Khmelnytsky Uprising

3213: 2376: 468: 759: 740: 723: 704: 687: 676: 384: 149: 112: 483: 6951: 2931: 505: 782: 613: 604: 441: 281: 3627:, Khmelnytsky's rationale was largely mercantile and the Jews of Brody, which was a major trading centre, were judged to be useful "for turnovers and profits" and thus they were only required to pay "moderate indemnities" in kind. One estimate (1996) reports that 15,000–30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. A 2014 estimate puts the number of Jews that died during the national uprising of Ukrainians to 18,000–20,000 people between the years 1648–1649; of these, 3,000–6,000 Jews were killed by Cossacks in 3660:

colossal, even exceeding the catastrophes of the Crusades and the Black Death in Western Europe. Some seven hundred Jewish communities in Poland had suffered massacre and pillage. In the Ukrainian cities situated on the left banks of the Dnieper, the region populated by Cossacks ... the Jewish communities had disappeared almost completely. In the localities on the right shore of the Dnieper or in the Polish part of Ukraine as well as those of Volhynia and Podolia, wherever Cossacks had made their appearance, only about one tenth of the Jewish population survived.

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into the fire before the eyes of their mothers, women were burned alive, men were skinned and mutilated. People must have thought hell had let loose all the tormenting monsters that medieval painters had portrayed dragging the condemned to eternal punishment. The roads were choked with thousands of refugees trying to escape the murderous hordes. The famous rabbis of the Talmud schools died by the hundreds as martyrs for their faith. The total number of the dead was estimated at about one hundred thousand.

2281:. Cossacks were gearing up to resume their traditional and lucrative attacks on the Ottoman Empire (in the first quarter of the 17th century they raided the Black Sea shores almost annually), as they greatly resented being prevented from the pirate activities by the peace treaties between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. Rumors about the emerging hostilities with "the infidels" were greeted with joy, and the news that there was to be no raiding after all was explosive in itself. 3284: 323: 3545:, many of whom were Jewish, who earned money from the collections they made for the magnates by receiving a percentage of an estate's revenue. By not supervising their estates directly, the magnates left it to the leaseholders and collectors to become objects of hatred to the oppressed and long-suffering peasants. Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." With this as their battle cry, Cossacks and the peasantry 7205: 3176: 7214: 3092: 3064: 338: 7226: 3785: 3392: 664: 413: 353: 1822: 653: 631: 398: 293: 5985: 1533: 1836: 2303: 2083: 1753: 5973: 3148: 4655:[And according to these rules, the vast trading city of Brody, filled almost exclusively with Jews, was left in its former freedom and integrity, as recognized by the Russian inhabitants as useful for their turnover and earnings, and only a moderate indemnity was taken from the Jews in cloth, linen and leather for sewing to the registered army uniforms and shoes, and some provisions for feeding the troops.] 3190: 3527: 3036: 3022: 3106: 3050: 3120: 2994: 3162: 2980: 3008: 2938: 2966: 3078: 2952: 3134: 4653:А по симъ правиламъ и обширный торговый городъ Броды, наполненный почти одними Жидами, оставленъ въ прежней свободѣ и цѣлости, яко признанный отъ Рускихъ жителей полезнымъ для ихъ оборотовъ и заработковъ, а только взята отъ Жидовъ умѣренная контрибуція сукнами, полотнами и кожами для пошитья реестровому войску мундировъ и обуви, да для продовольствія войскъ нѣкоторая провизія. 3588: 3807:, on their retreat westward inflicted terrible retribution on the civilian population, leaving behind them a trail of burned towns and villages. In addition, Khmelnytsky's Tatar allies often continued their raids against the civilian population, in spite of protests from the Cossacks. After the Cossacks' alliance with 5249:

Cossack bands, and many more were disintegrated by the flight of their members to escape the enemy... The Jews of the Ukraine, Podolia and Eastern Galicia bore the brunt of the massacres. It is estimated that about two hundred thousand Jews were killed in these provinces during the fatal years of 1648–49.

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A po sim" pravilam" i obshirnyy torgovyy gorod" Brody, napolnennyy pochti odnimi Zhidami, ostavlen" v" prezhney svobodѣ i tsѣlosti, yako priznannyy ot" Ruskikh" zhiteley poleznym" dlya ikh" oborotov" i zarabotkov", a tol'ko vzyata ot" Zhidov" umѣrennaya kontributsíya suknami, polotnami i kozhami dlya

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Due to the widespread murders, Jewish elders at the Council of Vilna banned merrymaking by a decree on July 3, 1661: they set limitations on wedding celebrations, public drinking, fire dances, masquerades, and Jewish comic entertainers. Stories about massacre victims who had been buried alive, cut to

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Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared

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Under the leadership of the barbaric Bogdan Chmielnitski, they exploded in a revolt of terrible violence in which their anger at their Polish lords also turned against Jewish 'infidels,' some of whom had been used by the Poles as tax collectors... In the ten years between 1648 and 1658 no fewer than

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I estimate that the number of infants alone who were found dead along the roads and in the castles reached 10,000. I ordered them to be buried in the fields and one grave alone contained over 270 bodies... All the infants were less than a year old since the older ones were driven off into captivity.

