536:
423:, along with the name and titles of Khnumhotep II. The floor of the main chamber (also referred to as the chapel) is sunk into the ground below the level of the open outer court and is descended into by three steps. The chapel is the main chamber cut straight back into the cliff almost symmetrical with 4 columns and two large shafts (that lead to burial chambers) are cut into the floor. These four main columns support a ceiling that is divided by three segmented barrel shapes. These vaults are painted in a pattern that may be referencing a tent. The only light for this chamber would have come from the doorway to the portico and originally a door, between the portico and the chamber, could have been used to close the tomb to the outdoor elements.
525:
475:
42:
403:
498:, traditionally seen as a symbol of royalty or divinity, in his right hand. At the west end of the wall there is an illustration of Khety sitting in front of a full offering table. She is facing left and participating in her husband's meal presented by his cult. The shrine portrays a smaller version of the offering cult and in many ways can be seen as an expansion from the
490:. These hunting in the marshes scenes help protect the deceased in the afterlife as well as guarantee his rebirth through connotations of sexuality. Beneath him, north of the door, there are pictures of several people fishing and beneath him on the south side are representations of fighting boatmen. Collectively this wall represents the perpetual renewal of Khnumhotep II.
453:
On the west wall of the chamber are scenes showing mainly the preparations for the funeral and the resurrection of the deceased. This is exemplified by the boat voyages making a connection between
Khnumhotep II and the god Osiris. The orientation of the boats within the tomb literally has them travel
435:
above a seated
Khnumhotep II who is facing inward. At the back of this main room (east wall) is a small rectangular shrine approached by a step about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) high. Newberry mentions that from his survey of the tomb there was a statue here of a seated Khnumhotep II, but the entire
449:
of the deceased; it begins to the left of the entrance to the shrine and runs counterclockwise around the walls of the main chamber, ending to the right of the doorway leading to the shrine. The main types of information included are about the actions
Khnumhotep II performed during his lifetime, his
410:
Khnumhotep II is buried in Beni Hasan in the rock-cut Tomb 3 (BH3), one of the most notable of the whole necropolis. In ancient times, the tomb would have been approached via a path that was distinguishable by dark brown boulders on either side; the path extended from the open outer court down the
418:
and a small courtyard; the courtyard would have been surrounded by mud-brick walls. The small columned portico is on the west side of the courtyard, directly in front of the tomb entrance. The ceiling of the portico is curved similar to the shape of a segmented barrel. The rock around the doorway
317:, and Khnumhotep honored him by building his tomb. His mother was Baqet while his father was an official named Neheri. Khnumhotep had two wives, the main of them was Khety, herself a daughter of the unnamed nomarch of the neighbouring 17th nome with
493:
The fourth wall of this tomb, south wall, was dedicated to the celebration of the cult meal of
Khnumhotep II and his wife Khety. The east end of the wall features the deceased seated in front of an offering table covered with offerings holding a
586:
or at least their forerunners; the group, led by a man called Absha (or Abisha, Abishai), was bringing offerings to the deceased. Though there are fifteen people depicted in the scene, the accompanying inscription mentions there were 37 persons.
341:; she is the only known female sealer at the court of a local governor. Those peculiarities and the fact that both consorts appears several times in Khnumhotep's tomb suggests that the one between him and Khety was likely a
464:
The west end of the wall has another large-scale figure of
Khnumhotep II only here he is facing right and using a bow to hunt in the desert which is on the edge of the Egyptian world, the boundary between order
299:, a position which he held from Year 19 of Amenemhat II until at least Year 6 of Senusret II i.e. the date which appears in Khnumhotep's tomb. Like most nomarchs of the time he also held some priestly charges.
482:
The east wall houses the entrance to the shrine, as well as two large depictions of
Khnumhotep II hunting in the marshes, one on the north side and the other on the south side. To the south he is
458:(right of the entrance) and north to return (left of the entrance). The wall collectively ensures the tomb owner of rebirth in the afterlife where he will be sustained through cult activities.
419:
leading inside the tomb to the chapel was smoothed and flattened, on which a fourteen line inscription is giving the list of the festal days for the services of funeral offerings, called
450:
family and their lives, as well as the close relationship of his family to the royal house, Khnumhotep's excellent character, and his request to visitors that offerings are made to him.
438:
On the wall are also depicted
Khnumhotep's most notable officials and employees at his local court, which somewhat resemble a downscaled version of the royal court with a local
506:, where a statue inside a niche could have been integrated. The placing of statues in the chapel itself is a new funerary art style that appeared in the Middle Kingdom tombs.
461:
On the eastern end of the north wall there is a large-scale standing figure of
Khnumhotep II receiving offerings primarily of several types of animals and birds.
359:
Khnumhotep IV, followed his father as nomarch of the 16th nome, but does not appear in his father's tomb and is only known by his unfinished tomb at Beni Hasan
471:) and chaos. It has been interpreted that in this scene Khnumhotep II is assuming the role of the king dominating over the chaotic power of the desert.
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Khnumhotep's biography is recorded on the inner doorway of his rock-cut tomb in the eastern cliffs above Beni Hasan, and he visited both
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What makes this tomb stand out among the 39 large rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan is the well known scene of the
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hereditary prince and count, foremost of actions, royal sealer, sole friend, member of the elite, overlord of
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notes that the only remain from the inward swinging door is the pivot-hole. On the doorjambs are prayers to
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373:
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Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of
Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan".
