6687:
6695:
5415:(1946-1955) was a Shia fundamentalist terrorist group that killed a number of important people, and at least one source (Sohrab Behdad) credits the group and Navvab Safavi with influence on the Islamic Revolution. According to Encyclopaedia Iranica, "there are important similarities between much of the FedÄÊŸÄ«Än's basic views and certain principles and actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran: the FedÄÊŸÄ«Än and Ayatollah Khomeini were in accord on issues such as the role of clerics", (who should be judges, educators and moral guides to the people); of "morality and ethics", (where sharia law should be fully applied, prohibiting all forms of immoral behavior, and all non-Islamic laws abolished); the place of the poor (to be raised up), "the rights of women and religious minorities", (to be kept down), and "attitudes toward foreign powers" (dangerous conspirators to be kept out).
4890:
prepare themselves for the conquest of countries so that the writ of Islam is obeyed in every country in the world... those who study
Islamic Holy War will understand why Islam wants to conquer the whole world. All the countries conquered by Islam or to be conquered in the future will be marked for everlasting salvation... Islam says: Whatever good there is exists thanks to the sword and in the shadow of the sword! People cannot be made obedient except with the sword! The sword is the key to Paradise, which can be opened only for Holy Warriors! There are hundreds of other psalms and Hadiths urging Muslims to value war and to fight. Does all that mean that Islam is a religion that prevents men from waging war? I spit upon those foolish souls who make such a claim.
5640:
the return of the messiah, when they should have been fighting "against the state injustice begun by Ali and
Hussein". But Khomeini was able to "win over his followers by being forthright in his denunciations of the monarchy; by refusing to join fellow theologians in criticizing the Husseinieh-i Ershad; by openly attacking the apolitical and the pro-regime `ulama; by stressing such themes as revolution, anti-imperialism, and the radical message of Muharram; and by incorporating into his public declarations such `Fanonist` terms as the `mostazafin will inherit the earth`, `the country needs a cultural revolution,` and the `people will dump the exploiters onto the garbage heap of history.`
3956:. Like them, Khomeini led a "radical but pragmatic" protest movement "against the established order". The movement was not of the working class and poor, but of the "propertied middle class". "The lower classes, especially the urban poor" were not so much served by his movement as mobilized by Khomeini. These movements attacked "the upper class and foreign powers," but not property rights. They preached "a return to `native roots` and eradication of `cosmopolitan ideas.` It claimed "a noncapitalist, noncommunist `third way` towards development," but was intellectually "flexible", emphasizing "cultural, national, and political reconstruction," not economic and social revolution."
5345:
3635:
definition of the
Islamic state and Islamic economics;... never described its machinery of government, instruments of control, social function, economic processes, or guiding values and principles." In his plan for Islamic Government by Islamic Jurists he wrote: "The entire system of government and administration, together with necessary laws, lies ready for you. If the administration of the country calls for taxes, Islam has made the necessary provision; and if laws are needed, Islam has established them all... Everything is ready and waiting. All that remains is to draw up ministerial programs ..."
4465:, a grand ayatollah and former student with family ties to Khomeini. He pleaded with Khomeini to find a way to stop the killing, saying, "it is not right for Muslims to kill Muslims." Khomeini answered reproachfully, asking him, "Do you also criticize God when he sends an earthquake?" On another occasion Khomeini showed his disdain for a delegation of Muslim heads of state who had come to Tehran to offer to mediate an end to the war by keeping them waiting for two hours, and speaking to them for only ten minutes without providing a translator before getting up and leaving.
2692:, than as the "fundamentalist" or traditionalist he was often described as in the West. It is also the title of an unsympathetic report on Khomeini's ideology from a group called "Counter Extremism Project", emphasising Khomeini's "controversial interpretation" of Shi'ism, his "rejection of Western interference and influence" in the Muslim world, authoritarian rule in Iran, his successors' support for allied militias in Lebanon, Iraq, etc. and is used in the title of a chapter by Mojtaba Mahdavi in a 2014 Cambridge University Press book (
4116:. "We would like to act according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We would like to be free. We would like independence," he stated. However, once in power, Khomeini took a firm line against dissent, warning opponents of theocracy for example: "I repeat for the last time: abstain from holding meetings, from blathering, from publishing protests. Otherwise I will break your teeth." Khomeini believed that, since Islamic government was essential for Islam, what threatened the government threatened Islam.
4423:, or "self-martyrdom". Khomeini believed martyrdom could come not only from "inadvertent" death but "deliberate" as well. While martyrdom has always been celebrated in Islam and martyrs promised a place in heaven, (Q3:169â171) the idea that opportunities for martyrdom were important has not always been so common. Writing in 2006, Vali Nasr states that "until fairly recently" willingness to die for the cause" (with suicide bombing or other means) was seen as a "predominantly Shia phenomenon, tied to the myths of
5523:
5172:, imperialism is an outgrowth of capitalism, and to be against imperialism one must be against capitalism as well. However, Khomeini was "Anti-Marxist." He did not have a clear anti-capitalist analysis of the economic world, and promoted the same end goal of destroying imperialism as Marxists, with different methods to get achieve that goal. Under his administration, Iran nationalized many of their industries and resisted foreign intervention through similar policies to outright Marxist or socialist states.
5613:
3470:
4784:
4318:
2355:
963:
11820:
4068:
importance of the leading role of the parliament, such as `the Majlis heads all affairs`, and `the majlis is higher than all the positions which exist in the country.` This, according to
Brumberg, has created a legacy where his followers "exploited these competing notions of authority" to advance "various agendas of their own." Reformist seizing on his statements about the importance of majlis, and theocrats on those of rule by the clergy.
5215:, who used to be portrayed, larger than life, in popular histories of the British Empire", and laments that Khomeini fed the Western stereotype of "the backward, cruel, rigid Muslim, burning books and threatening to kill the blasphemer." The fatwa indicated Khomeini's contempt for the right to life; for the presumption of innocence; for the rule of law; and for national sovereignty, since he ordered Rushdie killed 'wherever he is found'
5405:
2405:
2397:
11558:
2731:
3482:
952:
3743:. Yazdi called for cultivating a generation based on Mahdist ideology and values. Building on Khomeni's ideas, Ali Khamenei demarcated five stages as part of the millenarian framework: "an Islamic Revolution, an Islamic regime, an Islamic government, an Islamic society, and an Islamic civilization." The doctrine of Mahdism is taught in Islamist seminaries and it is also a core ideological hallmark of the
5430:
5671:
5912:
projecting "the
Messianic expectations of communist and Third World peoples onto Revolutionary Shi'ism", i.e. socialist Shi'ism. Ali Shariati was "the most outspoken representative of this group", and a figure without equivalent in "fame or influence" in Sunni Islam. He had come from a "strictly religious family" but had studied in Paris and been influenced by the writings of
4489:, where it won victories for the Iraqi Islamic Da'wa party, Shia 'allies' of the Islamic Revolution there. The 1983 bombings against U.S. and French peacekeeping troops by Hizballah killed over 300 and drove the US and French from Lebanon. Another longer bombing campaign did likewise to the Israeli army. Khomeini is credited, by some, with inspiring these "suicide bombers".
3710:. Traditional Twelver Shi'ite belief held that, during the occultation of the twelfth Imam when injustice reigned, Muslims should remain aloof from the corruption of politics and wait patiently for the re-emergence of al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam. Fundamentally countermanding this tenet, Khomeini asserted that Shias must "prepare for Mahdiâs global revolution" by establishing a
5119:... in our domestic and foreign policy, ... we have set as our goal the world-wide spread of the influence of Islam ... We wish to cause the corrupt roots of Zionism, capitalism and Communism to wither throughout the world. We wish, as does God almighty, to destroy the systems which are based on these three foundations, and to promote the Islamic order of the Prophet ...
5038:, whom he vehemently hated and regarded as apostates. Under his leadership the Iranian government cut off all relations with Saudi Arabia. Khomeini even declared that Iran may one day start good diplomatic relations with the US or Iraq but never with Saudi Arabia. Iran did not re-establish diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia until March 1991, after Khomeini's death.
5188:, Khomeini's legacy lives on in the Western world. From the beginning of the Iranian Revolution to the time of his death Khomeini's "glowering visage became the virtual face of Islam in Western popular culture" and "inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam." He is said to have made the word "Ayatollah" "a synonym for a dangerous madman ... in popular parlance."
4497:
Gulf War. .... The goal of their mission and the outcome of their deeds was to kill and damage enemy positions just like us ... The only difference is that they had at their disposal state-of-the-art and top-of-the-range means and weaponry to achieve their aims. We have the minimum basics ... We ... do not seek material rewards, but heavenly one in the hereafter.
4164:
saying: "I cannot believe that the purpose of all these sacrifices was to have less expensive melons." His lack of attention has been described as "possibly one factor explaining the inchoate performance of the
Iranian economy since the 1979 revolution," (along with the mismanagement by clerics trained in Islamic law but not economic science).
7027:...Khomeini adjusted his political rhetoric in order to appeal to an audience beyond his immediate circle of followers. In 1978 he made no mention of the doctrine of theocracy, which was bitterly contested among the clergy and would have scared away the secular-minded middle class had it known of it and understood its possible consequences.
4024:", but opposition to it once in power. During a pre-revolutionary meeting with Karin Samjabi in Paris in November 1978, claiming that the future government of Iran would be `democratic and Islamic`. But also told a huge crowd of Iranians a month after his return to Iran, "Do not use this term, `democratic.` That is the Western style,`"
4818:, Khomeini's "politics and religious views reflected not so Shia history and theology (indeed, he was something of a theological innovator and maverick) as the authority that he claimed by virtue of his understanding of mystical doctrines. His was a new Shiism, interpreted by someone who claimed direct knowledge of the Truth."
3656:... in Islam the legislative power and competence to establish laws belongs exclusively to God Almighty. ... No one has the right to legislate and no law may be executed except the law of the Divine Legislator ... The law of Islam, divine command, has absolute authority over all individuals and the Islamic government.`
3859:"those with views different from one's own were members of this or that foreign conspiracy. Thus political activists tended to equate competition with treason, ... One does not compromise and negotiate with spies and traitors; one locks them up or else shoots them. ... The result was detrimental for the development of
5481:"God, Exalted and Almighty, by means of the Most Noble Messenger (peace and blessing be upon him), sent laws that astound us with their magnitude. He instituted laws and practices for all human affairs ... There is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and established a norm."
3609:â `expedient interests` or `public welfare`), and the "divine government" as interpreted by the ruling jurists, who could overrule Sharia if necessary to serve those interests. The Islamic "government, which is a branch of the absolute governance of the Prophet of God, is among the primary ordinances of
4660:, religious terms used for enemies of the Twelfth Imam. Many of the officials of the overthrown Shah's government executed by Revolutionary Courts were convicted of "fighting against the Twelfth Imam"âimplying that the revolution was the promised return of the Twelfth Imam". An allegedly eight-century
4460:
Khomeini never wavered from his faith in the war as God's will, and observers have related a number of examples of his impatience with those who tried to convince him to stop it. When the war seemed to become a stalemate with hundreds of thousands killed and civilian areas being attacked by missiles,
3943:
argues that, while these and other points demonstrate
Khomeini "came to power by openly exploiting class antagonisms", at the same time "careful scrutiny" of his writing during this time show him to have been "remarkably vague" on the specifics of how he planned to help the poor -- "especially on the
4852:
Once we have won the war , we shall turn to other wars. For that would not be enough. We have to wage war until all corruption, all disobedience of
Islamic law ceases . The Quran commands: âWar! War until victory!â A religion without war is a crippled religion... Allah be praised, our young warriors
4496:
You look at it with a
Western mentality. You regard it as barbaric and unjustified. We, on the other hand, see it as another means of war, but one which is also harmonious with our religion and beliefs. Take for example, an Israeli warplane or, better still, the American and British air power in the
4202:
Khomeini strongly opposed
Marxism. `Atheistic Marxists` were the one group he excluded from the broad coalition of anti-Shah groups he worked to rally behind his leadership. In his last will and testament, he urged future generations to respect property on the grounds that free enterprise turns the
4147:
of leftist political prisoners in 1988âcan be explained best as a legacy for his followers. Abrahamian argues Khomeini wanted to "forge unity" among "his disparate followers", "raise formidable â if not insurmountable â obstacles in the way of any future leader hoping to initiate a detente with the
4039:
In drawing up the constitution of his Islamic Republic, he and his supporters agreed to include Western-democratic elements, such as an elected parliament and president, but some argue he believed Islamic elements, not Western-style elected parliaments and presidents, should prevail in government.
4760:
Allah did not create man so that he could have fun. The aim of creation was for mankind to be put to the test through hardship and prayer. An Islamic regime must be serious in every field. There are no jokes in Islam. There is no humor in Islam. There is no fun in Islam. There can be no fun and joy
4748:
Khomeini attributed some of his reversals to advisers he claimed had persuaded him to make unwise decisions against his better judgment, appointing people to posts who he later denounced. "I swear to God that I was against appointing Medi Bazargan as the first prime minister, too, but I considered
4257:
Khomeini made a number of changes to Shia clerical system. Along with his January 1989 ruling that sharia was subordinate to the revolution, he affirmed against tradition that the fatwa pronounced by a grand ayatollah survived that ayatollah (such as the fatwa to kill Salman Rushdie), and defrocked
4167:
Khomeini has also been described as being "quite genuinely of two minds", and of having "ambiguous and contradictory attitudes" on the role of the state in the economy. He agreed with conservative clerics and the bazaar (traditional merchant class) on the importance of strict sharia law and respect
5639:
Although a harsh critic of traditional Usuli clergy, he helped open up the "modern middle class" to cleric Khomeini. He and other leftist Shia believed the ulama were standing in the way of the revolutionary potential of the masses, by focusing on mourning and lamentation for the martyrs, awaiting
5476:
a branch of "that universal law which governs the entire universe ... as accurate and true as any of the laws known as the `laws of nature`", physics, biology, etc. Better than that, applying sharia law would bring "harmony between human life and the universe", results otherwise "postponed for the
5468:
Qutb preached that the West has a centuries-long "enmity toward Islam" and a "well-thought-out scheme ... to demolish the structure of Muslim society", but at the same time knows its "civilization is unable to present any healthy values for the guidance of mankind"; Khomeini preached that Western
5373:
Shari'a covers all regulations of government, and specifies all obligations and duties, so the needs of the people of Iran in matters of law are limited to the business of government, which, by reason of universal accidents, has become separated from Shari'a. ... Now the people have thrown out the
4932:
Khomeini made efforts to establish unity among Ummah and "bridge the gap between Shiites and Sunnis", especially during the early days of the Revolution, according to at least Vali Nasr because "he wanted to be accepted as the leader of the Muslim world, period". One way to do this was to focus on
4389:
have not yet achieved their "purpose". In November 1985, he told radio listeners, "I should say that so far the purpose of the Prophets has seldom been realized. Very little." Aware of the controversial nature of the statement he warned more conservative clerics that "tomorrow court mullahs . . .
4172:
promises such as free water and electricity and government-provided homes for the poor, which could only be provided, if at all, by massive government intervention in the economy in violation of traditional Shariah law. While Khomeini was alive, the conflict attitudes were represented in the clash
5635:
Shariati was "the most outspoken representative" of the Socialist or Red Shia movement, with "phenomenal popularity" among the "young intelligentsia" of Iran, influencing young clerics as well as secular youth. This mattered in Iran because Iran's education system was "substantially superior" to
4889:
Jihad or Holy War, which is for the conquest of countries and kingdoms, becomes incumbent after the formation of the Islamic state in the presence of the Imam or in accordance with his command. Then Islam makes it incumbent on all adult males, provided they are not disabled and incapacitated, to
4686:
The Imam, it was generally believed, had shown by his uncanny sweep to power, that he knew how to act in ways which others could not begin to understand. His timing was extraordinary, and his insight into the motivation of others, those around him as well as his enemies, could not be explained as
4509:
in its worldwide bombing campaign. In the years after Khomeini's death, "Martyrdom operations" or "suicide bombing" spread beyond Shia Islam and beyond attacks on military and are now a major force in the Muslim world. According to one estimate, as of early 2008, 1,121 Muslim suicide bombers have
4067:
Still another scholar, non-Iranian Daniel Brumberg, argues that Khomeini's statements on politics were simply not "straightforward, coherent, or consistent," and that in particular he contradicted his writings and statements on the primacy of the rule of the jurist with repeated statements on the
3576:
Khomeini originally accepted traditional Shia political theory, writing in "Kashf-e Asrar" that, "We do not say that government must be in the hands of" an Islamic jurist, "rather we say that government must be run in accordance with God's law ... " suggesting a parliament of Shi'a jurists could
5911:
Following in the footsteps of Marxists around the world, Iranian revolutionaries attempted to interest the rural poor of Iran to class struggle. After one failed uprising, some of the young revolutionaries, realizing that the religious Iranian masses were not relating to Marxist concepts, began
4769:
Islam and divine governments ... have commandments for everybody, everywhere, at any place, in any condition. If a person were to commit an immoral dirty deed right next to his house, Islamic governments have business with him. .... Islam has rules for every person, even before birth, before his
4232:
In October 1962 when the shah introduced a plan to (among other things) let women vote for the first time, Khomeini (and other religious people) were enraged: `The son of Reza Khan has embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran. I will oppose this as long as the blood circulates in my veins.`"
4163:
He famously replied to a question before the revolution about how the Islamic Republic would manage Iran's economy by saying economics was "for donkeys" (also translated as "for fools"), and expressed impatience with those who complained about the inflation and shortages following the revolution
3879:
Another way Khomeini's views changed direction over time was concerning political populism and relations between social classes. Before 1970, Khomeini had had the conventional traditional "paternalistic" religious views on class. Since "God had created both private property and society, society
3779:
A major aspect of Khomeini's psyche throughout his political career was the ever-present belief in the existence of plots and conspiracies being fomented by foreigners and their Iranian agents against Islam and Muslims. Abrahamian argues that this belief, shared among adherents of most political
3634:
While Khomeini was keenly focused on the ulama's right to rule and the state's "moral and ideological foundation", he did not dwell on the state's actually functioning or the "particulars" of its management. According to some scholars (Gheissari and Nasr) Khomeini never "put forward a systematic
3538:
Khomeini once protested the shah's enfranchisement of women, and then encouraged women to participate in his revolution and vote for his government when he needed their numbers. He once promised that clerics would hold only temporary positions in government and then allowed them to hold the most
3525:
At least one scholar (Ervand Abrahamian) has argued that Khomeini's "decrees, sermons, interviews, and political pronouncements" have outlasted his theological works because it is the former and not the latter that the Islamic Republic of Iran "constantly reprints." Without the decrees, sermons,
5485:
The explanation for why these laws are not in effect is that "in order to make the Muslims, especially the intellectuals and the younger generation, deviate from the path of Islam, foreign agents have constantly insinuated that Islam has nothing to offer, that Islam consists of a few ordinances
3647:
God, Exalted and Almighty, by means of the Most Noble Messenger (peace and blessing be upon him), sent laws that astound us with their magnitude. He instituted laws and practices for all human affairs ... There is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and
2601:
In the absence of the Imam, Shia scholars/religious leaders accepted the idea of non-theocratic leaders (typically a hereditary monarch such as a sultan, king, or shah) managing political affairs, defending Shia Muslims and their territory, but no consensus emerged among the scholars as to how
5655:
was not just an "eternal manifestation of the truth but a revolutionary act by a revolutionary hero". An example of his influence on Khomeini is Khomeini's used of a slogan, a saying from the 19th century that Shariati popularized: 'Every place should be turned into Karbala, every month into
4439:
Khomeini not only praised the large numbers of young Shia Iranians who became "shahids" during the IranâIraq War but asserted the war was "God's hidden gift", or as one scholar of Khomeini put it, "a vital outlet through which Iran's young martyrs experienced mystical transcendence." Khomeini
4376:
argues Khomeini's theory of Esmat from faith helped "to secure the all-important attribute of infallibility for himself as a member of the awlia' by eliminating the simultaneous theological and Imamological problems of violating the immanent expectation of the Mahdi." Thus, by "securing" this
4223:
and against exploiters and imperialists. In part for this reason, a large section of Iran's economy was nationalized during the revolution. At least as of 2003, Iran's public sector and government workforce remains very large. Despite complaints by free marketeers, "about 60% of the economy is
4703:
A whiskey-drinking professor told an American journalist that Khomeini brought pride back to Iranians. A women's rights activist told me that Khomeini was not the problem; it was his conservative allies who had directed him wrongly. A nationalist war veteran, who held Iran's ruling clerics in
3843:
Khomeini also held the West responsible for a number of contemporary problems. He charged that colonial conspiracies kept the country poor and backward, exploited its resources, inflamed class antagonism, divided the clergy and alienated them from the masses, caused mischief among the tribes,
3795:
In his series of speeches in which he argued that Islamic jurists should rule the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds, Khomeini explained theocratic rule is essential because (he believed) it is the only form of government that protects the Muslim world from the conspiracies of colonialists who were
2659:
In 1970, Khomeini broke from this tradition, developing a fourth approach to the state, a revolutionary change in Shia Islam proclaiming that monarchy was inherently unjust, and that religious legal scholars should not just become involved in politics but rule. During this phase, the Egyptian
5542:. It "spearheaded" the search by Western educated/secular Iranians (a group typically immune from calls by the Islamic clergy for repentance) for "Islamic roots", combining a call for a return to Islam, with a "strong Marxist flavor" and an analysis of society "through a class perspective."
3780:
persuasions in Iran to varying degrees, can be explained by the domination of Iran's politics by foreign powers for the past 200 years until the Islamic revolution, first by Russia and Britain, later by the United States. Foreign agents were involved in all of Iran's three military coups:
4749:
him to be a decent person. I also swear to God that I did not vote for Bani Sadr to become president either. On all these occasions I submitted to the advice of my friends." Before being revised in April 1989, the Iranian constitution called for the supreme leader to be a leading cleric (
4744:
for his book (following Khomeini's fatwa to kill the author) was rejected by Khomeini, who told Muslims: "Even if Salman Rushdie repents and becomes the most pious man of all time, it is incumbent on every Muslim to employ everything he has got, his life and wealth, to send him to Hell."