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of 1658), the new Cossack subjects became even more dominated by Russia. The Hetmanate entered a new political situation which was far different than in the Commonwealth, and the church was much more subordinate to the tsar there. Russia had a traditional practice of imprisoning as well as executing

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sent him a letter in which he informed the Cossack leader about his election and assured him that he would grant Cossacks and all of the Orthodox faith various privileges. He requested for Khmelnytsky to stop his campaign and await the royal delegation. Khmelnytsky answered that he would comply with

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News of the peasant uprisings now troubled a nobleman such as Khmelnytsky; however, after discussing information gathered across the country with his advisers, the Cossack leadership soon realized the potential for autonomy was there for the taking. Although Khmelnytsky's personal resentment of the

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In 1648, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, they ravaged the land with fire and sword. Their hatred of the Jews was boundless and they rarely attempted to persuade the unfortunate to convert. These persecutions were characterized by hitherto-unknown atrocities. Children were torn apart or thrown

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The accounts of contemporary Jewish chroniclers of the events tended to emphasize large casualty figures, but since the end of the 20th century they have been re-evaluated downwards. Early 20th-century estimates of Jewish deaths were based on the accounts of the Jewish chroniclers of the time, and

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However, the Cossack rebellion might have fizzled in the same manner as the great rebellions of 1637–1638 but for the strategies of Khmelnytsky. Having taken part in the 1637 rebellion, he realized that Cossacks, while having an excellent infantry, could not hope to match the Polish cavalry, which

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This situation changed for the worse in 1648–49, the years in which the Chmelnicki massacres took place. These persecutions, which swept over a large part of the Polish Commonwealth, wrought havoc with the Jewry of that country. Many Jewish communities were practically annihilated by the ruthless

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The losses inflicted on the Jews of Poland during the fatal decade 1648–1658 were appalling. In the reports of the chroniclers, the number of Jewish victims varies between one hundred thousand and five hundred thousand. But even if we accept the lower figure, the number of victims still remains

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states that Jewish chroniclers of the 17th century "provide invariably inflated figures with respect to the loss of life among the Jewish population of Ukraine. The numbers range from 60,000–80,000 (Nathan Hannover) to 100,000 (Sabbatai Cohen), but that "he Israeli scholars Shmuel Ettinger and

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Within a few months almost all Polish nobles, officials and priests had been wiped out or driven from the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Commonwealth population losses in the uprising exceeded one million. In addition, Jews suffered substantial losses because they were the most numerous and

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In addition to the loss of significant forces and military leadership, the Polish state also lost King Władysław IV Vasa, who died in 1648, leaving the Crown of Poland leaderless and in disarray at a time of rebellion. The szlachta was on the run from its peasants, their palaces and estates in

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Thus, when in 1648, the Ukrainians under Chmielnicki rose against Polish dominion the Jews were to bear the main brunt of their fury. Within eighteen months over three hundred Jewish townships were destroyed and over one hundred thousand Jews—about a fifth of Polish Jewry—perished. It was the

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and quickly killed the guards assigned by the Commonwealth to protect the entrance. Once at the Sich, his oratory and diplomatic skills struck a nerve with oppressed Ruthenians. As his men repelled an attempt by Commonwealth forces to retake the Sich, more recruits joined his cause. The

2254:. All through the autumn of 1647, Khmelnytsky travelled from one regiment to another and had numerous consultations with different Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised the suspicions of Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts, and he was promptly arrested. 3578:, royal officials or Jews, they killed them all, sparing neither women nor children. They pillaged the estates of the Jews and nobles, burned churches and killed their priests, leaving nothing whole. It was a rare individual in those days who had not soaked his hands in blood ... 2920:

szlachta and the magnates influenced his transformation into a revolutionary, it was his ambition to become the ruler of a Ruthenian nation that expanded the uprising from a simple rebellion into a national movement. Khmelnytsky had his forces join a peasant revolt at the

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Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their

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was enacted, the Tatar raids became unrestrained; coupled with the onset of famine, they led to a virtual depopulation of whole areas of the country. The extent of the tragedy can be exemplified by a report of a Polish officer of the time, describing the devastation:

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Finally, in the spring of 1648, under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki (1595–1657), the Cossacks revolted in the Ukraine against Polish Rule. ... Although the exact number of Jews massacred is unknown, with estimates ranging from 40,000 to 100,000

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However, the enormous casualties suffered by the Cossacks at Berestechko made the idea of creating an independent state impossible to implement. Khmelnytsky had to decide whether to stay under Polish–Lithuanian influence or ally with the Muscovites.

3504:. As better sources and methodology are becoming available, such estimates are subject to continuing revision. Population losses of the entire Commonwealth population in the years 1648–1667 (a period which includes the Uprising, but also the 2872:

By April 1648 word of an uprising had spread throughout the Commonwealth. Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising, or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading, the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman

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Bernard D. Weinryb speak instead of the 'annihilation of tens of thousands of Jewish lives', and the Ukrainian-American historian Jaroslaw Pelenski narrows the number of Jewish deaths to between 6,000 and 14,000". Orest Subtelny concludes:

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Having received no support from Polish officials, Khmelnytsky turned to his Cossack friends and subordinates. The case of a Cossack being unfairly treated by the Poles found a lot of support not only in his regiment but also throughout the

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Although many modern sources still give estimates of Jews killed in the uprising at 100,000 or more, others put the numbers killed at between 40,000 and 100,000, and recent academic studies have argued fatalities were even lower. Modern

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In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000

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of 1655–1660), that temporarily freed the Ukrainians from Polish domination but in a short time subjected them to Russian domination. Weakened by wars, in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the

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Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding

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and issued a list of demands to the Polish Crown, including raising the number of Registered Cossacks, returning churches taken from the Orthodox faithful and paying the Cossacks for wages, which had been withheld for five years.

