33:
1509:
1279:
1261:
1517:
1243:
368:
950:
1855:
44:
1050:
sea water. When the diatom dies, the frustule is stripped of its organic layer and exposed to sea water. As a result, only 1% to 10% of frustules survive long enough to be buried under sediments and some of this is dissolved within the sediments. Only an estimated 0.05% to 0.15% of the original amount of silica produced by diatoms is preserved in the sedimentary record.
1862:
Natural dried, not calcinated diatomaceous earth is regularly used in livestock nutrition research as a source of acid-insoluble ash (AIA), which is used as an indigestible marker. By measuring the content of AIA relative to nutrients in test diets and feces or digesta sampled from the terminal ileum
1581:
medium, especially for swimming pools. It has a high porosity because it is composed of microscopically small, hollow particles. Diatomaceous earth (sometimes referred to by trademarked brand names such as Celite) is used in chemistry as a filtration aid, to increase flow rate, and filter very fine
1434:
accumulate in fresh and brackish wetlands and lakes. Some peats and mucks contain a sufficient abundance of frustules such that they can be mined. Most of
Florida's diatomaceous earths have been found in the muck of wetlands or lakes. The American Diatomite Corporation, from 1935 to 1946, refined a
1049:
Diatoms are able to extract silica from water that is less than 1% saturated in amorphous silica (saturation index (SI): -2). Their frustules remain undissolved because they are surrounded by an organic matrix. Clay minerals may also precipitate on the frustules and protect them from dissolution in
1748:
Its thermal properties enable it to be used as the barrier material in some fire-resistant safes. It is also used in evacuated powder insulation for use with cryogenics. Diatomaceous earth powder is inserted into the vacuum space to aid in the effectiveness of vacuum insulation. It was used in the
1648:
The shape of the diatoms contained in a deposit has not been proven to affect their functionality when it comes to the adsorption of lipids; however, certain applications, such as that for slugs and snails, do work best when a particularly shaped diatom is used, suggesting that lipid adsorption is
2022:
Diatomaceous earth is used in some home products where dryness or the ability to wick away moisture is critical. In particular there are bath mats made of DE which absorb water from the bather and allow it to spread the material and rapidly evaporate away. There are also spoons made of DE for
2164:
but contains some crystalline silica, especially in the saltwater forms. In a 1978 study of workers, those exposed to natural diatomaceous earth for over five years had no significant lung changes while 40% of those exposed to the calcined form had developed
3518:
Zakharova, Yulia R.; Galachyants, Yuri P.; Kurilkina, Maria I.; Likhoshvay, Alexander V.; Petrova, Darya P.; Shishlyannikov, Sergey M.; Ravin, Nikolai V.; Mardanov, Andrey V.; Beletsky, Alexey V.; Likhoshway, Yelena V.; Mormile, Melanie R. (April 1, 2013).
1959:
1997:
Natural freshwater diatomaceous earth is preferred by many researchers over chromic oxide, which has been widely used for the same purpose, the latter being a known carcinogen and, therefore, a potential hazard to research personnel.
1649:
not the only factor involved. For example, in the case of slugs and snails, large, spiny diatoms work best to lacerate the epithelium of the mollusk. Diatom shells will work to some degree on the vast majority of animals that undergo
1633:
of many species of insects; this layer acts as a barrier that resists the loss of water vapour from the insect's body. Damaging the layer increases the evaporation of water from their bodies, so that they dehydrate, often fatally.
3764:
Hughes, Janet M.; Weill, Hans; Checkoway, Harvey; Jones, Robert N.; Henry, Melanie M.; Heyer, Nicholas J.; Seixas, Noah S.; Demers, Paul A. (1998). "Radiographic
Evidence of Silicosis Risk in the Diatomaceous Earth Industry".
2013:
Diatomaceous earth is considered a very prominent inorganic non-metallic material that can be used for the production of various ceramics, including production of porous ceramics under low temperature hydrothermal technology.
303:
Each deposit of diatomaceous earth is different, with varying blends of pure diatomaceous earth combined with other natural clays and minerals. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the
2195:
In the 1930s, long-term occupational exposure among workers in the cristobalite diatomaceous earth industry who were exposed to high levels of airborne crystalline silica over decades were found to have an increased risk of
2555:
Ghobara, Mohamed M; Mazumder, Nirmal; Vinayak, Vandana; Reissig, Louisa; Gebeshuber, Ille C; Tiffany, Mary Ann; Gordon, Richard; Gordon, Richard (June 28, 2019). "On Light and
Diatoms: A Photonics and Photobiology Review".
3158:
Faulde, M. K.; Tisch, M.; Scharninghausen, J. J. (August 2006). "Efficacy of modified diatomaceous earth on different cockroach species (Orthoptera, Blattellidae) and silverfish (Thysanura, Lepismatidae)".
3718:
2276:
Dobrosielska, Marta; Dobrucka, Renata; Brząkalski, Dariusz; Frydrych, Miłosz; Kozera, Paulina; Wieczorek, Monika; Jałbrzykowski, Marek; Kurzydłowski, Krzysztof J.; Przekop, Robert E. (May 18, 2022).
3642:
2087:
before being sold to remove impurities and undesirable volatile contents, it is composed of larger particles than the freshwater version and has a high crystalline silica content (>60%).
2717:[Protocol on the settlement of comments and approval of the NPR Soos care plan for the period 2016-2023] (in Czech). Ministerstvo životního prostředí . February 1, 2016. p. 13
2814:
1562:
engineer, Wilhelm
Berkefeld, recognized the ability of the diatomaceous earth to filter and developed tubular filters (known as filter candles) fired from diatomaceous earth. During the
3101:
Fernandez, M. I.; Woodward, B. W.; Stromberg, B. E. (1998). "Effect of diatomaceous earth as an anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites and feedlot performance of beef steers".
3345:
Code of
Federal Regulations (annual edition)—Title 21 - Food and Drugs—Part 573 - Food additives permitted in feed and drinking water of animals—Section 573.340 - Diatomaceous earth
1645:. However, since slugs inhabit humid environments, efficacy is very low. Diatomaceous earth is sometimes mixed with an attractant or other additives to increase its effectiveness.
1278:
1038:. Marine diatomites are found in association with a wide variety of other rock types but lacustrine diatomites are almost always associated with volcanic rock. Diatomaceous
2767:
1328:
2169:. Today's common diatomaceous earth formulations are safer to use, as they are predominantly made up of amorphous silica and contain little or no crystalline silica.
1868:
1687:
agent in cattle; in both studies cited the groups being treated with diatomaceous earth did not fare any better than control groups. It is commonly used in lieu of
1590:, and other liquids, such as beer and wine. It can also filter syrups, sugar, and honey without removing or altering their color, taste, or nutritional properties.