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Many of
Khnumhotep's relatives. The sitting woman in the top-middle is his wife Khety
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daughter of a governor, king's acquaintance, foremost of actions, lady of the house
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as capital. Like her husband, Khety held a remarkable number of titles such as
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Neheri was buried in a small tomb at Beni Hasan where a stela of him was found
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333:. Khnumhotep's secondary wife was Tjat who held few, modest titles such as
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558:" visiting the Egyptian official Khnumhotep II circa 1900 BC. Tomb of
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Nakht inherited his maternal grandfather's charge of nomarch at Hardai
730:. London, England: Kegan Paul, Trench, Tubner & Co., Ltd., 1893.
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statue had been cut away and only a portion of the seat remains.
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From his two consorts, Khnumhotep II had several children:
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while Tjat could have been his true love who was appointed
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and officials which was likely founded by his grandfather
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Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien. Tafelwerke Band IV
582:, Asiatic nomadic traders who are sometimes considered
549:
365:
entered to the royal court where he managed to become
924:. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung. pp. 124−133.
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His predecessor as nomarch was probably his relative
194:(20th century BCE). He is well known for his tomb at
833:
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
658:. London, England: Kegan Paul International, 1999.
486:two fishes and to the north he is fowling with a
930:
544:A group of West Asiatic foreigners labelled as
912:
616:Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom
859:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
390:For more about Khnumhotep's genealogy, see "
517:West Asiatic visitors to Egypt (c.1900 BCE)
877:
944:Officials of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
656:The Cosmos of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan
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411:hill to the edge of the cultivated land.
285:. Khnumhotep II held many titles such as
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401:
273:He was a member of a powerful family of
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803:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131.
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918:"Altes Reich. Dyn XII. Benihassan"
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554:), with the leader labelled as a "
414:The tomb is fronted by a columned
382:another son is known for being a "
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960:
708:
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442:and many stewards and overseers.
772:. London: British Museum Press.
746:is available in Newberry’s book.
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445:In the main chamber there is an
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178:) during the reign of pharaohs
33:of the 16th nome of Upper Egypt
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343:politically arranged marriage
46:Khnumhotep II depicted while
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742:An illustration of this by
562:official Khnumhotep II, at
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800:A History of Ancient Egypt
755:Illustration from Newberry
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836:. John Wiley & Sons.
668:Wicker, F. D. P. (1998).
392:Nomarchs of the Oryx nome
335:sealer, lady of the house
137:
125:
117:
109:
101:
87:
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69:
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28:
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949:Ancient Egyptian priests
770:The Art of Ancient Egypt
744:George Willoughby Fraser
674:The Geographical Journal
406:Exterior of the Tomb BH3
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386:" in a contiguous nome.
510:Procession of the Aamu
479:
407:
339:one who knows her lord
129:Nakht, Khnumhotep IV,
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405:
198:and its decorations.
795:Mieroop, Marc Van de
202:Biography and family
133:, Neheri, and others
885:"Procession of the
327:priestess of Hathor
258:(2055–1650 BC)
728:Beni Hasan. Part 1
670:"The Road to Punt"
480:
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174:(the 16th nome of
843:978-1-118-89611-2
810:978-1-4051-6070-4
612:Wolfram Grajetzki
325:, and was also a
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48:hunting waterfowl
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895:. Archived from
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828:Bard, Kathryn A.
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732:Available online
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294:overseer of the
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16:Egyptian nomarch
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899:on 2020-04-11.
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425:Percy Newberry
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363:Khnumhotep III
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296:Eastern Desert
281:and housed in
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151:Khnumhotep II
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73:Khnumhotep IV
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23:Khnumhotep II
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897:the original
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560:12th-dynasty
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398:The tomb BH3
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368:high steward
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283:Men'at Khufu
279:Khnumhotep I
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188:12th Dynasty
180:Amenemhat II
165:
154:
150:
149:
144:tomb 3 (BH3)
92:Amenemhat II
82:12th Dynasty
766:Robins, Gay
578:group from
504:Old Kingdom
315:Netjernakht
292:, and also
243:hieroglyphs
184:Senusret II
176:Upper Egypt
167:Great Chief
159:is pleased"
155:ẖnmw-ḥtp, "
121:Khety; Tjat
96:Senusret II
64:Netjernakht
56:Predecessor
933:Categories
779:0714109886
680:(2): 157.
591:References
564:Beni Hasan
500:false door
484:harpooning
371:and later
239:Khnumhotep
196:Beni Hasan
142:Beni Hasan
871:199601200
694:0016-7398
454:south to
440:treasurer
171:Oryx nome
161:) was an
70:Successor
939:Nomarchs
916:(1849).
830:(2015).
797:(2010).
768:(1997).
421:percheru
275:nomarchs
126:Children
702:3060367
502:of the
416:portico
186:of the
169:of the
88:Pharaoh
78:Dynasty
30:Nomarch
869:
840:
807:
784:p. 102
776:
700:
692:
584:Hyksos
556:Hyksos
456:Abydos
433:Anubis
429:Osiris
374:vizier
347:sealer
331:Pakhet
319:Hardai
304:Byblos
289:Nekheb
138:Burial
110:Mother
105:Neheri
102:Father
867:S2CID
865:(3).
698:JSTOR
496:flail
384:mayor
157:Khnum
113:Baqet
60:Nakht
887:Āāmu
838:ISBN
805:ISBN
774:ISBN
690:ISSN
575:Aamu
551:ꜥꜣmw
546:Aamu
468:maat
431:and
337:and
329:and
308:Punt
306:and
182:and
118:Wife
682:doi
678:164
580:Shu
394:".
250:Era
241:in
62:or
935::
920:.
891:.
861:.
819:^
726:,
710:^
696:.
688:.
676:.
672:.
623:^
614:,
598:^
310:.
252::
190:,
94:,
889:"
873:.
863:1
846:.
813:.
782:.
704:.
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548:(
465:(
153:(
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