3731:, 193–4), "The fragmentary information of the period—and to a great extent information from subsequent years, including reports of recovery—clearly indicate that the catastrophe may have not been as great as has been assumed." 3280:". It became clear to the Polish envoys that Khmelnytsky had positioned himself no longer as simply a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks but as that of an independent state and stated his claims to the heritage of the Rus'. 2237:

openly started to harass Khmelnytsky on behalf of the younger Koniecpolski in an attempt to force him off the land. On two occasions raids were made to Subotiv, during which considerable property damage was done and his son

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From Autumn of 1654 to Spring of 1655 during the "Bracław Campaign" Stefan Czarniecki's army with the support of Crimean Tatars murdered 100,000 Ukrainians some sources even put the number as high as 300,000.

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A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654

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In 1648–55 the Cossack under Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657) joined with the Tartars in the Ukraine to rid themselves of Polish rule... Before the decade was over, more than 100,000 Jews had been slaughtered.

3704:, became more widely adopted and tended to result in lower fatality numbers. Newer studies of the Jewish population of the affected areas of Ukraine in that period estimate it to be 50,000. According to 3776:). This translates to "the (evil) decrees of (years) 408 and 409" referring to the years 5408 and 5409 on the Jewish calendar, which corresponds to the years 1648 and 1649 on the non-Jewish calendar. 1860: 5765:

Sysyn, Frank E. (1987), "A curse on both their houses: Catholic attitudes toward the Jews and Eastern Orthodox during the Khmel'nyts'kyi Uprising in Father Pawel Ruszel 'Fawor niebieski'",

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The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. ... It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed.

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members and their collaborators, they also suffered the horrendous loss of life resulting from Polish reprisals, Tatar raids, famine, plague and general destruction due to war.

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alienated them from the lower classes. It was especially important in regard to powerful and traditionally influential great princely families of Ruthenian origins, among them

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1 (1977): 153–77. While many of them were killed, Jewish losses did not reach the hair-raising figures that are often associated with the uprising. In the words of Weinryb (

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indicating that about 50,000 Jews lived in the area where the uprising occurred. See B. Weinryb, "The Hebrew Chronicles on Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossack-Polish War",

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Orthodox officials, which was foreign to people from the Commonwealth. With the Commonwealth becoming increasingly weak, Cossacks became more and more integrated into the

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published in 1976 states, "Over 100,000 Jews were killed; many more were tortured or ill-treated, others fled ...." Many other sources of the time give similar figures.

1864: 5869: 5838: 5807: 5776: 3987: 814: 5265:...carried out in 1648 and 1649 by the Cossacks of the Ukraine, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki. The anti-Semitic outburst took the lives of from 150,000 to 200,000 Jews. 2572: 2509: 8392: 8387: 8292: 8209: 6411: 5962: 3684:, first published in 1965, also gives figures of 100,000 to 500,000, stating "Many historians consider the second figure exaggerated and the first a minimum." 1920: 5430:

Even when there was mass destruction, as in the Chmielnicki uprising in 1648, the violence against Jews, where between 40000 and 100000 Jews were murdered ...

1371: 938: 843: 1844: 918: 863: 4271: 8272: 7138: 6031: 4425: 853: 7181: 4275: 2504: 1386: 953: 868: 2804: 7343: 3713: 3368: 2801: 2567: 2246:. He twice sought assistance from the king by traveling to Warsaw, only to find him either unwilling or powerless to confront the will of a magnate. 873: 3617:

were devastated by the uprising and ensuing massacres, though occasionally a Jewish population was spared, notably after the capture of the town of

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Day in 1648, and he was hailed as "the Moses, savior, redeemer, and liberator of the people from Polish captivity... the illustrious ruler of Rus".

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By the time the Cossacks and the Poles signed a peace treaty in 1654, 700 Jewish communities had been destroyed and more than 100,000 Jews killed.

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dedicated solely to the issue of Jewish casualties in the uprising concludes that 18,000–20,000 Jews were killed of a total population of 40,000.

3212: 2900:, who changed their allegiance from the Commonwealth to Khmelnytsky. The victory was quickly followed by rout of the Commonwealth's armies at the 8377: 7094: 4420: 3768:

In Jewish circles, this massacre became known as Gzeyres Takh Vetat, sometimes shortened to Takh Vetat (spelled in multiple ways in English. In

1698:. The success of the anti-Polish rebellion, along with internal conflicts in Poland, as well as concurrent wars waged by Poland with Russia and 8033: 6625: 6080: 4822: 4133: 3203: 2015: 1434: 807: 4151: 4026: 3347:, where Khmelnytsky ordered Cossacks to kill all Polish prisoners and paid Tatars for possession of the prisoners, an event known to as the 3312:

in Khmelnytsky's honour (1650–1651) explained it: "While in Poland it is King Jan II Casimir Vasa, in Rus it is Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky".