1400:
lakes in the eastern United States, in Canada and in Europe in
Germany, France, Denmark and the Czech Republic. The worldwide association of diatomite deposits and
3725:
1260:
339:. These diatoms have a small globular shape. A deposit containing diatoms from this epoch can provide certain benefits over others. For example, diatoms from the
320:) dissolution/precipitation, diatoms tests ageing). The species of diatom may also differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and
2736:
2177:
3649:
3128:
2827:
Todd, Martin C.; Washington, Richard; Martins, José Vanderlei; Dubovik, Oleg; Lizcano, Gil; M'Bainayel, Samuel; Engelstaedter, Sebastian (March 22, 2007).
2382:"Impact of geochemical composition of diatomaceous earth on its insecticidal activity against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"
1733:
981:
271:
for liquids, matting agent for coatings, reinforcing filler in plastics and rubber, anti-block in plastic films, porous support for chemical catalysts,
3245:
1830:
soil. Bonsai enthusiasts use it as a soil additive, or pot a bonsai tree in 100% diatomaceous earth. In vegetable gardening it is sometimes used as a
1732:
Although considered to be relatively low-risk, pesticides containing diatomaceous earth are not exempt from regulation in the United States under the
2124:. Recent research indicates that surface deposits of diatomaceous earth play an important role. Research shows that significant dust comes from the
3311:
2979:
343:
epoch are not as effective in their ability to absorb fluids because as older diatoms recrystallize, their small pores become filled with silica.
712:
4578:
1305:
2935:
Rock
Blasting Terms and Symbols: A Dictionary of Symbols and Terms in Rock Blasting and Related Areas like Drilling, Mining and Rock Mechanics
2073:
diatomaceous earth is the type used in United States agriculture for grain storage, as feed supplement, and as an insecticide. It is produced
3249:
2173:
32:
2598:
3409:
Ferraz, E.; Coroado, J.; Silva, J.; Gomes, C.; Rocha, F. (2011). "Manufacture of ceramic bricks using recycled brewing spent kieselguhr".
1546:
in German). This allowed much safer transport and handling than pure nitroglycerin under the liquid form. Nobel patented this mixture as
1512:
Individual diatom cell walls often maintain their shape even in commercially processed filter media, such as this one for swimming pools.
3682:
2462:"Physical-chemical and mineralogical-petrographic examinations of diatomite from deposit near village of Rožden, Republic of Macedonia"
933:
2096:
Certain species of bacteria in oceans and lakes can accelerate the rate of dissolution of silica in dead and living diatoms by using
2698:
1349:, United States, there are deposits that are up to several hundred meters thick in places. Marine deposits have been worked in the
3194:
3687:
2427:
Reka, Arianit A.; Pavlovski, Blagoj; Ademi, Egzon; Jashari, Ahmed; Boev, Blazo; Boev, Ivan; Makreski, Petre (December 31, 2019).
974:
3274:
Flynn, Thomas M. "Cryogenic
Equipment and Cryogenic Systems Analysis." Cryogenic Engineering. Boca Raton etc.: CRC, 2005. Print.
2781:
1725:(i.e., it must not be heat-treated prior to application) and have a mean particle size below about 12 μm (i.e., food grade—
3337:
2380:
Rojht, Helena; Horvat, Aleksander; Athanassiou, Christos G.; Vayias, Bill J.; Tomanović, Željko; Trdan, Stanislav (2010–2012).
3395:
2160:
silica is considered to have low toxicity, but prolonged inhalation causes changes to the lungs. Diatomaceous earth is mostly
1846:, it retains water and nutrients, while draining fast and freely, allowing high oxygen circulation within the growing medium.
3802:
3229:
3020:
2963:
2943:
1863:(last third of the small intestine) the percentage of that nutrient digested can be calculated using the following equation:
2669:
1816:
feed to prevent the caking of feed. "Food-Grade
Diatomaceous Earth" is widely available in agricultural feed supply stores.
1301:
In Poland diatomaceous earth deposits are found in
Jawornik, and are composed mostly of diatomaceous skeletons (frustules).
1714:
Diatomaceous earth is widely applied for insect control in grain storage. It is used to control cannibalistic behaviors in
1242:
3037:
3850:
3475:
Bidle, Kay D.; Azam, Farooq (February 1999). "Accelerated dissolution of diatom silica by marine bacterial assemblages".
3079:
Lartigue, E. del C.; Rossanigo, C. E. (2004). "Insecticide and anthelmintic assessment of diatomaceous earth in cattle".
967:
3295:
2602:
2573:
164:
110:
4897:
2884:
1354:
2744:
4852:
2356:
2180:
that set maximum amounts allowable in the product (1%) and in the air near the breathing zone of workers, with a
1737:
3136:
2539:
2514:
3521:"The Structure of Microbial Community and Degradation of Diatoms in the Deep Near-Bottom Layer of Lake Baikal"
3446:"New optimized method for low-temperature hydrothermal production of porous ceramics using diatomaceous earth"
2714:
2460:
Reka, Arianit; Anovski, Todor; Bogoevski, Slobodan; Pavlovski, Blagoj; Boškovski, Boško (December 29, 2014).
2278:"Influence of Diatomaceous Earth Particle Size on Mechanical Properties of PLA/Diatomaceous Earth Composites"
844:
839:
672:
473:
3253:
4892:
3348:
1812:(dewormer), although studies have not shown it to be effective. Some farmers add it to their livestock and
47:
2347:
667:
2987:
4887:
4847:
3315:
2906:
2185:
2181:
954:
901:
17:
1781:
can be supported on the material—the combination is called Ni–Kieselguhr—to improve its activity as a
1327:
There is a layer of diatomaceous earth more than 6 meters (20 ft) thick in the nature reserve of
895:
554:
3580:"Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodélé Depression, Chad"
2599:"Deutschland - Wiege des Nobelpreis: Tourismus-Industrie und Forschung auf den Spuren Alfred Nobels"
4862:
1368:. This is the world's largest deposit of diatomite. Additional marine deposits have been worked in
441:
308:, on the presence of other sediments (clay, sand, volcanic ashes), and on the age of the deposit (
4872:
4857:
3903:
3883:
3843:
2192:). At levels of 3,000 mg/m, diatomaceous earth is immediately dangerous to life and health.
2010:
process can be added to ceramic mass for the production of red bricks with higher open porosity.
