:
1299:
1280:
1271:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1173:
1059:
984:2.2046
959:
762:
705:
700:
696:
692:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
665:
657:
655:in seconds.
641:
608:
573:
564:
529:
500:
497:Acceleration
458:
454:
450:
439:
431:
427:
419:
408:
400:
392:
327:
321:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
297:electronics
282:
267:
262:
256:
172:
168:
161:
157:
153:
151:
84:
79:
55:Unit of
1206:Avoirdupois
916:10 pdl
803:10 dyn
771:pound-force
669:tonne-force
306:, omitting
291:of bows in
289:draw weight
78:1 kgf
44:Unit system
1533:Categories
1371:2013-09-03
1350:2021-03-02
1212:References
1161:1 lb⋅
884:10 kp
697:dekanewton
693:decanewton
261:adopted a
1449:401168960
1410:609421363
1201:Metrology
1186: m/s
1120: dyn
1038: dyn
951: dyn
862:10 N
767:kilopond
584:kilopond
540:kilogram
299:bond wire
212: m/s
112:CGS units
29:Kilopound
1288:Archived
1241:Archived
1195:See also
1133: kp
1051: kp
897:10
816: kp
682:megapond
605:Pressure
580:kilopond
554:kilogram
457:⋅
430:⋅
326:and the
247: μN
239: mN
200:kilogram
194:unit of
169:kilopond
98:SI units
1107: N
1073:1
1025: N
1006:1
938: N
776:poundal
711:⁄
466:System
444:
424:
413:
397:
378:Weight
293:archery
253:History
188:
175:, from
1447:
1437:
1408:
1398:
1158:
1146:
1139:
1126:
1113:
1100:
1093:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1018:
996:
981:
974:
970:
966:
957:
944:
931:
924:
912:7.2330
909:
893:2.2481
890:
880:1.0197
877:
868:
859:
852:
841:
829:
822:
809:
800:
791:
784:
753:newton
680:, and
635:pascal
598:newton
593:sthène
570:weight
375:Force
312:-force
308:-force
285:spokes
278:newton
269:newton
228:
220:weight
181:pondus
167:), or
80:in ...
65:Symbol
1415:area.
1182:9.806
1142:0.031
1129:0.014
1103:0.138
1047:0.453
1021:4.448
934:9.806
825:0.224
812:0.101
630:pieze
625:barye
561:Force
549:tonne
381:Mass
372:Base
243:9.806
235:9.806
224:9.806
208:9.806
206:in a
196:force
177:Latin
59:Force
1445:OCLC
1435:ISBN
1406:OCLC
1396:ISBN
1268:NIST
1253:NIST
1095:pdl
854:dyn
758:dyne
713:1000
691:The
666:The
588:dyne
544:gram
526:Mass
520:m/s
509:m/s
506:m/s
259:CGPM
204:mass
186:lit.
152:The
1506:doi
1496:".
1475:doi
1144:081
1131:098
1118:825
1105:255
1036:822
1034:444
1023:222
976:kg
949:665
947:980
926:kp
701:daN
695:or
536:hyl
517:m/s
513:Gal
485:MTS
480:CGS
323:bar
202:of
160:or
158:kgf
68:kgf
1535::
1502:61
1500:.
1471:32
1469:.
1451:.
1443:.
1412:.
1404:.
1374:.
1260:^
1251:,
1247:–
1184:65
1165:/s
1163:ft
1148:lb
1116:13
1075:lb
1049:59
1008:lb
986:lb
936:65
899:lb
831:lb
827:81
814:97
786:N
765:,
686:Mp
676:,
672:,
611:)
576:)
567:),
532:)
503:)
490:SI
470:GM
453:=
422:=
395:=
338:.
287:,
280:.
249:.
245:65
237:65
226:65
210:65
183:,
179::
173:kp
162:kg
1512:.
1508::
1494:c
1481:.
1477::
1353:.
1180:(
1177:n
1174:g
1156:≡
1150:F
1137:≈
1124:≈
1111:≈
1098:≈
1091:1
1080:≈
1068:×
1063:n
1060:g
1055:≡
1042:≈
1029:≈
1016:≈
1010:F
994:≈
988:F
979:≈
972:1
968:×
963:n
960:g
955:≡
942:=
929:=
922:1
914:×
907:≈
901:F
895:×
888:≈
882:×
875:≈
866:≡
857:=
850:1
839:≈
833:F
820:≈
807:≈
798:=
789:≡
782:1
744:e
737:t
730:v
709:1
699:(
684:(
609:p
607:(
574:W
572:(
565:F
563:(
530:m
528:(
501:a
499:(
475:M
459:a
455:m
451:F
440:g
436:/
432:a
428:W
420:F
409:a
405:/
401:F
393:m
366:e
359:t
352:v
230:N
171:(
164:F
156:(
31:.
24:.
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