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Locations during the Khmelnitsky Uprising: Number=last digit of year; Blue Triangle=Cossack victory; Yellow Dot=Cossack defeat; Circle=siege

7610: 7471: 6651: 6474: 4977:... set off bloody massacres, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657), in which nearly 300,000 Eastern European Jews were killed or uprooted. 2930: 1561: 6584: 5551: 5484: 5476: 4996: 3639:

pieces, or forced to kill one another spread throughout Europe and beyond. These stories filled many with despair, led others to identify

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while retaining a wide degree of autonomy. The event triggered a period of political turbulence and infighting in the Hetmanate known as

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as ending the war; Ukrainian sources give the date as Khmelnytsky's death in 1657; and few Polish sources give the date as 1655 and the

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Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed

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Sources vary as to when the uprising ended. Russian and some Polish sources give the end-date of the uprising as 1654, pointing to the

1479: 1361: 963: 800: 6619: 6601: 8402: 6739: 6607: 1848: 5210:... massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier. 3383:

at the time of the Uprising. Ottoman Jews collected funds to mount a concerted ransom effort to gain the freedom of their people.

1621:. The insurgency was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against the civilian population, especially against the 7943: 7427: 7414: 7399: 7365: 7171: 7131: 6560: 6186: 2222: 7510: 7360: 7085: 6637: 5460:

Stampfer in his article estimates the population at about 40,000; the same figure is given by Henry Abramson in his article on "

8362: 8195: 8124: 7729: 7712: 7702: 7690: 7643: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7539: 7534: 7404: 7377: 6887: 6874: 6814: 6773: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6705: 6579: 6516: 6397: 6075: 5948: 3457:, with their autonomy and privileges eroded. The remnants of these privileges were gradually abolished in the aftermath of the 3232:

stated that Khmelnytsky did indeed lay siege to the town, for about two weeks. After obtaining the ransom, he moved to besiege

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is a historical fiction novel, set in the 17th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Khmelnytsky Uprising.

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From the 1960s to the 1980s historians still considered 100,000 a reasonable estimate of the Jews killed and, according to

2644: 1504: 1316: 17: 6130: 6053: 5101:... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage. 4521:"The Urbanised Jewry of the Sandomierz and Lublin Provinces in the 18th Century: A Study in the Settlement of Population" 1351: 1331: 4634: 4461: 3228:

Khmelnytsky was persuaded not to lay siege to Lviv, in exchange for 200,000 red guldens, according to some sources, but

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Kohut, Zenon E. (2003). "The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the shaping of Ukrainian historical memory".

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by the end of the month. Khmelnytsky threw most of his resources into recruiting more fighters. He sent emissaries to

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or Jeziorna (November 1655). There is some overlap between the last phase of the uprising and the beginning of the

3437: 1970: 1703: 1554: 1519: 1514: 1276: 8075: 7322: 7312: 7017: 1416: 1146: 8372: 7894: 7816: 6374: 6322: 6221: 3762: 3676:, first published in 1962, writes "Perhaps as many as 100,000 Jews perished in the decade of this revolution." 3505: 3396: 2882: 2324: 2108: 1778: 1494: 1326: 1041: 744: 8062: 6245: 8327: 7568: 7459: 7176: 7147: 6855: 6446: 6229: 6125: 4716:. Vol. 1. Translated by Friedlander, Israel. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. pp. 156–157. 3336: 2685: 2221:

and generally was well respected within the Cossack ranks. The course of his life was altered, however, when

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Yakovenko, Natalia (2003). "The events of 1648–1649: contemporary reports and the problem of verification".

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After defeating the Polish army, the Cossacks joined with the Polish peasantry, murdering over 100,000 Jews.

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V. A. Smoliy, V. S. Stepankov. Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Sotsialno-politychnyi portret. p. 203, Lebid, Kiev. 1995

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Estimates of the death tolls of the Khmelnytsky uprising vary, as do many others from the eras analyzed by

1695: 1451: 1226: 236: 111: 8057: 6237: 6214: 4565: 4554: 8169: 7948: 7918: 7863: 7858: 7409: 5730: 5702: 4034: 3887: 3424: 2654: 2629: 1547: 1499: 1456: 1004: 878: 5318: 3469:

ended the existence of the Commonwealth in 1795, many Cossacks had already left Ukraine to colonise the

3264:, Khmelnytsky declared that he was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, 2289:

cavalry could provide a balanced military force and give the Cossacks a chance to beat the Polish army.

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poshit'ya reyestrovomu voysku mundirov" i obuvi, da dlya prodovol'stvíya voysk" nѣkotoraya provizíya.

4430: 4067: 3565: 3241: 3237: 1911:). The Kingdom of Poland already controlled several Ruthenian lands which formed the voivodeships of 1306: 1299: 980: 680: 7274: 5930: 4161: 2210: 2065:

were implanted into consciousness of the area and came out in force during the military campaign of

1729:, the Uprising is known for the atrocities against the Jews who, in their capacity as leaseholders ( 1376: 8412: 8407: 8337: 8332: 7975: 7938: 6428: 6288: 5867:

Sysyn, Frank E. (2003). "The Khmel'nyts'kyi Uprising: a characterization of the Ukrainian revolt".