1843:
677:
549:
2606:
1284:
1913: Staff at the Neuohe factory, with male workers and a female cook in front of a drying shed
4328:
3812:
2870:
The Peat Deposits of Florida Their Occurrence, Development and Uses, Geological Bulletin No. 30
2125:
1586:. It is also used to filter water, particularly in the drinking water treatment process and in
1416:
1415:
surfaces. Research has shown that the erosion of diatomaceous earth in such areas (such as the
866:
691:
268:
3010:
2172:
The crystalline silica content of diatomaceous earth is regulated in the United States by the
1954:{\displaystyle N=\left(1-{\frac {N_{f}}{N_{F}}}\times {\frac {A_{F}}{A_{f}}}\right)\times 100}
4882:
4293:
3036:
Fields, Paul; Allen, Sylvia; Korunic, Zlatko; McLaughlin, Alan; Stathers, Tanya (July 2002).
2933:
1715:
1473:
deposits on an industrial scale, for conversion to animal feed, has drawn strong opposition.
1043:
429:
2953:
3594:
3532:
3484:
2840:
2641:
2461:
2289:
2211:), causing the formerly harmless amorphous silicon dioxide to assume its crystalline form.
1774:
1498:
diatomaceous earth is especially fine (10 μm to 50 μm) and used for insecticides.
1440:
1346:
461:
1080:
The extraction site on Lüneburg Heath was 1863–1994 Neuohe, while the storage sites were:
8:
1362:
383:
3598:
3536:
3488:
2844:
2695:
2645:
2293:
1508:
4124:
3836:
3610:
3579:
3555:
3520:
3500:
3426:
3176:
3045:
Proceedings of the Eighth International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection
2777:
2772:
2579:
2409:
2320:
2277:
2137:
1469:
Diatomite deposits rich in fossils have been located in New Zealand, but mining of the
1389:
1358:
1074:
916:
906:
723:
640:
633:
544:
393:
292:
284:
3674:
3578:
Washington, R.; Todd, M. C.; Lizcano, G.; Tegen, I.; Flamant, C.; et al. (2006).
2715:"Protokol o vypořádání připomínek a schválení plánu péče NPR Soos na období 2016–2023"
4079:
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2583:
2569:
2535:
2510:
2483:
2401:
2381:
2325:
2307:
2232:
2226:
1797:, as well as an insecticide. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a
1793:
Natural freshwater diatomaceous earth is used in agriculture for grain storage as an
1436:
1350:
1293:, almost the entire worldwide production of diatomaceous earth was from this region.
1236:
are up to 28 meters (92 ft) thick and are all of freshwater diatomaceous earth.
921:
831:
500:
434:
359:
37:
3614:
3180:
3058:
2829:"Mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, northern Chad, during BoDEx 2005"
2413:
1423:) is one of the most important sources of climate-affecting dust in the atmosphere.
1070:
1058:
In 1836 or 1837, German peasant Peter Kasten discovered diatomaceous earth (German:
4776:
4488:
4275:
4144:
3774:
3629:"NIOSH 1988 OSHA PEL Project Documentation: List by Chemical Name: SILICA, AMORPHO"
3602:
3550:
3540:
3504:
3492:
3461:
3457:
3418:
3370:
3168:
3110:
2848:
2649:
2561:
2440:
2393:
2315:
2297:
2161:
1831:
1794:
1762:
1574:
881:
871:
851:
468:
388:
328:
189:
129:
63:
3823:
1550:
in 1867; the mixture is also called guhr dynamite in reference to the kieselguhr.
4877:
4588:
4348:
4201:
3778:
3545:
3422:
3285:
3217:
2702:
2673:
1696:
1516:
1491:
1027:
747:
623:
537:
505:
3628:
4781:
4623:
4216:
4139:
2250:
2166:
2036:
1666:
889:
752:
739:
593:
566:
561:
229:
186:
3807:
3742:
3172:
3114:
2565:
2509:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 208.
2397:
2083:
is not suitable for human consumption or effective as an insecticide. Usually
1233:
224:. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80–90%
4867:
4841:
4826:
4741:
4706:
4553:
4114:
4019:
2405:
2311:
2064:
2059:) is the variety found in northwestern Denmark, especially on the islands of
2056:
1798:
1782:
1680:
1539:
1321:
1272:–1910 a drying area: One firing pile is being prepared; another is under way.
1023:
911:
856:
696:
659:
522:
480:
451:
446:
324:
of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species.
305:
193:
2077:, has a very fine particle size, and is very low in crystal silica (<2%).
1598:
The oldest use of diatomite is as a very mild abrasive and has been used in
1488:
diatomaceous earth is a raw material simply crushed for convenient packaging
1066:
4751:
4731:
4603:
4250:
4228:
4169:
4069:
4014:
3999:
3865:
3564:
2630:"Characterization of Diatomaceous Earth and Halloysite Resources of Poland"
2445:
2428:
2329:
2060:
1809:
1770:
1583:
1535:
1470:
1405:
1397:
1335:
926:
603:
598:
580:
398:
321:
233:
3786:
4640:
4531:
4511:
4501:
4428:
4378:
4303:
4149:
4084:
4054:
4009:
3967:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3888:
3606:
2853:
2828:
2628:
Lutyński, Marcin; Sakiewicz, Piotr; Lutyńska, Sylwia (October 31, 2019).
2204:
2121:
2074:
1839:
1722:
1630:
1615:
1447:) to produce the diatomaceous earth. It was formerly extracted from Lake
1313:
1290:
876:
861:
804:
718:
485:
417:
276:
264:
205:
2534:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 578–579.
367:
4806:
4791:
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4671:
4656:
4573:
4541:
4506:
4496:
4478:
4458:
4403:
4383:
4338:
4260:
4245:
4221:
4181:
4154:
4134:
4104:
4064:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4004:
3913:
3817:
3517:
3287:
Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis
2654:
2629:
2429:"Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C"
2302:
2244:
2117:
2097:
2084:
2046:
1820:
1750:
1721:
In order to be effective as an insecticide, diatomaceous earth must be
1688:
1623:
1619:
1599:
1578:
1495:
1485:
1463:
1459:
1393:
1309:
456:
309:
272:
260:
256:
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237:
201:
197:
50:
2980:"Berkefeld & Aquantis Water Treatment – Veolia Water Technologies"
2275:
1826:
It is also used as a growing medium in potted plants, particularly as
4821:
4811:
4801:
4786:
4756:
4736:
4721:
4716:
4681:
4676:
4635:
4628:
4593:
4563:
4548:
4526:
4468:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4418:
4398:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4318:
4283:
4196:
4164:
4109:
4099:
4074:
4049:
4044:
3984:
3945:
3908:
3444:
Reka, Arianit A.; Pavlovski, Blagoj; Makreski, Petre (October 2017).