4215:) called the populist thrust of Khomeini can be found in the fact that after the revolution, revolutionary tribunals expropriated "agribusinesses, large factories, and luxury homes belonging to the former elite," but were careful to avoid "challenging the concept of private property."
4448:) ... confined himself to praying ... the great tragedy of Kabala would not have come about ... Among the contemporary ulema, if the great Ayatollah ... Shirazi ... thought like these people , a war would not have taken place in Iraq ... all those Muslims would not have been martyred."
5706:(Our Philosophy). Like the 1970-1980 version of Khomeini, he sought to combine populism with religious revival, claiming that "the call for return to Islam is a call for a return to God's dispensation, and necessitates a 'social revolution' against 'injustice' and 'exploitation.'"
5636:
that of its neighbors, and by 1979 had about 175,000 students, 67,000 studying abroad away from the supervision of its oppressive security force the SAVAK. The early 1970s saw a "blossoming of Marxist groups" around the world including among Iranian post-secondary students.
3884:)." The poor should not be envious of the rich, and the rich should be grateful to God, avoid any displays of wealth and make generous charitable contributions to the poor. This changed markedly after 1970 when his political movement began to gain momentum. In his writings,
4027:
One explanation for this change of position is that Khomeini needed the support of the pro-democracy educated middle class to take power. Supporters maintain Khomeini simply had another definition of "democracy" than is commonly meant by the term. According to scholar
4298:
Wider use of "secondary ordinances". Clerics had traditionally argued that the government could issue these "when addressing a narrow range of contractual issues not directly addressed in the Qur'an." Khomeini called for their use to deal with the deadlock between the
5149:
Khomeini believed that Iran must strive towards self-reliance. Rather than siding with one or the other of the world's two blocs (at the time of the revolution), he favored the allying of Muslim states with each other, or rather their union in one state. In his book
4676:
On one occasion a parliamentary deputy asked him if he was the 'promised Mahdi.' Khomeini di not answer. Fearing that Khomeini had not heard, the MP repeated the question. Khomeini still did not answer, astutely neither claiming nor denying that he was the Twelfth
5545:
At least one historian (Ervand Abrahamian) speculates Al-e-Ahmad may have been an influence on Khomeini's turning away from traditional Shi'i thought towards populism, class struggle and revolution. Fighting Gharbzadegi became part of the ideology of the 1979
4681:
As the revolution gained momentum, the awe exhibited towards Khomeini spread to some non-supporters, one of which called him "magnificently clear-minded, single-minded and unswerving." His image was as "absolute, wise, and indispensable leader of the nation":
4869:... `We have often proclaimed this truth in our domestic and foreign policy, namely that we have set as our goal the world-wide spread of the influence of Islam and the suppression of the rule of the world conquerors ... We wish to cause the corrupt roots of
4731:
While the Imam was sometimes flexible over doctrine, changing positions on divorce, music, birth control, he was much less accommodating with those he believed to be the enemies of Islam. Khomeini emphasized not only righteous militancy and rage but hatred,
4040:
After the ratifying of the Islamic constitution he told an interviewer that the constitution in no way contradicted democracy because the `people love the clergy, have faith in the clergy, and want to be guided by the clergy` and that it was right that
4736:
And I am confident that the Iranian people, particularly our youth, will keep alive in their hearts anger and hatred for the criminal Soviet Union and the warmongering United States. This must be until the banner of Islam flies over every house in the
5378:
He led direct action against his opponents, such as an around-the-clock sit-in in the Shah Abdul Azim shrine by a large group of followers, from three months; recruiting mercenaries to harass the supporters of democracy, and leading a mob towards
4199:, who allegedly "mirrored" Khomeini's disdain for the "donkey" science of economics, wearing "his contempt for economic orthodoxy as a badge of honour", and overseeing sluggish growth and rising inflation and unemployment under his administration.
5899:
truly belong to the people. In contrast, in a republic or a constitutional monarchy, most of those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people will approve anything they wish as law and then impose it on the entire population.
3526:
interviews, and political pronouncements "there would have been no Khomeinism . Without Khomeinism there would have been no revolution. And without the Islamic Revolution, Khomeini would have been no more than a footnote to Iranian history."
4993:
and also accused the vast majority of the Companions as being party to their alleged "crimes". In addition, Khomeini reportedly alleged that Sunnis had fabricated hadiths for political purposes and that some Sunni scholars were pawns of the
4629:
Vali Nasr writes of "the messianic symbols and language" used Khomeini's network/followers to "give him an aura of power". Khomeini was the first and only Iranian cleric to be addressed as "Imam", a title hitherto reserved in Iran for the
4933:
issues that united Muslims â anti-Imperialism, anti-Zionism, anti-Americanism, and "the battle against outsiders" â rather than "religious questions that were likely to divide them". He forbade Shia to criticize the Caliphs that preceded
5895:
Khomeini believed that the huge turnout of Iranians in anti-Shah demonstrations during the revolution meant that Iranians had already voted in a `referendum` for an Islamic republic, and that in Muslim countries Islam and Islamic law,
2590:) knowledge and sense of justice of the Imams makes them the definitive reference for (Shia) Muslims in every aspect of life, religious or otherwise, including governance. However, the twelfth Imam disappeared into what Shia believe is "
6068:"What Happens When Islamists Take Power? | The Case of Iran | Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,` paper presented at London Conference on wilayat al-faqih, in June, 1988 (p.135-8) Also
4468:
Vali Nasr writes that necessity may have been a motivator for use of martyrdom by "hundreds of thousands of volunteers" at least early on in the war when many of the "most seasoned officers" in Iran's military had been purged and the
2602:
Muslims should relate to those leaders. Shia jurists have tended to stick to one of three approaches to the state: cooperating with it, becoming active in politics to influence its policies, or most commonly, remaining aloof from it.
3547:
At least one scholar has argued that Khomeini's ability to swing from one "religiopolitical...perspective to another" has been exploited by followers to advance their various and competing agendas. In particular reformists such as
2513:
Since his death, politics in the legal sphere of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been "largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy", according to at least one scholar, and "staying faithful to his ideology has been the
2477:. He declared that Islamic jurists are the true holders of religious and political authority, who must be obeyed as "an expression of obedience to God", and whose rule has "precedence over all secondary ordinances in Islam such as
8643:
A letter to the president of the Assembly for Revising the Constitution (by Ayatollah Meshkini), setting out his instructions for the future of the leadership" source: Tehran Radio, 4 June 1989, SWB, 6 June 1989] quoted in Moin
4224:
directly controlled and centrally planned by the state, and another 10â20% is in the hands of five semi-governmental foundations, who control much of the non-oil economy and are accountable to no one except the supreme leader."
3571:
As to how jurists should influence governance, Ayatollah Khomeini's leadership changed direction over time as his views on governance evolved. On who should rule and what should be the ultimate authority in governance:
5631:
Like Al-e-Ahmad, Ali Shariati was a late twentieth century Iranian figure from a strongly religious family, given a modern education, exposed to Marxist thought, and who reinvented Shia religiosity for the educated.
5238:
Khomeini was "not in the habit of footnoting his works" or acknowledging the influence of others on his ideas, especially if the influences were "foreign or secular". Nonetheless, his ideas as revolutionary and then
2505:
and the proper way to wait for Him. Traditional Twelver theologians urged believers to wait patiently for his return, but Khomeini and his followers called upon Shia Muslims to actively pave the way for Mahdi's global
5230:. Popular feeling during the hostage-taking was so high in the United States that some Iranians had complained that they felt the need to hide their Iranian identity for fear of physical attack even at universities.
5167:
While Khomeini preached against foreign intervention and imperialist powers, such as through his "Neither East nor West" view, he took a different view on imperialism than classic Marxist scholars. Under traditional
5058:
that he would do to al-Haq "what he had done to the Shah" if al-Haq mistreated Shia. When tens of thousands of Shia protested for exemption from Islamic taxes based on Sunni law, al-Haq conceded to their demands.
5713:
came to power in Iraq, putting centers of religious learning, such as Najaf were al-Sadr worked under pressure from the Qasim regime's attempts to curb religion as an obstacle to modernity and progress. Ayatollah
2696:), which describes "five distinct stages" in the evolution of Khomeini's thought "beginning with political quietism and concluding with political absolutism". The title of a PhD. thesis by Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi (
4240:
In an Islamic order, women enjoy the same rights as men â rights to education, work, ownership, to vote in elections and to be voted in. Women are free, just like men to decide their own destinies and activities.
5200:
that would prevent Muslims from imitating the West by "dividing Muslims from Westerners along the default lines of culture." The fatwa was greeted with headlines such as one in the popular British newspaper the
4998:. Khomeini had portrayed non-Shia schools in general of being submissive to rulers, while Shias always supported revolution against tyrants. Nevertheless, he called upon the Sunni masses to join hands with the
4579:. This discouraging of popular Shia piety and Shia traditions by Khomeini and his core supporters has been explained by at least one observer as a product of their belief that Islam was first and foremost about
9318:
4881:
to wither throughout the world. We wish, as does God almighty, to destroy the systems which are based on these three foundations, and to promote the Islamic order of the Prophet ... in the world of arrogance.
4218:
On the other hand, Khomeini's revolutionary movement was influenced by Islamic leftist and thinker Ali Shariati, and the leftist currents of the 1960s and 1970s. Khomeini proclaimed Islam on the side of the
8930:
5368:
Nouri declared the new constitution contrary to sharia law and spread anti-constitutional propaganda in his newspaper and in leaflets he published. He proclaimed sentiments similar to Khomeini's, such as
5730:. Ayatullah Mohsin al-Hakim called Shias to protest. This helped Baqir al-Sadr's rise to prominence as he visited Lebanon and sent telegrams to different international figures, including Abul A'la Maududi.
9522:
3947:
In this way, Abrahamian argues, Khomeini's "ideas, and his movement" despite being Islamic, bear a striking resemblance to populist movements in other countriesâparticularly those of South America such as
4047:
As the revolution was consolidated, terms like "democracy" and "liberalism" â considered praiseworthy in the West â became words of criticism, while "revolution" and "revolutionary" were terms of praise.
5062:
Shia Islamist groups that sprang up during the 1980s, often "receiving financial and political support from Tehran" include the Amal Movement of Musa al-Sadr and later the Hezbollah movement in Lebanon,
5554:
of industry, "self-sufficiency" in economics, independence in all areas of life from both the Western (and Soviet) world. He was also one of the main influences of the later Islamic Republic president
5365:, was praised by Khomeini as an "heroic figure", and some believe Khomeini's own opposition to constitutionalism and a secular government were influenced by Nuri's objections to the 1907 constitution.
3971:
by Vargas. But the actual power flowed from its leader, who was "elevated ... into a demigod towering above the people and embodying their historical roots, future destiny, and revolutionary martyrs."
2537:. In the non-Muslim world, Khomeini had an impact on the West and even Western popular culture where it is said he became "the virtual face of Islam" who "inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam."
4492:
The power of suicide operations as a military tactic has been described by Shia Lebanese as an equalizer where faith and piety are used to counter superior military power of the Western unbeliever:
4192:, emphasized `reconstruction,` `realism,` `work discipline,` `managerial skills,` `modern technology,` `expertise and competence,` `individual self-reliance,` `entrepreneurship,` and `stability.`"
3759:
of Mahdism" has been heavily promoted by the IRGC and state-backed clergy in an attempt to deter the youth from embracing secular ideas; and it is strongly tied to the inner circle of Ali Khamenei.
4063:"But as for âdemocratic,â we wonât accept it even if you put it next to âIslamic.â Even apart from this, as I said in an earlier talk, to juxtapose âdemocraticâ and âIslamicâ is an insult to Islam.
7528:"Law for the Protection and Expansion of Iranian Industry" July 5, 1979 nationalization measure reportedly nationalized most of the privately industry and many non-industrial businesses. Mackey,
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marriage, until his marriages, pregnancy, birth, until upbringing of the child, the education of the adult, until puberty, youth, until old age, until death, into the grave, and beyond the grave.
6095:
5127:, there are no less than 21 warnings on the dangers of what the west or east, or of pro-western or pro-eastern agents are either doing, have done or will do to Islam and the rest of the world.
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Ironically and tragically, by the early twenty first century, thousands of Muslims, particularly Shia, have become victims, not just initiators, of martyrdom operations. In the Iraq civil war,
5344:
4291:(`expedient interests` or `public welfare`). This was a common concept among Sunni, but "before the 1979 revolution most" Shi'ite jurists had "rejected maslahat as a dangerous innovation (
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in search of more democracy and less theocracy. Another argues that Khomeini's "ideological adaptability" belie the "label of fundamentalist" applied to him in both the West and in Iran.
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around the world, who, outside of Iran, were subordinate to Sunnis. Shia "became bolder in their demands of rights and representations", and in some instances Khomeini supported them. In
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in whatever is serious. Islam does not allow swimming in the sea and is opposed to radio and television serials. Islam, however, allows marksmanship, horseback riding and competition ...
4954:
paid Khomeini the compliment of saying he wished he had accomplished what Khomeini had, and that he would have liked to have been able to visit Iran to see the revolution for himself.
4276:, (Islamic jurisprudence) some scholars have argued Khomeini championed innovative reinterpretations of doctrine, prompted by the challenges of managing a country of 50 million plus.
3648:
established a norm. ... foreign agents have constantly insinuated that Islam has nothing to offer, that Islam consists of a few ordinances concerning menstruation and parturition ...
2466:. The words Khomeinist and Khomeinists, derived from Khomeinism, can also be used to describe members of Iran's clerical rulers and attempt to differentiate them from "regular" (non-
5489:
Qutb's works enjoyed remarkable popularity in Iran both before and after the revolution as they were translated by Iranian Islamists into Persian. Prominent figures such as current
5207:
referring to Khomeini as "that Mad Mullah", observations in a British magazine that the Ayatollah seemed "a familiar ghost from the past â one of those villainous Muslim clerics, a
4687:
ordinary knowledge. This emergent belief in Khomeini as a divinely guided figure was carefully fostered by the clerics who supported him and spoke up for him in front of the people.
5886:
Khomeini as the quietist (1920sâ1940s); the constitutionalist (1940sâ1971); the revolutionary (1971â1979); the vali-ye faqih (1979â1987); and the absolute vali-ye faqih (1987â1989)
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opponents were said to feel the power of his "messianic" appeal. Comparing him to a father figure who retains the enduring loyalty even of children he disapproves of, journalist
4248:
We are against this prostitution. We object to such wrongdoings ... Is progress achieved by sending women to the majlis? Sending women to these centers is nothing but corruption.
4233:
Religious Muslims fought the bill and the shah backed down. Historian Ervand Abrahamian also states that Khomeini had argued "for years that women's suffrage was unIslamic."
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This was particularly the case in the largest nation of the Western blocâthe United States (or "Great Satan")âwhere Khomeini and the Islamic Republic are remembered for the
409:
122:
5158:
If the form of government willed by Islam were to come into being, none of the governments now existing in the world would be able to resist it; they would all capitulate.
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next life", i.e. heaven. (Although the results of sharia would not reach the perfection found "in the Hereafter.") Khomeini doesn't compare Sharia to heaven but does say
2605:
For some years, Khomeini opted for the second of these three, believing Islam should encompass all aspects of life, especially the state, and disapproving of Iran's weak
4672:
and he will summon people to the right path. There will rally to him people resembling pieces of iron, not to be shaken by violent winds, unsparing and relying on God".
4377:"attribute of infallibility for himself", Khomeini reassured Shia Muslims who might otherwise be hesitant about granting him the same ruling authority due the 12 Imams.
4091:
sympathy for the third world was a constant ... The Iranian press during devoted extensive coverage to non-Muslim revolutionary movements (from the Sandinistas to the
9315:
6665:
5134:... the foremost enemy of Islam ... a terrorist state by nature that has set fire to everything everywhere ... oppression of Muslim nations is the work of the USA ...
10123:
Homa Katouzian (2004). "1, "Mosaddeq's Government in Iranian History, Arbitrary Rule, Democracy and the 1953 Coup"". In Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (eds.).
9149:
4456:
If you have any tie or link binding you to this world in love, try to sever it. This world, despite all its apparent splendor and charm, is too worthless to be loved
6247:
5585:
Al-e-Ahmad "was the only contemporary writer ever to obtain favorable comments from Khomeini", who wrote in a 1971 message to Iranian pilgrims on going on Hajj,
5145:
the international Zionism does not stop short of any crime to achieve its base and greedy desires, crimes that the tongue and pen are ashamed to utter or write.
8048:"month-long investigation by The Independent, culling four Arabic-language newspapers, official Iraqi statistics, two Beirut news agencies and Western reports"
4885:
Khomeini held these views both prior to and following the revolution. The following was published in 1942 and republished during his years as supreme leader:
13223:
5151:
3595:
6131:
4020:
Khomeini preached for theocratic rule by jurists to his followers, but not to the public. He made statements before the revolution indicating support for "
3863:
in Iran. ... Differences of opinion within organizations could not be accommodated; it was all too easy for leaders to expel dissidents as 'foreign agents'.
4207:
Islam differs sharply from communism. Whereas we respect private property, communism advocates the sharing of all things â including wives and homosexuals.
3543:" Indeed, it is that suppleness, that ability to improvise that has outlived Khomeini and that continues to pervade the Islamic Republic, keeping it going.
4914:
writes that Khomeini did "extoll" Shiism and saw a special role for the Shi'a, but not one of privilege. He thought of Shia, "the way Marx thought of the
11509:
4132:, denying complete equality with men for women, and forbidding speech that violates the "dignity of Prophets", or "undermines moral and ethical values."
4120:
Since God Almighty has commanded us to follow the Messenger and the holders of authority, our obeying them is actually an expression of obedience to God.
3676:
ceased to be in effect when the ayatollah died. Khomeini affirmed fatwa, such as his fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, could remain valid.
404:
117:
5461:
law, and a belief that a unprovoked aggressive hatred of Islam and Muslims by Non-Muslims has led to suffering and destruction, (sometimes called the "
4941:" (which includes the day when Sunnis believe Muhammad was born -- 12 Rabi' al-Awwal -- and the day most Shia believe he was -- 17 Rabi' al-Awwal), and
8543:
6103:
4853:
are putting this command into effect and fighting. They know that to kill the infidels is one of the noblest missions Allah has reserved for mankind.
3844:
infiltrated the universities, cultivated consumer instincts, and encouraged moral corruption, especially gambling, prostitution, drug addiction, and
7359:
p.111. "see the FBIS for typical broadcasts, especially GBIS-MEA-79-L30, July 5, 1979 v.5 n.130, reporting broadcasts of the National Voice of Iran.
4139:, believes that some of the more well-known violations of international human rights initiated by Khomeiniâthe fatwa to kill British-citizen author
3868:
2700:), where Yazdi "attempts to show how the Ayatullah" emphasized a clash between the United States and "Iranian national freedom and religious pride"
2648:
when that Qajar monarch gave a 50-year monopoly over the distribution and exportation of tobacco to a foreign non-Muslim. Shirazi issued the famous
12946:
12764:
7422:
7149:
Address by Ayatollah Khomeini on the Occasion of the Iranian New Year,` broadcast 20 March 1979, FBIS-MEA-80-56, 21 March 1980 quoted in Brumberg,
4937:(who Shia believe should not have been chosen instead of Ali), and "declared it permissible for Shiites to pray behind Sunni imams." He supported "
4728:
Companions and followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini have many stories of his disinterest in his personal wealth and comfort and concern for others.
2618:
2473:
Under Khomeini's leadership, Iran replaced its millennia-old monarchy with a theocratic republic. Khomeini brought about a major paradigm shift in
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This legacy is reflected in the surprise sometimes shown by foreign Shia hosts in Pakistan and elsewhere when visiting Iranian officials, such as
4128:, in 1990 (one year after Khomeini's death), which differs from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, requiring law to be in accordance with
2617:
who ruled for many decades starting in 1925. Precedents for this approach included the theory of "co-working with the just sultan" put forward by
12962:
8099:
over half of the 20,000 fatalities worldwide from terrorism in 2006 occurred in Iraq according to the American National Counter-terrorism Center
6374:
4898:. Khomeini saw his revolution as Islamic, not Shia and the Islamic Republic as "the base for a global Islamic movement" led by him, according to
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2383:
538:
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Later he told his followers that "Islam proclaims monarchy and hereditary succession wrong and invalid." Only rule by a leading Islamic jurist (
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or Islamic law and ensure it was properly followed. The need for this governance of the faqih was "necessary and self-evident" to good Muslims.
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838:
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senior positions. He pledged to continue the war against Iraq until its defeat and then abruptly made peace. He once said that the fact that "
13122:
12708:
3601:
Once in power and recognizing the need for more flexibility, he finally insisted the ruling jurist need not be one of the most learned, that
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According to Scott Atran, in just one year in one Muslim country alone â 2004 in Iraq â there were 400 suicide attacks and 2000 casualties.
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5802:
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4103:. During this period third world solidarity took precedence over Muslim fraternity in an utter departure from all other Islamic movements.
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4622:. But Khomeini was not just the subject of a personality cult, he became "transformed into a semi-divine figure", according to biographer
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is perfection through faith. Khomeini believed not only that truly just and divine Islamic government need not wait for the return of the
13633:
11520:
11414:
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In Sunni-Shia unity as in many other issues there was a divide between Khomeini's views before and after 1970. In his early treatise "
514:
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Niaz Naik, former Pakistan foreign secretary who accompanied General Zia on trip, in interview with Nasr in Lahore 1990. In Nasr, Vali,
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6141:
6046:
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11484:
10564:"Message to the Pilgrims" (Message sent to Iranian pilgrims on Hajj in Saudi Arabia from Khomeini in exile in Najaf) February 6, 1971,
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3534:
Outside of his doctrinal beliefs, Khomeini has also been noted for being a "brilliant tactician," with a great "ability to improvise."
991:
10149:
A. Ferdows, âReligion in Iranian Nationalism: The Study of the FadaÊŸiyan-e Isalm,â Ph. D. diss., Indiana University, 1967., pp. 243-53
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to subvert Islam: "The Iranians who drafted the constitutional laws were receiving instructions directly from their British masters."
