Khmelnytsky Uprising

3202: 2365: 457: 748: 729: 712: 693: 676: 665: 373: 138: 101: 472: 6940: 2920: 494: 771: 602: 593: 430: 270: 3616:, Khmelnytsky's rationale was largely mercantile and the Jews of Brody, which was a major trading centre, were judged to be useful "for turnovers and profits" and thus they were only required to pay "moderate indemnities" in kind. One estimate (1996) reports that 15,000–30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. A 2014 estimate puts the number of Jews that died during the national uprising of Ukrainians to 18,000–20,000 people between the years 1648–1649; of these, 3,000–6,000 Jews were killed by Cossacks in 3649:

colossal, even exceeding the catastrophes of the Crusades and the Black Death in Western Europe. Some seven hundred Jewish communities in Poland had suffered massacre and pillage. In the Ukrainian cities situated on the left banks of the Dnieper, the region populated by Cossacks ... the Jewish communities had disappeared almost completely. In the localities on the right shore of the Dnieper or in the Polish part of Ukraine as well as those of Volhynia and Podolia, wherever Cossacks had made their appearance, only about one tenth of the Jewish population survived.

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into the fire before the eyes of their mothers, women were burned alive, men were skinned and mutilated. People must have thought hell had let loose all the tormenting monsters that medieval painters had portrayed dragging the condemned to eternal punishment. The roads were choked with thousands of refugees trying to escape the murderous hordes. The famous rabbis of the Talmud schools died by the hundreds as martyrs for their faith. The total number of the dead was estimated at about one hundred thousand.

2270:. Cossacks were gearing up to resume their traditional and lucrative attacks on the Ottoman Empire (in the first quarter of the 17th century they raided the Black Sea shores almost annually), as they greatly resented being prevented from the pirate activities by the peace treaties between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. Rumors about the emerging hostilities with "the infidels" were greeted with joy, and the news that there was to be no raiding after all was explosive in itself. 3273: 312: 3534:, many of whom were Jewish, who earned money from the collections they made for the magnates by receiving a percentage of an estate's revenue. By not supervising their estates directly, the magnates left it to the leaseholders and collectors to become objects of hatred to the oppressed and long-suffering peasants. Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." With this as their battle cry, Cossacks and the peasantry 7194: 3165: 7203: 3081: 3053: 327: 7215: 3774: 3381: 653: 402: 342: 1811: 642: 620: 387: 282: 5974: 1522: 1825: 2292: 2072: 1742: 5962: 3137: 4644:[And according to these rules, the vast trading city of Brody, filled almost exclusively with Jews, was left in its former freedom and integrity, as recognized by the Russian inhabitants as useful for their turnover and earnings, and only a moderate indemnity was taken from the Jews in cloth, linen and leather for sewing to the registered army uniforms and shoes, and some provisions for feeding the troops.] 3179: 3516: 3025: 3011: 3095: 3039: 3109: 2983: 3151: 2969: 2997: 2927: 2955: 3067: 2941: 3123: 4642:А по симъ правиламъ и обширный торговый городъ Броды, наполненный почти одними Жидами, оставленъ въ прежней свободѣ и цѣлости, яко признанный отъ Рускихъ жителей полезнымъ для ихъ оборотовъ и заработковъ, а только взята отъ Жидовъ умѣренная контрибуція сукнами, полотнами и кожами для пошитья реестровому войску мундировъ и обуви, да для продовольствія войскъ нѣкоторая провизія. 3577: 3796:, on their retreat westward inflicted terrible retribution on the civilian population, leaving behind them a trail of burned towns and villages. In addition, Khmelnytsky's Tatar allies often continued their raids against the civilian population, in spite of protests from the Cossacks. After the Cossacks' alliance with 5238:

Cossack bands, and many more were disintegrated by the flight of their members to escape the enemy... The Jews of the Ukraine, Podolia and Eastern Galicia bore the brunt of the massacres. It is estimated that about two hundred thousand Jews were killed in these provinces during the fatal years of 1648–49.

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A po sim" pravilam" i obshirnyy torgovyy gorod" Brody, napolnennyy pochti odnimi Zhidami, ostavlen" v" prezhney svobodѣ i tsѣlosti, yako priznannyy ot" Ruskikh" zhiteley poleznym" dlya ikh" oborotov" i zarabotkov", a tol'ko vzyata ot" Zhidov" umѣrennaya kontributsíya suknami, polotnami i kozhami dlya

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Due to the widespread murders, Jewish elders at the Council of Vilna banned merrymaking by a decree on July 3, 1661: they set limitations on wedding celebrations, public drinking, fire dances, masquerades, and Jewish comic entertainers. Stories about massacre victims who had been buried alive, cut to

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Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared

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Under the leadership of the barbaric Bogdan Chmielnitski, they exploded in a revolt of terrible violence in which their anger at their Polish lords also turned against Jewish 'infidels,' some of whom had been used by the Poles as tax collectors... In the ten years between 1648 and 1658 no fewer than

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I estimate that the number of infants alone who were found dead along the roads and in the castles reached 10,000. I ordered them to be buried in the fields and one grave alone contained over 270 bodies... All the infants were less than a year old since the older ones were driven off into captivity.

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of 1658), the new Cossack subjects became even more dominated by Russia. The Hetmanate entered a new political situation which was far different than in the Commonwealth, and the church was much more subordinate to the tsar there. Russia had a traditional practice of imprisoning as well as executing

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sent him a letter in which he informed the Cossack leader about his election and assured him that he would grant Cossacks and all of the Orthodox faith various privileges. He requested for Khmelnytsky to stop his campaign and await the royal delegation. Khmelnytsky answered that he would comply with

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News of the peasant uprisings now troubled a nobleman such as Khmelnytsky; however, after discussing information gathered across the country with his advisers, the Cossack leadership soon realized the potential for autonomy was there for the taking. Although Khmelnytsky's personal resentment of the

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In 1648, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, they ravaged the land with fire and sword. Their hatred of the Jews was boundless and they rarely attempted to persuade the unfortunate to convert. These persecutions were characterized by hitherto-unknown atrocities. Children were torn apart or thrown

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The accounts of contemporary Jewish chroniclers of the events tended to emphasize large casualty figures, but since the end of the 20th century they have been re-evaluated downwards. Early 20th-century estimates of Jewish deaths were based on the accounts of the Jewish chroniclers of the time, and

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However, the Cossack rebellion might have fizzled in the same manner as the great rebellions of 1637–1638 but for the strategies of Khmelnytsky. Having taken part in the 1637 rebellion, he realized that Cossacks, while having an excellent infantry, could not hope to match the Polish cavalry, which

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This situation changed for the worse in 1648–49, the years in which the Chmelnicki massacres took place. These persecutions, which swept over a large part of the Polish Commonwealth, wrought havoc with the Jewry of that country. Many Jewish communities were practically annihilated by the ruthless

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The losses inflicted on the Jews of Poland during the fatal decade 1648–1658 were appalling. In the reports of the chroniclers, the number of Jewish victims varies between one hundred thousand and five hundred thousand. But even if we accept the lower figure, the number of victims still remains

3736:

states that Jewish chroniclers of the 17th century "provide invariably inflated figures with respect to the loss of life among the Jewish population of Ukraine. The numbers range from 60,000–80,000 (Nathan Hannover) to 100,000 (Sabbatai Cohen), but that "he Israeli scholars Shmuel Ettinger and

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Within a few months almost all Polish nobles, officials and priests had been wiped out or driven from the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Commonwealth population losses in the uprising exceeded one million. In addition, Jews suffered substantial losses because they were the most numerous and

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In addition to the loss of significant forces and military leadership, the Polish state also lost King Władysław IV Vasa, who died in 1648, leaving the Crown of Poland leaderless and in disarray at a time of rebellion. The szlachta was on the run from its peasants, their palaces and estates in

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Thus, when in 1648, the Ukrainians under Chmielnicki rose against Polish dominion the Jews were to bear the main brunt of their fury. Within eighteen months over three hundred Jewish townships were destroyed and over one hundred thousand Jews—about a fifth of Polish Jewry—perished. It was the

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and quickly killed the guards assigned by the Commonwealth to protect the entrance. Once at the Sich, his oratory and diplomatic skills struck a nerve with oppressed Ruthenians. As his men repelled an attempt by Commonwealth forces to retake the Sich, more recruits joined his cause. The

2243:. All through the autumn of 1647, Khmelnytsky travelled from one regiment to another and had numerous consultations with different Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised the suspicions of Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts, and he was promptly arrested. 3567:, royal officials or Jews, they killed them all, sparing neither women nor children. They pillaged the estates of the Jews and nobles, burned churches and killed their priests, leaving nothing whole. It was a rare individual in those days who had not soaked his hands in blood ... 2909:

szlachta and the magnates influenced his transformation into a revolutionary, it was his ambition to become the ruler of a Ruthenian nation that expanded the uprising from a simple rebellion into a national movement. Khmelnytsky had his forces join a peasant revolt at the

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Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their

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was enacted, the Tatar raids became unrestrained; coupled with the onset of famine, they led to a virtual depopulation of whole areas of the country. The extent of the tragedy can be exemplified by a report of a Polish officer of the time, describing the devastation:

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Finally, in the spring of 1648, under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki (1595–1657), the Cossacks revolted in the Ukraine against Polish Rule. ... Although the exact number of Jews massacred is unknown, with estimates ranging from 40,000 to 100,000

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However, the enormous casualties suffered by the Cossacks at Berestechko made the idea of creating an independent state impossible to implement. Khmelnytsky had to decide whether to stay under Polish–Lithuanian influence or ally with the Muscovites.