3312:"Prevention and Management of Insects and Mites in Farm-Stored Grain"
2197:
2153:
1854:
1700:
1684:
1658:
1638:
1603:
995:
799:
792:
686:
532:
490:
192:
that can be crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It has a
3445:
2815:
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
1577:
were used successfully. One form of diatomaceous earth is used as a
1448:
43:
4796:
4771:
4696:
4666:
4661:
4583:
4568:
4536:
4516:
4413:
4388:
4265:
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4233:
4211:
4206:
4159:
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3930:
3920:
3878:
3716:
2208:
1766:
1662:
1587:
1566:
1547:
1501:
1455:
1444:
1427:
1401:
1373:
1369:
1342:
1035:
787:
777:
512:
495:
280:
221:
209:
3496:
2235: – Any clay material that can decolorise oil or other liquids
4816:
4746:
4711:
4686:
4618:
4453:
4393:
4333:
4298:
4191:
4119:
4034:
3994:
3962:
3957:
3873:
3828:
3246:"Pesticide Labeling Questions & Answers - Advertising Claims"
2379:
2256:
2253: – Biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor
2238:
2220:
2120:, so locating major sources of atmospheric dust is important for
2109:
2007:
1835:
1813:
1674:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1570:
1563:
1481:
Diatomaceous earth is available commercially in several formats:
1377:
1317:
782:
707:
628:
517:
403:
332:
217:
3820:
Citat: "...A diatomaceous earth consisting of opaline silica..."
4726:
4701:
4598:
4558:
4521:
4423:
4288:
4186:
4176:
4129:
4089:
4059:
3989:
3974:
3952:
3898:
3893:
2203:
Diatomite produced for pool filters is treated with high heat (
1827:
1802:
1778:
1431:
1420:
1412:
1385:
1381:
1031:
811:
340:
313:
288:
248:
244:
225:
213:
3371:"Diatomaceous Earth - How To Rid Bed Bugs Naturally - Organic"
1435:
maximum of 145 tons per year from their processing plant near
295:
packed columns made with glass or metal as stationary phase.
4691:
4613:
4608:
4473:
4438:
4358:
4313:
4308:
3008:
2554:
2459:
1692:
1626:
1559:
1504:
diatomaceous earth is heat-treated and activated for filters.
1365:
1039:
1019:
527:
3743:"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Silica, amorphous"
3290:(1st ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 2–5.
3035:
2826:
1849:
259:
aid, mild abrasive in products including metal polishes and
4463:
4408:
4323:
4255:
2133:
2129:
2113:
1708:
1642:
999:
645:
584:
153:
147:
135:
99:
93:
84:
78:
72:
3767:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
3577:
3157:
3100:
2768:"Creationist Funhouse, Episode Four: God Plays In The Mud"
2686:Über den früheren Abbau von Kieselgur im Vogelsberg/Hessen
2530:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
2229: – Process by which living organisms produce minerals
2023:
scooping sugar and other hydroscopic kitchen ingredients.
287:, and a soil for potted plants and trees as in the art of
96:
3763:
3096:
3094:
2627:
2426:
1704:
1542:
could be made much more stable if absorbed in diatomite (
1338:, off the west coast of Scotland, were mined until 1960.
141:
3074:
3072:
1819:
Freshwater diatomite can be used as a growing medium in
3717:
Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Rennie Roesli (July 10, 2003).
3408:
1691:
and can be used to help control and possibly eliminate
1454:
The commercial deposits of diatomite are restricted to
1404:
deposits suggests that the availability of silica from
3091:
2184:
at 6 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. OSHA has set a
1384:
of Denmark. Freshwater lake deposits occur in Nevada,
3443:
3069:
2188:
for diatomaceous earth as 20 mppcf (80 mg/m/%SiO
2178:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1871:
1304:
In Germany, diatomaceous earth was also extracted at
1018:) remains of dead diatoms (microscopic single-celled
165:
111:
102:
66:
3675:"Occupational Health Guideline for Amorphous Silica"
2529:
1582:
particles that would otherwise pass through or clog
204:, but typically 10 to 200 μm. Depending on the
156:
144:
132:
81:
69:
1734:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1034:remains consist of a pair of symmetrical shells or
150:
138:
90:
87:
3571:
2100:enzymes to break down the organic algal material.
2081:Salt-water-derived pool / beer / wine filter grade
1953:
1065:when sinking a well on the northern slopes of the
3351:/U.S. Government Publishing Office. April 1, 2001
3078:
3009:Amos Ives Root; Ernest Rob Root (March 1, 2005).
1683:diatomite has been studied for its efficacy as a
4839:
3047:. York, U.K.: Entomological Society of Manitoba.
1641:and is commonly employed in gardening to defeat
3757:
1520:Live marine diatoms from Antarctica (magnified)
1408:may be necessary for thick diatomite deposits.
335:epoch and contain a species of diatom known as
3712:
3710:
3708:
3844:
3643:"Diatomaceous Earth: Its Use and Precautions"
3038:"Standardized testing for diatomaceous earth"
2174:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1769:, generally serving to maximize a catalyst's
1462:periods. Older deposits from as early as the
975:
3813:Diatomite: Statistics and Information – USGS
3808:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
3002:
2507:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
2259: – Microporous, aluminosilicate mineral
1761:Diatomaceous earth also finds some use as a
3705:
3224:(Second ed.). Springer. p. 1216.
2955:Explosive Loading of Engineering Structures
2223: – Synthetic ultralight solid material
1973:is the amount of nutrients in the feces (%)
994:Diatomite forms by the accumulation of the
75:
3851:
3837:
3195:"Diatomaceous Earth: Protect Food Storage"
2132:, where storms push diatomite gravel over
2103:
1980:is the amount of nutrients in the feed (%)
1466:Period are known, but are of low quality.
982:
968:
3824:Diatomaceous Earth: A Non Toxic Pesticide
3554:
3544:
3474:
3283:
3129:"Bed Bug Control With Diatomaceous Earth"
2852:
2696:Geschichte des Kieselgurabbaus in Klieken
2653:
2444:
2345:
2319:
2301:
2176:(OSHA) and there are guidelines from the
1858:A sample of food-grade diatomaceous earth
1850:Marker in livestock nutrition experiments
1808:Some believe it may be used as a natural
1411:Diatomaceous earth is sometimes found on
3215:
2152:silica is harmful to the lungs, causing
2143:
2091:
1853:
1515:
1507:
42:
31:
3803:International Chemical Safety Card 0248
2882:
2801:
2799:
2707:
1726:
331:, such as Red Lake Earth, are from the
14:
4840:
3388:
3314:. Province of Manitoba. Archived from
3151:
2984:technomaps.veoliawatertechnologies.com
2951:
2931:
2558:Diatoms: Fundamentals and Applications
2341:
2339:
1254:–1910 Diatomaceous earth pit at Neuohe
3832:
3411:Materials and Manufacturing Processes
3338:"21 CFR 573.340 - Diatomaceous earth"
3015:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 387.
2867:
2596:
2590:
2504:
2026:
1987:is the amount of AIA in the feces (%)
3330:
3059:"Using Diatomaceous Earth for Slugs"
2938:. Taylor & Francis. p. 83.