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party, but the crackdown on Shi'i religious centers continued, closing periodicals and seminaries, expelling non-Iraqi students from
5651:), and his killer, the Sunni Umayyad Caliphate, the "analog" of the modern Iranian people's "oppression by the shah". His killing at
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828:
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Foreign and domestically targeted Iranian publications celebrated Khomeini, others compared his personality cult to such figures as
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and that the colonial powers had conspired to undermine Islam both with religious quietism and with secular ideologies, especially
3022:
483:
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A. Rahnema and F. Nomani, The Secular Miracle: Religion, Politics, and Economic Policy in Iran, London, 1990, pp. 73-96. pp. 83-84
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8016:`Bin Laden's Sermon for the Eid al-Adha`, Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch Series, n. 476 (March 5, 2003)
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2688:, 1993), where Abrahamian argued that it was more useful to think of Khomeini as a populist in the same vein as South American
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8025:"Devotion, desire drive youths to 'martyrdom' : Palestinians in pursuit of paradise turn their own bodies into weapons",
4918:: a particular group that brings about the emancipation of all humanity," by leading a revolution to form a new world order.
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Magnus Ranstorp, Department of International Relations University of St. Andrews St. Martins Press, New York, 1997, p.54, 117
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5574:) technology, culture, products, and so had become a victim of the West's "toxins" or disease. The adoption and imitation of
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oversee the work of the non-clerical officials `to make sure they don't make mistakes or go against the law and the Quran.'
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5324:â during 1922â1923 in which he advocated for the restoration of the Caliphate ruled by Muslim jurists and proposed Islamic
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Khomeini's authority and charismatic personality prevented less popular jurists from protesting these changes as un-Islamic
13209:
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cultural identity, and a transformation of Iran into a passive market for Western goods and a pawn in Western geopolitics.
3764:
3714:. Such a government would be headed by an oligarchy of Shiite clerics, who would rule (Khomeini believed) on behalf of the
2164:
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3936:(aristocratic class). In the past, such imagery would have been used by secular leftists rather than by clerical leaders."
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sees "far-reaching consequences" in the belief in ever-present conspiracy. If conspiracy dominates political action then
2081:
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11348:
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Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (2008). "Islam is Not a Religion of Pacifists". In Perry, Marvin; Negrin, Howard E. (eds.).
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According to at least one observer (Olivier Roy), from the overthrow of the shah until the death of Khomeini in 1989,
4005:. Other followers of Khomeini who maintain he did support democracy and that the Islamic Republic is democratic include
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named after him and postage stamps issued for him (the only figure of the Constitutional Revolution to be so honored).
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4720:, and visitors "actively encouraged to perform rituals usually reserved for visits to an imam's final resting place".
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Since the death of Khomeini, Iranian leaders have been more sectarian and Sunnis suffer from systemic discrimination.
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West," and most importantly to "weed out the half-hearted from the true believers", such as heir-designate Ayatollah
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Islamonline. Frequently Asked Questions on Iran. Q. Has the Revolution Affected Iran's Relations With Its Neighbors?
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7880:`Ayatollah Khomeyni Message to Council of Experts,` broadcast 14 July 1983, FBIS-SAS-83-137, 15 July 1983; Brumberg,
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unbelievers want "to keep us backward, to keep us in our present miserable state so they can exploit our riches ..."
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not say that Khomeini said that the Prophet is incapable of achieving his aims." He also controversially stated that
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Aziz, T. M. (May 1993). "The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shi'i Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980".
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to the whole world. Until the cry 'There is no god but Allah' resounds over the whole world, there will be struggle.
4548:"ŰŰȘÙ Ù۳ۧÙÙ ÙÙ ŰšŰ§ ۧÙŰȘŰۧ۱ Ù
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4473:"left Iran internationally isolated" and "conventional means of repelling the Iraqi invasion were hard to come by."
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in Saudi Arabia. Shia were involved in the 1979â80 riots and demonstrations in oil-rich eastern Saudi Arabia, the
5020:
To accomplish the ideological objectives of Khomeinism, Iran began training thousands of Shia militants across the
3871:, where "never before in Iran had firing squads executed so many in so short a time over so flimsy an accusation."
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3768:
2209:
1880:
11386:"The Life and Works of the Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Great Leader of the Islamic Revolution"
8522:
4814:
A number of writers have mentioned the importance of mysticism in the thinking of Khomeini. According to scholar
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In the realm of economics, Khomeini was known both for his lack of interest and conflicting views on the subject.
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and accused of sponsoring hostage-taking and terrorist attacksâespecially using the Lebanese Shi'a Islamic group
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2489:." Khomeini's doctrines would make a major influence on the landscape of Shia Islam; which traditionally upheld
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3785:
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2136:
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13678:
9523:"The vicious schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years â and it's getting worse"
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2712:
1506:
695:
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Al-e-Ahmad, who was from a deeply religious family but had had a Western education and been a member of the
4244:
After the Revolution, Khomeini opposed allowing women to serve in parliament, likening it to prostitution.
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penetrating to the depths of towns and villages throughout the Muslim world, displacing the culture of the
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In his manifest Islamic Government, Khomeini emphasized the wonder and preciousness of sharia, divine law.
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Interview by Vali Nasr with former Pakistani foreign minister Aghan Shahi, Lahore, 1989. from Nasr, Vali,
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declared "all-out war" on Shia Muslims in Iraq in 2005 in response to a US-Iraqi offensive on the town of
3985:
Whether Khomeini's ideas are compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be
3660:
However, at least one scholar notes a number of ways that Khomeini made sharia (or at least the sharia of
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strongly supported the spread of Islam throughout the world. In one of his speeches, Khomeini declared:
4602:'s May 2005 statement that "the Iranian revolution was of the same `essence` as Imam Husayn's movement."
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155:
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13158:
13127:
12558:
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9807:
9703:
5508:
under Khomeini honoured Qutb's "martyrdom" by issuing an iconic postage stamp showing him behind bars.
4894:
Some scholars have compared his ideas on using revolution to bring worldwide Islamic rule, to those of
4536:
From at least 2003 to 2006 attacks were "mostly" by Sunnis against Shia, and "by 2007 some of the Shia
3740:
2169:
1870:
1541:
805:
458:
272:
79:
17:
10541:
9415:, The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the works of the Imam Khomeini, (date?), p.137
5718:, located in Iraq and one of the leading Shi'i clerics at the time, issued fatwa against communism.
4372:
required "nothing other than perfect faith" and could be achieved by a Muslim who reaches that state.
3731:
Khomeini's ideas on Mahdism would be further developed after his death; most notably by his successor
13683:
13673:
13643:
13276:
13201:
12639:
11985:
11748:
10894:
9403:, The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the works of the Imam Khomeini, (date?), p.253
8713:
6096:"Iran's Revolutionary Guard and the Rising Cult of Mahdism: Missiles and Militias for the Apocalypse"
4972:
4092:
4032:, when Khomeini told others he wanted Iran to be democratic, it's highly unlikely he meant "Western
2598:) in 939 AD and so has not been present to rule over the Muslim community for over a thousand years.
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had seen Russia as the springboard country of what was meant to be a global communist revolution."
13572:
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13015:
12629:
12189:
12149:
11712:
8077:
7945:
6291:. School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham. pp. abstract
6283:
5462:
5312:) and by Rida's analysis of the post-colonial Muslim world. Arguably the first prominent Islamist,
5212:
4203:`wheels of the economy` and prosperity would produce `social justice` for all, including the poor.
4185:
3264:
3093:
2847:
2430:. In addition, Khomeinism may also refer to the ideology of the clerical class which has ruled the
2204:
2199:
2194:
2096:
1671:
1074:
5763:
5522:
3683:) and "promoted clerics as a function of their political allegiance and not their religious rank".
1451:
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13286:
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10039:
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3439:
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2229:
2219:
2184:
1900:
1546:
1137:
1049:
875:
12297:
8738:
Farhosh-van Loon, Diede (2016). "The Fusion of Mysticism and Politics in Khomeini's Quatrains".
6969:
6914:
The principles of Islamic republic from viewpoint of Imam Khomeini in the speeches of the leader
5946:
607:
13495:
13330:
12713:
12427:
12352:
12209:
12119:
12057:
11875:
11847:
11528:
11332:
11044:
9625:
8922:
8886:
Rieffer-Flanagan, Barbara Ann (2009). "Islamic Realpolitik: Two-Level Iranian Foreign Policy".
8539:
7744:`Khomeyni Addresses Majlis Deputies January 24` broadcast 24 January 1983, quoted in Brumberg,
6447:
5679:
5665:
5490:
5429:
5348:
5280:
5240:
5227:
4041:
3752:
3279:
2767:
2515:
2434:, founded by Khomeini. It can also be used to refer to the "radicalization" of segments of the
2239:
2224:
1756:
1691:
1240:
1230:
1167:
750:
161:
11457:
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He was called the "Islamic movement's first martyr in contemporary Iran", and honored to have
3812:, and between oppressors and oppressed. He argued that the colonial powers had for years sent
1353:
13320:
13303:
13153:
13030:
12816:
12282:
12079:
11574:
10984:
Martin, V. A. (April 1986). "The Anti-Constitutionalist Arguments of Shaikh Fazlallah Nuri".
9271:
9244:
9176:
7479:
7473:
7344:
7236:
6559:
6555:
6319:
6138:
5849:
4843:
4149:
4096:
3284:
3153:
3148:
3088:
2842:
2755:
2284:
2106:
1920:
1801:
1413:
1393:
1303:
1147:
1029:
823:
642:
448:
11297:
10474:
Winning Revolutions: The Psychosocial Dynamics of Revolts for Freedom, Fairness, and Rights
9203:
9121:
Khatami and Gorbachev : politics of change in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the USSR
13461:
13055:
13025:
12831:
12826:
12588:
12342:
12214:
11796:
11674:
11452:
6932:
5412:
5399:
5260:
5169:
5096:
4839:
4518:
4415:
Perhaps the most significant legacy of Khomeini internationally is a broader definition of
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3138:
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2630:
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2011:
1950:
1313:
1235:
1142:
1109:
740:
647:
519:
84:
12327:
8100:
5154:
he hinted governments would soon fall into line if an Islamic government was established.
4099:) and downplayed the role of Islamic movements considered conservative such as the Afghan
8:
13658:
13597:
13507:
13325:
13240:
13101:
12986:
12536:
12422:
11943:
11614:
9942:"Debating the Caliphate: Islam and Nation in the Work of Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad"
8182:
7372:
An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics
5563:
5243:
are thought to have been influenced by a number of people: Sunni Islamists, particularly
5219:
5181:
4599:
4470:
4196:
4056:
3993:(a senior cleric and main theorist of Iranian ultraconservatives who opposes democracy),
3474:
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3083:
2967:
2912:
2591:
2244:
2189:
2111:
2021:
1910:
1423:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1079:
920:
870:
64:
10946:
Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini : political, philosophical, social, and religious
8195:
3424:
13045:
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8903:
8812:
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8653:
source: Meeting in Qom "Broadcast by radio Iran from Qom on 20 August 1979." quoted in
8038:
7261:
Mathewson Denny, Frederick. "Muslim Ethical Trajectories in the Contemporary World" in
5947:"Exporting Iran's revolution: the radicalization of the Shiite movement in Afghanistan"
5719:
5710:
5687:
5683:
5547:
5453:
5299:
5252:
5084:
5064:
4999:
4938:
4895:
4550:"Even those who kill people with suicide bombing, these shall meet the flames of hell."
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3000:
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690:
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453:
428:
338:
191:
11385:
10624:
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6190:
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Establishing the Islamic state world-wide belong to the great goals of the revolution.
4533:, shrines, wedding and funeral processions, markets, hospitals, offices, and streets.
13562:
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4386:
4361:
4212:
4136:
4072:
4014:
4001:(an Iranian philosopher in exile), according to Reza Parsa writing in the state-run
3980:
3940:
3888:
Khomeini depicted society as sharply divided into two warring classes (tabaqat): the
3852:
3673:
3133:
3123:
2681:
2645:
2583:
2427:
2336:
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2086:
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2006:
1890:
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1323:
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1008:
925:
855:
790:
755:
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612:
573:
549:
298:
250:
211:
201:
177:
134:
129:
74:
36:
11177:
Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran
10178:
7238:
Islam and revolution : [the writings and declarations of Imam Khomeini]
4571:, he never presided over any Ashura observances, nor visited the enormously popular
3953:
2900:
1606:
1064:
13663:
13342:
13232:
13086:
12793:
12514:
12407:
12219:
11968:
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11730:
11706:
11589:
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11236:
10993:
10841:
10582:
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10578:
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10574:
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10416:
9953:
9867:
9862:
9850:
9493:
9215:
9087:
9079:
8751:
8747:
6970:
Dr. Jalal Matini, Translation & Introduction by Farhad Mafie (August 5, 2003).
6255:
5983:
Influence of iranian revolution in Pakistan: Security, Diplomacy Islamist Influence
5954:
5913:
5829:
5819:
5792:
5620:
5578:
models and Western criteria in education, the arts, and culture led to the loss of
5531:
5501:
5305:
5272:
4951:
4713:
4572:
4174:
4010:
3867:
Abrahamian believes that what he calls this "paranoid style" paved the way for the
3813:
3549:
3449:
3414:
3312:
3254:
3050:
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3015:
2962:
2890:
2319:
2279:
1996:
1830:
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1636:
1621:
1531:
1461:
1368:
1363:
1338:
1245:
1225:
1210:
1069:
795:
745:
328:
226:
221:
206:
11225:"Islamic Utopia in Pre-Revolutionary Iran: Navvab Safavi and the Fada'ian-e Eslam"
10675:
10593:
10404:
9327:
8039:
March 14, 2008 The Independent/UK "The Cult of the Suicide Bomber" by Robert Fisk
5330:
movement revival measures across the globe to reform education and purify Islam.
4765:
and the all-encompassing nature of Islam, and thus of its law and its government,
1651:
1561:
13367:
13352:
13271:
13236:
13163:
13106:
12836:
12821:
12745:
12689:
12578:
12446:
12307:
12292:
12154:
12074:
11905:
11900:
11736:
11700:
11692:
11196:
11175:
11154:
10405:"Sayyid Quáčb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic"
9957:
9653:
9632:
9322:
8654:
8526:
8395:
8393:
8107:
8088:
8065:
8045:
7978:
7950:
7635:
6920:
6901:
6259:
6145:
6135:
5715:
5597:, recruiting our youth en masse to the service of foreigners and imperialists..."
5575:
5551:
5358:
5339:
5264:
5248:
4656:
4514:
4195:
The populist side of Khomeini's economic legacy is said to be found in President
3711:
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3367:
3322:
3289:
3269:
3259:
3168:
3060:
3005:
2760:
2653:
2638:
2614:
2576:
2359:
2051:
2036:
1676:
1556:
1516:
1491:
1471:
1418:
1403:
1255:
1250:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1059:
1034:
967:
900:
705:
665:
602:
433:
343:
267:
112:
107:
69:
11364:
10571:
9896:
Shaykh al FawzÄn Warns Against The Books of Sayyid Quáčb | Shaykh áčąÄliáž„ al FawzÄn
8855:
Excerpts from Speeches and Messages of Imam Khomeini on the Unity of the Muslims
8766:
7806:
The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East
4236:
However, in the late 1970s, before the Revolution, Khomeini changed his stance:
2720:
1456:
1283:
13500:
13050:
12907:
12841:
12718:
12598:
12481:
12377:
12322:
12267:
12204:
12052:
11742:
11724:
11660:
11619:
11303:
Famous letter of Ayatollah Khomeini to Mikhail Gorbachev, dated January 1, 1989
5777:
5193:
5013:, Khomeini's real aim was to spread Shi'ism through the use of such tactics as
4959:
4903:
4588:
4568:
4526:
4445:
4300:
3959:
Like those movements it celebrated the oppressed poor and gave them a label --
3719:
3388:
3173:
3128:
3055:
2982:
2807:
2634:
2408:
2289:
2016:
1982:
1781:
1771:
1726:
1686:
1681:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1596:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1486:
1398:
1298:
1288:
1278:
913:
860:
770:
720:
680:
670:
637:
597:
531:
443:
423:
394:
369:
323:
11352:
11240:
10997:
10922:
The priest and the king : an eyewitness account of the Iranian revolution
10845:
9894:
8774:
8390:
8224:
5958:
1581:
13617:
13485:
13377:
13060:
12728:
12603:
12524:
12519:
12387:
12372:
12317:
12287:
12199:
12014:
11997:
11958:
11283:
Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-Khomeini â Islamic Government (Hukumat-i Islami)
10912:
10662:
10649:
9965:
8899:
6913:
6894:
5809:
5268:
5125:
Last Message, The Political and Divine Will of His Holiness the Imam Khomeini
5068:
4696:
4665:
4611:
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4373:
4029:
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3429:
3163:
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3113:
2977:
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2507:
2126:
1960:
1930:
1840:
1746:
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1408:
1383:
1358:
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1318:
1273:
1039:
1015:
865:
780:
765:
715:
700:
632:
617:
543:
438:
279:
216:
9219:
8488:
4699:
writes that defenses of Khomeini are "heard in the most unlikely settings":
3997:(a pro-democracy activist and writer who is against Islamic government) and
3949:
13394:
13362:
13281:
13091:
12531:
12471:
12417:
12397:
12332:
11992:
11980:
11790:
11599:
11579:
8801:""Irfan" Revisited: Khomeini and the Legacy of Islamic Mystical Philosophy"
8668:(statement to his students in Najaf, 28 September 1977. Found in Khomeini,
5978:
5917:
5877:âhas radicalized and guided Shiite Islamists both inside and outside Iran."
5644:
5616:
5607:
5559:. The Islamic Republic issued a postage stamp honoring Al-e-Ahmad in 1981.
5493:
5276:
5208:
5203:
5112:
5108:
5035:
5006:
4927:
4907:
4712:
is said (by Vali Nasr) to have been modeled (by his successors) after the
4645:
4619:
4428:
4394:, the daughter of Muhammad, was superior in status to the prophets of God.
4189:
4071:
Over the decades since the revolution, Iran has not evolved towards a more
4006:
3801:
3732:
3419:
3118:
3108:
3045:
2895:
2862:
2817:
2812:
2459:
1796:
1776:
1761:
1721:
1706:
1666:
1601:
1586:
1476:
1378:
1044:
956:
937:
895:
890:
800:
785:
725:
592:
389:
374:
333:
262:
233:
10890:
Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani
9497:
8982:
7210:
The Shah and the Ayatollah : Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution
13529:
13522:
13449:
13337:
13297:
13070:
13065:
12846:
12634:
12608:
12382:
12367:
12357:
12235:
11785:
11594:
10888:
10301:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. pp. 29â30.
9374:
8306:
6976:
5921:
5702:
5590:
5556:
5537:
5517:
5448:
5424:
5313:
5292:
5256:
5244:
5197:
5072:
4995:
4915:
4668:
was repeated in Iran as a tribute to Khomeini: "A man will come out from
4559:
Khomeini showed little interest in the rituals of Shia Islam such as the
3994:
3829:
3699:
3698:
Khomeini's insistence on a religious state governed by select members of
3486:
3444:
3242:
2867:
2837:
2665:
2451:
2274:
1811:
1751:
1701:
1646:
1441:
1373:
1099:
1094:
880:
775:
760:
627:
556:
10420:
9973:
9941:
9151:
The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic
9083:
8907:
8285:(illustrated ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 68.
8080:
article: "Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia", Accessed Feb 7, 2007.
4783:
4317:
2422:) refers to the religious and political ideas of the leader of the 1979
2354:
962:
13567:
13539:
13517:
12897:
12769:
12757:
12593:
12476:
12392:
11975:
11248:
11224:
11005:
9795:
Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis
9092:
8816:
8800:
8519:
7343:, Ali Gheissari, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Oxford University Press, 2006,
6668:[Khamenei's five-stage plan for the emergence of Imam Zaman?].
6554:, Ali Gheissari, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Oxford University Press, 2006.
6127:"Khamenei vs. Khomeini" by Ali Reza Eshraghi, August 20, 2009, tnr.com
5747:
5692:
5380:
5055:
5021:
4989:. He called them "ignorant fools, hobos and tyrants" unworthy of being
4874:
4753:), something Khomeini says he opposed "since from the very beginning."
4692:
4640:
or 12th Imam of Shia belief in a number of ways. One of his titles was
4623:
4615:
4398:
4292:
3825:
3065:
2917:
2857:
2852:
2613:, and especially the authoritarian secularism and modernization of the
2546:
2498:
2474:
2314:
2304:
1766:
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1656:
1641:
1576:
1501:
1446:
1348:
1293:
1172:
850:
622:
384:
13231:
11156:
The Final Word!: An American Refutes the Sayings of Ayatollah Khomeini
11072:. Translated by Volk, Carol. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10853:
8336:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
7605:
The Iranian Labyrinth: Journeys Through Theocratic Iran and Its Furies
5304:, was greatly influenced (according to Mehdi Khalaji) by Rida's book (
3541:
I have said something does not mean that I should be bound by my word.
13490:
13466:
13422:
13417:
13372:
13357:
13259:
12563:
12504:
12486:
12412:
12134:
11372:
10933:
Islam and Revolution : Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
10299:
Islam and Revolution : Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
5873:"Khomeiniâs Islamist, populist agendaâdubbed 'Khomeinism' by scholar
5723:
5594:
5326:
5223:
4990:
4899:
4878:
4815:
4750:
4598:, show their disdain for Shia shrines. And perhaps also in President
4420:
4410:
4173:
between the populists of the Parliament and the conservatives of the
4052:
4021:
3986:
3821:
3817:
3771:, claiming that it was a âprelude to the reappearance" of 12th Imam.
3715:
3395:
3143:
2937:
2872:
2822:
2522:
1786:
1466:
1162:
1054:
399:
196:
11392:
11198:
The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution
9492:. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 491, 505â506.
9067:
8311:
The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture
7339:
economics is for fools (eqtesad mal-e khar ast) from Gheissari, Ali
2525:, outside Iran, Khomeini's influence has been found among the large
13432:
13347:
12783:
12666:
12662:
12194:
12047:
11883:
11863:
11557:
9750:
Marzorati, Gerald, "Salman Rushdie: Fiction's Embattled Infidel",
7299:
by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999, p.220-1
7286:
by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999, p.218-9
5834:
5824:
5814:
5444:
5080:
5051:
4976:
4964:
4943:
4831:
4522:
4506:
4169:
3652:
and how being divine, no human should ever attempt to change it.