3493:. As better sources and methodology are becoming available, such estimates are subject to continuing revision. Population losses of the entire Commonwealth population in the years 1648–1667 (a period which includes the Uprising, but also the 2861:

By April 1648 word of an uprising had spread throughout the Commonwealth. Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising, or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading, the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman

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Bernard D. Weinryb speak instead of the 'annihilation of tens of thousands of Jewish lives', and the Ukrainian-American historian Jaroslaw Pelenski narrows the number of Jewish deaths to between 6,000 and 14,000". Orest Subtelny concludes:

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Having received no support from Polish officials, Khmelnytsky turned to his Cossack friends and subordinates. The case of a Cossack being unfairly treated by the Poles found a lot of support not only in his regiment but also throughout the

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Although many modern sources still give estimates of Jews killed in the uprising at 100,000 or more, others put the numbers killed at between 40,000 and 100,000, and recent academic studies have argued fatalities were even lower. Modern

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In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000

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of 1655–1660), that temporarily freed the Ukrainians from Polish domination but in a short time subjected them to Russian domination. Weakened by wars, in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the

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Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding

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and issued a list of demands to the Polish Crown, including raising the number of Registered Cossacks, returning churches taken from the Orthodox faithful and paying the Cossacks for wages, which had been withheld for five years.

3720:, 193–4), "The fragmentary information of the period—and to a great extent information from subsequent years, including reports of recovery—clearly indicate that the catastrophe may have not been as great as has been assumed." 3269:". It became clear to the Polish envoys that Khmelnytsky had positioned himself no longer as simply a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks but as that of an independent state and stated his claims to the heritage of the Rus'. 2226:

openly started to harass Khmelnytsky on behalf of the younger Koniecpolski in an attempt to force him off the land. On two occasions raids were made to Subotiv, during which considerable property damage was done and his son

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From Autumn of 1654 to Spring of 1655 during the "Bracław Campaign" Stefan Czarniecki's army with the support of Crimean Tatars murdered 100,000 Ukrainians some sources even put the number as high as 300,000.

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A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654

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In 1648–55 the Cossack under Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657) joined with the Tartars in the Ukraine to rid themselves of Polish rule... Before the decade was over, more than 100,000 Jews had been slaughtered.

3693:, became more widely adopted and tended to result in lower fatality numbers. Newer studies of the Jewish population of the affected areas of Ukraine in that period estimate it to be 50,000. According to 3765:). This translates to "the (evil) decrees of (years) 408 and 409" referring to the years 5408 and 5409 on the Jewish calendar, which corresponds to the years 1648 and 1649 on the non-Jewish calendar. 1849: 5754:

Sysyn, Frank E. (1987), "A curse on both their houses: Catholic attitudes toward the Jews and Eastern Orthodox during the Khmel'nyts'kyi Uprising in Father Pawel Ruszel 'Fawor niebieski'",

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The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. ... It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed.

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members and their collaborators, they also suffered the horrendous loss of life resulting from Polish reprisals, Tatar raids, famine, plague and general destruction due to war.

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alienated them from the lower classes. It was especially important in regard to powerful and traditionally influential great princely families of Ruthenian origins, among them

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1 (1977): 153–77. While many of them were killed, Jewish losses did not reach the hair-raising figures that are often associated with the uprising. In the words of Weinryb (

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indicating that about 50,000 Jews lived in the area where the uprising occurred. See B. Weinryb, "The Hebrew Chronicles on Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossack-Polish War",

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Orthodox officials, which was foreign to people from the Commonwealth. With the Commonwealth becoming increasingly weak, Cossacks became more and more integrated into the

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published in 1976 states, "Over 100,000 Jews were killed; many more were tortured or ill-treated, others fled ...." Many other sources of the time give similar figures.

1853: 5858: 5827: 5796: 5765: 3976: 803: 5254:...carried out in 1648 and 1649 by the Cossacks of the Ukraine, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki. The anti-Semitic outburst took the lives of from 150,000 to 200,000 Jews. 2561: 2498: 8381: 8376: 8281: 8198: 6400: 5951: 3673:, first published in 1965, also gives figures of 100,000 to 500,000, stating "Many historians consider the second figure exaggerated and the first a minimum." 1909: 5419:

Even when there was mass destruction, as in the Chmielnicki uprising in 1648, the violence against Jews, where between 40000 and 100000 Jews were murdered ...

1360: 927: 832: 1833: 907: 852: 4260: 8261: 7127: 6020: 4414: 842: 7170: 4264: 2493: 1375: 942: 857: 2793: 7332: 3702: 3357: 2790: 2556: 2235:. He twice sought assistance from the king by traveling to Warsaw, only to find him either unwilling or powerless to confront the will of a magnate. 862: 3606:

were devastated by the uprising and ensuing massacres, though occasionally a Jewish population was spared, notably after the capture of the town of

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Day in 1648, and he was hailed as "the Moses, savior, redeemer, and liberator of the people from Polish captivity... the illustrious ruler of Rus".

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By the time the Cossacks and the Poles signed a peace treaty in 1654, 700 Jewish communities had been destroyed and more than 100,000 Jews killed.

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dedicated solely to the issue of Jewish casualties in the uprising concludes that 18,000–20,000 Jews were killed of a total population of 40,000.

3201: 2889:, who changed their allegiance from the Commonwealth to Khmelnytsky. The victory was quickly followed by rout of the Commonwealth's armies at the 8366: 7083: 4409: 3757:

In Jewish circles, this massacre became known as Gzeyres Takh Vetat, sometimes shortened to Takh Vetat (spelled in multiple ways in English. In

1687:. The success of the anti-Polish rebellion, along with internal conflicts in Poland, as well as concurrent wars waged by Poland with Russia and 8022: 6614: 6069: 4811: 4122: 3192: 2004: 1423: 796: 4140: 4015: 3336:, where Khmelnytsky ordered Cossacks to kill all Polish prisoners and paid Tatars for possession of the prisoners, an event known to as the 3301:

in Khmelnytsky's honour (1650–1651) explained it: "While in Poland it is King Jan II Casimir Vasa, in Rus it is Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky".

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Locations during the Khmelnitsky Uprising: Number=last digit of year; Blue Triangle=Cossack victory; Yellow Dot=Cossack defeat; Circle=siege

7599: 7460: 6640: 6463: 4966:... set off bloody massacres, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657), in which nearly 300,000 Eastern European Jews were killed or uprooted. 2919: 1550: 6573: 5540: 5473: 5465: 4985: 3628:

pieces, or forced to kill one another spread throughout Europe and beyond. These stories filled many with despair, led others to identify

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while retaining a wide degree of autonomy. The event triggered a period of political turbulence and infighting in the Hetmanate known as

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as ending the war; Ukrainian sources give the date as Khmelnytsky's death in 1657; and few Polish sources give the date as 1655 and the

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Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed

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Sources vary as to when the uprising ended. Russian and some Polish sources give the end-date of the uprising as 1654, pointing to the

1468: 1350: 952: 789: 6608: 6590: 8391: 6728: 6596: 1837: 5199:... massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier. 3372:

at the time of the Uprising. Ottoman Jews collected funds to mount a concerted ransom effort to gain the freedom of their people.

1610:. The insurgency was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against the civilian population, especially against the 7932: 7416: 7403: 7388: 7354: 7160: 7120: 6549: 6175: 2211: 7499: 7349: 7074: 6626: 5449:

Stampfer in his article estimates the population at about 40,000; the same figure is given by Henry Abramson in his article on "

8351: 8184: 8113: 7718: 7701: 7691: 7679: 7632: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7528: 7523: 7393: 7366: 6876: 6863: 6803: 6762: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6694: 6568: 6505: 6386: 6064: 5937: 3446:, with their autonomy and privileges eroded. The remnants of these privileges were gradually abolished in the aftermath of the 3221:

stated that Khmelnytsky did indeed lay siege to the town, for about two weeks. After obtaining the ransom, he moved to besiege

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is a historical fiction novel, set in the 17th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Khmelnytsky Uprising.

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From the 1960s to the 1980s historians still considered 100,000 a reasonable estimate of the Jews killed and, according to

2633: 1493: 1305: 6119: 6042: 5090:... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage. 4510:"The Urbanised Jewry of the Sandomierz and Lublin Provinces in the 18th Century: A Study in the Settlement of Population" 1340: 1320: 4623: 4450: 3217:

Khmelnytsky was persuaded not to lay siege to Lviv, in exchange for 200,000 red guldens, according to some sources, but

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Kohut, Zenon E. (2003). "The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the shaping of Ukrainian historical memory".

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by the end of the month. Khmelnytsky threw most of his resources into recruiting more fighters. He sent emissaries to

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or Jeziorna (November 1655). There is some overlap between the last phase of the uprising and the beginning of the

3426: 1959: 1692: 1543: 1508: 1503: 1265: 8064: 7311: 7301: 7006: 1405: 1135: 8361: 7883: 7805: 6363: 6311: 6210: 3751: 3665:, first published in 1962, writes "Perhaps as many as 100,000 Jews perished in the decade of this revolution." 3494: 3385: 2871: 2313: 2097: 1767: 1483: 1315: 1030: 733: 8051: 6234: 8316: 7557: 7448: 7165: 7136: 6844: 6435: 6218: 6114: 4705:. Vol. 1. Translated by Friedlander, Israel. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. pp. 156–157. 3325: 2674: 2210:

and generally was well respected within the Cossack ranks. The course of his life was altered, however, when

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Yakovenko, Natalia (2003). "The events of 1648–1649: contemporary reports and the problem of verification".

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After defeating the Polish army, the Cossacks joined with the Polish peasantry, murdering over 100,000 Jews.

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V. A. Smoliy, V. S. Stepankov. Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Sotsialno-politychnyi portret. p. 203, Lebid, Kiev. 1995

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Estimates of the death tolls of the Khmelnytsky uprising vary, as do many others from the eras analyzed by

1684: 1440: 1215: 225: 100: 8046: 6226: 6203: 4554: 4543: 8158: 7937: 7907: 7852: 7847: 7398: 5719: 5691: 4023: 3876: 3413: 2643: 2618: 1536: 1488: 1445: 993: 867: 5307: 3458:

ended the existence of the Commonwealth in 1795, many Cossacks had already left Ukraine to colonise the

3253:, Khmelnytsky declared that he was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, 2278:

cavalry could provide a balanced military force and give the Cossacks a chance to beat the Polish army.