2796:
2765:
2597:Klebs, Florian (December 17, 2001).
2375:
2373:
1994:is the amount of AIA in the feed (%)
1665:. It also may have other effects on
1618:because of its abrasive and physico-
1042:consists of diatomite that has been
279:studies, a stabilizing component of
3693:from the original on March 12, 2020
2885:"Opposition grows to fossil mining"
2336:
1966:N is the nutrient digestibility (%)
1756:
243:Diatomaceous earth consists of the
24:
3858:
3135:. October 29, 2020. Archived from
2766:Rice, Stanley (July–August 2020).
2247: – Glacier-generated sediment
2006:Spent diatomaceous earth from the
1476:
25:
4909:
3818:Tripolite: Tripolite mineral data
3796:
2932:Rustan, Agne (February 1, 1998).
2737:"Skye diatomite: A lost industry"
2603:Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
2370:
1629:from the waxy outer layer of the
1439:. Muck from several locations in
1296:
2486:. UCL London's Global University
2241: – Amorphous volcanic glass
1736:and must be registered with the
1355:Santa Barbara County, California
1277:
1259:
1241:
949:
948:
366:
185:is a naturally occurring, soft,
128:
62:
27:Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock
3735:
3667:
3635:
3621:
3511:
3468:
3437:
3402:
3363:
3304:
3277:
3268:
3238:
3209:
3187:
3121:
3051:
3029:
2972:
2925:
2899:
2883:Hancock, Farah (May 13, 2019).
2876:
2861:
2833:Journal of Geophysical Research
2820:
2759:
2729:
2689:
2662:
2621:
2001:
1738:Environmental Protection Agency
1718:, which infest flour storages.
1609:
713:microbial calcite precipitation
3462:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.06.132
3220:. In Capinera, John L. (ed.).
3012:The ABC And Xyz of Bee Culture
2952:Bulson, P.S. (July 24, 1997).
2670:"Was ist es um die Kieselgur?"
2548:
2523:
2498:
2476:
2453:
2420:
2269:
1788:
1396:. Lake deposits also occur in
298:
196:ranging from more than 3
13:
1:
2907:"Nitroglycerine and Dynamite"
2811:Industrial Minerals and Rocks
2263:
2071:Freshwater-derived food grade
2017:
1553:
1529:
1266:
1248:
1177:
1144:
1125:
673:marine biogenic calcification
3779:10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9709103
3587:Geophysical Research Letters
3546:10.1371/journal.pone.0059977
3423:10.1080/10426914.2011.551908
3349:Food and Drug Administration
2872:. Florida Geological Survey.
2346:Antonides, Lloyd E. (1997).
2045:is the variety found in the
1622:properties. The fine powder
1614:Diatomite is of value as an
1053:
346:
7:
2868:Davis, John H. Jr. (1946).
2532:Origin of sedimentary rocks
2214:
2049:valley in Northern Ireland.
1753:as a thermal heat barrier.
1593:
902:Biomineralising polychaetes
668:amorphous calcium carbonate
354:Part of a series related to
36:Diatomite rock sample from
10:
4914:
3631:. CDC. September 19, 2018.
3284:Nishimura, Shigeo (2001).
3222:Encyclopedia of Entomology
3216:Capinera, John L. (2008).
2741:www.stornowaygazette.co.uk
2186:permissible exposure limit
2182:recommended exposure limit
1743:
1606:, and some facial scrubs.
934:Burgess Shale preservation
208:, this powder can have an
4649:
4487:
4274:
3864:
3396:"Diatomaceous Earth (DE)"
3173:10.1007/s10340-006-0127-8
3115:10.1017/S1357729800009206
2566:10.1002/9781119370741.ch7
2398:10.1007/s10340-010-0313-6
896:Cupriavidus metallidurans
327:Many deposits throughout
251:, a type of hard-shelled
3375:www.fertilizeronline.com
2958:. CRC Press. p. 3.
2035:is the variety found in
1637:This also works against
1524:
617:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
306:sedimentation conditions
220:as a result of its high
4898:Sustainable agriculture
3904:Basaltic trachyandesite
3884:Alkali feldspar granite
3197:. diatomaceousearth.com
3161:Journal of Pest Science
2701:April 20, 2008, at the
2386:Journal of Pest Science
2207:) and a fluxing agent (
2104:Climatologic importance
1331:in the Czech Republic.
678:calcareous nannofossils
474:Choanoflagellate lorica
4853:Inorganic insecticides
3450:Ceramics International
2446:10.1515/chem-2019-0132
1955:
1859:
1716:confused flour beetles
1521:
1513:
1443:was dried and burned (
867:Magnetotactic bacteria
692:oolitic aragonite sand
550:scaly-foot snail shell
232:(attributed mostly to
216:powder, and has a low
54:
40:
4294:Banded iron formation
3081:Veterinaria Argentina
2776:. Amherst, New York:
2676:on September 28, 2007
2144:Safety considerations
2136:, generating dust by
2092:Microbial degradation
1956:
1857:
1519:
1511:
291:. It is also used in
53:of diatomaceous earth
46:
35:
3607:10.1029/2006GL025827
3218:"Diatomaceous earth"
2990:on February 27, 2021
2854:10.1029/2006JD007170
2805:Cummins, Arthur B.,
2609:on November 17, 2002
2466:Geologica Macedonica
1869:
1441:Lake County, Florida
1347:Clark County, Nevada
200:to less than 1
4893:Industrial minerals
3599:2006GeoRL..33.9401W
3537:2013PLoSO...859977Z
3489:1999Natur.397..508B
3456:(15): 12572–12578.
3398:. January 15, 2024.
3318:on October 18, 2013
3139:on November 4, 2020
2845:2007JGRD..112.6207T
2646:2019Mine....9..670L
2505:Boggs, Sam (2006).
2294:2022Mate...15.3607D
1363:Southern California
594:Vertebrate skeleton
384:Mineralized tissues
4650:Specific varieties
3686:. September 1978.
3133:Absorbent Products
2778:Center for Inquiry
2773:Skeptical Inquirer
2747:on January 6, 2019
2655:10.3390/min9110670
2303:10.3390/ma15103607
2027:Specific varieties
1951:
1860:
1522:
1514:
758:diatomaceous earth
724:Great Calcite Belt
641:Scale microfossils
634:otolithic membrane
545:small shelly fauna
518:echinoderm stereom
394:Biocrystallization
337:Melosira granulata
293:gas chromatography
255:. It is used as a
58:Diatomaceous earth
55:
41:
4888:Biomineralization
4848:Sedimentary rocks
4835:
4834:
4080:Nepheline syenite
3731:on July 10, 2003.
3483:(6719): 508–512.
3417:(10): 1319–1329.