3374:
2972:
2922:
2689:
2661:
2579:
2552:
2455:
2450:, and the Iranian government's "recruitment" of Shia minorities in
2396:
1631:
1388:
1152:
1089:
379:
255:
102:
44:
10871:
The Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution
7662:
Iran: Women and Parliaments Under the Monarch and Islamic Republic
6574:
Islam and Revolution I, Writings and declarations of Imam Khomeini
6050:
Islam and Revolution I, Writings and declarations of Imam Khomeini
4152:, who protested the killings and was dismissed from his position.
2563:(political and religious) belongs to a divinely-appointed line of
13592:
13512:
12740:
12684:
12568:
12240:
12124:
11928:
11888:
9379:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 136.
8363:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
5839:
5652:
5031:
5014:
4870:
4717:
4486:
4424:
4391:
4309:
4282:
4181:
3707:
3693:
3606:
2832:
2730:
2556:
2534:
2494:
2447:
2404:
364:
141:
10566:
Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
10167:
H. Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought, Austin, Tex., 1982.
9465:
ISLAM and REVOLUTION: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
8923:"Making Sense of the Senseless: Politics in a Time of Terrorism"
7212:
by Fereydoun Hoveyda, Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003, p.88
7114:
ISLAM and REVOLUTION: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
6690:[Mohammadi Golpayegani, head of the leadership office].
5755:
5451:
expressed some of the same ideas as Khomeini in his 1969 work
4583:, and that the revolution itself was of "equal significance" to
2633:. Clerical political influence was institutionalized during the
13534:
13471:
13437:
13384:
12002:
11293:
Extracted from speeches of Ayatollah Rouhollah Mousavi Khomeini
10517:"'Westoxification' and Worse: Probing Iran's Turbulent History"
10468:
Avideh Mayville, "The Religious Ideology of Reform in Iran" in
9626:
The Political and Divine Will of His Holiness the Imam Khomeini
8520:
Rays of the Sun: 83 Stories from the Life of Imam Khomeini (ra)
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6844:
6842:
6802:
6800:
5473:
5458:
5139:
4986:
4661:
4650:
4580:
4576:
4541:
4416:
4129:
3586:
3360:
2932:
2609:(1789â1925), the western concepts and language borrowed in the
2572:
2551:
Ayatollah Khomeini was a senior Islamic jurist cleric of Shia (
2463:
1308:
285:
183:
11647:
Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)
7171:. translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. p.
6526:. translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. p.
5678:
In Iraq, another cleric from a distinguished clerical family,
4865:
Which he believed would replace both capitalism and communism
4184:
side" of the legacy predominated with the regime of President
3989:
is disputed. Notable Iranians who believe he did not, include
3880:
should be formed of a hierarchy of mutually dependent strata (
2680:"Khomeinism" was perhaps first used as the title of a book by
2668:
was an important source of influence to Khomeini and the 1979
27:
Ideology of Ruhollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran
13477:
12892:
12723:
12129:
12024:
12008:
11609:
10621:
by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.534
9246:
Capitalist Solutions: A Philosophy of American Moral Dilemmas
8120:
7637:
The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil and Transformation in Iran
7309:
7307:
7305:
5727:
5196:
in particular was seen by some as a deft attempt to create a
5030:
Also, Khomeini's "Islamic Brotherhood" did not extend to the
4981:
4537:
4502:
4356:
3805:
3744:
3669:
3661:
3614:
3610:
3346:
3327:
2649:
2478:
304:
292:
244:
59:
6855:
6839:
6826:
6813:
6797:
5682:(1935-1980), became the ideological founder of the Islamist
4368:) was not the exclusive property of the prophets and imams.
2629:
about 1000 years ago, an idea that was developed further by
11832:
11046:
An Islamic Utopian - A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati
10880:
Reinventing Khomeini : The Struggle for Reform in Iran
10637:
10051:
10049:
9680:"Khomeini: "We Shall Confront the World with Our Ideology""
9647:
The Prologue to the Imam Khomeini's Last Will and Testament
8954:
Heaven on Earth: The Varieties of the Millennial Experience
6945:"Ayatollah Khomeini and the Contemporary Debate on Freedom"
5670:
5647:
was not just a holy figure but the original oppressed one (
5579:
5107:
Khomeini strongly opposed alliances with, or imitation of,
5047:
4968:
4564:
4364:, but that "divinely bestowed freedom from error and sin" (
4272:
3756:
3622:
3618:
3613:, and has precedence over all secondary ordinances such as
3577:
choose a just king. ( ۧÙ
ۧÙ
ŰźÙ
ÙÙÙŰ ÙŰŽÙ Ű§Ùۧ۳۱ۧ۱: Û±ÛžÛ· â Ű” Û±ÛžÛ”)
2827:
2530:
2526:
2493:
over a thousand years. Another significant revision was on
2486:
2482:
2443:
2439:
11333:"What Happens When Islamists Take Power? The Case of Iran"
10967:
The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
10382:. London: C. Hurst & co. (Publishers) ltd. p. 3.
9206:
The Theory and Practice of Islamic Terrorism: An Anthology
9178:
The Theory and Practice of Islamic Terrorism: An Anthology
7302:
6349:
The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West
6093:
4452:
Death might seem like a tragedy to some but in reality...
4124:
Iran adopted an alternative human rights declaration, the
3596:
Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)
10614:
10612:
9068:"Power Shifts in the Saudi-Iranian Strategic Competition"
8186:
5374:
law of the Prophet and have set up their own law instead.
4934:
4669:
2568:
11349:"Modern, Democratic Islam: Antithesis to Fundamentalism"
11288:
Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-Khomeini â The Last Will...
10777:
10765:
10292:
10290:
10085:
10046:
8656:
The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution
4950:
Shortly before he died, the famous South Asian Islamist
4756:
He also preached of Islam's essentially serious nature:
4252:
4112:
Before taking power, Khomeini expressed support for the
4075:
as some reformists and democrats had predicted, nor has
11064:
Roy, Olivier (1994). "The Failure of Political Islam".
9855:
Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)
9377:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
8418:
The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon
6285:
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
6023:"Hezbollah and Iran's Radicalization Efforts in Africa"
5383:
December 22, 1907 to attack merchants and loot stores.
2698:
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
10609:
10073:
10061:
9988:
9921:
9467:. Berkeley: Mizan Press. pp. 106, 301, 302, 327.
9375:
Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza (2013).
8731:
7803:
7799:
7797:
5997:"Radical Shiism and Iranian Influence in Saudi Arabia"
5054:, he is reported to have told Pakistan military ruler
3722:
belief became the core rationale behind the system of
1988:
10287:
10036:
Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic
9851:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism"
9547:
8358:
8139:"Iraqi funeral procession bombed; at least 26 killed"
8121:"Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera"
7711:. translated by Carol Volk. I.B.Tauris. p. 179.
7265:, William Schweiker, ed. Blackwell Publishers, 2004.
5690:), and author of several influential works including
10937:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley: Mizan Press.
9933:
9875:
9551:
Iran's Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami
8283:
Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East
7341:
Democracy in Iran: history and the quest for liberty
6552:
Democracy in Iran: history and the quest for liberty
6241:
6239:
5709:
After a military coup in 1958, a pro-Soviet General
5457:, namely an extremely high regard for the powers of
4634:
of the early Shi'a. He was also associated with the
4168:
for the sanctity of private property, but also made
4079:
spread to other countries as its founder had hoped.
10131:
9861:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23â28.
9311:
9309:
8688:"Mysticism, Rationalism In Imam Khomeini's Thought"
7794:
5534:clandestinely published a book or pamphlet called
4963:", Khomeini reportedly expressed anti-Sunni views.
4704:
contempt, carried with him a picture of 'the Imam'.
4501:The victory of Hezbollah is known to have inspired
11314:ShiaIMAGES.net > People > Ayatollah Khomeini
11122:
11065:
10943:
10941:
10930:
10801:
10315:
9642:
9640:
8594:Religion beyond its Private Role in Modern Society
8281:Sivan, Emmanuel; Friedman, Menachem, eds. (1990).
8263:
8261:
8247:
8245:
7164:
6772:
6739:
6519:
6311:
6215:
5566:, argued that Iran was intoxicated or infatuated (
10714:Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History
9413:Palestine from the viewpoint of the Imam Khomeini
8659:(1986), by Amir Taheri, Adler & Adler, p. 259
8529:"He would never pass on his work to anyone else":
7563:by Baqer Moin (Thomas Dunne Books), c2000, (p.75)
6720:
6718:
6666:"Ű·Ű±Ű ÙŸÙŰŹâ Ù
۱ŰÙÙâŰ§Û ŰźŰ§Ù
ÙÙâŰ§Û ŰšŰ±Ű§Û ŰžÙÙ۱ ۧÙ
ۧÙ
ŰČÙ
ۧÙŰ"
6236:
5263:; and also Shia thinkers and activists included
5024:and eventually outside the Muslim World as well.
13615:
11086:
10877:
10738:
10343:
9704:"- Qantara.de â Dialogue with the Islamic World"
9488:M. LĂŒthi, Lorenz (2020). "20: The Middle East".
9306:
9143:
9141:
8976:
8974:
8885:
8867:Glenn, Cameron; Nada, Garrett (28 August 2015).
8737:
7475:Khomeinism : essays on the Islamic Republic
6618:
6616:
6614:
6222:. University of California Press. pp. 1â3.
6156:
6154:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6060:
6058:
5162:
10929:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (ed.).
10919:
10380:Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism
10297:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (ed.).
9767:Geoffrey Robertson, Mullahs without mercy, 2009
9637:
9113:
9111:
8951:Landes, Richard Allen; Landes, Richard (2011).
8258:
8242:
8059:The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism
7681:Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic
6245:
5408:Sayyid Mojtaba Mir-Lohi, known as Navvab Safavi
5192:calling for the death of secular Muslim author
4059:" are misguided. He stated in a 1980 interview:
12661:
10964:
10868:
10448:
10446:
10161:
10122:
10102:
10100:
9290:
9061:
9059:
8420:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.25
7543:"Stunted and distorted, Stunted and distorted"
6715:
6254:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 43â68,
5504:, etc. translated Qutb's works. In 1984, the
4848:Spreading of Islam would not exclude warfare.
4529:targeted not only thousands of civilians, but
4431:", though it has since spread to Sunni Islam.
13217:
11848:
11408:
11125:In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade
11120:
10116:
9677:
9138:
8971:
8957:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 446.
8849:11 February 1979 (according to Dilip Hiro in
8705:
8280:
8217:"Shia-Sunni Conflicts â What are the issues?"
7983:. Columbia University Press. pp. 92â93.
7684:. University of Illinois Press. p. 138.
7629:
7627:
7625:
6663:
6611:
6579:
6151:
6082:
6055:
5486:concerning menstruation and parturition ..."
3506:
3233:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
2377:
985:
11109:, 2004, Publisher:The Rosen Publishing Group
11095:
10834:International Journal of Middle East Studies
10747:"The Significance of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr"
10542:"Progress Is Not the Same as Westernization"
10353:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist
10325:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist
10033:
10006:
9826:
9520:
9108:
8950:
8679:
8590:
7068:, Tehran, 1364/1986, quoted in Moin, Baqer,
6341:
6339:
6281:
5803:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
4540:have responded by declaring suicide bombing
3816:into the East to misinterpret Islam and the
3605:rule was subordinate to interests of Islam (
2652:against the usage of tobacco as part of the
527:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
11012:
10479:
10443:
10125:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran
10097:
9442:. Ketab Corp. pp. 107, 108, 116, 117.
9174:
9056:
8792:
8740:International Journal of Persian Literature
8333:
8305:
7208:in Qom, Iran, October 22, 1979, quoted in,
7116:. Berkeley: Mizan Press. pp. 337â338.
6094:Golkar, Aarabi; Saeid, Kasra (3 May 2022).
6020:
5130:In particular he loathed the United States
4476:
3836:He claimed that Britain had instigated the
3808:, and the divisions between nation-states,
3702:was closely linked to his reformulation of
13224:
13210:
13036:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
11855:
11841:
11415:
11401:
10822:
10804:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
10799:
7677:
7622:
7478:. University of California Press. p.
7471:
6779:. University of California Press. p.
6775:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
6770:
6746:. University of California Press. p.
6742:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
6737:
6595:
6318:. University of California Press. p.
6314:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
6309:
6275:
6218:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
6213:
5995:Al-Rebh, Dr. Abdullah F. (29 March 2021).
5788:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
4723:
4135:One observer, Iranian political historian
4126:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
3664:Shi'ism) "subordinate to the revolution".
3629:
3529:
3513:
3499:
2686:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
2384:
2370:
992:
978:
11298:Books by and or about Rouhollah Khomeini
11278:Some books by and on Ayatollah Khomeini:
10825:Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian
10259:
10176:
9866:
9242:
9091:
8866:
7586:Pithy Aphorism: Wise Sayings and Counsels
7255:
7007:1979 March 1, quoted in Bakhash, Shaul
6508:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p.165
6336:
3751:institutions. Since the emergence of the
2637:about 500 years ago. In modern times the
829:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
11521:America can't do a damn thing against us
10886:
10231:
10228:Khomeini, Islamic Government, 1981: p.34
10127:. Syracuse University Press. p. 14.
10091:
10055:
9848:
9490:Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe
9487:
9437:
9349:
9201:
9147:
9072:Global Security and Intelligence Studies
8980:
8711:
8591:Hofstee, Wim; Kooij, A. van der (2013).
8416:, p.277. Source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami,
7462:, Columbia University Press, 2008, p.184
7368:
7234:
6372:
5669:
5656:Moharram, and every day into Ashara'.
5102:
4073:liberal representative democratic system
2403:
2395:
12165:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
11475:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
11341:"Ayatollah Khomeini's Gems of Islamism"
11255:
11194:
11173:
11042:
11021:
10887:Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015).
10882:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10745:Batatu, Hanna (JanuaryâFebruary 1982).
10643:
10539:
10377:
10349:
10321:
9994:
9927:
9881:
9352:The Struggle of the Shi'is in Indonesia
9124:. Tauris Academic Studies. p. 84.
9117:
9014:by Asghar Schirazi, Tauris, 1997, p.69)
7804:Ofra Bengio; Meir Litvak (8 Nov 2011).
7698:
7156:
6511:
6352:. Transaction Publishers. p. 133.
6185:
6183:
6065:
5994:
5798:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
5226:âand which continues to apply economic
4821:
4481:While suicide bombings did not win the
3638:
1941:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
14:
13616:
12170:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
11222:
11143:
10983:
10744:
10415:(2). Indiana University Press: 35â60.
10137:
10079:
10067:
9939:
9269:
9065:
9023:
8929:. University of California San Diego.
8685:
8672:, vol.I p.234-235) quoted in Dabashi,
7975:Hassan, a Hezbollah fighter quoted in
7633:
5985:, I.B.Tauris (1989), pp. 148 & 155
4648:). His enemies were often attacked as
4051:According to Khomeini, proponents of "
3774:
3679:Khomeini defrocked a grand ayatollah (
2582:, the last of which is the 12th Imam,
13205:
12928:
12660:
12625:International propagation of Salafism
12444:
11836:
11422:
11396:
10704:
10514:
10409:Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies
9754:, January 29, 1989, quoted in Pipes,
9737:Anthony Harly, "Saving Mr. Rushdie?"
9554:. Taylor & Francis. p. 116.
9462:
9175:Perry, M.; Negrin, Howard E. (2008).
9027:JihÄd : from QurÊŒÄn to Bin Laden
8798:
8617:letter to Montazeri March 1989. Moin
7976:
7111:
7020:
6664:Haqiqat nejad, Reza (20 April 2019).
6345:
5945:Emadi, Hafizullah (6 December 2006).
5944:
4921:
4461:Khomeini was approached by Ayatollah
4253:Religious philosophy, fiqh, teachings
4114:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3223:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
2675:
2092:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2032:Spanish American wars of independence
12729:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
11515:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory
11256:Khalaji, Mehdi (November 27, 2009).
10831:
10783:
10771:
10710:
10402:
9918:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120
9678:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1980-06-07).
9276:. Prometheus Books. pp. 11â12.
8888:International Journal on World Peace
8772:
8334:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
8209:
7660:Speech in Qom quoted in Esfandiari,
7640:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
7601:
7355:(Khomeini July 1979) [quoted in The
6180:
5686:(which had similar goals to that of
5322:The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate
5316:, published a series of articles in
5175:
4979:highly revered by Sunni Muslims, of
4857:Not just as a faith but as a state.
4778:
4312:
4227:
3804:, the conservative `distortions` of
12445:
11939:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
11803:Imam Khomeini International Airport
11262:Current Trends in Islamist Ideology
11258:"The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity"
11152:
10170:
9030:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 251.
8869:"Rival Islamic States: ISIS v Iran"
8361:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini
7808:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 212.
7704:
7162:
6517:
6373:Sciolino, Elaine (27 August 2000).
6252:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini
6021:Citrinowicz, Danny (16 June 2021).
5624:
5393:
5309:
4510:blown themselves up in Iraq alone.
3238:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
2694:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini
2555:) Islam. Shia theology holds that
2518:for all political activity" there.
1861:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
24:
13634:Political positions of politicians
11808:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order
11129:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
10808:. University of California Press.
9210:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp.
8920:
8540:"Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises"
8101:Report on Terrorist Incidents 2006
7678:Beck, Lois; Nashat, Guity (2004).
7375:. Avalon Publishing. p. 206.
7072:, Thomas Dunne Books, c2000, p.226
6688:"Ù
ŰÙ
ŰŻÛ ÚŻÙÙŸŰ§ÛگۧÙÛŰ Ű±ŰŠÛŰł ŰŻÙŰȘ۱ ۱Ùۚ۱Û"
6492:or Islamic Government, quoted in
6475:or Islamic Government, quoted in
5783:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution
5611:
5521:
5428:
5403:
5351:(d. 1909), enemy of the 1905-1922
5343:
5333:
5046:The Iranian revolution "awakened"
4826:
4077:theocratic rule of Islamic jurists
3584:) would prevent "innovation" in
2503:reappearance of their Twelfth Imam
539:Principles of State and Government
515:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
13705:
13041:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
11668:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini
11490:Council of the Islamic Revolution
11273:
11022:Rahnema, Ali (November 1, 2005).
10827:. University of California Press.
10350:al-Khomeini, Ruhullah al-Musawi.
10322:al-Khomeini, Ruhullah al-Musawi.
10010:Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979
10007:Con Coughlin (20 February 2009).
9521:Paul Vallely (19 February 2014).
8192:"ŰȘ۱Ù۱ÙŰłŰȘ Ùۧ ۯ۱ ÙŰč۱ ŰŹÙÙÙ
ÙŰŻ (Rooz)"
7946:"Comment September 19, 2001 8:20"
6490:Velayat-e Faqih, Hokumat-e-Eslami
6473:Velayat-e Faqih, Hokumat-e-Eslami
5363:Persian Constitutional Revolution
5353:Persian Constitutional Revolution
5093:1981 Bahraini coup d'Ă©tat attempt
5089:al-Haraka al-Islahiya al-Islamiya
4180:After his death until 1997, the "
3318:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
2470:supporting) Shia Muslim clerics.
464:List of Islamic political parties
12929:
11819:
11818:
11556:
11380:Biography of Ayatollah Khomeini
11309:Pictures of Ayatollah Khomeini:
10691:
10558:
10533:
10508:
10495:
10462:
10396:
10371:
10265:
10237:
10222:
10209:
10196:
10152:
10143:
10027:
10000:
9946:The International History Review
9908:
9887:
9842:
9800:
9783:
9770:
9761:
9744:
9731:
9722:
9696:
9671:
9658:
9619:
9607:
9594:
9581:
9568:
9541:
9514:
9481:
9456:
9431:
9418:
9406:
9393:
9368:
9343:
9263:
9236:
9195:
9168:
9044:
9017:
9001:
8944:
8914:
8879:
8860:
8843:
8830:
8799:Knysh, Alexander (Autumn 1992).
8662:
8647:
8637:
8624:
8611:
8584:
8571:
8558:
8532:
8513:
8508:Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah,
8501:
8475:
8462:
8449:
8436:
8423:
8406:
8377:
8352:
8327:
8299:
8274:
8175:
8149:
8131:
8113:
8093:
8071:
8051:
8032:
8019:
8010:
7997:
7980:Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance
7969:
7938:
7925:
7912:
7899:
7887:
7874:
7861:
7848:
7835:
7822:
5905:
5659:
4782:
4434:
4316:
4188:. Rafsanjani and Supreme Leader
3769:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
3480:
3468:
3023:Safavid conversion to Shia Islam
2729:
2353:
1881:Discourses Concerning Government
961:
950:
13097:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
11319:Critics of Ayatollah Khomeini:
11017:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
11015:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
10793:
9814:from the original on 2016-03-15
9710:from the original on 2010-10-05
8933:from the original on 2020-01-08
8686:Askari, Mustafa (1 June 2022).
8546:from the original on 2012-07-08
8005:BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
7958:from the original on 2007-08-11
7781:
7768:
7751:
7738:
7725:
7671:
7654:
7595:
7579:
7566:
7561:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
7553:
7535:
7522:
7509:
7496:
7465:
7450:
7437:
7425:from the original on 2016-03-15
7411:
7402:
7389:
7362:
7349:
7333:
7320:
7289:
7276:
7228:
7215:
7202:
7188:
7143:
7130:
7105:
7092:
7075:
7070:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
7058:
7045:
7032:
7014:
7001:
6988:
6963:
6937:
6926:
6907:
6888:
6875:
6764:
6731:
6702:
6680:
6657:
6645:
6632:
6564:
6544:
6498:
6482:
6466:
6454:from the original on 2016-03-04
6440:
6423:
6410:
6397:
6385:from the original on 2007-10-15
6366:
6303:
6282:Rezaie Yazdi, Mohammad (2016).
6207:
6167:
5953:. Vol. 31. pp. 1â12.
5889:
5880:
5867:
5601:
5220:American embassy hostage taking
5041:
5002:against "America and Zionism".
4554:
4380:
4107:
3944:question of private property".