8386: 8346: 8341: 8136: 7871: 7859: 7180: 7155: 7044: 6473: 6159: 5988: 5924: 5045: 4896: 4290: 3891: 3837: 2418: 1380: 1300: 7969: 7876: 7285: 7017: 7011: 6963: 6457: 6094: 5283: 5075: 4961: 4639:

poshit'ya reyestrovomu voysku mundirov" i obuvi, da dlya prodovol'stvíya voysk" nѣkotoraya provizíya.

4419: 4056: 3554: 3230: 3226: 1900:). The Kingdom of Poland already controlled several Ruthenian lands which formed the voivodeships of 1295: 1288: 969: 669: 7263: 5919: 4150: 2199: 2054:

were implanted into consciousness of the area and came out in force during the military campaign of

1718:, the Uprising is known for the atrocities against the Jews who, in their capacity as leaseholders ( 1365: 8401: 8396: 8326: 8321: 7964: 7927: 6417: 6277: 5856:

Sysyn, Frank E. (2003). "The Khmel'nyts'kyi Uprising: a characterization of the Ukrainian revolt".

4854: 2082: 1863: 1752: 1160: 947: 33: 2170:. At the age of 22, he joined his father in the service of the Commonwealth, battling against the 7974: 7952: 7942: 7706: 7684: 7666: 7486: 7341: 7238: 6869: 6768: 6674: 6349: 6270: 6109: 6099: 5892: 5377: 5184: 4233: 4028: 3309: 2628: 2572: 2541: 2302: 2151: 2086: 2008: 1980: 1756: 1660: 1615: 1185: 957: 897: 720: 684: 502: 188: 6939: 6542: 2022:

in 1596, which attempted to retain the autonomy of the Eastern Orthodox churches in present-day

8276: 8041: 7919: 7644: 7627: 7594: 6742: 6669: 5665: 5550: 5430: 5249: 5019: 4995: 4566: 3329: 2817: 2408: 2214:, heir to hetman Koniecpolski's magnate estate, attempted to seize Khmelnytsky's land. In 1647 2203: 2175: 2000: 1335: 922: 882: 763: 50: 7810: 7587: 7516: 6921: 6684: 4048: 3793: 2878: 1881: 1623: 680: 8146: 8074: 7957: 7947: 7783: 7511: 6830: 6679: 5427:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999

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The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy

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instead. Although the Commonwealth tried to regain its influence over the Cossacks (note the

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Between 100,000–500,000 Jews were murdered by the Cossacks during the Chmielnicki massacres.

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The Cossacks were already on the brink of a new rebellion as plans for the new war with the

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)#Cossacks and Cossack rebellions

3829: 3746:

In the two decades following the uprising the Commonwealth suffered two more major wars (

3733: 3417: 3389: 3316:. When hostilities resumed, however, his forces suffered a massive defeat in 1651 at the 3218: 2910: 2893:, which saw both the elder Potocki and Kalinowski captured and imprisoned by the Tatars. 2886: 2709: 2581: 2458: 2423: 2252: 1963: 1802: 1696: 1415: 1275: 1178: 1080: 1075: 872: 515: 7359: 3997: 3754:; during that period total Jewish casualties are estimated at another 20,000 to 30,000. 3501:) are estimated at 4 million (roughly a decrease from 11 to 12 million to 7–8 million). 2890: 837: 8251: 8226: 8008: 7770: 7637: 7622: 7569: 7533: 7426: 7371: 6997: 6981: 6898: 6815: 6734: 6700: 6652: 6537: 6511: 6500: 6440: 5875: 5844: 5813: 5782: 5714: 5450: 5294: 4841: 4805: 4740: 4683: 4628: 4116: 3930: 3850: 3612: 3587: 3474: 3447: 3278: 2704: 2664: 2596: 2551: 2393: 2183: 2055: 1591: 1385: 1235: 1070: 1002: 964: 498: 477: 210: 192: 7025: 2863: 2274:

was possibly the best in Europe at the time. However, combining Cossack infantry with

716: 646: 8210: 8069: 7888: 7864: 7800: 7713: 7604: 7316: 7243: 6969: 6602: 6306: 6249: 6003: 5879: 5848: 5817: 5786: 5739:

The Lithuanian-Rus' commonwealth, the Polish domination, and the Cossack-Hetman State

5723: 5695: 5660:[Stefan Charnetskyi. Put the spotted dog to sleep. Ask the dead Foreigners]. 5408: 5381: 5342: 5320: 5265: 5226: 5188: 5161: 5131: 5104: 5079: 5049: 5023: 4938: 4915: 4827: 4823: 4773: 4748: 4718: 4603: 4574: 4368: 4337: 4104: 4094: 4064: 3797: 3729: 3603: 3438: 3433:

and agreed on an anti-Swedish alliance in 1657, Khmelnytsky's Cossacks supported the

3305: 2867: 2810: 2684: 2638: 2623: 2613: 2608: 2586: 2536: 2463: 2448: 2398: 2348: 2255:

assisted Khmelnytsky in his escape, and with a group of supporters he headed for the

2228: 2132: 1724:), were seen by the peasants as their immediate oppressors and became the subject of 1704: 1700: 1668: 1664: 1584: 1576: 1400: 1260: 1225: 1220: 1115: 1050: 752: 697: 462: 447: 302: 264: 240: 196: 182: 178: 157: 3530:

Before the Khmelnytsky uprising, magnates had sold and leased certain privileges to

8246: 8231: 8033: 7893: 7832: 7765: 7743: 7723: 7582: 7562: 7431: 6975: 6850: 6809: 6778: 6555: 6326: 6321: 6154: 6008: 5867: 5836: 5805: 5774: 5510: 4136: 3950: 3886: 3871: 3747: 3498: 3434: 3313: 2838: 2659: 2256: 1948:, which acquired even more power and were able to gather more lands, creating huge 1929: 1905: 1885: 1845: 1708: 1395: 1204: 1194: 1093: 1060: 1040: 902: 892: 847: 737: 701: 635: 609: 565: 549: 519: 218: 92: 8079: 5501:

Stampfer, Shaul (2003). "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?".

5435:

A lower estimate puts the Jewish pogrom deaths in the Ukraine, 1648–56, at 56,000.

5262:

Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts

4401: 3364:, participated in the insurrection, seeing it as a source of captives to be sold. 3245:

In February 1649, during negotiations with a Polish delegation headed by nobleman

8241: 8084: 7837: 7453: 7436: 6957: 6561: 6059: 4561: 4550: 4427: 4358: 3918: 3758: 3666: 3654: 3633: 3523: 3353: 3333: 2858:

to join him in a potential assault against their shared enemy, the Commonwealth.

2837:

On January 25, 1648, Khmelnytsky brought a contingent of 400–500 Cossacks to the

2798: 2531: 2478: 2438: 2403: 2015: 1889: 1859: 1652: 1611: 1463: 1325: 1230: 1165: 1035: 1013: 937: 887: 877: 774: 545: 433: 273: 8176: 6378: 5655:"Stefan Charnets'kyy. Pryspaty ryaboho Sobaku. Spytayte u mertvykh Chuzhyntsiv" 5317:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History, and Analysis

3396: 1921: 8296: 8271: 7842: 6336: 6331: 6164: 5709: 5067: 4793: 4599: 3725: 3694: 3686: 3674: 3519: 3510: 3443: 3430: 3361: 3337: 3321: 3287: 2855: 2669: 2483: 2468: 2443: 2275: 2263: 2195:

with a wife and several children. He participated in campaigns for Grand Crown

2179: 2171: 2019: 1996: 1941: 1917: 1715: 1688: 1599: 1526: 1330: 1245: 1125: 317: 110: 5871: 5840: 5809: 5778: 5514: 2231:

was badly beaten, until Khmelnytsky moved his family to a relative's house in

8310: 8286: 6242: 5998: 5096: 4907: 4633: 4461: 4360:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

3842: 3629: 3582: 3548: 3463: 3365: 2714: 2699: 2546: 2526: 2473: 2433: 2388: 2043: 1428: 1250: 1240: 1110: 657: 214: 7105: 4108: 3272: 3234:

his monarch's request and then turned back. He made a triumphant entry into

217:, resumed talks with the Commonwealth, which resulted in the signing of the 7996: 7753: 7494: 6790: 6620: 5993: 5580: 5218: 4901:

In their revolt, the Ukrainians slaughtered over one hundred thousand Jews.

4698: 4526: 3641: 3591: 2901: 2843: 2689: 2453: 2428: 2413: 2379: 1984: 1841: 1345: 1150: 422: 362: 4330:

The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

3806:

The surviving peasants wander about in groups, bewailing their misfortune.

2885:, which saw a considerable number of defections on the field of battle by 1945: 7898: 7193: 6986: 6916: 5763:

Rosman, Moshe (Murray) J. (2003). "Dubno in the wake of Khmel'nyts'kyi".

5157: 4872: 4553:(p. 115), 1618 languages map (p. 119), 1657–1667 losses map (p. 128) and 4088: 3854: 3610:(the population of which was 70% Jewish). According to the book known as 3451: 3222: 3210: 2913:, striking another terrible blow to weakened and depleted Polish forces. 2679: 2516: 2147: 1925: 1916:

was granted full rights within the Rzeczpospolita, their assimilation of

1869: 1725: 1255: 624: 332: 7202: 2874:, towards Khmelnytsky, without waiting to gather additional forces from 1703:

and caused a secular decline of Polish power during the period known in

1579:

that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the

16:

Cossack rebellion within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–1657

7383: 7378: 6524: 6518: 6030: 5149: 4927:

greatest calamity the Jews were to experience until the rise of Hitler.