3231:978-1-4020-6242-1
3022:978-1-4179-2427-1
2965:978-1-135-82980-3
2945:978-1-4665-7178-5
2227:Biomineralization
2126:Bodélé Depression
1938:
1911:
1575:Berkefeld filters
1437:Clermont, Florida
1417:Bodélé Depression
1351:Sisquoc Formation
1230:
1229:
992:
991:
922:permineralization
907:Mineral nutrients
832:Mineral evolution
501:foraminifera test
360:Biomineralization
285:thermal insulator
212:feel, similar to
48:Scanning electron
38:Sisquoc Formation
16:(Redirected from
4905:
4777:Rapakivi granite
4489:Metamorphic rock
4276:Sedimentary rock
4145:Quartz monzonite
3853:
3846:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3791:
3790:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3724:. Archived from
3723:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3655:on July 17, 2013
3654:
3648:. Archived from
3647:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3252:. Archived from
3242:
3236:
3235:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2986:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2969:
2949:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:. Newsroom.co.nz
2880:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2824:
2818:
2813:, 3rd ed. 1960,
2803:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2784:on March 4, 2021
2780:. Archived from
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2743:. Archived from
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2672:. Archived from
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2605:. Archived from
2594:
2588:
2587:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2439:(1): 1235–1243.
2424:
2418:
2417:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2305:
2273:
2162:amorphous silica
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1832:soil conditioner
1795:anticaking agent
1757:Catalyst support
1667:lophotrochozoans
1538:discovered that
1334:Deposits on the
1281:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1028:marine sediments
1017:
984:
977:
970:
957:
952:
951:
872:Magnetoreception
852:Ballast minerals
447:Cephalopod shell
442:Brachiopod shell
389:Remineralisation
370:
351:
350:
329:British Columbia
190:sedimentary rock
169:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
118:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
21:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4863:Water treatment
4838:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4645:
4589:Pseudotachylite
4483:
4270:
4202:Tephriphonolite
3860:
3857:
3799:
3794:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3516:
3512:
3473:
3469:
3442:
3438:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3256:on May 30, 2013
3244:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3099:
3092:
3087:(209): 660–674.
3077:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2950:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2913:. June 11, 2013
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2825:
2821:
2804:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2703:Wayback Machine
2694:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2591:
2576:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2458:
2454:
2425:
2421:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2337:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2217:
2191:
2146:
2112:is affected by
2106:
2094:
2029:
2020:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1852:
1834:, because like
1791:
1777:. For example,
1759:
1746:
1697:house dust mite
1612:
1596:
1573:in 1892, these
1556:
1532:
1527:
1479:
1477:Commercial form
1299:
1285:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1180:
1174:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1062:
1056:
1015:
1007:
1003:
988:
947:
940:
939:
938:
826:
818:
817:
816:
772:
764:
763:
762:
748:biogenic silica
742:
732:
731:
730:
715:
703:
682:
662:
652:
651:
650:
618:
610:
609:
608:
588:
573:
572:
571:
538:gastropod shell
506:testate amoebae
496:diatom frustule
421:
410:
409:
408:
378:
349:
319:
301:
275:, activator in
167:
131:
127:
116:
112:
65:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4911:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4873:Soil improvers
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Swimming pools
4855:
4850:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:Rhomb porphyry
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4624:Talc carbonate
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4217:Trachyandesite
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:Quartz diorite
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:Types of rocks
3856:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3797:External links
3795:
3793:
3792:
3773:(3): 807–814.
3756:
3734:
3704:
3666:
3634:
3620:
3570:
3510:
3467:
3436:
3401:
3387:
3362:
3329:
3303:
3296:
3276:
3267:
3237:
3230:
3208:
3186:
3167:(3): 155–161.
3150:
3120:
3109:(3): 635–641.
3103:Animal Science
3090:
3068:
3050:
3028:
3021:
3001:
2971:
2964:
2944:
2924:
2911:NobelPrize.org
2898:
2875:
2860:
2839:(D6): D06207.
2819:
2795:
2758:
2728:
2706:
2688:
2661:
2620:
2589:
2574:
2547:
2540:
2522:
2515:
2497:
2475:
2452:
2433:Open Chemistry
2419:
2392:(4): 429–436.
2369:
2335:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2251:Siliceous ooze
2248:
2242:
2236:
2233:Fuller's earth
2230:
2224:
2216:
2213:
2189:
2167:pneumoconiosis
2148:Inhalation of
2145:
2142:
2105:
2102:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2050:
2040:
2037:Tripoli, Libya
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1865:
1851:
1848:
1790:
1787:
1758:
1755:
1745:
1742:
1711:infestations.
1611:
1608:
1595:
1592:
1555:
1552:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1426:The siliceous
1361:and along the
1298:
1297:Other deposits
1295:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1071:Lüneburg Heath
1055:
1052:
1013:
1005:
990:
989:
987:
986:
979:
972:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
942:
941:
937:
936:
931:
930:
929:
924:
914:
909:
904:
899:
892:
887:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
848:
847:
845:immobilization
842:
840:mineralization
834:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
815:
814:
809:
808:
807:
797:
796:
795:
790:
780:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
761:
760:
755:
753:siliceous ooze
750:
744:
743:
740:Silicification
738:
737:
734:
733:
729:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
704:
702:
701:
700:
699:
694:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
664:
663:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
643:
638:
637:
636:
626:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
607:
606:
601:
596:
590:
589:
579:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
564:
562:Sponge spicule
559:
558:
557:
555:estuary shells
552:
547:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
520:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
478:
477:
476:
466:
465:
464:
459:
454:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
423:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
363:
362:
356:
355:
348:
345:
317:
300:
297:
236:), and 0.5–2%
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4910:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:Litchfieldite
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Hyaloclastite
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Litchfieldite
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Phonotephrite
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Hyaloclastite
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3744:
3738:
3727:
3720:
3719:"Inert Dusts"
3713:
3711:
3709:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:(9): L09401.
3592:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3531:(4): e59977.
3530:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:10.1038/17351
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3297:9780471396987
3293:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2817:, pp. 303–319
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2608:
2604:
2601:(in German).
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2575:9781119370215
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2490:September 14,
2485:
2479:
2472:(2): 121–126.
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1844:expanded clay
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:feed additive
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:hydrogenation
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:Medical-grade
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:nitroglycerin
1537:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1322:Saxony-Anhalt
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1275:
1262:
1257:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:North Germany
1072:
1068:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1046:with silica.