4865: 2093: 1874: 1763: 1171: 958: 44: 2181:. At the age of 22, he joined his father in the service of the Commonwealth, battling against the 7985: 7963: 7953: 7717: 7695: 7677: 7497: 7352: 7249: 6880: 6779: 6685: 6360: 6281: 6120: 6110: 5903: 5388: 5195: 4244: 4039: 3320: 2639: 2583: 2552: 2313: 2162: 2097: 2019: 1991: 1767: 1671: 1626: 1196: 968: 908: 731: 695: 513: 199: 6950: 6553: 2033:

in 1596, which attempted to retain the autonomy of the Eastern Orthodox churches in present-day

8287: 8052: 7930: 7655: 7638: 7605: 6753: 6680: 5676: 5561: 5441: 5260: 5030: 5006: 4577: 3340: 2828: 2419: 2225:, heir to hetman Koniecpolski's magnate estate, attempted to seize Khmelnytsky's land. In 1647 2214: 2186: 2011: 1346: 933: 893: 774: 61: 7821: 7598: 7527: 6932: 6695: 4059: 3804: 2889: 1892: 1634: 691: 8157: 8085: 7968: 7958: 7794: 7522: 6841: 6690: 5438:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999

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The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy

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instead. Although the Commonwealth tried to regain its influence over the Cossacks (note the

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Between 100,000–500,000 Jews were murdered by the Cossacks during the Chmielnicki massacres.

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The Cossacks were already on the brink of a new rebellion as plans for the new war with the

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)#Cossacks and Cossack rebellions

3840: 3757:

In the two decades following the uprising the Commonwealth suffered two more major wars (

3744: 3428: 3400: 3327:. When hostilities resumed, however, his forces suffered a massive defeat in 1651 at the 3229: 2921: 2904:, which saw both the elder Potocki and Kalinowski captured and imprisoned by the Tatars. 2897: 2720: 2592: 2469: 2434: 2263: 1974: 1813: 1707: 1426: 1286: 1189: 1091: 1086: 883: 526: 7370: 4008: 3765:; during that period total Jewish casualties are estimated at another 20,000 to 30,000. 3512:) are estimated at 4 million (roughly a decrease from 11 to 12 million to 7–8 million). 2901: 848: 8262: 8237: 8019: 7781: 7648: 7633: 7580: 7544: 7437: 7382: 7008: 6992: 6909: 6826: 6745: 6711: 6663: 6548: 6522: 6511: 6451: 5886: 5855: 5824: 5793: 5725: 5461: 5305: 4852: 4816: 4751: 4694: 4639: 4127: 3941: 3861: 3623: 3598: 3485: 3458: 3289: 2715: 2675: 2607: 2562: 2404: 2194: 2066: 1602: 1396: 1246: 1081: 1013: 975: 509: 488: 221: 203: 7036: 2874: 2285:

was possibly the best in Europe at the time. However, combining Cossack infantry with

727: 657: 8221: 8080: 7899: 7875: 7811: 7724: 7615: 7327: 7254: 6980: 6613: 6317: 6260: 6014: 5890: 5859: 5828: 5797: 5750:

The Lithuanian-Rus' commonwealth, the Polish domination, and the Cossack-Hetman State

5734: 5706: 5671:[Stefan Charnetskyi. Put the spotted dog to sleep. Ask the dead Foreigners]. 5419: 5392: 5353: 5331: 5276: 5237: 5199: 5172: 5142: 5115: 5090: 5060: 5034: 4949: 4926: 4838: 4834: 4784: 4759: 4729: 4614: 4585: 4379: 4348: 4115: 4105: 4075: 3808: 3740: 3614: 3449: 3444:

and agreed on an anti-Swedish alliance in 1657, Khmelnytsky's Cossacks supported the

3316: 2878: 2821: 2695: 2649: 2634: 2624: 2619: 2597: 2547: 2474: 2459: 2409: 2359: 2266:

assisted Khmelnytsky in his escape, and with a group of supporters he headed for the

2239: 2143: 1735:), were seen by the peasants as their immediate oppressors and became the subject of 1715: 1711: 1679: 1675: 1595: 1587: 1411: 1271: 1236: 1231: 1126: 1061: 763: 708: 473: 458: 313: 275: 251: 207: 193: 189: 168: 3541:

Before the Khmelnytsky uprising, magnates had sold and leased certain privileges to

8257: 8242: 8044: 7904: 7843: 7776: 7754: 7734: 7593: 7573: 7442: 6986: 6861: 6820: 6789: 6566: 6337: 6332: 6165: 6019: 5878: 5847: 5816: 5785: 5521: 4147: 3961: 3897: 3882: 3758: 3509: 3445: 3324: 2849: 2670: 2267: 1959:, which acquired even more power and were able to gather more lands, creating huge 1940: 1916: 1896: 1856: 1719: 1406: 1215: 1205: 1104: 1071: 1051: 913: 903: 858: 748: 712: 646: 620: 576: 560: 530: 229: 103: 8090: 5512:

Stampfer, Shaul (2003). "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?".

5446:

A lower estimate puts the Jewish pogrom deaths in the Ukraine, 1648–56, at 56,000.