4765: 4267:[The slaughter of Polish prisoners of war at Batoh] (in Polish) 4000: 3773: 3658: 3595: 3380: 3250: 3246: 2694: 2316: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1966: 1949: 1607: 1410: 1100: 1065: 1045: 781: 534: 7214: 5657:Стефан Чарнецький. Приспати рябого Собаку. Спитайте у мертвих Чужинців 4820:

Hostages of modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870–1933/39

4456:[The Cossack Era: § 1. The Cossack Revolution of 1648–1657.]. 3632:

as the Messiah, and contributed in later years to growing interest in

1663:

population; at the same time, it led to the eventual incorporation of

3531: 3298: 3282: 3239: 2755: 2244: 2138: 1973: 1933: 1810: 1720: 1355: 605: 407: 347: 5973: 3640:

tended to be high, ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 or more; in 1916

3416:(which included the Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth during the 3312:, Khmelnytsky gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the 2291: 2266:

advanced by the Polish king Władysław IV Vasa were cancelled by the

2071: 1741: 8141: 7093: 4990: 4667:

Gordon, Mel (Spring 2011). "Catastrophe in Ukraine, Comedy Today".

4060: 3786: 3541: 3535: 3258: 3225:, when he finally heard about the election of the new Polish King, 2775: 2521: 2356: 2232: 2219: 2215: 2051: 2039: 1954: 1937: 1913: 1866: 1676: 1270: 1155: 392: 287: 3262: 1824: 7269: 6079: 4333: 3824: 3621: 3617: 3295: 3254: 2780: 2765: 2760: 2740: 2248: 2192: 2031: 2023: 1962:, oppressed the lower-class Ruthenians, with the introduction of 1640: 1628: 1603: 1140: 1120: 1105: 1055: 200: 5961: 3515: 4745:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

4711:

Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion

3820: 3671:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

3369: 3332:. A year later, in 1652, the Cossacks had their revenge at the 3266: 2875: 2851: 2847: 2785: 2770: 2750: 2735: 2730: 2207: 2196: 2188: 2163: 2155: 2027: 1648: 1644: 1588: 5484: 5482: 5601: 5470:

Ideals Face Reality: Jewish Law and Life in Poland, 1550–1655

4195:

History of the Ukrainian Nation, Volume II: The Cossack Cause

3792:

At the initial stages of the uprising, armies of the magnate

3785:) were in many cases the perpetrators of massacres of Polish 3607: 3459: 3435:

invasion of the Commonwealth by Sweden's Transylvanian allies

2881:. Khmelnytsky marshalled his forces and met his enemy at the 2745: 3538:

numerous Jewish and Polish–Lithuanian townsfolk, as well as

3261:... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, 2897:

flames. All the while, Khmelnytsky's army marched westward.

5959: 5545: 5479: 3235: 2267: 2240: 2167: 2142: 2035: 1680: 1619: 5101:

Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources

4451:"Kozats'ka Era: § 1. Kozatsʹka revolyutsiya 1648–1657 rr" 3576: 7254:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

1970: 5264:. University Press of America. p. 77, footnote 17. 4200: 2870:

sent 3,000 soldiers under the command of Potocki's son,

6358:

Wooden synagogues in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

5621: 5609: 4172: 4042: 4040: 4038: 3412:

The uprising began a period in Polish history known as

5521: 4648: 4443: 4309: 4053:

Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia

2162:

Born to a noble family, Bohdan Khmelnytsky attended a

1910:

Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

1639:

The uprising has a symbolic meaning in the history of

5173:

to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?

4090:

God's playground: a history of Poland: in two volumes

1995:

in the north sought to acquire the southern lands of

1983:

traditions were also affected from the assumption of

1361:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

5282:

Chmielnicki, Bohdan (2001–2005). (Sixth ed.).

4596:

Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine

4035: 3454:

sided with Sweden. By the time that the last of the

3368:

sent a large influx of captives to slave markets in

3229:, whom Khmelnytsky favored. According to Hrushevsky 1854:

Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1620–1686)

1834:

Articles for the Reassurance of the Ruthenian people

206:

Recognition of the Ukrainian Eastern Orthodox Church

5042:

The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century

4453:КОЗАЦЬКА ЕРА: § 1. Козацька революція 1648–1657 рр. 4221: 3841:is also a Polish historical drama film directed by 1958:, along with the actions of the upper-class Polish 453: 148: 5072:Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past 3392:diminished the scope of Polish–Lithuanian control. 369: 134: 8206: 6408: 5889:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 5213:Sources estimating more than 100,000 Jews killed: 8372:Rebellions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8308: 5372:Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). 5371: 5281: 3400:Territory gained after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. 468: 7084:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 5443: 5398: 5259: 5154:With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide 3481:, as Cossack and Russian forces became allied. 107:Entrance of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv in 1649 7465:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 7171:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5367:Sources estimating 40,000–100,000 Jews killed: 4893:Power Struggle: An Autobiographical Confession 4877:The Jews: A Chronicle for Christian Conscience 3429:. When Poland–Lithuania and Russia signed the 1908:. The combined lands would be formed into the 413: 353: 8192: 7135: 7121: 6394: 5945: 2818: 1544: 797: 323: 5399:Goldberg, David Theo; Solomos, John (2002). 4163: 4010: 4008: 3562: 3539: 2003:it began this process by insisting that the 8382:1650s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8377:1640s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7461:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 7449:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 5605:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 5336: 5319:. University Press of America. p. 77. 4867:Other 1960s–1980s estimates of Jews killed: 4736: 4734: 3553:the contemporary 17th-century chronicle by 2100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1828:Control of the territory of Ukraine in 1600 1770:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 398: 338: 8199: 8185: 7307:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 7128: 7114: 6691:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629) 6401: 6387: 5952: 5938: 5424: 5243: 5103:. Information Age Publishing. p. 25. 4935:My People: Abba Eban's History of the Jews 4887: 4810:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4565: 4536: 4121:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3781:While the Cossacks and peasants (known as 3602:Most Jewish communities in the rebellious 2825: 2811: 1551: 1537: 804: 790: 383: 278: 7312:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 7302:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 5793: 5736: 5641:Історія польсько-українських конфліктівda 5121: 5039: 4955: 4932: 4507: 4206: 4178: 4135: 4129: 4005: 3522:of 3,000–5,000 Polish captives after the 2332:Learn how and when to remove this message 2222:(head of the local royal administration) 2120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1790:Learn how and when to remove this message 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 7600:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 5925:The Zaporozhian Cossack Battle at Korsun 5708: 5627: 5615: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5476:) give a higher estimate of over 51,000. 5401:A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies 4731: 4703:History of the Jews in Russia and Poland 4632:(in Russian). p. 80. Archived from 4082: 4080: 3772: 3689:methods, particularly from the realm of 3586:(1653): "I write of the Evil Decrees of 3575: 3514: 3395: 3379: 3271: 3200: 2131: 1823: 1809: 1801: 811: 438: 308: 293: 32:This article includes a list of general 7161:History of Polish intelligence services 6905:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 6641:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 5920:Cossacks' Uprising, Jewish Encyclopedia 5682: 5527: 5314: 5066: 4980:Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed: 4906: 4817: 4792: 4708: 4654: 4503: 4501: 4315: 4046: 3768: 1850:1638 Ordination of the Zaporizhian Host 1606:, fought against Polish domination and 8367:Jews and Judaism in the Russian Empire 8309: 8114:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5886: 5762: 5458:Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5374:A Concise History Of The Jewish People 5260:Garber, Zev; Zuckerman, Bruce (2004). 5217: 5095: 4764: 4697: 4666: 4356: 4259: 4086: 1806:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648 1371:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 8180: 7507:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 7109: 6382: 5933: 5906:Jewish Publication Society of America 5855: 5824: 5753: 5341:. KTAV Publishing House. p. 42. 5178: 5013: 4327: 4077: 3814: 3136: 2061: 1699:(1655–1660) respectively), ended the 785: 7697:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 7350:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 6627:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory 6464:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372) 5899: 5664:(in Ukrainian). 2017. Archived from 5225:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 20. 5181:A Brief History of the Jewish People 5148: 4958:Ashkenaz: The German Jewish Heritage 4871: 4715:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 4593: 4498: 4285: 3819:The rebellion had a major effect on 3724:A 2003 study by Israeli demographer 3010: 2968: 2314:adding citations to reliable sources 2285: 2098:adding citations to reliable sources 2065: 1892:under the agreement forming the new 1768:adding citations to reliable sources 1735: 18: 7933:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 6858:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War 5223:History of Jewish Literature Part 3 4937:. Behrman House. pp. 184–185. 4051:. In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). 4049:"Chmielnicki Massacres (1648–1649)" 3762: 2005:Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus′ 13: 5747: 5579:. 21 November 2011. Archived from 4265:"Rzeź polskich jeńców pod Batohem" 4027:(in Russian). 2005. Archived from 3949:: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніцкага; 3701:Weinryb cites the calculations of 3657:, many considered it "a minimum". 3405:accessible representatives of the 3178: 3164: 3038: 2900:Khmelnytsky stopped his forces at 38:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 8423: 6951:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918) 5913: 4879:. Association Press. p. 72. 4755:, p. 158 and footnote 33, p. 327. 4400:] (in Polish). Archived from 3845:. The film is based on the novel 3080: 2371:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks 2018:expansionism culminated with the 1622:, as well as savage reprisals by 1587:in Ukraine. Under the command of 1583:, which led to the creation of a 1391:Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine 8295: 7719:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 7422:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 7213: 7201: 7192: 6938: 6883:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702) 6533:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6479:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) 6469:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) 5972: 5960: 4818:Strauss, Herbert Arthur (1993). 4688:, Random House, 2001, pp. 25–28. 3177: 3163: 3149: 3135: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3093: 3079: 3065: 3051: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3009: 2996: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2967: 2953: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2363: 2290: 2070: 2034:by aligning themselves with the 1838:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 1814:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1740: 1520: 1321:West Ukrainian People's Republic 1266:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1012: 769: 757: 746: 727: 710: 691: 674: 663: 651: 640: 629: 618: 600: 591: 583: 574: 558: 539: 528: 509: 492: 470: 455: 440: 428: 415: 400: 385: 371: 355: 340: 325: 310: 295: 280: 268: 258: 150: 136: 99: 23: 8392:Ukrainian independence movement 7702:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 7692:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 7680:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 7633:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 7551:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 7546:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 7541:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 7529:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 7524:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 7417:Władysław the White's rebellion 7404:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 7389:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 7355:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 7007:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 6729:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War 6569:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) 5902:Kiddush HaShem: An Epic of 1648 5675: 5647: 5633: 5595: 5565: 5533: 5361: 5315:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). 5207: 5128:McGill-Queen's University Press 4974: 4861: 4786: 4772:. Signet Classic. p. 247. 4758: 4691: 4675: 4660: 4616: 4587: 4476: 4381: 4350: 4321: 4279: 4253: 4212: 4184: 4024:The Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia 3935:повстання Богдана Хмельницького 3347: 3150: 3094: 2954: 2301:needs additional citations for 125:25 January 1648 – 6 August 1657 7884:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 7675:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7444:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7089:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 6675:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars 6550:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6506:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 4460:(in Ukrainian). Archived from 4157: 4021:[Khmelnitsky Bogdan]. 3991: 3969: 3955:восстание Богдана Хмельницкого 3912: 3066: 3052: 2178:. After being held captive in 2048:did not unite under one church 1894:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1679:would swear allegiance to the 1581:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1191:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1146:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 171: 1: 8352:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe 7791:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 7759:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 7432:1444 war against the Ottomans 7259:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 7249:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 7166:List of wars involving Poland 6877:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6864:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6804:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6797:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 6763:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6721:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6715:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6709:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6695:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War 6436:Mongol invasions of Lithuania 6410:Lithuanian wars and conflicts 5968:Jews and Judaism in Lithuania 4686:: A History of Fundamentalism 4430:[Cossack Uprisings]. 4412:[Cossack uprisings]. 3981:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 3963: 3484: 3450:(1700–1721), in which hetman 1731: 1311:Ukrainian War of Independence 177:Military intervention of the 7801:War of the Bar Confederation 7796:War of the Polish Succession 6911:War of the Bar Confederation 6615:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6609:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6597:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6591:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6574:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War 5737:Chirovsky, Nicholas (1984). 