2411:, symbol of khomeinist ideology
2147:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
13669:Eponymous political ideologies
13031:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
12160:Justice and Construction Party
11546:The Satanic Verses controversy
11068:The Failure of Political Islam
11063:
9868:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226
9548:Dr Christin Marschall (2003).
9296:
8987:. Cambridge University Press.
8760:10.5325/intejperslite.1.1.0059
8752:10.5325/intejperslite.1.1.0059
8359:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2014).
7708:The Failure of Political Islam
7608:. PublicAffairs. p. 336.
7167:The Failure of Political Islam
6972:"Democracy? I meant theocracy"
6895:Ganji, Sorush and Mesbah Yazdi
6622:
6522:The Failure of Political Islam
6175:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
6118:
6040:
6027:European Eye on Radicalization
6014:
6001:European Eye on Radicalization
5988:
5972:
5951:Middle Eastern Studies Journal
5938:
5511:
5418:
5286:
4082:
3838:1905 Constitutional Revolution
3728:(guardianship of the jurist).
2082:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2062:German Revolution of 1918â1919
13:
1:
13102:Islamic response to modernity
10634:, Norton, (2006), pp. 129-130
10540:Gershon, Livia (2019-09-05).
10403:Unal, Yusuf (November 2016).
9916:The Future of Political Islam
7408:Abrahamian, Khomeinism, p.139
6195:. united against nuclear iran
5233:
5163:Anti-Marxist Anti-Imperialism
4902:, "in much the same way that
3555:
2627:Al-Resala Al-Amal Ma'a Sultan
2540:
696:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
13588:Social dominance orientation
11862:
11630:Khomeini's 8-article command
11510:Engagement with Jimmy Carter
11325:"Dr. Homa Darabi Foundation"
10928:
10711:Nasr, Seyyed Husain (1989).
10619:Iran Between Two Revolutions
10485:
10452:
10296:
10106:
9958:10.1080/07075332.2010.534609
9832:
9791:1983 Beirut barracks bombing
9354:. ANU E Press. p. 109.
9181:. Springer. pp. 31â32.
9154:. I. B. Tauris. p. 69.
8221:Institute of Islamic Studies
7761:, p. 463, quoting Khomeini,
7668:by Robin Wright c2000, p.151
7592:by Robin Wright c2000, p.152
7009:The Reign of the Ayatollahs,
6996:The Reign of the Ayatollahs,
6601:
6585:
6260:10.1017/CBO9780511998485.005
5931:
5759:(The Disciplines of Prayers)
5720:Qasim was overthrown in 1963
5302:, Guardianship of the jurist
5182:collapse of the Eastern Bloc
4774:
4404:
4260:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
4155:
3974:
3916:(slum dwellers) against the
3908:(oppressed nation) against
3681:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
3218:Combatant Clergy Association
2332:Republic without republicans
2077:11 September 1922 Revolution
2072:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
13603:List of totalitarian states
13583:Right-wing authoritarianism
12705:Militant Islamism based in
12348:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
11495:Islamic Revolutionary Court
11438:1963 demonstrations in Iran
11223:Behdad, Sohrab (Jan 1997).
11216:
11195:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003).
11049:. London, NY: I.B. Tauris.
11025:Pioneers of Islamic Revival
10942:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1980).
10823:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999).
10800:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
9752:The New York Times Magazine
7472:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
7369:Sorenson, David S. (2009).
7040:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
6771:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
6738:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
6310:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
6214:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
5771:
5017:and anti-Zionist rhetoric.
4605:
4485:for Iran, it did spread to
4444:"If the great martyr (Imam
3991:Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi
3874:
2067:Turkish War of Independence
1989:
475:Militant Islamism based in
10:
13710:
13578:Left-wing authoritarianism
13413:Authoritarian conservatism
13159:Political aspects of Islam
12559:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
12145:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
11719:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini
11361:"America Can't Do A Thing"
11180:. Transaction Publishers.
11105:Willett, Edward C. ;
10515:Ajayi, Akin (2016-04-05).
9401:The Narrative of Awakening
9299:Failure of Political Islam
9243:Bernstein, Andrew (2017).
8981:Murawiec, Laurent (2008).
8313:. Routledge. p. 427.
7419:"Economics is for donkeys"
6625:Failure of Political Islam
5663:
5605:
5589:"The poisonous culture of
5515:
5422:
5397:
5337:
5290:
4925:
4408:
3978:
3967:(coatless ones) by Peron,
3932:(needy class) against the
3924:(lower class) against the
3912:(Satan's government); the
3869:mass executions of 1981â82
3741:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi
3691:
3687:
3593:
3559:
2544:
2424:Iranian Islamic Revolution
2122:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1871:The Commonwealth of Oceana
806:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
459:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
123:Salafism by country/region
13555:
13405:
13277:Counterintelligence state
13247:
13180:
13146:
13115:
13079:
13016:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
13006:
12939:
12935:
12924:
12870:
12809:
12698:
12677:
12673:
12656:
12617:
12574:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
12549:
12495:
12464:
12457:
12453:
12440:
12258:
12228:
12115:Freedom and Justice Party
12105:
12040:
12033:
11921:
11874:
11870:
11816:
11758:
11749:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi
11691:
11638:
11565:
11554:
11430:
11241:10.1080/00263209708701141
11159:. Philosophical Library.
11087:Schirazi, Asghar (1997).
11028:. London, UK: Zed Books.
10998:10.1080/00263208608700658
10895:Syracuse University Press
10878:Brumberg, Daniel (2001).
10846:10.1017/S0020743800058499
10688:, Norton, (2006), pp. 128
10606:, Norton, (2006), pp. 129
10476:, ABC-CLIO (2013), p. 311
10331:. Feedbooks. p. 24-5
9591:, Norton, (2006), p.138-9
9438:Khomeini, Musavi (2009).
9148:Schirazi, Asghar (1998).
8403:, Norton, (2006), p.130-1
8338:. ABC-CLIO. p. 483.
7666:The Last Great Revolution
7590:The Last Great Revolution
7588:(by Khomeini), quoted in
7241:. Routledge. p. 91.
7083:"Interview with Khomeini"
6248:"2. The Rise of Khomeini"
6076:gemsofislamism.tripod.com
6072:, Tehran, 7 January 1988"
5959:10.1080/00263209508701037
5540:): A Plague from the West
5361:, enemy of the 1905-1922
4944:International Day of Quds
4896:Bolshevik revolutionaries
4632:twelve infallible leaders
4573:shrine of the eighth Imam
4563:. Unlike earlier Iranian
4093:African National Congress
3566:
2703:
2567:descended from a cousin (
2295:The Emperor's New Clothes
2047:5 October 1910 revolution
2042:French Revolution of 1848
1065:Liberty as non-domination
933:Islam and other religions
886:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi
405:International propagation
118:International propagation
13573:Inverted totalitarianism
13445:Authoritarian capitalism
12990:(IzetbegoviÄ, 1969-1970)
12789:in the Arabian Peninsula
12630:Islamic religious police
12190:Prosperous Justice Party
12150:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
11713:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini
11089:The Constitution of Iran
10920:Harney, Desmond (1998).
10873:. New York: Basic Books.
9024:Bonney, Richard (2004).
9012:The Constitution of Iran
9010:, 25.3.1988) (quoted in
8621:, (2000), p.289, p.306-7
8237:Ayatollah Yousef Saanei.
8181:Feb 2007 interview with
8159:, (Norton, 2006), p. 203
7517:Iran Between Revolutions
7445:Iran Between Revolutions
6506:A History of Modern Iran
6246:Mojtaba Mahdavi (2014),
5860:
5733:
5643:Socialist Shia believed
5506:Islamic Republic of Iran
5433:Sayyid Qutb incarcerated
4742:Salman Rushdie's apology
4477:Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq
4350:
4262:, a political opponent.
4186:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
3892:(oppressed) against the
3810:between Sunnis and Shiis
3765:Office of Supreme Leader
3265:Islamic Republican Party
3011:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
2432:Islamic Republic of Iran
2137:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
2097:1952 Egyptian revolution
1075:Political representation
567:Governance of the Jurist
13457:Authoritarian socialism
12273:JamÄl al-DÄ«n al-AfghÄnÄ«
12185:Malaysian Islamic Party
12180:National Iraqi Alliance
12140:Islamic Salvation Front
12070:Islamic Defenders Front
11776:Death and state funeral
11174:Dabashi, Hamid (2006).
10965:Mackey, Sandra (1996).
10869:Bakhash, Shaul (1984).
10359:. Feedbooks. p. 25
10040:Oxford University Press
9604:, Norton, (2006), p.139
9578:, Norton, (2006), p.138
9428:, Norton, (2006), p.138
9350:Zulkifli (6 Dec 2013).
9340:, Norton, (2006), p.137
9220:10.1057/9780230616509_5
9118:Shakibi, Zhand (2010).
8840:, Norton, (2006), p.121
8674:Theology of Discontent,
8498:, Norton, (2006), p.136
8431:The Priest and the King
8271:, Norton, (2006), p.136
8255:, Norton, (2006), p.135
7935:, Norton, 2006, p.131-2
7909:, Norton, (2006), p.120
7765:(Greater Jihad), pp. 44
7330:, Norton, (2006), p.134
5564:Tudeh (Communist) party
5447:and jihadist ideologue
5437:In his 1964 manifesto (
4724:Sternness and austerity
4714:shrine of the Imam Reza
4664:attributed to the Imam
4265:
4034:parliamentary democracy
3630:Machinery of government
3530:Improvisational ability
3475:Conservatism portal
3440:Nuclear program of Iran
3228:Islamic Coalition Party
2117:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1901:Discourse on Inequality
1050:Consent of the governed
686:JamÄl al-DÄ«n al-AfghÄnÄ«
13654:Anti-communism in Iran
12714:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
12428:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
12353:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
12210:State of Law Coalition
12120:Green Algeria Alliance
11529:Supreme Leader of Iran
11373:"He Knew He Was Right"
11229:Middle Eastern Studies
11144:Wright, Robin (2000).
11121:Wright, Robin (1989).
10986:Middle Eastern Studies
10378:Calvert, John (2018).
9849:Zhongmin, Liu (2013).
9066:Parkes, Aidan (2019).
8597:. BRILL. p. 107.
8172:(Norton), 2006, p. 168
7776:Theology of Discontent
7759:Theology of Discontent
7634:Wright, Robin (2010).
7459:History of Modern Iran
7064:source: Yusef Sane'i,
7021:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
6933:About Islamic republic
6346:Pipes, Daniel (1990).
6139:quotation from article
5902:
5767:(The Greater Struggle)
5722:, by the pan-Arabist
5680:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
5675:
5674:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
5666:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
5628:
5599:
5527:
5491:Iranian Supreme Leader
5483:
5434:
5409:
5376:
5355:
5349:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri
5281:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
5241:Supreme Leader of Iran
5228:sanctions against Iran
5160:
5147:
5136:
5121:
5115:(capitalist) nations.
4892:
4883:
4863:
4855:
4846:
4772:
4763:
4739:
4706:
4689:
4679:
4552:
4499:
4458:
4450:
4385:Khomeini believed the
4250:
4242:
4209:
4122:
4105:
4065:
3938:
3920:(palace dweller); the
3865:
3834:
3658:
3650:
3545:
2412:
2401:
751:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
162:Islamic fundamentalism
13321:Dominant-party system
12817:Hibatullah Akhundzada
12640:SufiâSalafi relations
12283:Hibatullah Akhundzada
11355:on 27 September 2007.
11201:. Praeger/Greenwood.
11096:Taheri, Amir (1985).
11043:Rahnema, Ali (2000).
9940:Willis, John (2010).
9498:10.1017/9781108289825
9463:Algar, Hamid (1981).
9273:Why I Am Not a Muslim
8444:The Government of God
8106:26 March 2009 at the
7922:, Norton, 2006, p.141
7845:, Norton, 2006, p.133
7832:, Granta, (2002), p.?
7705:Roy, Olivier (1994).
7421:. 11 September 2008.
7163:Roy, Olivier (1994).
7112:Algar, Hamid (1981).
7053:Islam and Revolution,
6518:Roy, Olivier (1994).
6448:"sharghnewspaper.com"
6164:, Norton, 2006, p.138
6100:Middle East Institute
5897:
5850:Hossein-Ali Montazeri
5673:
5664:Further information:
5615:
5606:Further information:
5587:
5525:
5498:Muhammad Ali Khamenei
5479:
5432:
5423:Further information:
5407:
5371:
5347:
5338:Further information:
5297:Khomeini's manifesto
5291:Further information:
5156:
5143:
5132:
5117:
5103:Neither East nor West
4926:Further information:
4887:
4867:
4859:
4850:
4840:export our revolution
4836:
4767:
4758:
4734:
4701:
4684:
4674:
4546:
4494:
4454:
4442:
4246:
4238:
4205:
4150:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
4118:
4097:Irish Republican Army
4089:
4061:
3886:
3857:
3798:
3763:, chief staff of the
3761:Mohammadi Golpayegani
3706:messianic beliefs on
3654:
3645:
3536:
2418:(also transliterated
2407:
2400:Khomeini in the 1970s
2399:
2285:Criticism of monarchy
2107:North Yemen civil war
1921:The Federalist Papers
1216:Federal parliamentary
824:Criticism of Islamism
818:Criticism of Islamism
736:Necip Fazıl KısakĂŒrek
643:Hibatullah Akhundzada
13689:Anti-LGBTQ sentiment
13679:Anti-Zionism in Iran
13056:September 11 attacks
13026:Grand Mosque seizure
12832:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
12827:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
12589:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
12298:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
12215:Islamic Action Front
11797:Homafaran Allegiance
11675:Islam and Revolution
11453:1978 Tabriz protests
11100:. Adler & Adler.
11013:Moin, Baqer (2000).
10183:Encyclopedia Iranica
9666:Islam and Revolution
9270:Warraq, Ibn (1995).
8773:Khomeini, Ruhollah.
8714:"Khomeini as mystic"
7977:Jaber, Hala (1997).
7894:Islam and Revolution
7882:Reinventing Khomeini
7869:Reinventing Khomeini
7789:Reinventing Khomeini
7746:Reinventing Khomeini
7733:Reinventing Khomeini
7602:Hiro, Dilip (2009).
7456:Abrahamian, Ervand,
7297:Tortured Confessions
7295:Abrahamian, Ervand,
7284:Tortured Confessions
7282:Abrahamian, Ervand,
7223:Islam and Revolution
7151:Reinventing Khomeini
7138:Reinventing Khomeini
6504:Abrahamian, Ervand,
6494:Islam and Revolution
6477:Islam and Revolution
6435:Islam and Revolution
6405:Reinventing Khomeini
6148:accessed 9-June-2010
5097:1983 Kuwait bombings
4822:International tenets
4519:Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi
4305:Council of Guardians
3639:Sharia (Islamic law)
2722:Conservatism in Iran
2631:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2270:Classical radicalism
2012:Republic of Florence
1951:Democracy in America
1110:Separation of powers
1085:Public participation
648:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi
608:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
565:Islamic Government:
13508:Ecoauthoritarianism
13326:Illiberal democracy
12988:Islamic Declaration
12537:Young Kashgar Party
11625:Letter to Gorbachev
11480:Cultural Revolution
11458:Neauphle-le-ChĂąteau
11153:Lee, James (1984).
11146:The Last Revolution
11098:The Spirit of Allah
11091:. New York: Tauris.
10786:, pp. 211â212.
10774:, pp. 208â209.
10646:, pp. 123â124.
10429:10.2979/jims.1.2.04
10421:10.2979/jims.1.2.04
9914:Fuller, Graham E.,
9780:, (2001), p.28, 33,
9616:, No.4 (1990), p.8)
9084:10.18278/gsis.4.1.3
8805:Middle East Journal
8183:Christiane Amanpour
7664:pp.1â24, quoted in
6429:1942 book/pamphlet
6375:"The People's Shah"
4987:altering the Qur'an
4985:(disbelief) and of
4600:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
4197:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
3930:tabaqeh-e mostamdan
3928:(upper class); and
3900:(poor) against the
3861:political pluralism
3846:alcohol consumption
3802:Muslim civilization
3775:Conspiracy theories
3753:2009 Green movement
3280:Nationalists' Party
3275:National Will Party
2968:Iranian nationalism
2644:intervened against
2360:Politics portal
2165:Antigua and Barbuda
2112:Zanzibar Revolution
2022:American Revolution
1911:The Social Contract
1080:Popular sovereignty
968:Politics portal
921:Islam and modernity
569:("Velayat-e faqih")
551:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
13639:Legacies by person
13046:Algerian Civil War
13021:Iranian Revolution
12980:Islamic Government
12878:Islam and violence
12852:Juhayman al-Otaybi
12765:Sub-Saharan Africa
12510:Authenticity Party
12278:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
12085:Muslim Brotherhood
11934:Islamic governance
11781:Alef-Laam Khomeini
11766:Jamaran Hussainiya
11682:The Greatest Jihad
11585:Shiite clericalism
11500:Interim Government
11470:Iranian Revolution
11148:. New York: Knopf.
11107:Ayatollah Khomeini
10751:Middle East Report
10439:– via JSTOR.
10179:"FEDÄÊŸÄȘÄN-E ESLÄM"
10034:Michael Axworthy.
9756:The Rushdie Affair
9741:, June 1989, p. 74
9652:2007-08-22 at the
9631:2007-09-26 at the
9321:2009-11-07 at the
9053:, No.4 (1990), p.8
8566:In the Name of God
8525:2011-09-14 at the
8472:, (1989) (p.21-22)
8470:In the Name of God
8442:Benard/Khalilzad,
8087:2006-12-31 at the
8064:2015-06-23 at the
8044:2011-08-04 at the
6919:2011-01-28 at the
6900:2010-06-29 at the
6604:Islamic Government
6588:Islamic Government
6571:Islamic Government
6379:The New York Times
6144:2011-10-08 at the
6134:2009-08-21 at the
6047:Islamic Government
5751:(Forty Traditions)
5711:Abd al-Karim Qasim
5688:Muslim Brotherhood
5684:Islamic Dawa Party
5676:
5629:
5625:ŰčÙÛ ŰŽŰ±ÛŰčŰȘÛ Ù
ŰČÛÙۧÙÛ
5548:Iranian Revolution
5528:
5454:Islamic Government
5435:
5410:
5356:
5300:Islamic Government
5253:Muslim Brotherhood
5245:Sayyid Rashid Rida
5152:Islamic Government
5085:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
5065:Islamic Dawa Party
5000:Islamic Revolution
4939:Islamic Unity week
4922:Unity of the Ummah
4794:. You can help by
4505:in Palestine, and
4328:. You can help by
4211:What one scholar (
3999:Abdolkarim Soroush
3896:(oppressors); the
3828:, monarchism, and
3668:traditionally the
3354:Islamic Republican
3193:Islamic Government
3001:Iranian Revolution
2880:Principlist groups
2676:Origin of the term
2670:Iranian Revolution
2561:Islamic leadership
2491:political quietism
2413:
2402:
2326:Primus inter pares
2142:Nepalese Civil War
2132:Iranian Revolution
2102:14 July Revolution
2057:Russian Revolution
2052:Chinese Revolution
2002:Republic of Venice
1851:Discourses on Livy
846:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
691:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
676:Abu Hamza al-Masri
494:Sub-Saharan Africa
454:Muslim Brotherhood
429:Iranian Revolution
339:Islamic Golden Age
192:Islamic governance
13629:Ruhollah Khomeini
13624:Islamic democracy
13611:
13610:
13563:Democracy indices
13255:Absolute monarchy
13199:
13198:
13176:
13175:
13172:
13171:
12920:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12888:Islamic terrorism
12883:Islamic extremism
12862:Ayman al-Zawahiri
12857:Omar Abdel-Rahman
12663:Militant Islamism
12652:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12584:Rabee al-Madkhali
12545:
12544:
12436:
12435:
12403:Haji Shariatullah
12363:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
12343:Abul A'la Maududi
12338:Ruhollah Khomeini
12328:Alija IzetbegoviÄ
12313:Rached Ghannouchi
12303:Necmettin Erbakan
12260:Political leaders
12254:
12253:
12246:Islamic modernism
12175:National Congress
12107:Political parties
12020:Two-nation theory
11954:Islamic socialism
11944:Islamic democracy
11830:
11829:
11654:Tahrir al-Wasilah
11615:Islamic democracy
11424:Ruhollah Khomeini
10815:978-0-520-08503-9
10724:978-0-88706-843-0
10389:978-1-84904-949-8
10020:978-0-230-74310-6
10013:. Pan MacMillan.
9728:February 15, 1989
9561:978-0-203-41792-8
9507:978-1-108-41833-1
9283:978-1-59102-011-0
9256:978-1-351-53010-1
9229:978-0-230-61650-9
9188:978-0-230-61650-9
9161:978-1-86064-253-1
9037:978-0-230-50142-3
8984:The mind of jihad
8964:978-0-19-975359-8
8921:Lakoff, Sanford.
8853:p.32) p.108 from
8604:978-90-04-25785-6
8370:978-1-107-01267-7
8345:978-1-59884-337-8
8320:978-1-317-45578-3
8292:978-0-7914-0158-3
8125:www.aljazeera.com
8003:Hamas Statement,
7990:978-0-231-10834-8
7858:(2000) p.249, 251
7718:978-1-85043-880-9
7691:978-0-252-07189-8
7647:978-0-307-76607-6
7615:978-0-7867-3871-7
7382:978-0-7867-3251-7
7357:Government of God
7248:978-1-136-18934-0
7235:Khomeini (2013).
7199:(Vol.2, Page 242)
7181:978-1-85043-880-9
7089:, 7 October 1979.
7081:Fallaci, Oriana.