5273:

Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts

4412: 3375:, participated in the insurrection, seeing it as a source of captives to be sold. 3256:

In February 1649, during negotiations with a Polish delegation headed by nobleman

8252: 8095: 7848: 7464: 7447: 6968: 6572: 6070: 4572: 4561: 4438: 4369: 3929: 3769: 3677: 3665: 3644: 3534: 3364: 3344: 2869:

to join him in a potential assault against their shared enemy, the Commonwealth.

2848:

On January 25, 1648, Khmelnytsky brought a contingent of 400–500 Cossacks to the

2809: 2542: 2489: 2449: 2414: 2026: 1900: 1870: 1663: 1622: 1474: 1336: 1241: 1176: 1046: 1024: 948: 898: 888: 785: 556: 444: 284: 8187: 6389: 5666:"Stefan Charnets'kyy. Pryspaty ryaboho Sobaku. Spytayte u mertvykh Chuzhyntsiv" 5328:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History, and Analysis

3407: 1932: 8307: 8282: 7853: 6347: 6342: 6175: 5720: 5078: 4804: 4610: 3736: 3705: 3697: 3685: 3530: 3521: 3454: 3441: 3372: 3348: 3332: 3298: 2866: 2680: 2494: 2479: 2454: 2286: 2274: 2206:

with a wife and several children. He participated in campaigns for Grand Crown

2190: 2182: 2030: 2007: 1952: 1928: 1726: 1699: 1610: 1537: 1341: 1256: 1136: 328: 121: 5882: 5851: 5820: 5789: 5525: 2242:

was badly beaten, until Khmelnytsky moved his family to a relative's house in

8321: 8297: 6253: 6009: 5107: 4918: 4644: 4472: 4371:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

3853: 3640: 3593: 3559: 3474: 3376: 2725: 2710: 2557: 2537: 2484: 2444: 2399: 2054: 1439: 1261: 1251: 1121: 668: 225: 7116: 4119: 3283: 3245:

his monarch's request and then turned back. He made a triumphant entry into

228:, resumed talks with the Commonwealth, which resulted in the signing of the 8007: 7764: 7505: 6801: 6631: 6004: 5591: 5229: 4912:

In their revolt, the Ukrainians slaughtered over one hundred thousand Jews.

4709: 4537: 3652: 3602: 2912: 2854: 2700: 2464: 2439: 2424: 2390: 1995: 1852: 1356: 1161: 433: 373: 4341:

The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

3817:

The surviving peasants wander about in groups, bewailing their misfortune.

2896:, which saw a considerable number of defections on the field of battle by 1956: 7909: 7204: 6997: 6927: 5774:

Rosman, Moshe (Murray) J. (2003). "Dubno in the wake of Khmel'nyts'kyi".

5168: 4883: 4564:(p. 115), 1618 languages map (p. 119), 1657–1667 losses map (p. 128) and 4099: 3865: 3621:(the population of which was 70% Jewish). According to the book known as 3462: 3233: 3221: 2924:, striking another terrible blow to weakened and depleted Polish forces. 2690: 2527: 2158: 1936: 1927:

was granted full rights within the Rzeczpospolita, their assimilation of

1880: 1736: 1266: 635: 343: 7213: 2885:, towards Khmelnytsky, without waiting to gather additional forces from 1714:

and caused a secular decline of Polish power during the period known in

1590:

that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the

27:

Cossack rebellion within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–1657

7394: 7389: 6535: 6529: 6041: 5160: 4938:

greatest calamity the Jews were to experience until the rise of Hitler.

4776: 4278:[The slaughter of Polish prisoners of war at Batoh] (in Polish) 4011: 3784: 3669: 3606: 3391: 3261: 3257: 2705: 2327: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1977: 1960: 1618: 1421: 1111: 1076: 1056: 792: 545: 7225: 5668:Стефан Чарнецький. Приспати рябого Собаку. Спитайте у мертвих Чужинців 4831:

Hostages of modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870–1933/39

4467:[The Cossack Era: § 1. The Cossack Revolution of 1648–1657.]. 3643:

as the Messiah, and contributed in later years to growing interest in

1674:

population; at the same time, it led to the eventual incorporation of

3542: 3309: 3293: 3250: 2766: 2255: 2149: 1984: 1944: 1821: 1731: 1366: 616: 418: 358: 5984: 3651:

tended to be high, ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 or more; in 1916

3427:(which included the Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth during the 3323:, Khmelnytsky gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the 2302: 2277:

advanced by the Polish king Władysław IV Vasa were cancelled by the

2082: 1752: 8152: 7104: 5001: 4678:

Gordon, Mel (Spring 2011). "Catastrophe in Ukraine, Comedy Today".