5425:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). 5244:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). 5040:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 5016:The Jews in Colonial America 4986:"Judaism Timeline 1618–1770" 4956:Hirschler, Gertrude (1988). 4914:. Redwood Burn. p. 12. 4525:(4): 223–239. Archived from 3998:The Khmelnytsky insurrection 3882:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3546:during the years 1648–1649. 3504: 3479:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3427:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3375: 2940: 2281: 1693:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 1306:Ukraine after the Revolution 7: 8159:Russian invasion of Ukraine 8052:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 7848:War of the Fourth Coalition 7500:campaign of Stephen Báthory 6839:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War 5720:University of Toronto Press 5692:University of Toronto Press 5643:(in Ukrainian). p. 27. 4709:Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). 4508:Muszyńska, Jadwiga (1999). 4418:(in Polish). Archived from 4293:[Sarmatian Katyn]. 4164:Krypiakevych, Ivan (1954). 3877:Wars of national liberation 3860: 3592:may his name be obliterated 3209:'s envoy by Khmelnitsky in 3122: 2007:was now the primate of the 1632:(military governor) of the 1446:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1406:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 1316:Ukrainian People's Republic 1031:Trypillian–Cucuteni culture 311: 10: 8428: 8137:Operation Uphold Democracy 7872:War of the Sixth Coalition 7860:War of the Fifth Coalition 7806:Polish–Russian War of 1792 7181:Warfare in Medieval Poland 7156:History of the Polish Army 7045:June Uprising in Lithuania 6474:Battle of the Vikhra River 6317:Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka) 6160:Choral Synagogue (Vilnius) 5662:kampodsvoboda.blogspot.com 5046:Cambridge University Press 3752:Russo-Polish War (1654–67) 3508: 2202:, led delegations to King 2046:. While all of the people 1831: 1381:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1351:Communist Party of Ukraine 1301:Ukraine during World War I 584: 575: 559: 540: 529: 510: 259: 209:After the death of Hetman 8293: 8217: 8122: 8099: 8060: 8047:Białystok Ghetto uprising 8032: 7992: 7983: 7918: 7877:French invasion of Russia 7823: 7736: 7665: 7578: 7558:Northern War of 1655–1660 7485: 7476: 7412: 7340: 7331: 7294: 7234: 7225: 7187: 7143: 7137:Polish wars and conflicts 7073: 7054: 7035: 6996: 6964:French invasion of Russia 6950: 6933: 6891: 6662: 6635:Northern Seven Years' War 6583: 6487: 6450: 6426: 6416: 6345: 6295: 6260: 6186: 6173: 6147: 6136: 6052: 6041: 5981: 5468:) and Edward Fram in his 5460:. Paul M. Johnson in his 5337:Scharfstein, Sol (2004). 5284:The Columbia Encyclopedia 5076:Columbia University Press 4962:Yeshiva University Museum 4950:100,000 Jews were killed. 4933:Bamberger, David (1978). 4571:Poland a Historical Atlas 4488:encyclopediaofukraine.com 4336:. pp. 173–174, 183. 4328:Frost, Robert I. (2000). 4057:Santa Barbara, California 3954: 3934: 3714:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3620:in May 1648 and 1,500 in 3557:, an eyewitness, states: 3555:Nathan ben Moses Hannover 1976:to manage their estates. 1969:practices and the use of 1296:Modern history of Ukraine 823: 485: 251: 213:, his supporters, led by 189:Ruthenian Uniate Churches 117: 98: 90: 85: 8357:Jewish Ukrainian history 7965:Second Silesian Uprising 7282:1156 war against Germany 7279:1146 war against Germany 6418:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 6278:Great Synagogue of Vilna 5741:. Philosophical Library. 5656: 5378:Rowman & Littlefield 5185:Rowman & Littlefield 5122:Camcastle, Cara (2005). 4641: 4452: 4357:Snyder, Timothy (2004). 4093:(2 ed.). New York. 4017: 3923:powstanie Chmielnickiego 3905: 3561:Wherever they found the 2182:, he returned home as a 2137:Bohdan Khmelnytsky with 1573:Khmelnytsky insurrection 1161:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1156:Principality of Moldavia 291:(1651, 1653, 1656–1657) 243:under Russian protection 8337:17th-century rebellions 8332:Antisemitism in Ukraine 8164:Military aid to Ukraine 7975:Third Silesian Uprising 7943:First Silesian Uprising 7938:Polish–Czechoslovak War 7707:Battle of Chocim (1673) 7685:Battle of Chocim (1621) 6870:Battle of Khotyn (1673) 6769:Battle of Khotyn (1621) 6351:List of Lithuanian Jews 6271:Red Synagogue of Jonava 5893:Oxford University Press 5887:Plokhi, Serhii (2001). 5872:10.1023/A:1022356306799 5841:10.1023/A:1022300121820 5810:10.1023/A:1022308423637 5779:10.1023/a:1022352222729 5515:10.1023/A:1022330717763 5431:McFarland & Company 5250:McFarland & Company 5020:McFarland & Company 4747:, Paulist Press, 2004, 4567:Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian 4234:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 4146:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4087:Davies, Norman (2005). 4047:Batista, Jakub (2014). 4016:"Khmel'nitskiy Bogdan" 3594:... in (5)'408 to '411 3571: 2866:and Field Crown Hetman 2619:Colonisation of Siberia 2212:Aleksander Koniecpolski 1819: Kingdom of Poland 1366:Ukraine in World War II 276:(1648–1654, 1656–1657) 53:more precise citations. 8282:1750 Haidamak Uprising 8277:1734 Haidamak Uprising 8042:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7985:World War II in Poland 7645:Zebrzydowski rebellion 7628:Moldavian Magnate Wars 7595:Siege of Danzig (1577) 6743:Zebrzydowski rebellion 6670:Moldavian Magnate Wars 6262:Destroyed / demolished 5756:Israel and the Nations 5339:Jewish History and You 5179:Weiss, Mosheh (2004). 4889:Rubenstein, Richard L. 4800:. London. p. 530. 4770:Jews, God, and History 4636:on 22 September 2023. 3942: 3925:; in Ukraine known as 3922: 3808: 3778: 3744: 3722: 3663:Jews, God, and History 3651: 3599: 3569: 3563: 3540: 3527: 3462:and, in process, were 3401: 3393: 3330:Treaty of Bila Tserkva 3324:. They were forced at 3291: 3214: 2200:Stanisław Koniecpolski 2176:Moldavian Magnate Wars 2159: 2042:were also against the 2001:fall of Constantinople 1829: 1821: 1807: 1671:initiated by the 1654 1336:Directorate of Ukraine 564:Ivan Zolotarenko 486:Commanders and leaders 8412:Polish–Ukrainian wars 8362:Jewish Polish history 8147:2003 invasion of Iraq 8075:Operation Ostra Brama 7970:Polish–Lithuanian War 7784:Battle of Berestechko 7512:War against Sigismund 7286:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 7018:Polish–Lithuanian War 7012:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6831:Battle of Berestechko 6680:War against Sigismund 6458:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 6312:Knesses Beis Yitzchak 5900:Asch, Sholem (1919). 5577:www.jewishhistory.org 5462:A History of the Jews 5014:Reiss, Oscar (2004). 4365:Yale University Press 4229:"Khmelnytsky, Bohdan" 4193:Terletskyi, Omelian: 3943:Chmelnickio sukilimas 3803: 3777:Cossack army in 1648. 3776: 3739: 3699: 3691:historical demography 3646: 3579: 3559: 3518: 3491:historical demography 3399: 3383: 3318:Battle of Berestechko 3275: 3204: 2883:Battle of Zhovti Vody 2135: 1991:in 1448. The growing 1989:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1912:. Although the local 1864:Lithuanian-controlled 1862:granted the southern 1827: 1813: 1805: 1643:'s relationship with 1634:Ruthenian Voivodeship 1608:Commonwealth's forces 8317:Khmelnytsky Uprising 8257:Khmelnytsky Uprising 7928:Polish–Ukrainian War 7779:Khmelnytsky Uprising 7342:Polish–Teutonic wars 7151:Early modern warfare 7065:Lithuanian partisans 6825:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6495:Samogitian uprisings 6211:Beit Medrash Hagadol 6026:Khmelnytsky Uprising 5688:A History of Ukraine 5684:Magocsi, Paul Robert 5668:on 27 February 2024. 5553:on 19 September 2020 5541:"Gzeyres Takh Vetat" 5405:Blackwell Publishing 4798:Jewish History Atlas 4573:. Hippocrene Books. 4484:"Cossack-Polish War" 4433:Encyklopedia Interia 4428:"Kozackie Powstania" 4410:"Kozackie powstania" 4289:(14 February 2014). 4141:"Cossacks' Uprising" 4063:. pp. 100–101. 3977:"Cossack-Polish War" 3900:Pereiaslav Agreement 3849:, the first part in 3769:Ukrainian population 3679:Jewish History Atlas 3499:the Swedish invasion 3471:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3456:partitions of Poland 3423:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3390:Second Northern Wars 3193:class=notpageimage| 2629:Pugachev's Rebellion 2509:Other Cossack groups 2310:improve this article 2166:school, probably in 2094:improve this section 1985:ecclesiastical power 1764:improve this section 1673:Pereiaslav Agreement 1659:domination over the 1602:and local Ukrainian 1596:Zaporozhian Cossacks 1567:, also known as the 1565:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1211:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1179:Early modern history 1131:Principality of Kiev 815:Khmelnytsky Uprising 86:Khmelnytsky Uprising 8407:Genocides in Europe 8237:Fedorovych uprising 8208:Zaporozhian cossack 8025:during World War II 7811:Kościuszko Uprising 7775:1644 Tatar Invasion 7749:Fedorovych uprising 7740:1624 Tatar Invasion 7667:Polish–Ottoman wars 7619:1593 Tatar Invasion 7611:1589 Tatar Invasion 7588:Battle of Lubieszów 7517:Battle of Stångebro 7487:Polish–Swedish wars 7394:Thirteen Years' War 7264:Miecław's Rebellion 7239:Polish–Veletian War 7176:Polish Armed Forces 7144:General and related 6922:Kościuszko Uprising 6821:1644 Tatar Invasion 6785:Fedorovych uprising 6775:1624 Tatar Invasion 6685:Battle of Stångebro 6543:Battle of Pabaiskas 5583:on 21 February 2024 5491:, pp. 127–128. 4998:on 27 December 2023 4594:Reid, Anna (2000). 4544:1618 population map 4241:on 25 February 2024 3893:With Fire and Sword 3847:With Fire and Sword 3838:With Fire and Sword 3830:With Fire and Sword 3794:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 3734:Paul Robert Magocsi 3425:, which led to the 3418:Second Northern War 2911:Battle of Pyliavtsi 2887:Registered Cossacks 2879:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 2710:Yermak Timofeyevich 2582:Registered Cossacks 2253:Mykhailo Krychevsky 2146:, oil on canvas by 1964:Counter-Reformation 1697:Second Northern War 1624:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 1416:Russo-Ukrainian War 1276:Carpathian Ruthenia 1076:Chernyakhov culture 681:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 516:Tymofiy Khmelnytsky 8252:Ostryanyn uprising 8227:Nalyvaiko Uprising 8152:Occupation of Iraq 8132:War in Afghanistan 8009:Invasion of Poland 7904:fighting in Poland 7825:Poland partitioned 7771:Ostryanyn uprising 7623:Nalyvaiko Uprising 7570:Great Northern War 7534:Battle of Kircholm 7427:Battle of Grotniki 7399:War of the Priests 7372:Battle of Grunwald 7075:Restored Lithuania 6998:Interwar Lithuania 6982:Revolution of 1905 6899:Great Northern War 6816:Ostryanyn uprising 6735:Battle of Klushino 6701:Battle of Kircholm 6653:Nalyvaiko Uprising 6512:Battle of Grunwald 6501:Lithuanian Crusade 6441:Lithuanian Crusade 5758:, pp. xi–xxiv 5715:Ukraine: A History 5150:Tatz, Colin Martin 5022:. pp. 98–99. 