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:lake sediment
1021:
1011:
1001:
997:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
966:
965:
963:
962:
956:
946:
945:
944:
943:
935:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:Fossilization
915:
913:
912:Microbial mat
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
886:
884:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Magnetofossil
855:
853:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
835:
833:
830:
829:
822:
821:
813:
810:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
768:
767:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
736:
735:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
705:
698:
697:aragonite sea
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
660:Calcification
656:
655:
647:
644:
642:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
614:
613:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
586:
582:
581:Endoskeletons
577:
576:
568:
565:
563:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
524:
523:mollusc shell
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:Protist shell
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:cirrate shell
450:
449:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
425:
424:
419:
414:
413:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
374:
373:
369:
365:
364:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
315:
311:
307:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:, mechanical
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:clay minerals
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:particle size
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
161:
125:
121:
120:
107:
59:
52:
49:
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4883:Microfossils
4752:Luxullianite
4732:Lapis lazuli
4677:Blue Granite
4604:Serpentinite
4579:Metapsammite
4329:Conglomerate
4251:Trondhjemite
4229:Trachybasalt
4170:Pantellerite
4070:Monzogranite
4015:Hornblendite
4000:Granodiorite
3866:Igneous rock
3770:
3766:
3759:
3749:November 21,
3747:. Retrieved
3737:
3726:the original
3695:. Retrieved
3681:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3650:the original
3637:
3623:
3590:
3586:
3573:
3528:
3524:
3513:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3344:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3316:the original
3306:
3286:
3279:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3240:
3221:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3189:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:the original
3132:
3123:
3106:
3102:
3084:
3080:
3063:Slug Cuisine
3062:
3053:
3044:
3031:
3011:
3004:
2994:February 19,
2992:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2983:
2974:
2954:
2934:
2927:
2917:November 27,
2915:. Retrieved
2910:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2863:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2771:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2740:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2709:
2691:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2664:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2592:
2557:
2550:
2531:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2389:
2385:
2362:December 12,
2360:. Retrieved
2348:
2288:(10): 3607.
2285:
2281:
2271:
2202:
2194:
2171:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2108:The Earth's
2107:
2095:
2080:
2075:uncalcinated
2070:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2021:
2012:
2005:
2002:Construction
1996:
1962:
1861:
1825:
1818:
1810:anthelmintic
1807:
1792:
1771:surface area
1760:
1747:
1731:
1723:uncalcinated
1720:
1713:
1679:
1653:in shedding
1647:
1636:
1631:exoskeletons
1613:
1610:Pest control
1597:
1584:filter paper
1557:
1543:
1536:Alfred Nobel
1533:
1480:
1471:Foulden Maar
1468:
1453:
1451:in Iceland.
1425:
1410:
1406:volcanic ash
1398:interglacial
1340:
1336:Isle of Skye
1333:
1326:
1306:Altenschlirf
1303:
1300:
1288:
1231:
1209:Schwindebeck
1086:Storage site
1079:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1009:
993:
927:petrifaction
894:
882:
877:Microfossils
757:
624:Limpet teeth
604:Ossification
599:Bone mineral
533:chiton shell
418:Exoskeletons
399:Biointerface
336:
326:
322:paleoecology
302:
242:
228:, with 2–4%
182:
178:
174:
123:
57:
56:
29:
4641:Whiteschist
4532:Greenschist
4512:Cataclasite
4502:Amphibolite
4429:Phosphorite
4379:Itacolumite
4304:Calcarenite
4150:Quartzolite
4085:Nephelinite
4055:Lamprophyre
4010:Harzburgite
3968:Napoleonite
3941:Charnockite
3936:Carbonatite
3926:Blairmorite
3889:Anorthosite
3659:November 9,
3355:February 9,
3143:October 29,
2891:January 21,
2640:(11): 670.
2613:October 12,
2205:calcination
2150:crystalline
2122:climatology
1840:vermiculite
1801:to prevent
1789:Agriculture
1751:AGA cookers
1616:insecticide
1314:Upper Hesse
1291:World War I
1270: 1900
1252: 1900
1181: 1925
1148: 1880
1138:Hammerstorf
1129: 1880
1119:Hösseringen
862:Magnetosome
805:phosphorite
771:Other forms
719:calcite sea
486:coccosphere
430:exoskeleton
299:Composition
277:coagulation
265:insecticide
247:remains of
206:granularity
4842:Categories
4807:Teschenite
4792:Shonkinite
4767:Pietersite
4762:Novaculite
4672:Borolanite
4657:Adamellite
4574:Metapelite
4542:Calcflinta
4507:Blueschist
4497:Anthracite
4479:Wackestone
4459:Travertine
4404:Lumachelle
4384:Jaspillite
4339:Diamictite
4261:Websterite
4246:Troctolite
4222:Benmoreite
4182:Shonkinite
4155:Rhyodacite
4135:Pyroxenite
4105:Peridotite
4065:Lherzolite
4040:Kimberlite
4030:Ignimbrite
4025:Icelandite
4005:Granophyre
3914:Shoshonite
2751:January 5,
2541:0136427103
2516:0131547283
2264:References
2245:Rock flour
2118:atmosphere
2098:hydrolytic
2085:calcinated
2047:Lower Bann
2018:Home goods
1821:hydroponic
1785:catalyst.
1749:classical
1689:boric acid
1669:, such as
1659:arthropods
1657:, such as
1639:gastropods
1600:toothpaste
1588:fish tanks
1554:Filtration
1544:kieselguhr
1530:Explosives
1496:micronized
1486:granulated
1464:Cretaceous
1460:Quaternary
1394:California
1390:Washington
1310:Vogelsberg
1175:1925
1168:Schmarbeck
1142:1880
1123:1880
1067:Haußelberg
457:cuttlebone
426:Arthropod
310:diagenesis
273:cat litter
261:toothpaste
257:filtration
253:microalgae
245:fossilized
238:iron oxide
183:kieselguhr
51:micrograph
18:Kieselguhr
4822:Variolite
4812:Theralite
4802:Tachylite
4787:Rodingite
4757:Mangerite
4737:Larvikite
4722:Jasperoid
4717:Jadeitite
4682:Epidosite
4636:Tectonite
4629:Soapstone
4594:Quartzite
4564:Migmatite
4549:Itabirite
4527:Granulite
4469:Turbidite
4449:Sylvinite
4444:Siltstone
4434:Sandstone
4419:Oil shale
4399:Limestone
4374:Gritstone
4369:Greywacke
4364:Geyserite
4354:Evaporite
4344:Diatomite
4319:Claystone
4284:Argillite
4197:Tachylyte
4165:Comendite
4110:Phonolite
4100:Pegmatite
4075:Monzonite
4050:Lamproite
4045:Komatiite
3985:Foidolite
3946:Enderbite
3909:Mugearite
3697:March 24,
3431:135734681
3380:April 17,
2807:Diatomite
2680:March 10,
2584:202096365
2484:"Diatoms"
2406:1612-4758
2349:Diatomite
2312:1996-1944
2282:Materials
2198:silicosis
2158:Amorphous
2154:silicosis
2043:Bann clay
2033:Tripolite
1946:×
1914:×
1887:−
1823:gardens.