6790:978-0-520-08503-9
6757:978-0-520-08503-9
6537:978-1-85043-880-9
6359:978-1-4128-3881-8
6329:978-0-520-08503-9
6229:978-0-520-08503-9
5875:Ervand Abrahamian
5855:Tahrir-ol-vasyleh
5845:Mahmoud Taleghani
5698:Islamic economics
5570:) with Western (
5550:âthe emphasis on
5413:Fada'iyan-e Islam
5400:Fada'iyan-e Islam
5261:Abul A'la Maududi
5176:Western reception
5077:Tehreek-e-Jafaria
4812:
4811:
4596:Faezeh Rafsanjani
4585:Battle of Karbala
4463:Mehdi Haeri Yazdi
4346:
4345:
4228:Women in politics
4213:Ervand Abrahamian
4137:Ervand Abrahamian
4057:Islamic democracy
4015:Morteza Motahhari
3981:Islamic democracy
3941:Ervand Abrahamian
3910:hokumat-e shaytan
3906:mellat-e mostazaf
3623:pilgrimage (hajj)
3523:
3522:
2957:Monarchist groups
2682:Ervand Abrahamian
2646:Nasir al-Din Shah
2611:1906 constitution
2586:. The God-given (
2584:Muhammad al-Mahdi
2428:Ruhollah Khomeini
2394:
2393:
2337:Republican empire
2310:List of republics
2159:National variants
2087:Spanish Civil War
2027:French Revolution
2007:Republic of Genoa
1891:The Spirit of Law
1824:Theoretical works
1168:Neo-republicanism
1002:
1001:
856:Abdelwahab Meddeb
791:Haji Shariatullah
756:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
741:Abul A'la Maududi
731:Ruhollah Khomeini
711:Rached Ghannouchi
613:Ruhollah Khomeini
520:RashÄ«d RÄ«Äha 1922
410:by country/region
299:Two-nation theory
251:Islamic terrorism
212:Islamic socialism
202:Islamic democracy
178:Apostasy in Islam
135:Deobandi jihadism
130:Deobandi movement
16:(Redirected from
13701:
13684:State ideologies
13674:Anti-Americanism
13649:Islamist Shi'ism
13644:Authoritarianism
13462:MarxismâLeninism
13343:Managerial state
13226:
13219:
13212:
13203:
13202:
13087:Anti-imperialism
12982:(Khomeini, 1970)
12958:(Khomeini, 1940)
12937:
12936:
12926:
12925:
12675:
12674:
12658:
12657:
12462:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12442:
12441:
12408:Hassan Al-Turabi
12220:United Arab List
12038:
12037:
11969:Islamic republic
11964:Islamic monarchy
11949:Islamic feminism
11872:
11871:
11857:
11850:
11843:
11834:
11833:
11822:
11821:
11731:Hussein Khomeini
11707:Mostafa Khomeini
11590:Death to America
11560:
11448:1978 Qom protest
11417:
11410:
11403:
11394:
11393:
11389:
11376:
11368:
11363:. Archived from
11356:
11351:. Archived from
11344:
11336:
11328:
11269:
11252:
11212:
11191:
11170:
11149:
11140:
11128:
11101:
11092:
11083:
11071:
11060:
11039:
11018:
11009:
10980:
10961:
10949:
10938:
10936:
10925:
10916:
10893:. Syracuse, NY:
10883:
10874:
10865:
10828:
10819:
10807:
10787:
10781:
10775:
10769:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10708:
10702:
10695:
10689:
10686:The Shia Revival
10682:
10673:
10666:
10660:
10653:
10647:
10641:
10635:
10632:The Shia Revival
10628:
10622:
10616:
10607:
10604:The Shia Revival
10600:
10591:
10584:
10569:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10527:
10512:
10506:
10499:
10493:
10492:: p.22, figure 1
10483:
10477:
10470:J. Harold Ellens
10466:
10460:
10450:
10441:
10440:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10358:
10347:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10330:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10294:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10274:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10246:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10220:
10213:
10207:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10174:
10168:
10165:
10159:
10156:
10150:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10120:
10114:
10104:
10095:
10089:
10083:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10053:
10044:
10043:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10004:
9998:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9919:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9891:
9885:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9846:
9840:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9804:
9798:
9789:for example the
9787:
9781:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9759:
9748:
9742:
9735:
9729:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9700:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9690:
9675:
9669:
9662:
9656:
9644:
9635:
9623:
9617:
9611:
9605:
9602:The Shia Revival
9598:
9592:
9589:The Shia Revival
9585:
9579:
9576:The Shia Revival
9572:
9566:
9565:
9545:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9485:
9479:
9478:
9460:
9454:
9453:
9435:
9429:
9426:The Shia Revival
9422:
9416:
9410:
9404:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9347:
9341:
9338:The Shia Revival
9334:
9325:
9313:
9304:
9294:
9288:
9287:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9209:
9199:
9193:
9192:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9145:
9136:
9135:
9115:
9106:
9105:
9095:
9063:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9021:
9015:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8978:
8969:
8968:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8918:
8912:
8911:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8864:
8858:
8847:
8841:
8838:The Shia Revival
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8775:"Home mysticism"
8770:
8764:
8763:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8709:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8683:
8677:
8666:
8660:
8651:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8628:
8622:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8588:
8582:
8581:, (2000), p. 284
8575:
8569:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8536:
8530:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8496:The Shia Revival
8492:
8486:
8485:, (2005), p. 256
8483:The Soul of Iran
8479:
8473:
8466:
8460:
8459:, (2000), p. 297
8453:
8447:
8440:
8434:
8433:(1998) pp. 173â4
8427:
8421:
8410:
8404:
8401:The Shia Revival
8397:
8388:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8278:
8272:
8269:The Shia Revival
8265:
8256:
8253:The Shia Revival
8249:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8232:
8223:. Archived from
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8194:. Archived from
8179:
8173:
8170:The Shia Revival
8166:
8160:
8157:The Shia Revival
8153:
8147:
8146:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8117:
8111:
8097:
8091:
8075:
8069:
8055:
8049:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8017:
8014:
8008:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7973:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7942:
7936:
7933:The Shia Revival
7929:
7923:
7920:The Shia Revival
7916:
7910:
7907:The Shia Revival
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7878:
7872:
7865:
7859:
7852:
7846:
7843:The Shia Revival
7839:
7833:
7828:Ruthven, Malise
7826:
7820:
7819:
7801:
7792:
7785:
7779:
7772:
7766:
7755:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7675:
7669:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7631:
7620:
7619:
7599:
7593:
7583:
7577:
7576:, 1993, pp.33-34
7570:
7564:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7539:
7533:
7526:
7520:
7513:
7507:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7469:
7463:
7454:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7400:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7366:
7360:
7353:
7347:
7337:
7331:
7328:The Shia Revival
7324:
7318:
7311:
7300:
7293:
7287:
7280:
7274:
7263:Religious Ethics
7259:
7253:
7252:
7232:
7226:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7200:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7170:
7160:
7154:
7147:
7141:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7109:
7103:
7096:
7090:
7079:
7073:
7062:
7056:
7049:
7043:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7018:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6980:. Archived from
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6947:. Archived from
6941:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6911:
6905:
6892:
6886:
6879:
6873:
6866:
6853:
6846:
6837:
6830:
6824:
6817:
6811:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6778:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6745:
6735:
6729:
6722:
6713:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6698:on 1 April 2022.
6694:. Archived from
6684:
6678:
6677:
6672:. Archived from
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6636:
6630:
6620:
6609:
6599:
6593:
6583:
6577:
6568:
6562:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6525:
6515:
6509:
6502:
6496:
6486:
6480:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6444:
6438:
6427:
6421:
6414:
6408:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6317:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6243:
6234:
6233:
6221:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6187:
6178:
6171:
6165:
6162:The Shia Revival
6158:
6149:
6125:The New Republic
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6102:. Archived from
6091:
6080:
6079:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5992:
5986:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5942:
5925:
5914:Jean-Paul Sartre
5909:
5903:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5871:
5830:Politics of Iran
5820:Islamic scholars
5741:Wilayat al-Faqih
5626:
5532:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
5526:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
5502:Hadi Khosroshahi
5496:and his brother
5472:Qutb considered
5394:Fada'ian-e Islam
5381:Tupkhanih Square
5311:
5273:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
5251:(founder of the
5186:the Soviet Union
5170:Marxist-Leninism
5111:(communist) and
5083:in Bahrain, and
4952:Abul Ala Maududi
4807:
4804:
4786:
4779:
4387:Islamic prophets
4341:
4338:
4320:
4313:
4175:Guardian Council
4011:Mohammad Khatami
3796:responsible for
3672:pronounced by a
3550:Muhammad Khatami
3515:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3450:Politics of Iran
3425:Holocaust denial
3415:Death to America
3313:Hojjatie Society
3295:Reformers' Party
3255:Iran Novin Party
3198:
3016:White Revolution
2963:Anti-clericalism
2891:Anti-imperialism
2886:Anti-Americanism
2733:
2723:
2708:
2707:
2571:) and daughter (
2468:Wilayat ul-Faqih
2386:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2357:
2342:Republican Party
2320:Peasant republic
2280:Communitarianism
1997:Classical Athens
1992:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1070:Mixed government
1004:
1003:
994:
987:
980:
966:
965:
957:Islam portal
955:
954:
953:
839:in North America
796:Hassan Al-Turabi
746:Abul Hasan Nadwi
329:Anti-imperialism
227:Islamic republic
222:Islamic monarchy
207:Islamic feminism
47:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
13709:
13708:
13704:
13703:
13702:
13700:
13699:
13698:
13614:
13613:
13612:
13607:
13551:
13401:
13368:Socialist state
13353:One-party state
13272:Communist state
13243:
13230:
13200:
13195:
13168:
13164:Political Islam
13142:
13111:
13107:Islamic revival
13075:
13008:
13002:
12998:(Gaddafi, 1975)
12931:
12912:
12866:
12837:Osama bin Laden
12822:Anwar al-Awlaki
12805:
12799:in North Africa
12746:Lashkar-e-Taiba
12694:
12690:Salafi jihadism
12669:
12644:
12613:
12579:Safar al-Hawali
12541:
12491:
12449:
12447:Salafi movement
12432:
12308:Muammar Gaddafi
12293:Hassan al-Banna
12261:
12250:
12224:
12155:Jamiat-e Islami
12101:
12075:Jamaat-e-Islami
12063:in Central Asia
12041:Socio-political
12029:
11917:
11906:Salafi jihadism
11866:
11861:
11831:
11826:
11812:
11754:
11745:(granddaughter)
11737:Hassan Khomeini
11701:Khadijeh Saqafi
11687:
11634:
11605:Sex segregation
11561:
11552:
11539:Israeli support
11505:1979 Referendum
11485:Supreme Council
11426:
11421:
11384:
11371:
11367:on 1 July 2007.
11359:
11347:
11339:
11331:
11323:
11305:. Keyhan Daily.
11276:
11219:
11209:
11188:
11167:
11137:
11080:
11057:
11036:
10977:
10958:
10905:
10816:
10796:
10791:
10790:
10782:
10778:
10770:
10766:
10756:
10754:
10743:
10739:
10729:
10727:
10725:
10709:
10705:
10696:
10692:
10683:
10676:
10667:
10663:
10654:
10650:
10642:
10638:
10629:
10625:
10617:
10610:
10601:
10594:
10590:, 2002, p.107-8
10585:
10572:
10568:, (1981), p.195
10563:
10559:
10550:
10548:
10538:
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10244:
10236:
10232:
10227:
10223:
10214:
10210:
10201:
10197:
10187:
10185:
10177:FARHAD KAZEMI.
10175:
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9771:
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9688:
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9645:
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9527:The Independent
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9411:
9407:
9399:Ansari, Hamid,
9398:
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9369:
9362:
9348:
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9323:Wayback Machine
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8965:
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8919:
8915:
8884:
8880:
8865:
8861:
8851:The Longest War
8848:
8844:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8797:
8793:
8783:
8781:
8771:
8767:
8736:
8732:
8722:
8720:
8718:Persian Studies
8710:
8706:
8696:
8694:
8684:
8680:
8676:(1993), p.476-7
8667:
8663:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8638:
8629:
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8612:
8605:
8589:
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8538:
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8527:Wayback Machine
8518:
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8332:
8328:
8321:
8304:
8300:
8293:
8279:
8275:
8266:
8259:
8250:
8243:
8230:
8228:
8227:on 4 March 2016
8215:
8214:
8210:
8201:
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8180:
8176:
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8150:
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8119:
8118:
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8108:Wayback Machine
8098:
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8089:Wayback Machine
8076:
8072:
8066:Wayback Machine
8056:
8052:
8046:Wayback Machine
8037:
8033:
8029:, June 26, 2001
8024:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8007:(July 23, 2000)
8002:
7998:
7991:
7974:
7970:
7961:
7959:
7951:National Review
7944:
7943:
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7703:
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7676:
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7648:
7632:
7623:
7616:
7600:
7596:
7584:
7580:
7571:
7567:
7558:
7554:
7549:. Jan 18, 2003.
7541:
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7189:
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7157:
7148:
7144:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7110:
7106:
7102:, (2000), p.228
7097:
7093:
7080:
7076:
7066:Velayat-e Faqih
7063:
7059:
7050:
7046:
7037:
7033:
7025:. p. 111.
7019:
7015:
7006:
7002:
6993:
6989:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6952:
6943:
6942:
6938:
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6921:Wayback Machine
6912:
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6902:Wayback Machine
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6805:
6798:
6791:
6769:
6765:
6758:
6736:
6732:
6723:
6716:
6707:
6703:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6676:on 5 June 2022.
6662:
6658:
6654:, 27 March 1982
6650:
6646:
6637:
6633:
6621:
6612:
6600:
6596:
6584:
6580:
6569:
6565:
6550:Gheissari, Ali
6549:
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6503:
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6280:
6276:
6270:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6177:(1985), p. 193.
6172:
6168:
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6152:
6146:Wayback Machine
6136:Wayback Machine
6123:
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6092:
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5934:
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5928:
5910:
5906:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5774:
5736:
5716:Muhsin al-Hakim
5668:
5662:
5610:
5604:
5552:nationalization
5520:
5514:
5427:
5421:
5402:
5396:
5359:Fazlullah Nouri
5342:
5340:Fazlullah Nouri
5336:
5334:Fazlullah Nouri
5295:
5289:
5265:Fazlullah Nouri
5255:organization),
5249:Hassan al-Banna
5236:
5178:
5165:
5105:
5044:
4930:
4924:
4829:
4827:Spread of Islam
4824:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4792:needs expansion
4777:
4726:
4657:Mofsed-e-filarz
4644:(Deputy to the
4608:
4557:
4549:
4527:suicide bombers
4479:
4437:
4413:
4407:
4383:
4362:12th Imam/Mahdi
4353:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4326:needs expansion
4268:
4255:
4230:
4158:
4145:mass executions
4110:
4085:
3983:
3977:
3934:tabaqeh-e a'yan
3922:tabaqeh-e payin
3914:zagheh-neshinha
3877:
3800:the decline of
3777:
3725:Velayat-e-Faqih
3712:religious state
3704:Twelver Shi'ite
3696:
3690:
3674:grand ayatollah
3641:
3632:
3598:
3582:velayat-e faqih
3569:
3564:
3562:Velayat-e-faqih
3558:
3532:
3519:
3487:Iran portal
3481:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3435:Judicial system
3410:
3402:
3401:
3368:Partow-e Sokhan
3341:
3333:
3332:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3290:Rastakhiz Party
3270:Learned Council
3260:Iran-e-No Party
3210:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3006:Pahlavi dynasty
2996:
2988:
2987:
2954:
2943:Twelver Shi'ism
2877:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2761:Deviant current
2741:
2721:
2706:
2678:
2654:Tobacco Protest
2639:Grand Ayatollah
2577:Islamic prophet
2549:
2543:
2529:populations of
2438:populations of
2390:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2037:Trienio Liberal
1978:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1552:Flynn (Stephen)
1437:
1429:
1428:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:Social equality
1115:Social contract
1105:Self-governance
1060:Democratization
1035:Anti-corruption
1030:Anti-monarchism
1025:
1009:Politics series
998:
960:
951:
949:
943:
942:
916:
906:
905:
901:Magnus Ranstorp
819:
811:
810:
706:Hassan al-Banna
666:Osama bin Laden
661:
653:
652:
603:Muammar Gaddafi
588:
580:
579:
566:
509:
501:
500:
434:Jamaat-e-Islami
357:
349:
348:
344:Islamic revival
319:
311:
310:
268:Political Islam
173:
165:
164:
158:
113:Salafi jihadism
108:Salafi movement
98:
90:
89:
55:
43:
42:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13707:
13697:
13696:
13694:Anti-anarchism
13691:
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13676:
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13292:Constitutional
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13147:Related topics
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13138:United Kingdom
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13063:
13058:
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13051:Faith campaign
13048:
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13038:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13018:
13012:
13010:
13004:
13003:
13001:
13000:
12996:The Green Book
12992:
12984:
12976:
12968:
12960:
12952:
12950:(Iqbal, 1930s)
12948:Reconstruction
12943:
12941:
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12908:Talibanization
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12842:Akhtar Mansour
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12753:Southeast Asia
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12606:
12601:
12599:Salman al-Ouda
12596:
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12499:
12493:
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12489:
12484:
12482:Sahwa movement
12479:
12474:
12468:
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12459:
12451:
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12405:
12400:
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12378:Ata Abu Rashta
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
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12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12323:Muhammad Iqbal
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12268:Muhammad Abduh
12264:
12262:
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12223:
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12207:
12205:Fatah Alliance
12202:
12197:
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12053:Hizb ut-Tahrir
12050:
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12042:
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12012:
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11783:
11778:
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11762:
11760:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11752:
11746:
11743:Zahra Eshraghi
11740:
11734:
11728:
11725:Ahmad Khomeini
11722:
11716:
11710:
11704:
11697:
11695:
11689:
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11678:
11671:
11664:
11661:Kashf al-Asrar
11657:
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11642:
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11627:
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11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11575:American Islam
11571:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11555:
11553:
11551:
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11548:
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11525:
11524:
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11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11467:
11465:Return to Iran
11462:
11461:
11460:
11455:
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11428:
11427:
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11357:
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11337:
11329:
11317:
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11306:
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11285:
11275:
11274:External links
11272:
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11040:
11034:
11019:
11010:
10992:(2): 181â196.
10981:
10975:
10962:
10956:
10939:
10926:
10924:. I.B. Tauris.
10917:
10903:
10884:
10875:
10866:
10840:(2): 207â222.
10829:
10820:
10814:
10795:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10776:
10764:
10737:
10723:
10717:. SUNY Press.
10703:
10690:
10674:
10661:
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10636:
10623:
10608:
10592:
10570:
10557:
10532:
10507:
10494:
10478:
10461:
10442:
10395:
10388:
10370:
10342:
10314:
10307:
10286:
10266:Qutb, Sayyid.
10258:
10238:Qutb, Sayyid.
10230:
10221:
10208:
10195:
10169:
10160:
10151:
10142:
10130:
10115:
10096:
10094:, p. 205.
10084:
10082:, p. 183.
10072:
10070:, p. 182.
10060:
10058:, p. 197.
10045:
10042:. p. 138.
10026:
10019:
9999:
9997:, pp. 81.
9987:
9952:(4): 711â732.
9932:
9920:
9907:
9886:
9874:
9841:
9825:
9799:
9782:
9769:
9760:
9743:
9730:
9721:
9695:
9670:
9657:
9636:
9618:
9606:
9593:
9580:
9567:
9560:
9540:
9513:
9506:
9480:
9473:
9455:
9449:978-1595842480
9448:
9440:Kashf al Asrar
9430:
9417:
9405:
9392:
9385:
9367:
9360:
9342:
9326:
9305:
9289:
9282:
9262:
9255:
9235:
9228:
9194:
9187:
9167:
9160:
9137:
9130:
9107:
9055:
9043:
9036:
9016:
9000:
8993:
8970:
8963:
8943:
8913:
8878:
8859:
8842:
8829:
8811:(4): 631â653.
8791:
8765:
8730:
8712:Seyed-Gohrab.
8704:
8678:
8670:Sahifeh-ye Nur
8661:
8646:
8636:
8623:
8610:
8603:
8583:
8570:
8557:
8531:
8512:
8500:
8487:
8474:
8461:
8448:
8446:, 1984, p. 121
8435:
8422:
8405:
8389:
8376:
8369:
8351:
8344:
8326:
8319:
8298:
8291:
8273:
8257:
8241:
8208:
8174:
8161:
8148:
8145:. 24 May 2007.
8130:
8112:
8092:
8070:
8050:
8031:
8018:
8009:
7996:
7989:
7968:
7937:
7924:
7911:
7898:
7886:
7873:
7860:
7847:
7834:
7830:A Fury For God
7821:
7814:
7793:
7780:
7767:
7750:
7737:
7724:
7717:
7697:
7690:
7670:
7653:
7646:
7621:
7614:
7594:
7578:
7565:
7552:
7534:
7521:
7508:
7495:
7488:
7464:
7449:
7436:
7410:
7401:
7388:
7381:
7361:
7348:
7332:
7319:
7301:
7288:
7275:
7254:
7247:
7227:
7225:, (1981), p.91
7214:
7201:
7187:
7180:
7155:
7142:
7129:
7122:
7104:
7091:
7087:New York Times
7074:
7057:
7044:
7031:
7013:
7000:
6987:
6984:on 2010-08-25.
6962:
6936:
6925:
6906:
6887:
6874:
6854:
6838:
6825:
6812:
6796:
6789:
6763:
6756:
6730:
6714:
6701:
6679:
6656:
6644:
6631:
6610:
6594:
6578:
6563:
6543:
6536:
6510:
6497:
6481:
6465:
6439:
6431:Kashf al-Asrar
6422:
6409:
6396:
6365:
6358:
6335:
6328:
6302:
6274:
6268:
6235:
6228:
6206:
6179:
6173:Moojan Momen,
6166:
6150:
6117:
6106:on 1 June 2022
6081:
6054:
6039:
6013:
5987:
5971:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5904:
5888:
5879:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5780:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5744:
5735:
5732:
5661:
5658:
5627:; 1933 - 1977)
5603:
5600:
5536:Occidentosis (
5516:Main article:
5513:
5510:
5500:, Aáž„mad Aram,
5420:
5417:
5395:
5392:
5335:
5332:
5288:
5285:
5235:
5232:
5194:Salman Rushdie
5177:
5174:
5164:
5161:
5104:
5101:
5043:
5040:
5011:al-Khumayniyya
4960:Kashf al Asrar
4923:
4920:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4810:
4809:
4789:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4725:
4722:
4607:
4604:
4591:was martyred.