4849:Unknown parameter 4741:Edward H. Flannery 4684:The Battle for God 4629:History of the Rus 4560:2013-02-17 at the 4549:2013-02-17 at the 4464:on 3 December 2007 4393:Kozackie powstania 4166:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 4018:Хмельницкий Богдан 3851:Henryk Sienkiewicz 3815:In popular culture 3779: 3718:The Jews of Poland 3613:History of the Rus 3600: 3528: 3495:Polish-Russian War 3475:Battle of Jezierna 3448:Great Northern War 3402: 3394: 3352:The Tatars of the 3306:Battles of Zbarazh 3292: 3279:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 3215: 2705:Pavlo Skoropadskyi 2665:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2644:Cossacks in the SS 2186:, settling in his 2184:Registered Cossack 2160: 2062:Khmelnytsky's role 2056:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2050:, the concepts of 1830: 1822: 1808: 1661:Ukrainian Orthodox 1598:, allied with the 1592:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 1569:Cossack–Polish War 1527:Ukraine portal 1469:Historical regions 1071:Zarubintsy culture 953:Moldavian Campaign 499:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 396:(1648–1650, 1653) 211:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 113:in the XIX century 8387:National revivals 8347:Cossack Hetmanate 8342:Cossack uprisings 8304: 8303: 8262:Barabash Uprising 8222:Kosiński uprising 8174: 8173: 8109:Racibórz Conflict 8101:People's Republic 8095: 8094: 8070:Operation Tempest 7948:Polish–Soviet War 7889:November Uprising 7865:Austro-Polish War 7853:Prussian campaign 7819: 7818: 7714:Great Turkish War 7655:Battle of Humenné 7650:Thirty Years' War 7638:Battle of Kłuszyn 7615:Kosiński uprising 7605:Battle of Byczyna 7472: 7471: 7384:Gollub War (1422) 7379:Hunger War (1414) 7327: 7326: 7317:Battle of Legnica 7268:1072 war against 7244:Battle of Cedynia 7103: 7102: 7056:Soviet occupation 6970:November Uprising 6931: 6930: 6755:Battle of Humenné 6749:Thirty Years' War 6647:Kosiński uprising 6603:Glinski rebellion 6376: 6375: 6307:Kelm Talmud Torah 6291: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6132: 6131: 6004:Paneriai massacre 5453:" (2010), in the 5302:Missing or empty 4824:Walter de Gruyter 4681:Karen Armstrong, 4671:. pp. 50–51. 4415:Encyclopedia WIEM 4404:on 29 April 2009. 4398:Cossack uprisings 4374:978-0-300-10586-5 4343:978-0-582-06429-4 4153:on 21 April 2024. 4137:Rosenthal, Herman 4070:978-1-59884-926-4 3798:Tsardom of Russia 3730:Hebrew University 3580:First edition of 3439:Treaty of Hadiach 2868:Marcin Kalinowski 2835: 2834: 2685:Yemelyan Pugachev 2675:Petro Sahaidachny 2639:De-Cossackization 2624:Bulavin Rebellion 2342: 2341: 2334: 2224:Daniel Czapliński 2204:Władysław IV Vasa 2130: 2129: 2122: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1701:Polish Golden Age 1669:Tsardom of Russia 1585:Cossack Hetmanate 1577:Cossack rebellion 1561: 1560: 1458:Topics by history 1441:COVID-19 pandemic 1401:Orange Revolution 1376:Volhynia genocide 1261:Habsburg monarchy 1221:Cossack Hetmanate 983: 982: 868:Starokostiantyniv 780: 779: 764:George II Rákóczi 753:Stefan Czarniecki 698:Marcin Kalinowski 580:Anton Zhdanovych 463:Holy Roman Empire 265:Cossack Hetmanate 247: 246: 241:Cossack Hetmanate 239:Emergence of the 183:Cossack Hetmanate 179:Tsardom of Russia 158:Cossack Hetmanate 79: 78: 71: 8419: 8299: 8247:Pavlyuk uprising 8232:Zhmaylo uprising 8201: 8194: 8187: 8178: 8177: 8065:Italian Campaign 8034:Ghetto uprisings 8021:, and 7990: 7989: 7953:Battle of Warsaw 7894:January Uprising 7833:Denisko uprising 7766:Pavlyuk uprising 7744:Zhmaylo uprising 7724:Battle of Vienna 7583:Danzig rebellion 7483: 7482: 7360:Battle of Płowce 7338: 7337: 7333:Jagiellon Poland 7295:Mongol invasions 7232: 7231: 7217: 7205: 7196: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7107: 7106: 6976:January Uprising 6942: 6810:Pavlyuk uprising 6779:Zhmaylo uprising 6556:Crusade of Varna 6538:Battle of Ašmena 6424: 6423: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6299: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6155:Kaunas Synagogue 6145: 6144: 6140: 6085:Chabad-Lubavitch 6050: 6049: 6045: 6009:Jewish partisans 5976: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5909: 5896: 5883: 5852: 5821: 5790: 5759: 5742: 5733: 5705: 5670: 5669: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5549:. Archived from 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5477: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5421: 5395: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5333: 5311: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5278: 5256: 5240: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5175: 5145: 5118: 5092: 5063: 5036: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4994:. Archived from 4978: 4972: 4968: 4952: 4929: 4903: 4884: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4826:. p. 1013. 4815: 4809: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4762: 4756: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4532:on 29 June 2007. 4531: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4490:. Archived from 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4423: 4405: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4291:"Sarmacki Katyń" 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4261:Sikora, Radosław 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4237:. Archived from 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4149:. Archived from 4133: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4044: 4033: 4032: 4031:on 6 March 2022. 4012: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3987:on 11 June 2022. 3983:. Archived from 3973: 3957: 3956: 3936: 3916: 3887:Deluge (history) 3872:Ogniem i Mieczem 3764: 3711: 3566: 3545: 3314:Treaty of Zboriv 3181: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3153: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3125: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3013: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2891:Battle of Korsuń 2854:, enjoining the 2839:Zaporizhian Sich 2827: 2820: 2813: 2660:Petro Doroshenko 2652:Notable Cossacks 2565: 2502: 2494:Irkutsk Cossacks 2367: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2294: 2286: 2257:Zaporozhian Sich 2125: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2074: 2066: 2014:The pressure of 1846:Pavlyuk uprising 1818: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1744: 1736: 1653:Polish Catholic 1616:Ruthenian Uniate 1553: 1546: 1539: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1489:Economic history 1396:Cassette Scandal 1201:Zaporozhian Host 1195:Kiev Voivodeship 1101:Early East Slavs 1061:Bosporan Kingdom 1041:Catacomb culture 1016: 1006: 988: 987: 818: 816: 806: 799: 792: 783: 782: 773: 762: 761: 760: 751: 750: 749: 742: 732: 731: 730: 715: 714: 713: 706: 696: 695: 694: 679: 678: 677: 668: 667: 666: 656: 655: 654: 645: 644: 643: 636:Alexis of Russia 634: 633: 632: 623: 622: 621: 614: 604: 595: 589:Matvei Sikorski 588: 587: 586: 579: 578: 577: 570: 563: 562: 561: 554: 544: 543: 542: 533: 532: 531: 524: 514: 513: 512: 497: 496: 495: 480: 476: 474: 473: 465: 461: 459: 458: 450: 446: 444: 443: 432: 425: 421: 419: 418: 410: 406: 404: 403: 395: 391: 389: 388: 381: 379:Poland–Lithuania 377: 375: 374: 365: 361: 359: 358: 350: 346: 344: 343: 335: 331: 329: 328: 320: 316: 314: 313: 305: 301: 299: 298: 290: 286: 284: 283: 272: 263: 262: 261: 219:Union of Hadiach 160: 156: 154: 153: 146: 144:Poland–Lithuania 142: 140: 139: 119: 118: 103: 83: 82: 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 49:this article by 40:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8402:1650s in Russia 8397:1640s in Russia 8327:1650s conflicts 8322:1640s conflicts 8307: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8291: 8242:Sulyma uprising 8213: 8205: 8175: 8170: 8118: 8091: 8085:Warsaw Uprising 8056: 8028: 7979: 7920:Second Republic 7914: 7838:Napoleonic Wars 7815: 7732: 7661: 7574: 7468: 7454:Battle of Orsha 7437:Battle of Varna 7408: 7323: 7290: 7275:Siege of Głogów 7221: 7220: 7209: 7185: 7139: 7134: 7104: 7099: 7069: 7050: 7031: 7026:Klaipėda Revolt 6992: 6958:Napoleonic Wars 6946: 6945: 6927: 6887: 6658: 6579: 6562:Battle of Varna 6483: 6446: 6412: 6407: 6377: 6372: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6341: 6297: 6283: 6256: 6176: 6169: 6138: 6128: 6043: 6037: 5977: 5967: 5958: 5916: 5750: 5748:Further reading 5745: 5730: 5710:Subtelny, Orest 5702: 5678: 5673: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5480: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5415: 5388: 5380:. p. 182. 5366: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5327: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5272: 5233: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5187:. p. 193. 5168: 5160:. p. 146. 5138: 5111: 5086: 5078:. p. 219. 5068:Gilbert, Martin 5056: 5048:. p. 352. 5030: 5001: 4999: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4945: 4922: 4866: 4862: 4851:|footnote= 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4803: 4802: 4794:Gilbert, Martin 4791: 4787: 4780: 4763: 4759: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4717:. p. 268. 4696: 4692: 4680: 4676: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4562:Wayback Machine 4551:Wayback Machine 4541: 4537: 4529: 4512: 4506: 4499: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4426: 4408: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367:. p. 117. 4355: 4351: 4344: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4287:Duda, Sebastian 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4263:(3 June 2014). 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4162: 4158: 4134: 4130: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4055:. Vol. 1. 4045: 4036: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4006: 3996: 3992: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3927:Khmelʹnychchyna 3917: 3913: 3908: 3863: 3817: 3771: 3705: 3687:historiographic 3667:Edward Flannery 3655:Edward Flannery 3574: 3524:Battle of Batih 3513: 3507: 3487: 3378: 3354:Crimean Khanate 3350: 3334:Battle of Batih 3231:John Casimir II 3227:John Casimir II 3199: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2864:Mikołaj Potocki 2831: 2799:Cossack cuisine 2791:Cossaks clothes 2559: 2557:Buryat Cossacks 2496: 2374: 2338: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2307: 2295: 2284: 2152:National Museum 2126: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2091: 2075: 2064: 1999:, and with the 1890:Crown of Poland 1860:Union of Lublin 1856: 1820: 1816: 1796: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1761: 1745: 1734: 1665:eastern Ukraine 1651:. It ended the 1618:clergy and the 1557: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1464:Name of Ukraine 1459: 1451: 1450: 1326:Ukrainian State 1291: 1281: 1280: 1231:Sloboda Ukraine 1181: 1171: 1170: 1166:Crimean Khanate 1136:Kingdom of Rus' 1096: 1086: 1085: 1036:Yamnaya culture 1026: 1004: 997: 986: 985: 984: 979: 819: 814: 812: 810: 775:Mehmed IV Giray 768: 766: 758: 756: 755: 747: 745: 744: 738: 728: 726: 725: 717:Mikołaj Potocki 711: 709: 708: 702: 692: 690: 689: 675: 673: 672: 670:John II Casimir 664: 662: 652: 650: 649: 647:Gheorghe Ștefan 641: 639: 638: 630: 628: 627: 619: 617: 616: 610: 599: 597:İslâm III Giray 590: 582: 581: 573: 572: 566: 557: 556: 550: 546:Maksym Kryvonis 538: 537: 527: 526: 520: 508: 507: 493: 491: 471: 469: 467: 456: 454: 452: 441: 439: 437: 434:Crimean Khanate 427: 416: 414: 412: 401: 399: 397: 386: 384: 382: 372: 370: 356: 354: 352: 341: 339: 337: 326: 324: 322: 309: 307: 296: 294: 292: 281: 279: 277: 274:Crimean Khanate 267: 257: 235: 187:Decline of the 161: 151: 149: 147: 137: 135: 104: 75: 64: 58: 55: 45:Please help to 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8425: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8302: 8301: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8272:Paliy uprising 8269: 8267:Bohun Uprising 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8181: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8124:Third Republic 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8011: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7958:Kiev offensive 7955: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7845: 7843:Peninsular War 7840: 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6498: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6421: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6354: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6337:Tomchei Tmimim 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6190: 6188:Still standing 6181: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6165:Vilnius Kenesa 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5914:External links 5912: 5911: 5910: 5897: 5884: 5866:(2): 115–139. 5859:Jewish History 5853: 5835:(2): 141–163. 5828:Jewish History 5822: 5804:(2): 165–178. 5797:Jewish History 5791: 5773:(2): 239–255. 