1767:catalysts
1727:see below
1701:cockroach
1685:deworming
1663:nematodes
1534:In 1866,
1428:frustules
1316:) and at
1220:Hetendorf
1187:Steinbeck
1069:hill, on
1060:Kieselgur
1054:Discovery
1036:frustules
996:amorphous
883:engrailed
800:Phosphate
793:oil shale
687:Aragonite
491:coccolith
347:Formation
269:absorbent
187:siliceous
179:kieselgur
124:diatomite
4797:Taconite
4772:Pyrolite
4697:Ganister
4667:Aphanite
4662:Appinite
4584:Phyllite
4569:Mylonite
4537:Hornfels
4517:Eclogite
4414:Mudstone
4389:Laterite
4349:Dolomite
4266:Wehrlite
4241:Trachyte
4234:Hawaiite
4212:Tonalite
4207:Tephrite
4160:Rhyolite
4125:Porphyry
4095:Obsidian
3980:Essexite
3931:Boninite
3921:Basanite
3879:Andesite
3688:Archived
3615:14122607
3565:23560063
3525:PLOS ONE
3201:March 8,
3181:39203675
2788:March 4,
2721:April 5,
2699:Archived
2634:Minerals
2414:23110767
2330:35629631
2215:See also
2209:soda ash
2138:abrasion
1775:activity
1693:bed bugs
1675:annelids
1671:mollusks
1620:sorptive
1604:polishes
1602:, metal
1594:Abrasive
1567:epidemic
1548:dynamite
1502:calcined
1456:Tertiary
1445:calcined
1402:volcanic
1380:and the
1374:Virginia
1370:Maryland
1343:Colorado
1234:deposits
1044:cemented
998:silica (
955:Category
836:In soil
788:alginite
778:Bone bed
513:Seashell
420:(shells)
281:dynamite
222:porosity
210:abrasive
4817:Unakite
4747:Llanite
4712:Ijolite
4687:Felsite
4619:Suevite
4454:Tillite
4394:Lignite
4334:Coquina
4299:Breccia
4192:Syenite
4120:Picrite
4035:Ijolite
3995:Granite
3963:Diorite
3958:Diabase
3874:Adakite
3787:9731009
3595:Bibcode
3556:3613400
3533:Bibcode
3505:4397909
3485:Bibcode
3322:July 7,
3260:July 7,
2841:Bibcode
2642:Bibcode
2560:: 475.
2321:9145730
2290:Bibcode
2257:Zeolite
2239:Perlite
2221:Aerogel
2116:in the
2110:climate
2057:mo-clay
2008:brewing
1963:where:
1836:perlite
1814:poultry
1763:support
1744:Thermal
1655:cuticle
1651:ecdysis
1624:adsorbs
1571:Hamburg
1564:cholera
1432:diatoms
1419:in the
1378:Algeria
1345:and in
1318:Klieken
1308:on the
1157:Oberohe
1097:Wiechel
825:Related
783:Kerogen
708:Calcite
629:Otolith
462:gladius
435:cuticle
404:Biofilm
377:General
333:Miocene
249:diatoms
230:alumina
218:density
170:-ə-myte
4878:Fodder
4727:Kenyte
4702:Gossan
4599:Schist
4559:Marble
4522:Gneiss
4424:Oolite
4289:Arkose
4187:Sovite
4177:Scoria
4130:Pumice
4090:Norite
4060:Latite
3990:Gabbro
3975:Dunite
3953:Dacite
3899:Basalt
3894:Aplite
3785:
3613:
3563:
3553:
3503:
3477:Nature
3429:
3294:
3228:
3179:
3019:
2962:
2942:
2582:
2572:
2538:
2513:
2412:
2404:
2328:
2318:
2310:
1842:, and
1828:bonsai
1803:caking
1779:nickel
1707:, and
1627:lipids
1579:filter
1492:milled
1449:Mývatn
1421:Sahara
1413:desert
1386:Oregon
1382:MoClay
1359:Lompoc
1289:Until
1198:Breloh
1108:Hützel
1032:fossil
1030:. The
1008:·
953:
812:Pyrena
469:Lorica
341:Eocene
314:silica
289:bonsai
226:silica
214:pumice
175:celite
115:-ə-tə-
4692:Flint
4614:Slate
4609:Skarn
4474:Varve
4439:Shale
4359:Flint
4314:Chert
4309:Chalk
3745:. CDC
3729:(PDF)
3722:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3678:(PDF)
3653:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
3611:S2CID
3583:(PDF)
3501:S2CID
3427:S2CID
3341:(PDF)
3177:S2CID
3041:(PDF)
2809:, in
2580:S2CID
2410:S2CID
2353:(PDF)
2134:dunes
2053:Moler
1643:slugs
1560:Celle
1525:Usage
1366:coast
1357:near
1226:1994
1215:1973
1204:1975
1193:1928
1163:1970
1152:1920
1133:1894
1114:1969
1103:1978
1063:)
1040:chert
1022:) in
1020:algae
890:Druse
585:bones
528:nacre
119:-shəs
4868:Soil
4464:Tufa
4409:Marl
4324:Coal
4256:Tuff
3783:PMID
3751:2015
3699:2020
3661:2013
3561:PMID
3382:2022
3357:2016
3324:2013
3292:ISBN
3262:2013
3226:ISBN
3203:2020
3145:2020
3017:ISBN
2996:2022
2960:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2919:2023
2893:2021
2790:2021
2753:2019
2723:2021
2682:2010
2615:2018
2570:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2492:2011
2402:ISSN
2364:2010
2357:USGS
2326:PMID
2308:ISSN
2130:Chad
2114:dust
2065:Mors
2063:and
1773:and
1765:for
1709:flea
1558:The
1392:and
1329:Soos
1232:The
1223:1970
1212:1913
1201:1907
1190:1897
1171:1896
1160:1884
1111:1876
1100:1871
1089:from
1000:opal
885:gene
646:Tusk
567:Test
316:(SiO
283:, a
4827:Wad
3775:doi
3771:158
3683:CDC
3603:doi
3551:PMC
3541:doi
3493:doi
3481:397
3458:doi
3419:doi
3250:EPA
3169:doi
3111:doi
2849:doi
2837:112
2650:doi
2562:doi
2441:doi
2394:doi
2316:PMC
2298:doi
2128:in
2061:Fur
1949:100
1729:).
1705:ant
1673:or
1661:or
1569:in
1494:or
1458:or
1430:of
1353:in
1341:In
1324:).
1092:to
1073:in
1026:or
1004:SiO
177:or
173:),
166:dy-
122:),
117:MAY
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1990:A
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1983:A
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1976:N
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