4569:Awadh's nawabs
4556:
4553:
4478:
4475:
4471:hostage crisis
4446:Husayn ibn Ali
4436:
4433:
4406:
4403:
4382:
4379:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4323:
4321:
4307:
4296:
4267:
4264:
4254:
4251:
4229:
4226:
4157:
4154:
4141:Salman Rushdie
4109:
4106:
4084:
4081:
4055:" as well as "
4042:Supreme Leader
3976:
3973:
3954:GetĂșlio Vargas
3926:tabaqeh-e bala
3876:
3873:
3776:
3773:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3619:fasting (sawm)
3615:prayer (salat)
3594:Main article:
3592:
3591:
3578:
3568:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3531:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:Related topics
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3389:Vatan-e-Emrooz
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Progress Party
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:Westernization
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Anti-communism
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2778:Fundamentalism
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2702:
2677:
2674:
2635:Safavid Empire
2619:Sayyed Murtaza
2545:Main article:
2542:
2539:
2501:belief in the
2409:Emblem of Iran
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Egalitarianism
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:Related topics
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2235:United Kingdom
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Dutch Republic
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1983:Roman Republic
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:Wollstonecraft
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
971:
970:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
917:
914:Related topics
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Maryam Namazie
858:
853:
848:
843:
842:
841:
836:
826:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
771:Ata Abu Rashta
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
721:Muhammad Iqbal
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:Muhammad Abduh
678:
673:
671:Mohammed Yusuf
668:
662:
660:Key ideologues
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:House of Thani
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
598:Omar al-Bashir
595:
589:
587:Heads of state
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
560:
553:("Milestones")
547:
535:
523:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
489:Southeast Asia
486:
481:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:Salafist Front
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Hizb ut-Tahrir
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
397:
395:Sahwa movement
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:Dawat-e-Islami
367:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
324:Anti-communism
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
301:
296:
289:
282:
277:
276:
275:
265:
260:
259:
258:
253:
241:
231:
230:
229:
224:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
188:
187:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
160:
159:
152:
151:
150:
149:
139:
138:
137:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
105:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13706:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13632:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13554:
13548:
13547:ShĆwa Statism
13545:
13541:
13538:
13537:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13493:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13486:Caesaropapism
13484:
13480:
13479:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13459:
13458:
13455:
13451:
13448:
13447:
13446:
13443:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13411:
13410:
13408:
13404:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13387:
13386:
13383:
13379:
13378:Islamic state
13376:
13375:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13332:
13329:
13328:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13299:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13284:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13266:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13234:
13233:Authoritarian
13227:
13222:
13220:
13215:
13213:
13208:
13207:
13204:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13182:
13179:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13145:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13120:
13118:
13114:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13082:
13078:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13061:War on terror
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13013:
13011:
13005:
12999:
12997:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12983:
12981:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12969:
12967:
12965:
12961:
12959:
12957:
12953:
12951:
12949:
12945:
12944:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12927:
12923:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12875:
12873:
12869:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12810:Major figures
12808:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12786:
12785:
12782:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12767:
12766:
12763:
12759:
12756:
12755:
12754:
12751:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12734:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12711:
12710:
12707:
12706:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12664:
12659:
12655:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12604:Ali al-Tamimi
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12554:
12552:
12551:Major figures
12548:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12525:Islamist Bloc
12523:
12522:
12521:
12520:Al-Nour Party
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12494:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12463:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12443:
12439:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12388:Navvab Safavi
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12373:Tariq Ramadan
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12318:Safwat Hegazi
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12288:Muhammad Asad
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12257:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12227:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12200:Welfare Party
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12108:
12104:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12015:Turkish model
12013:
12011:
12010:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11998:Post-Islamism
11996:
11994:
11991:
11987:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11960:
11959:Islamic state
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11920:
11914:
11913:Shia Islamism
11911:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11881:
11879:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11858:
11853:
11851:
11846:
11844:
11839:
11838:
11835:
11825:
11815:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11798:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11757:
11751:(grandfather)
11750:
11747:
11744:
11741:
11738:
11735:
11732:
11729:
11726:
11723:
11720:
11717:
11714:
11711:
11708:
11705:
11702:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11690:
11684:
11683:
11679:
11677:
11676:
11672:
11670:
11669:
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11663:
11662:
11658:
11656:
11655:
11651:
11649:
11648:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11637:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11564:
11559:
11547:
11544:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11534:IranâIraq War
11532:
11531:
11530:
11527:
11523:
11522:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11443:Life in exile
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11418:
11413:
11411:
11406:
11404:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11387:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11310:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
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11263:
11259:
11254:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11226:
11221:
11220:
11210:
11208:0-275-97858-3
11204:
11200:
11199:
11193:
11189:
11187:1-4128-0516-3
11183:
11179:
11178:
11172:
11168:
11166:0-8022-2465-2
11162:
11158:
11157:
11151:
11147:
11142:
11138:
11136:9780671672355
11132:
11127:
11126:
11119:
11117:
11116:0-8239-4465-4
11113:
11110:
11108:
11103:
11099:
11094:
11090:
11085:
11081:
11079:9780674291409
11075:
11070:
11069:
11062:
11058:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11041:
11037:
11035:9781842776155
11031:
11027:
11026:
11020:
11016:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10982:
10978:
10976:0-525-94005-7
10972:
10968:
10963:
10959:
10957:9780553140323
10953:
10948:
10947:
10940:
10935:
10934:
10927:
10923:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10904:9780815633884
10900:
10896:
10892:
10891:
10885:
10881:
10876:
10872:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10830:
10826:
10821:
10817:
10811:
10806:
10805:
10798:
10797:
10785:
10780:
10773:
10768:
10752:
10748:
10741:
10726:
10720:
10716:
10715:
10707:
10700:
10694:
10687:
10681:
10679:
10671:
10665:
10658:
10652:
10645:
10640:
10633:
10627:
10620:
10615:
10613:
10605:
10599:
10597:
10589:
10583:
10581:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10567:
10561:
10547:
10543:
10536:
10522:
10518:
10511:
10504:
10498:
10491:
10489:
10482:
10475:
10471:
10465:
10458:
10456:
10449:
10447:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10399:
10391:
10385:
10381:
10374:
10355:
10354:
10346:
10327:
10326:
10318:
10310:
10308:9781483547541
10304:
10300:
10293:
10291:
10275:. p. 104
10271:
10270:
10262:
10247:. p. 101
10243:
10242:
10234:
10225:
10218:
10212:
10206:, 1982, p.116
10205:
10199:
10184:
10180:
10173:
10164:
10155:
10146:
10139:
10134:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10110:
10103:
10101:
10093:
10092:Farzaneh 2015
10088:
10081:
10076:
10069:
10064:
10057:
10056:Farzaneh 2015
10052:
10050:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10022:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10003:
9996:
9991:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9936:
9930:, p. 72.
9929:
9924:
9917:
9911:
9898:
9897:
9890:
9883:
9878:
9869:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9845:
9838:
9836:
9829:
9813:
9809:
9808:"Inside Iran"
9803:
9796:
9792:
9786:
9779:
9773:
9764:
9757:
9753:
9747:
9740:
9734:
9725:
9709:
9705:
9699:
9685:
9681:
9674:
9668:(1981), p.122
9667:
9661:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9643:
9641:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9622:
9615:
9610:
9603:
9597:
9590:
9584:
9577:
9571:
9563:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9544:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9509:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9484:
9476:
9474:0-933782-03-9
9470:
9466:
9459:
9451:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9421:
9414:
9409:
9402:
9396:
9388:
9386:9780691134840
9382:
9378:
9371:
9363:
9361:9781925021301
9357:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9324:
9320:
9317:
9312:
9310:
9302:
9300:
9293:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9266:
9258:
9252:
9249:. Routledge.
9248:
9247:
9239:
9231:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9207:
9198:
9190:
9184:
9180:
9179:
9171:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9144:
9142:
9133:
9131:9781848851399
9127:
9123:
9122:
9114:
9112:
9103:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9062:
9060:
9052:
9047:
9039:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9020:
9013:
9009:
9004:
8996:
8994:9780521730631
8990:
8986:
8985:
8977:
8975:
8966:
8960:
8956:
8955:
8947:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8917:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8882:
8874:
8873:Wilson Center
8870:
8863:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8839:
8833:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8795:
8780:
8779:Imam Khomeini
8776:
8769:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8734:
8719:
8715:
8708:
8693:
8689:
8682:
8675:
8671:
8665:
8658:
8657:
8650:
8640:
8633:
8627:
8620:
8614:
8606:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8587:
8580:
8574:
8567:
8561:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8516:
8510:By Baqer Moin
8509:
8504:
8497:
8491:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8465:
8458:
8452:
8445:
8439:
8432:
8426:
8419:
8415:
8409:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8387:(2000), p.201
8386:
8380:
8372:
8366:
8362:
8355:
8347:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8322:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8294:
8288:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8264:
8262:
8254:
8248:
8246:
8238:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8198:on 2007-02-08
8197:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8171:
8165:
8158:
8152:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8116:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8096:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8054:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8035:
8028:
8022:
8013:
8006:
8000:
7992:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7972:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7934:
7928:
7921:
7915:
7908:
7902:
7895:
7890:
7883:
7877:
7870:
7864:
7857:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7817:
7815:9780230370739
7811:
7807:
7800:
7798:
7790:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7764:
7763:Jehad-e Akbar
7760:
7754:
7748:(2001), p.129
7747:
7741:
7734:
7728:
7720:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7683:
7682:
7674:
7667:
7663:
7657:
7649:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7598:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7575:
7569:
7562:
7556:
7548:
7547:The Economist
7544:
7538:
7531:
7525:
7519:(1982), p.534
7518:
7512:
7505:
7502:Abrahamian,
7499:
7491:
7489:9780520085039
7485:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7468:
7461:
7460:
7453:
7447:(1982), p.479
7446:
7440:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7405:
7398:
7392:
7384:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7365:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7329:
7323:
7317:(2001), p.258
7316:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7298:
7292:
7285:
7279:
7272:
7271:0-631-21634-0
7268:
7264:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7231:
7224:
7218:
7211:
7205:
7198:
7197:
7191:
7183:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7159:
7152:
7146:
7139:
7133:
7125:
7123:0-933782-03-9
7119:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7095:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7004:
6997:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6951:on 2007-10-15
6950:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6891:
6884:
6878:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6835:
6829:
6822:
6816:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6792:
6786:
6782:
6777:
6776:
6767:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6734:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6711:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6635:
6628:
6626:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6607:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6539:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6514:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6419:
6413:
6406:
6400:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6306:
6287:
6286:
6278:
6271:
6269:9781107012677
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6240:
6231:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6210:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6184:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6066:Hamid Algar.
6061:
6059:
6051:
6048:
6043:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5937:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5810:Islam in Iran
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:Adab as Salat
5753:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5667:
5660:Baqir al-Sadr
5657:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5388:an expressway
5384:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5269:Navvab Safavi
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5138:and its ally
5135:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5079:in Pakistan,
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:Hizb-e Wahdat
5066:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5005:According to
5003:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4819:
4817:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4790:This section
4788:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4697:Afshin Molavi
4694:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:Musa al-Kazim
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4612:Joseph Stalin
4603:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4561:Day of Ashura
4551:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:Salafi Jihadi
4511:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:IranâIraq War
4474:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4435:IranâIraq War
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4375:
4374:Hamid Dabashi
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4340:
4331:
4327:
4324:This section
4322:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4261:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:Shaul Bakhash
4025:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3969:trabalhadores
3966:
3963:by Khomeini,
3962:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:kakh-neshinha
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:Shia crescent
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Islam in Iran
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:Organisations
3304:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Pourmohammadi
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Mojtahedzadeh
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:Intellectuals
3032:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Secular state
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:Vilayat Faqih
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Republicanism
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Law and order
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:Shia Islamism
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Authoritarian
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:Mirza Shirazi
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:Pahlavi Shahs
2612:
2608:
2607:Qajar dynasty
2603:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:According to
2519:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2252:United States
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Metapolitefsi
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1961:On Revolution
1958:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:Rights of Man
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:De re publica
1838:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Jones (Lynne)
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Adams (Gerry)
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Revolutionary
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Parliamentary
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Civil society
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:Republicanism
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
973:
972:
969:
964:
959:
958:
947:
946:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
910:
909:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:Maajid Nawaaz
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:Navvab Safavi
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Tariq Ramadan
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Safwat Hegazi
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:Muhammad Asad
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:House of Saud
631:
629:
628:Mohammed Omar
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Mohamed Morsi
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
575:
574:Khomeini 1970
571:
570:
568:
561:
558:
554:
552:
548:
545:
541:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:
524:
521:
517:
516:
512:
511:
505:
504:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
474:
473:
472:
471:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Salafist Call
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
315:
314:
307:
306:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:
290:
288:
287:
283:
281:
280:Post-Islamism
278:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:Islamic state
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:Shia Islamism
154:
153:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
94:
93:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
38:
32:
31:
19:
13476:
13427:
13390:Majoritarian
13363:Police state
13331:Totalitarian
13296:
13282:Dictatorship
13237:totalitarian
13191:North Africa
13092:Anti-Zionism
12995:
12987:
12979:
12974:(Qutb, 1964)
12971:
12966:(Asad, 1961)
12963:
12956:Forty Hadith
12955:
12947:
12930:Other topics
12532:People Party
12472:Ahl-i Hadith
12418:Ahmed Yassin
12398:Ali Shariati
12333:Ali Khamenei
12007:
11993:Pan-Islamism
11986:of knowledge
11981:Islamization
11893:
11795:
11791:Refah School
11680:
11673:
11666:
11659:
11652:
11645:
11600:Little Satan
11580:Anti-Zionism
11566:
11519:
11379:
11365:the original
11353:the original
11318:
11308:
11277:
11265:
11261:
11235:(1): 40â65.
11232:
11228:
11197:
11176:
11155:
11145:
11124:
11106:
11097:
11088:
11067:
11045:
11024:
11014:
10989:
10985:
10966:
10945:
10932:
10921:
10889:
10879:
10870:
10837:
10833:
10824:
10803:
10794:Bibliography
10779:
10767:
10755:. Retrieved
10750:
10740:
10728:. Retrieved
10713:
10706:
10701:, 1993, p.29
10698:
10697:Abrahamian,
10693:
10685:
10684:Nasr, Vali,
10672:, 2002, p.37
10669:
10664:
10659:, 2002, p.38
10656:
10651:
10644:Rahnema 2000
10639:
10631:
10630:Nasr, Vali,
10626:
10618:
10603:
10602:Nasr, Vali,
10587:
10565:
10560:
10549:. Retrieved
10545:
10535:
10524:. Retrieved
10520:
10510:
10505:, 1994, p.23
10502:
10501:Abrahamian,
10497:
10487:
10486:Abrahamian,
10481:
10473:
10464:
10454:
10453:Abrahamian,
10412:
10408:
10398:
10379:
10373:
10361:. Retrieved
10352:
10345:
10333:. Retrieved
10324:
10317:
10298:
10277:. Retrieved
10268:
10261:
10249:. Retrieved
10240:
10233:
10224:
10216:
10211:
10203:
10198:
10186:. Retrieved
10182:
10172:
10163:
10154:
10145:
10133:
10124:
10118:
10108:
10107:Abrahamian,
10087:
10075:
10063:
10035:
10029:
10009:
10002:
9995:Rahnema 2005
9990:
9949:
9945:
9935:
9928:Khalaji 2009
9923:
9915:
9910:
9900:, retrieved
9895:
9889:
9882:Khalaji 2009
9877:
9858:
9854:
9844:
9834:
9833:Abrahamian,
9828:
9816:. Retrieved
9802:
9794:
9785:
9777:
9772:
9763:
9755:
9751:
9746:
9738:
9733:
9724:
9712:. Retrieved
9698:
9687:. Retrieved
9683:
9673:
9665:
9660:
9621:
9613:
9609:
9601:
9600:Nasr, Vali,
9596:
9588:
9587:Nasr, Vali,
9583:
9575:
9570:
9550:
9543:
9531:. Retrieved
9526:
9516:
9489:
9483:
9464:
9458:
9439:
9433:
9425:
9424:Nasr, Vali,
9420:
9412:
9408:
9400:
9395:
9376:
9370:
9351:
9345:
9337:
9336:Nasr, Vali,
9298:
9292:
9272:
9265:
9245:
9238:
9205:
9197:
9177:
9170:
9150:
9120:
9078:(1): 32â33.
9075:
9071:
9050:
9046:
9026:
9019:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8983:
8953:
8946:
8935:. Retrieved
8926:
8916:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8872:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8837:
8836:Nasr, Vali,
8832:
8820:. Retrieved
8808:
8804:
8794:
8782:. Retrieved
8778:
8768:
8746:(1): 59â88.
8743:
8739:
8733:
8721:. Retrieved
8717:
8707:
8695:. Retrieved
8692:Shia Studies
8691:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8664:
8655:
8649:
8639:
8634:(2000) p.293
8631:
8626:
8618:
8613:
8593:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8568:1989, p. 196
8565:
8560:
8548:. Retrieved
8534:
8515:
8507:
8503:
8495:
8494:Nasr, Vali,
8490:
8482:
8477:
8469:
8464:
8456:
8451:
8443:
8438:
8430:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8400:
8399:Nasr, Vali,
8384:
8379:
8360:
8354:
8335:
8329:
8310:
8301:
8282:
8276:
8268:
8267:Nasr, Vali,
8252:
8251:Nasr, Vali,
8236:
8229:. Retrieved
8225:the original
8220:
8211:
8200:. Retrieved
8196:the original
8177:
8169:
8168:Nasr, Vali,
8164:
8156:
8155:Nasr, Vali,
8151:
8142:
8133:
8124:
8115:
8095:
8073:
8053:
8034:
8026:
8021:
8012:
8004:
7999:
7979:
7971:
7960:. Retrieved
7949:
7940:
7932:
7931:Nasr, Vali,
7927:
7919:
7914:
7906:
7905:Nasr, Vali,
7901:
7893:
7889:
7881:
7876:
7868:
7863:
7855:
7850:
7842:
7841:Nasr, Vali,
7837:
7829:
7824:
7805:
7788:
7783:
7775:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7745:
7740:
7735:(2001), p.61
7732:
7727:
7707:
7700:
7680:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7636:
7604:
7597:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7573:
7572:Abrahamian,
7568:
7560:
7555:
7546:
7537:
7532:(1986) p.340
7529:
7524:
7516:
7511:
7503:
7498:
7474:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7444:
7439:
7427:. Retrieved
7413:
7404:
7396:
7395:Abrahamian,
7391:
7371:
7364:
7356:
7351:
7340:
7335:
7327:
7326:Nasr, Vali,
7322:
7314:
7296:
7291:
7283:
7278:
7262:
7257:
7237:
7230:
7222:
7217:
7209:
7204:
7196:Sahifeh Nour
7194:
7190:
7166:
7158:
7153:(2001) p.113
7150:
7145:
7137:
7132:
7113:
7107:
7099:
7094:
7086:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7055:(1982), p.56
7052:
7047:
7042:(1984), p.73
7039:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7008:
7003:
6998:(1984), p.73
6995:
6990:
6982:the original
6975:
6965:
6953:. Retrieved
6949:the original
6939:
6928:
6909:
6890:
6882:
6881:Abrahamian,
6877:
6869:
6868:Abrahamian,
6849:
6848:Abrahamian,
6833:
6832:Abrahamian,
6828:
6820:
6819:Abrahamian,
6815:
6807:
6806:Abrahamian,
6774:
6766:
6741:
6733:
6725:
6724:Abrahamian,
6709:
6708:Abrahamian,
6704:
6696:the original
6691:
6682:
6674:the original
6669:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6638:Abrahamian,
6634:
6624:
6603:
6597:
6587:
6581:
6573:
6566:
6551:
6546:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6456:. Retrieved
6442:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6420:, p.3, 13â16
6417:
6416:Abrahamian,
6412:
6404:
6399:
6387:. Retrieved
6378:
6368:
6348:
6313:
6305:
6293:. Retrieved
6284:
6277:
6251:
6217:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6191:
6174:
6169:
6161:
6124:
6120:
6108:. Retrieved
6104:the original
6099:
6075:
6069:
6064:Hamid Algar
6052:, 1981, p.91
6049:
6042:
6030:. Retrieved
6026:
6016:
6004:. Retrieved
6000:
5990:
5982:
5979:Alex Vatanka
5974:
5962:. Retrieved
5950:
5940:
5918:Frantz Fanon
5907:
5898:
5891:
5882:
5869:
5764:Jihade Akbar
5762:
5754:
5748:Forty Hadith
5746:
5739:
5708:
5701:
5691:
5677:
5648:
5645:Imam Hussein
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5617:Ali Shariati
5608:Ali Shariati
5602:Ali Shariati
5588:
5584:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5544:
5535:
5529:
5494:Ali Khamenei
5488:
5484:
5480:
5471:
5467:
5463:War on Islam
5452:
5438:
5436:
5411:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5298:
5296:
5277:Ali Shariati
5237:
5217:
5209:Faqir of Ipi
5204:Daily Mirror
5202:
5179:
5166:
5157:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5113:Western Bloc
5106:
5061:
5045:
5042:Shia revival
5036:Saudi Arabia
5029:
5026:
5019:
5010:
5009:in his book
5004:
4980:
4958:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4931:
4928:Anti-Sunnism
4893:
4888:
4884:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4830:
4813:
4800:
4796:adding to it
4791:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4727:
4707:
4702:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4655:
4649:
4646:Twelfth Imam
4642:Na'eb-e Imam
4641:
4635:
4628:
4620:Fidel Castro
4609:
4593:
4558:
4555:Shia rituals
4547:
4535:
4512:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4480:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4429:Twelfth Imam
4414:
4396:
4384:
4381:The Prophets
4369:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4334:
4330:adding to it
4325:
4288:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4190:Ali Khamenei
4179:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4134:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4108:Human rights
4100:
4090:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4026:
4019:
4007:Ali Khamenei
4002:
3984:
3968:
3965:descamisados
3964:
3960:
3958:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:(rich); the
3902:sarvatmandan
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3835:
3814:Orientalists
3799:
3794:
3778:
3737:principalist
3733:Ali Khamenei
3730:
3723:
3697:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3602:
3585:
3570:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3420:Greater Iran
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3248:
3247:
3212:
3191:
2956:
2955:
2906:Antisemitism
2901:Anti-Zionism
2896:Anti-Sunnism
2879:
2878:
2863:Social order
2818:Anti-Kurdism
2813:Anti-Arabism
2782:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2658:
2626:
2625:in his work
2604:
2600:
2595:
2550:
2520:
2512:
2508:Islamic rule
2472:
2460:Saudi Arabia
2436:Twelver Shia
2419:
2415:
2414:
2324:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1642:Jones (Elin)
1547:Flynn (Paul)
1507:Clarke (Tom)
1502:Clark (Katy)
1447:Adams (John)
1268:Philosophers
1157:
1045:Civic virtue
1007:Part of the
948:
938:Islamophobia
896:Shiraz Maher
891:Gilles Kepel
801:Ahmed Yassin
786:Ali Shariati
726:Ali Khamenei
593:Ali Khamenei
564:
562:
550:
537:
525:
513:
469:
468:
417:
416:
375:Ahl-i Hadith
359:
334:Anti-Zionism
303:
291:
284:
263:Pan-Islamism
243:
238:of knowledge
234:Islamization
182:
146:
54:Fundamentals
13530:Imperialism
13496:Enlightened
13450:Pinochetism
13338:Mafia state
13309:Proletarian
13298:Dictablanda
13071:Arab Winter
13066:Arab Spring
12847:Mullah Omar
12709:MENA region
12635:Petro-Islam
12609:Al-Uthaymin
12383:Rashid Rida
12368:Sayyid Qutb
12358:Mullah Omar
12236:Ansar Allah
12080:MillĂź GörĂŒĆ
11786:Fajr decade
11620:Imam's Line
11595:Great Satan
10546:JSTOR Daily
10219:, 1982, p.7
10138:Behdad 1997
10080:Martin 1986
10068:Martin 1986
9778:Sacred Rage
9093:1885/163729
8307:Barry Rubin
7515:Abrahamian
7443:Abrahamian
6977:Iranian.com
6418:Khomeiniism
6407:(2001) p.ix
6295:13 February
6160:Nasr, Vali
6110:6 September
5922:Che Guevara
5778:Imam's Line
5703:Falsafatuna
5591:imperialism
5557:Ahmadinejad
5538:Gharbzadegi
5518:Gharbzadegi
5512:Gharbzadegi
5449:Sayyid Qutb
5443:) Egyptian
5425:Sayyid Qutb
5419:Sayyid Qutb
5314:Rashid Rida
5293:Rashid Rida
5287:Rashid Rida
5257:Sayyid Qutb
5198:wedge issue
5073:Afghanistan
5007:Sa`id Hawwa
4996:Great Satan
4916:proletariat
4912:Olivier Roy
4693:secularists
4589:Imam Husayn
4581:Islamic law
4440:explained:
4419:to include
4083:Third World
3995:Akbar Ganji
3894:mostakberin
3853:one scholar
3830:nationalism
3767:backed the
3720:millenarian
3700:Shia clergy
3445:Pan-Iranism
3243:YEKTA Front
3084:Ahmadinejad
3078:Politicians
2913:Clericalism
2868:Sovereignty
2838:Familialism
2788:Principlist
2666:Sayyid Qutb
2621:during the
2592:occultation
2516:litmus test
2452:Afghanistan
2275:Common good
2215:New Zealand
2210:Netherlands
1955:(1835â1840)
1925:(1787â1788)
1835:(c. 375 BC)
1757:Robespierre
1532:Etherington
1467:Benn (Tony)
1436:Politicians
1414:Tocqueville
1374:Montesquieu
1354:Machiavelli
1100:Rule of law
1095:Res publica
881:Bassam Tibi
876:Olivier Roy
776:Rashid Rida
761:Sayyid Qutb
532:Iqbal 1930s
479:MENA region
449:MillĂź GörĂŒĆ
13659:Khomeinism
13618:Categories
13568:Deep state
13428:Khomeinism
13406:Ideologies
13348:Ochlocracy
13314:Right-wing
13287:Benevolent
13241:government
13186:South Asia
13128:Gaza Strip
13080:Influences
13007:Historical
12972:Milestones
12964:Principles
12898:Mujahideen
12775:al-Shabaab
12770:Boko Haram
12758:Abu Sayyaf
12736:South Asia
12594:Zakir Naik
12477:Madkhalism
12465:Scholastic
12423:Zia-ul-Haq
12393:Omar Bongo
12058:in Britain
11976:Islamistan
11894:Khomeinism
11739:(grandson)
11733:(grandson)
11721:(daughter)
11715:(daughter)
11056:1860645526
10969:. Dutton.