5766:Jewish History 5760: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5706: 5700: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5646: 5632: 5630:, p. 136. 5620: 5618:, p. 128. 5608: 5594: 5564: 5532: 5530:, p. 201. 5520: 5509:(2): 165–178. 5503:Jewish History 5493: 5478: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5433:. p. 56. 5422: 5413: 5407:. p. 68. 5396: 5386: 5368: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5347: 5334: 5325: 5312: 5279: 5270: 5257: 5252:. p. 56. 5241: 5231: 5214: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5176: 5166: 5146: 5136: 5130:. p. 26. 5119: 5109: 5097:Totten, Samuel 5093: 5084: 5064: 5054: 5037: 5028: 5011: 4981: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4964:. p. 64. 4953: 4943: 4930: 4920: 4908:Bermant, Chaim 4904: 4899:. p. 95. 4885: 4868: 4860: 4832: 4785: 4778: 4766:Dimont, Max I. 4757: 4730: 4723: 4690: 4674: 4669:Reform Judaism 4659: 4657:, p. 350. 4647: 4615: 4608: 4602:. p. 35. 4600:Westview Press 4586: 4579: 4535: 4518:Studia Judaica 4497: 4494:on 5 May 2023. 4475: 4458:franko.lviv.ua 4442: 4439: 4438: 4424: 4422:on 2017-09-22. 4406: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4349: 4342: 4320: 4318:, p. 200. 4308: 4278: 4252: 4220: 4211: 4209:, p. 178. 4207:Chirovsky 1984 4199: 4197:, p. 75. 1924. 4191:(in Ukrainian) 4183: 4181:, p. 176. 4179:Chirovsky 1984 4171: 4156: 4128: 4099: 4076: 4069: 4034: 4004: 3990: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3816: 3813: 3770: 3767: 3763:גזירת ת"ח ות"ט 3726:Shaul Stampfer 3695:Orest Subtelny 3675:Martin Gilbert 3624:in July 1648. 3573: 3570: 3511:Batih massacre 3506: 3503: 3486: 3483: 3444:Russian Empire 3431:Truce of Vilna 3377: 3374: 3362:Ottoman Empire 3349: 3346: 3338:Batih massacre 3328:to accept the 3322:Crimean Tatars 3304:Following the 3288:Juliusz Kossak 3191: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3063: 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2264:Ottoman Empire 2180:Constantinople 2172:Ottoman Empire 2128: 2127: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2036:Bishop of Rome 2020:Union of Brest 2009:Russian Church 1918:Polish culture 1898:Rzeczpospolita 1815: 1798: 1797: 1748: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1716:Jewish history 1705:Polish history 1675:, whereby the 1612:Roman Catholic 1600:Crimean Tatars 1559: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1494:Rail transport 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1426: 1424:Crimean crisis 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1331:Makhnovshchina 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1289:Modern history 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246:Russian Empire 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 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5991: 5990: 5989:The Holocaust 5987: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5729:0-8020-0591-8 5725: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5701:0-8020-7820-6 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5629: 5628:Subtelny 1994 5624: 5617: 5616:Subtelny 1994 5612: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5489:Subtelny 1994 5485: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5414:0-631-20616-7 5410: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5387:0-7425-4366-8 5383: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5354: 5350: 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4011: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843:Jerzy Hoffman 3840: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669:, writing in 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3630:Sabbatai Zevi 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3583:Yeven Mezulah 3578: 3568: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3549:Yeven Mezulah 3544: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3366:Slave raiding 3363: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3205:Reception of 3203: 3194: 3143:Berestechko.1 2921: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2723:Cossack terms 2722: 2721: 2716: 2715:Ivan Vyhovsky 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2700:Andrei Shkuro 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2380:Cossack hosts 2378: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2336: 2333: 2325: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2299:This section 2297: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2277: 2276:Crimean Tatar 2271: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2124: 2121: 2113: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2079:This section 2077: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:Uniate Church 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:Russian state 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1812: 1804: 1794: 1791: 1783: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1749:This section 1747: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1429:War in Donbas 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1341:Ukrainian SSR 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251:Little Russia 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111:White Croatia 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094:Early history 1090: 1089: 1082: 1081:Hunnic Empire 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1001: 1000: 995: 990: 989: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 822: 817: 807: 802: 800: 795: 793: 788: 787: 784: 776: 772: 765: 754: 743: 741: 735: 724: 723: 718: 707: 705: 699: 688: 687: 682: 671: 661: 659: 658:Matei Basarab 648: 637: 626: 615: 613: 607: 603: 598: 594: 571: 569: 555: 553: 547: 536: 525: 523: 517: 506: 505: 500: 490: 489: 484: 479: 464: 449: 435: 431: 424: 409: 394: 380: 368: 364: 349: 334: 319: 304: 289: 275: 271: 266: 256: 255: 250: 242: 238: 233: 232: 227: 224:Beginning of 223: 220: 216: 215:Ivan Vyhovsky 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 165: 164: 159: 145: 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 116: 112: 108: 102: 97: 94: 89: 84: 73: 70: 62: 52: 48: 42: 41: 35: 30: 21: 20: 8256: 8013:Polish 7997:World War II 7778: 7754:Smolensk War 7495:Livonian War 7478:Commonwealth 7227:Piast Poland 7208: 7077:(since 1990) 7037:World War II 6892:18th century 6866:(1672–1676) 6847:(1655–1660) 6845:Northern War 6827:(1648–1657) 6824: 6793:(1632–1634) 6791:Smolensk War 6765:(1620–1621) 6751:(1618–1648) 6731:(1605–1618) 6697:(1600–1611) 6663:17th century 6623:(1558–1583) 6621:Livonian War 6584:16th century 6558:(1443–1444) 6508:(1409–1411) 6488:15th century 6451:14th century 6428:13th century 6276: 6269: 6261: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6225: 6217: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6174: 6025: 5994:Vilna Ghetto 5971: 5965: 5901: 5888: 5863: 5857: 5832: 5826: 5801: 5795: 5770: 5764: 5755: 5738: 5713: 5687: 5676:Bibliography 5666:the original 5661: 5649: 5640: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5597: 5585:. Retrieved 5581:the original 5576: 5573:"Tach V'Tat" 5567: 5555:. Retrieved 5551:the original 5544: 5535: 5528:Magocsi 1996 5523: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5469: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5400: 5391: 5373: 5363: 5352: 5338: 5330: 5316: 5304:|title= 5287: 5275: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5236: 5222: 5209: 5198: 5180: 5171: 5153: 5141: 5123: 5114: 5100: 5089: 5071: 5059: 5041: 5033: 5015: 5007: 5000:. Retrieved 4996:the original 4989: 4976: 4965: 4957: 4948: 4934: 4925: 4911: 4900: 4892: 4880: 4876: 4873:Vogt, Hannah 4863: 4819: 4797: 4788: 4769: 4760: 4744: 4710: 4707:. Quoted in 4702: 4693: 4682: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4655:Magocsi 1996 4650: 4637: 4634:the original 4627: 4618: 4595: 4589: 4570: 4538: 4527:the original 4522: 4516: 4492:the original 4487: 4478: 4466:. Retrieved 4462:the original 4457: 4445: 4436:(in Polish). 4431: 4420:the original 4413: 4402:the original 4397: 4392: 4383: 4359: 4352: 4329: 4323: 4316:Magocsi 1996 4311: 4299:. Retrieved 4294: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4255: 4243:. 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Ettinger 3452:Ivan Mazepa 3277:Meeting of 2680:Ivan Mazepa 2602:Khmelnytsky 2560: [ 2497: [ 2489:Zaporozhian 2322:August 2023 2148:Jan Matejko 1997:Kievan Rus' 1926:Czartoryski 1726:antisemitic 1126:Kievan Rus' 1003:History of 918:Berestechko 913:Kopychyntsi 828:Zhovti Vody 625:Vasile Lupu 366:(1656–1657) 333:Brandenburg 234:Territorial 203:in Ukraine. 51:introducing 8311:Categories 8019:resistance 7563:The Deluge 6851:The Deluge 6525:Gollub War 6519:Hunger War 6238:(Joniškis) 6230:(Joniškis) 6139:Synagogues 6031:Vilna Gaon 5891:. Oxford: 5602:Посполитые 4001:Britannica 3964:References 3947:Belarusian 3939:Lithuanian 3748:The Deluge 3659:Max Dimont 3596:Anno Mundi 3532:arendators 3509:See also: 3485:Casualties 3414:The Deluge 3251:Pereiaslav 3247:Adam Kysil 3219:Hrushevsky 3185:Okhmativ.5 3171:Zhvanets.3 3045:Pylavtsi.8 2695:Ivan Sirko 2459:Semirechye 2218:deputy of 1974:arendators 1967:missionary 1950:latifundia 1832:See also: 1732:Background 1728:violence. 1721:arendators 1509:Television 1504:Technology 1411:Euromaidan 1256:New Russia 1236:Right bank 1024:Prehistory 535:Ivan Bohun 193:Right-Bank 105:Painting “ 34:references 8211:uprisings 7367:Great War 6420:(to 1795) 6253:(Vilnius) 6219:Merchants 6090:Chernobyl 6070:Ashkenazi 6065:Orthodoxy 5880:159327759 5849:159708538 5818:159214775 5787:159067943 5295:cite book 4853:ignored ( 4842:cite book 4806:cite book 4542:Based on 4117:cite book 3931:Ukrainian 3783:pospolity 3604:Hetmanate 3536:massacred 3505:Massacres 3464:russified 3376:Aftermath 3356:, then a 3299:panegyric 3283:Tugay Bey 3240:Christmas 3087:Zbarazh.9 2756:Oseledets 2634:Communism 2614:Hetmanate 2597:Nalyvaiko 2587:Uprisings 2517:Albazinan 2409:Black Sea 2394:Astrakhan 2282:Beginning 2245:Polkovnyk 2139:Tugay Bey 2081:does not 1946:Zasławski 1934:Sanguszko 1930:Ostrogski 1867:Ruthenian 1751:does not 1667:into the 1604:peasantry 1571:, or the 1419:(outline) 1386:Chernobyl 1356:Holodomor 1226:Left bank 1106:Onoghuria 928:Taborivka 923:2nd Loyew 883:1st Loyew 873:Pyliavtsi 833:Machnivka 606:Tugay Bey 408:Wallachia 348:Wallachia 197:Left-Bank 172:Aftermath 8142:Iraq War 7094:Iraq War 6327:Rameiles 6322:Ponevezh 6298:Yeshivas 6222:(Jonava) 6214:(Jonava) 6120:Vizhnitz 6115:Veretzky 6075:Hasidism 6021:Timeline 5712:(1994). 5686:(1996). 5587:16 April 5557:16 April 5221:(2003). 5152:(2003). 5099:(2004). 5070:(1999). 5061:century. 4991:CBS News 4912:The Jews 4910:(1978). 4897:Scribner 4891:(1974). 4875:(1967). 4796:(1976). 4768:(2004). 4701:(1916). 4569:(1987). 4558:Archived 4555:1717 map 4547:Archived 4468:11 March 4139:(1906). 4109:57754186 4061:ABC-CLIO 3861:See also 3787:szlachta 3742:history. 3644:stated: 3634:Hasidism 3564:szlachta 3542:szlachta 3526:in 1652. 3520:Massacre 3409:regime. 3407:szlachta 3259:Volhynia 3115:Zboriv.9 3031:BilaTs.1 3003:Cherkasy 2989:Korsun.8 2933:Chyhyryn 2776:Stanitsa 2592:Kosiński 2537:Nekrasov 2464:Siberian 2449:Orenburg 2419:Caucasus 2357:Cossacks 2349:a series 2347:Part of 2233:Chyhyryn 2220:starosta 2216:Chyhyryn 2150:, 1885, 2110:May 2016 2052:autonomy 2040:Cossacks 2016:Catholic 1981:Orthodox 1960:magnates 1955:szlachta 1938:Zbaraski 1914:nobility 1888:—to the 1874:Volhynia 1780:May 2016 1707:as "the 1685:the Ruin 1677:Cossacks 1655:szlachta 1575:, was a 1433:timeline 1271:Bukovina 1216:The Ruin 1186:Cossacks 1066:Sarmatia 1046:Cimmeria 994:a series 992:Part of 975:Magierów 970:Okhmativ 965:Zhvanets 908:Lipowiec 853:Rzeczyca 393:Moldavia 288:Moldavia 226:The Ruin 221:in 1658. 130:Location 59:May 2024 8017:, 8015:history 7906:on the 7270:Bohemia 6250:Zamelis 6204:Čekiškė 6148:Current 6095:Komarno 6080:Breslov 6060:Karaite 6016:History 5451:Ukraine 4334:Longman 3951:Russian 3825:Ukraine 3677:in his 3622:Tulczyn 3618:Nemirov 3360:of the 3296:Vilnius 3255:Podolia 3157:Batih.2 3101:Loyew.9 2961:Perekop 2781:Shashka 2766:Plastun 2761:Papakhi 2741:Kontusz 2573:History 2552:Turkish 2542:Persian 2522:Bashkir 2249:colonel 2193:Subotiv 2174:in the 2102:removed 2087:sources 2038:. 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