10950:. Bantam.
10699:Khomeinism
10551:2020-02-20
10526:2020-02-20
10503:Khomeinism
10488:Khomeinism
10455:Khomeinism
10269:Milestones
10241:Milestones
10217:Milestones
10204:Milestones
10188:31 January
10109:Khomeinism
9902:2021-04-22
9835:Khomeinism
9689:2024-02-29
9664:Khomeini,
8937:2020-05-08
8231:30 October
8202:2007-02-27
8078:Al Jazeera
7962:2007-06-20
7867:Brumberg,
7787:Brumberg,
7774:(Dabashi,
7731:Brumberg,
7574:Khomeinism
7559:quoted in
7504:Khomeinism
7397:Khomeinism
7221:Khomeini,
7140:(2001) p.1
7136:Brumberg,
7051:Khomeini,
6883:Khomeinism
6870:Khomeinism
6850:Khomeinism
6834:Khomeinism
6821:Khomeinism
6808:Khomeinism
6726:Khomeinism
6710:Khomeinism
6670:۱ۧۯÛÙ Ù۱ۯۧ
6652:Iran Times
6640:Khomeinism
6602:Khomeini,
6586:Khomeini,
6488:1970 book
6433:quoted in
6403:Brumberg,
6199:1 February
6192:Khomeinism
5693:Iqtisaduna
5440:Milestones
5398:See also:
5234:Influences
5213:mad Mullah
5180:After the
5056:Zia ul-Haq
5034:regime of
5022:Arab World
4973:companions
4875:capitalism
4691:Even many
4624:Baqer Moin
4616:Mao Zedong
4587:where the
4525:. Sunni
4517:ideologue
4409:See also:
4258:Ayatollah
4221:mustazafin
4101:mujahideen
4003:Aftab News
3987:democratic
3979:See also:
3961:mostazafin
3950:Juan PerĂłn
3890:mostazafin
3826:liberalism
3692:See also:
3560:See also:
3556:Governance
3186:Literature
3099:Ghazizadeh
3089:Asgaroladi
3041:Alamolhoda
2918:Homophobia
2858:Patriotism
2853:Militarism
2802:Principles
2783:Khomeinism
2751:Monarchism
2740:Ideologies
2664:ideologue
2588:Infallible
2565:Shia Imams
2547:Shia Islam
2541:Background
2487:pilgrimage
2475:Shia Islam
2420:Khumaynism
2416:Khomeinism
2315:Monarchism
2305:Liberalism
2300:Jacobinism
1990:Gaáčasaáč
gha
1845:(54â51 BC)
1329:Harrington
1206:Democratic
1196:Capitalist
1191:Autonomous
1173:Venizelism
1158:Khomeinism
871:Sam Harris
851:Farag Foda
623:Zia ul-Haq
484:South Asia
385:Madkhalism
360:Scholastic
318:Influences
147:Khomeinism
97:Ideologies
85:Secularism
18:Khomeinist
13598:Strongman
13491:Despotism
13467:Stalinism
13423:Francoism
13418:Chiangism
13373:Theocracy
13358:Oligarchy
13260:Autocracy
13239:forms of
13184:Islam in
13154:Criticism
13116:by region
12699:Movements
12564:Al-Albani
12505:Al Asalah
12497:Political
12487:Wahhabism
12458:Movements
12413:Malcolm X
12135:Hezbollah
12034:Movements
11771:Mausoleum
11567:Positions
10913:931494838
10862:162623601
10784:Aziz 1993
10772:Aziz 1993
10730:March 22,
10437:157443230
9982:153982399
9966:0707-5332
9739:Encounter
9102:182451007
8900:0742-3640
8894:(4): 19.
8027:USA Today
7757:Dabashi,
7530:Iranians,
7315:Khomeini,
7038:Bakhash,
7011:p.72, 73)
6994:Bakhash,
6923:(Persian)
6904:(Persian)
6592:: p.29-30
6576:, p.137-8
6129:dead link
5932:Citations
5793:Hezbollah
5530:In 1962,
5327:Salafiyya
5310:ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Ùۧۚ
5224:Hezbollah
5190:His fatwa
5067:in Iraq,
4900:Vali Nasr
4879:Communism
4838:We shall
4816:Vali Nasr
4803:June 2013
4775:Mysticism
4710:mausoleum
4421:Istishhad
4417:martyrdom
4411:Istishhad
4405:Istishhad
4156:Economics
4053:democracy
4022:democracy
3975:Democracy
3851:At least
3822:socialism
3716:12th Imam
3396:Yalasarat
3169:Soleimani
3149:Palevi II
3051:Khalkhali
2938:Theocracy
2873:Tradition
2843:Hierarchy
2823:Authority
2768:Religious
2690:caudillos
2623:Buyid era
2575:) of the
2523:Vali Nasr
2499:messianic
2170:Australia
1802:Venizelos
1792:Spadolini
1782:Slaughter
1727:McDonnell
1692:Mackenzie
1637:Jefferson
1592:Griffiths
1572:de Gaulle
1567:Garibaldi
1527:Drakeford
1419:Warburton
1339:Jefferson
1334:Honderich
1314:Condorcet
1201:Christian
1163:Nasserism
1138:Classical
1055:Democracy
926:Modernism
834:in Europe
557:Qutb 1965
544:Asad 1961
508:Key texts
418:Political
400:Wahhabism
356:Movements
197:Caliphate
75:Economics
13556:See also
13433:Putinism
13304:Military
12784:al-Qaeda
12678:Ideology
12667:Jihadism
12515:Al-Islah
12195:Al Wefaq
12095:in Syria
12090:in Egypt
12048:Deobandi
11922:Concepts
11901:Salafism
11884:Islamism
11864:Islamism
11824:Category
11431:Politics
11268:: 64â79.
11217:Journals
10363:20 April
10335:20 April
10279:19 April
10251:19 April
9974:25762122
9812:Archived
9776:Wright,
9758:, (1990)
9708:Archived
9650:Archived
9629:Archived
9529:. London
9319:Archived
8931:Archived
8927:ucsd.edu
8908:20752904
8632:Khomeini
8619:Khomeini
8579:Khomeini
8564:Wright,
8544:Archived
8523:Archived
8481:Molavi,
8468:Wright,
8457:Khomeini
8429:Harney,
8414:Iranians
8412:(Mackay
8385:Khomeini
8309:(2015).
8104:Archived
8085:Archived
8062:Archived
8042:Archived
7956:Archived
7856:Khomeini
7778:, p. 465
7423:Archived
7399:, (p.55)
7100:Khomeini
6917:Archived
6898:Archived
6629:: p. 179
6452:Archived
6383:Archived
6142:Archived
6132:Archived
6070:Ressalat
5835:Populism
5825:Leninism
5815:Islamism
5772:See also
5445:Islamist
5320:titled â
5318:Al-Manar
5095:and the
5081:al-Wifaq
5052:Pakistan
4977:Muhammad
4832:Khomeini
4606:Mystique
4523:Tal Afar
4507:al-Qaeda
4427:and the
4337:May 2008
4303:and the
4289:maslahat
4170:populist
4143:and the
4095:and the
3882:qeshreha
3875:Populism
3747:and the
3735:and the
3375:Rajanews
3144:Palevi I
3129:Larijani
3124:Khomeini
3119:Khamenei
3094:Ghalibaf
3061:Modarres
3056:Larijani
2973:Royalism
2923:Misogyny
2756:National
2713:a series
2711:Part of
2662:Jihadist
2580:Muhammad
2553:Twelvers
2456:Pakistan
2240:Scotland
2180:Barbados
1831:Republic
1747:Prescott
1717:Naysmith
1707:McKechin
1667:La Malfa
1662:Khomeini
1622:Iorwerth
1587:Griffith
1562:Gambetta
1557:Galloway
1542:Ferguson
1522:Davidson
1517:Cromwell
1512:Connolly
1492:Campbell
1409:Sunstein
1394:Rousseau
1389:Polybius
1324:Franklin
1304:Chappell
1299:Cattaneo
1236:People's
1221:Imperial
1153:Kemalism
1090:Republic
1024:Concepts
470:Militant
380:Deobandi
256:Jihadism
172:Concepts
103:Islamism
80:Politics
45:Islamism
37:a series
35:Part of
13664:Qutbism
13593:Statism
13513:Fascism
13385:Tyranny
13265:Tsarist
13123:Balkans
12903:Slavery
12871:Related
12794:in Iraq
12741:Taliban
12685:Qutbism
12618:Related
12569:Ibn Baz
12241:Taliban
12229:Related
12125:Ennahda
11929:Emirate
11889:Qutbism
11876:Outline
11759:Related
11249:4283846
11006:4283111
10668:Kepel,
10655:Kepel,
10586:Kepel,
10521:Haaretz
10472:(ed.),
9533:2 March
9303:: p.184
9008:Resalat
8817:4328497
7896:, p.357
7273:, p.272
6728:, p.122
6712:, p.116
6692:Jamaran
6437:, p.170
6032:18 June
6006:18 June
5964:18 June
5840:Qutbism
5653:Karbala
5649:muzloun
5621:Persian
5580:Iranian
5576:Western
5306:Persian
5123:In the
5109:Eastern
5032:Wahhabi
5015:taqiyya
4991:Caliphs
4965:Abubakr
4908:Trotsky
4871:Zionism
4718:Mashhad
4567:or the
4531:mosques
4487:Lebanon
4425:Karbala
4392:Fatimah
4310:Ijtihad
4283:Maslaha
4280:Use of
4182:bazaari
3739:cleric
3718:. This
3708:Mahdism
3694:Mahdism
3688:Mahdism
3607:Maslaha
3382:Resalat
3323:Restart
3249:Defunct
3209:Parties
3114:Jannati
3109:Jalili
3104:Hoveyda
2995:History
2833:Elitism
2596:ghaybat
2557:Wilayah
2535:Lebanon
2495:Mahdism
2483:fasting
2448:Lebanon
2205:Morocco
2195:Jamaica
2190:Ireland
2175:Bahamas
1977:History
1797:Taverne
1772:Skinner
1752:Ritchie
1697:Madison
1677:Lincoln
1627:Jackson
1617:Huppert
1612:Hopkins
1537:Fabiani
1497:Chapman
1482:BolĂvar
1472:Bennett
1462:Bartley
1452:AtatĂŒrk
1364:Mazzini
1359:Madison
1289:Bentham
1279:Baggini
1246:Secular
1226:Islamic
1211:Federal
1148:Federal
1132:Schools
365:Barelvi
273:aspects
236: (
142:Qutbism
70:Culture
65:History
13535:Nazism
13472:Maoism
13438:Ziaism
13009:events
12003:Sharia
11703:(wife)
11693:Family
11247:
11205:
11184:
11163:
11133:
11114:
11076:
11053:
11032:
11004:
10973:
10954:
10911:
10901:
10860:
10854:164663
10852:
10812:
10721:
10490:, 1993
10459:: p.23
10457:, 1993
10435:
10427:
10386:
10305:
10215:Qutb,
10202:Qutb,
10113:: p.94
10111:, 1993
10017:
9980:
9972:
9964:
9839:: p.22
9837:, 1993
9558:
9504:
9471:
9446:
9383:
9358:
9301:, 1994
9280:
9253:
9226:
9185:
9158:
9128:
9100:
9034:
8991:
8961:
8906:
8898:
8822:3 June
8815:
8784:3 June
8758:
8723:3 June
8697:3 June
8630:(Moin
8601:
8577:Moin,
8383:Moin,
8367:
8342:
8317:
8289:
8143:cbc.ca
7987:
7854:Moin,
7812:
7715:
7688:
7644:
7612:
7506:, p.42
7486:
7379:
7313:Moin,
7269:
7245:
7178:
7120:
7098:Moin,
6885:, p.2
6872:, p.38
6852:, p.17
6836:, p.31
6823:, p.27
6810:, p.26
6787:
6754:
6642:, p.32
6627:, 1994
6608:: p.56
6606:, 1981
6590:, 1981
6534:
6356:
6326:
6266:
6226:
5724:Ba'ath
5700:, and
5595:Qur'an
5568:zadegi
5474:Sharia
5459:Sharia
5259:, and
5140:Israel
4737:world.
4662:Hadith
4651:taghut
4577:Mashad
4399:Bidâah
4301:Majles
4293:Bidâah
4130:Sharia
3898:foqara
3621:, and
3603:Sharia
3587:Sharia
3567:Rulers
3361:Kayhan
3213:Active
3197:(1970)
3174:Zakani
3164:Rezaee
3134:Mansur
3046:Fardid
2933:Sharia
2704:Tenets
2573:Fatima
2497:, the
2485:, and
2479:prayer
2464:Africa
2446:, and
2230:Sweden
2220:Norway
2185:Canada
1965:(1963)
1945:(1794)
1935:(1791)
1915:(1762)
1905:(1755)
1895:(1748)
1885:(1698)
1875:(1656)
1865:(1649)
1855:(1531)
1807:Wilson
1777:Slater
1767:Skates
1722:Mannin
1712:Mullin
1687:Mackay
1652:JuĂĄrez
1607:HĂ©bert
1602:Hatton
1597:Harvie
1487:Burgon
1404:Sidney
1399:Sandel
1384:Pettit
1309:Cicero
1274:Arendt
1256:Soviet
1251:Sister
1143:Modern
286:Sharia
184:Takfir
13478:Juche
13248:Forms
13133:Sudan
12940:Texts
12893:Jihad
12724:Hamas
12130:Hadas
12025:Ummah
12009:Shura
11727:(son)
11709:(son)
11639:Books
11610:hijab
11245:JSTOR
11002:JSTOR
10858:S2CID
10850:JSTOR
10757:6 May
10753:(102)
10670:Jihad
10657:Jihad
10588:Jihad
10433:S2CID
10425:JSTOR
10357:(PDF)
10329:(PDF)
10273:(PDF)
10245:(PDF)
9978:S2CID
9970:JSTOR
9818:4 May
9714:4 May
9684:MERIP
9614:Bayan
9297:Roy,
9214:â32.
9098:S2CID
9051:Bayan
8904:JSTOR
8813:JSTOR
8756:JSTOR
8644:p.308
8550:4 May
8455:Moin
8068:p.131
7884:p.130
7871:p.123
7791:p.133
7429:4 May
7023:Jihad
6955:4 May
6623:Roy,
6556:p. 86
6458:4 May
6389:4 May
6289:(PDF)
5861:Notes
5734:Works
5728:Najaf
5572:gharb
5211:or a
4904:Lenin
4751:Marja
4677:Imam.
4637:Mahdi
4565:shahs
4542:haram
4538:ulema
4503:Hamas
4370:Esmat
4366:esmat
4357:Esmat
4351:Esmat
3818:Koran
3806:Islam
3755:, a "
3745:Basij
3670:fatwa
3662:Usuli
3611:Islam
3347:Abrar
3340:Media
3328:SAVAK
3159:Raisi
3066:Yazdi
2650:fatwa
2245:Wales
2225:Spain
2200:Japan
1787:Smith
1762:Sayed
1742:Pound
1737:Nehru
1732:Nandy
1702:Magid
1682:Lucas
1672:Lewis
1582:Grévy
1577:Greer
1477:Black
1457:Azaña
1379:Paine
1349:Locke
1319:Crick
1294:Bodin
1284:Bello
1185:Types
390:Nurcu
305:Ummah
293:Shura
245:Jihad
60:Islam
13501:Soft
13395:Soft
13235:and
11203:ISBN
11182:ISBN
11161:ISBN
11131:ISBN
11112:ISBN
11074:ISBN
11051:ISBN
11030:ISBN
10971:ISBN
10952:ISBN
10909:OCLC
10899:ISBN
10810:ISBN
10759:2023
10732:2020
10719:ISBN
10384:ISBN
10365:2023
10337:2023
10303:ISBN
10281:2023
10253:2023
10190:2023
10015:ISBN
9962:ISSN
9820:2016
9793:see:
9716:2016
9556:ISBN
9535:2014
9502:ISBN
9469:ISBN
9444:ISBN
9381:ISBN
9356:ISBN
9278:ISBN
9251:ISBN
9224:ISBN
9183:ISBN
9156:ISBN
9126:ISBN
9032:ISBN
8989:ISBN
8959:ISBN
8896:ISSN
8824:2023
8786:2023
8725:2023
8699:2023
8599:ISBN
8552:2016
8365:ISBN
8340:ISBN
8315:ISBN
8287:ISBN
8233:2015
8082:Link
7985:ISBN
7810:ISBN
7713:ISBN
7686:ISBN
7642:ISBN
7610:ISBN
7484:ISBN
7431:2016
7377:ISBN
7345:p.87
7267:ISBN
7243:ISBN
7176:ISBN
7118:ISBN
6957:2016
6785:ISBN
6752:ISBN
6532:ISBN
6479:p.31
6460:2016
6391:2016
6354:ISBN
6324:ISBN
6297:2023
6264:ISBN
6224:ISBN
6201:2023
6112:2023
6034:2021
6008:2021
5966:2021
5920:and
5465:").
5184:and
5087:and
5048:Shia
4982:kufr
4969:Umar
4967:and
4906:and
4877:and
4708:His
4654:and
4618:and
4273:Fiqh
4266:Fiqh
4013:and
3952:and
3790:1953
3788:and
3786:1921
3782:1908
3757:cult
3749:IRGC
2828:Duty
2533:and
2531:Iraq
2527:Shia
2462:and
2444:Iraq
2440:Iran
1812:Wood
1657:Kane
1369:Mill
1344:Kant
13540:Neo
13523:Neo
13518:Eco
11237:doi
10994:doi
10842:doi
10417:doi
9954:doi
9863:doi
9494:doi
9216:doi
9088:hdl
9080:doi
8748:doi
8187:CNN
8185:of
8110:p.3
6781:131
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6528:177
6256:doi
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