4071: 3797: 3552: 3546: 3269: 3236:, when he finally heard about the election of the new Polish King, 2786: 2532: 2367: 2243: 2230: 2226: 2062: 2050: 1965: 1948: 1924: 1877: 1687: 1281: 1166: 403: 298: 3273: 1835: 7280: 6090: 4344: 3835: 3632: 3628: 3306: 3265: 2791: 2776: 2771: 2751: 2259: 2203: 2042: 2034: 1973:, oppressed the lower-class Ruthenians, with the introduction of 1651: 1639: 1614: 1151: 1131: 1116: 1066: 211: 5972: 3526: 4756:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

4722:

Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion

3831: 3682:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

3380: 3343:. A year later, in 1652, the Cossacks had their revenge at the 3277: 2886: 2862: 2858: 2796: 2781: 2761: 2746: 2741: 2218: 2207: 2199: 2174: 2166: 2038: 1659: 1655: 1599: 5495: 5493: 5612: 5481:

Ideals Face Reality: Jewish Law and Life in Poland, 1550–1655

4206:

History of the Ukrainian Nation, Volume II: The Cossack Cause

3803:

At the initial stages of the uprising, armies of the magnate

3796:) were in many cases the perpetrators of massacres of Polish 3618: 3470: 3446:

invasion of the Commonwealth by Sweden's Transylvanian allies

2892:. Khmelnytsky marshalled his forces and met his enemy at the 2756: 3549:

numerous Jewish and Polish–Lithuanian townsfolk, as well as

3272:... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, 2908:

flames. All the while, Khmelnytsky's army marched westward.

5970: 5556: 5490: 3246: 2278: 2251: 2178: 2153: 2046: 1691: 1630: 5112:

Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources

4462:"Kozats'ka Era: § 1. Kozatsʹka revolyutsiya 1648–1657 rr" 3587: 7265:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

1981: 5275:. University Press of America. p. 77, footnote 17. 4211: 2881:

sent 3,000 soldiers under the command of Potocki's son,

6369:

Wooden synagogues in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

5632: 5620: 4183: 4053: 4051: 4049: 3423:

The uprising began a period in Polish history known as

5532: 4659: 4454: 4320: 4064:

Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia

2173:

Born to a noble family, Bohdan Khmelnytsky attended a

1921:

Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

1650:

The uprising has a symbolic meaning in the history of

5184:

to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?

4101:

God's playground: a history of Poland: in two volumes

2006:

in the north sought to acquire the southern lands of

1994:

traditions were also affected from the assumption of

1372:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

5293:

Chmielnicki, Bohdan (2001–2005). (Sixth ed.).

4607:

Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine

4046: 3465:

sided with Sweden. By the time that the last of the

3379:

sent a large influx of captives to slave markets in

3240:, whom Khmelnytsky favored. According to Hrushevsky 1865:

Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1620–1686)

1845:

Articles for the Reassurance of the Ruthenian people

217:

Recognition of the Ukrainian Eastern Orthodox Church

5053:

The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century

4464:КОЗАЦЬКА ЕРА: § 1. Козацька революція 1648–1657 рр. 4232: 3852:is also a Polish historical drama film directed by 1969:, along with the actions of the upper-class Polish 464: 159: 5083:Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past 3403:diminished the scope of Polish–Lithuanian control. 380: 145: 8217: 6419: 5900:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 5224:Sources estimating more than 100,000 Jews killed: 8383:Rebellions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8319: 5383:Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). 5382: 5292: 3411:Territory gained after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. 479: 7095:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 5454: 5409: 5270: 5165:With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide 3492:, as Cossack and Russian forces became allied. 118:Entrance of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv in 1649 7476:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 7182:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5378:Sources estimating 40,000–100,000 Jews killed: 4904:Power Struggle: An Autobiographical Confession 4888:The Jews: A Chronicle for Christian Conscience 3440:. When Poland–Lithuania and Russia signed the 1919:. The combined lands would be formed into the 424: 364: 8203: 7146: 7132: 6405: 5956: 2829: 1555: 808: 334: 5410:Goldberg, David Theo; Solomos, John (2002). 4174: 4021: 4019: 3573: 3550: 2014:it began this process by insisting that the 8393:1650s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8388:1640s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7472:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 7460:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 5616:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 5347: 5330:. University Press of America. p. 77. 4878:Other 1960s–1980s estimates of Jews killed: 4747: 4745: 3564:the contemporary 17th-century chronicle by 2111:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1839:Control of the territory of Ukraine in 1600 1781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 409: 349: 8210: 8196: 7318:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 7139: 7125: 6702:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629) 6412: 6398: 5963: 5949: 5435: 5254: 5114:. Information Age Publishing. p. 25. 4946:My People: Abba Eban's History of the Jews 4898: 4821:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4576: 4547: 4132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3792:While the Cossacks and peasants (known as 3613:Most Jewish communities in the rebellious 2836: 2822: 1562: 1548: 815: 801: 394: 289: 7323:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 7313:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 5804: 5747: 5652:Історія польсько-українських конфліктівda 5132: 5050: 4966: 4943: 4518: 4217: 4189: 4146: 4140: 4016: 3533:of 3,000–5,000 Polish captives after the 2343:Learn how and when to remove this message 2233:(head of the local royal administration) 2131:Learn how and when to remove this message 1801:Learn how and when to remove this message 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 7611:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 5936:The Zaporozhian Cossack Battle at Korsun 5719: 5638: 5626: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5487:) give a higher estimate of over 51,000. 5412:A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies 4742: 4714:History of the Jews in Russia and Poland 4643:(in Russian). p. 80. Archived from 4093: 4091: 3783: 3700:methods, particularly from the realm of 3597:(1653): "I write of the Evil Decrees of 3586: 3525: 3406: 3390: 3282: 3211: 2142: 1834: 1820: 1812: 822: 449: 319: 304: 43:This article includes a list of general 7172:History of Polish intelligence services 6916:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 6652:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 5931:Cossacks' Uprising, Jewish Encyclopedia 5693: 5538: 5325: 5077: 4991:Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed: 4917: 4828: 4803: 4719: 4665: 4514: 4512: 4326: 4057: 3779: 1861:1638 Ordination of the Zaporizhian Host 1617:, fought against Polish domination and 14: 8378:Jews and Judaism in the Russian Empire 8320: 8125:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5897: 5773: 5469:Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5385:A Concise History Of The Jewish People 5271:Garber, Zev; Zuckerman, Bruce (2004). 5228: 5106: 4775: 4708: 4677: 4367: 4270: 4097: 1817:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648 1382:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 8191: 7518:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 7120: 6393: 5944: 5917:Jewish Publication Society of America 5866: 5835: 5764: 5352:. KTAV Publishing House. p. 42. 5189: 5024: 4338: 4088: 3825: 3147: 2072: 1710:(1655–1660) respectively), ended the 796: 7708:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 7361:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 6638:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory 6475:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372) 5910: 5675:(in Ukrainian). 2017. Archived from 5236:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 20. 5192:A Brief History of the Jewish People 5159: 4969:Ashkenaz: The German Jewish Heritage 4882: 4726:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 4604: 4509: 4296: 3830:The rebellion had a major effect on 3735:A 2003 study by Israeli demographer 3021: 2979: 2325:adding citations to reliable sources 2296: 2109:adding citations to reliable sources 2076: 1903:under the agreement forming the new 1779:adding citations to reliable sources 1746: 29: 7944:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 6869:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War 5234:History of Jewish Literature Part 3 4948:. Behrman House. pp. 184–185. 4062:. In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). 4060:"Chmielnicki Massacres (1648–1649)" 3773: 2016:Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus′ 24: 5758: 5590:. 21 November 2011. Archived from 4276:"Rzeź polskich jeńców pod Batohem" 4038:(in Russian). 2005. Archived from 3960:: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніцкага; 3712:Weinryb cites the calculations of 3668:, many considered it "a minimum". 3416:accessible representatives of the 3189: 3175: 3049: 2911:Khmelnytsky stopped his forces at 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 8434: 6962:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918) 5924: 4890:. Association Press. p. 72. 4766:, p. 158 and footnote 33, p. 327. 4411:] (in Polish). Archived from 3856:. The film is based on the novel 3091: 2382:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks 2029:expansionism culminated with the 1633:, as well as savage reprisals by 1598:in Ukraine. Under the command of 1594:, which led to the creation of a 1402:Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine 8306: 7730:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 7433:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 7224: 7212: 7203: 6949: 6894:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702) 6544:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6490:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) 6480:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) 5983: 5971: 4829:Strauss, Herbert Arthur (1993). 4699:, Random House, 2001, pp. 25–28. 3188: 3174: 3160: 3146: 3132: 3119: 3118: 3104: 3090: 3076: 3062: 3048: 3035: 3034: 3020: 3007: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2978: 2964: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2374: 2301: 2081: 2045:by aligning themselves with the 1849:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 1825:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1751: 1531: 1332:West Ukrainian People's Republic 1277:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1023: 780: 768: 757: 738: 721: 702: 685: 674: 662: 651: 640: 629: 611: 602: 594: 585: 569: 550: 539: 520: 503: 481: 466: 451: 439: 426: 411: 396: 382: 366: 351: 336: 321: 306: 291: 279: 269: 161: 147: 110: 34: 8403:Ukrainian independence movement 7713:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 7703:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 7691:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 7644:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 7562:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 7557:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 7552:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 7540:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 7535:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 7428:Władysław the White's rebellion 7415:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 7400:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 7366:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 7018:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 6740:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War 6580:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) 5913:Kiddush HaShem: An Epic of 1648 5686: 5658: 5644: 5606: 5576: 5544: 5372: 5326:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). 5218: 5139:McGill-Queen's University Press 4985: 4872: 4797: 4783:. Signet Classic. p. 247. 4769: 4702: 4686: 4671: 4627: 4598: 4487: 4392: 4361: 4332: 4290: 4264: 4223: 4195: 4035:The Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia 3946:повстання Богдана Хмельницького 3358: 3161: 3105: 2965: 2312:needs additional citations for 136:25 January 1648 – 6 August 1657 7895:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 7686:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7455:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7100:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 6686:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars 6561:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6517:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 4471:(in Ukrainian). Archived from 4168: 4032:[Khmelnitsky Bogdan]. 4002: 3980: 3966:восстание Богдана Хмельницкого 3923: 3077: 3063: 2189:. After being held captive in 2059:did not unite under one church 1905:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1690:would swear allegiance to the 1592:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1202:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1157:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 182: 13: 1: 8363:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe 7802:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 7770:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 7443:1444 war against the Ottomans 7270:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 7260:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 7177:List of wars involving Poland 6888:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6875:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6815:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6808:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 6774:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6732:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6726:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6720:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6706:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War 6447:Mongol invasions of Lithuania 6421:Lithuanian wars and conflicts 5979:Jews and Judaism in Lithuania 4697:: A History of Fundamentalism 4441:[Cossack Uprisings]. 4423:[Cossack uprisings]. 3992:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 3974: 3495: 3461:(1700–1721), in which hetman 1742: 1322:Ukrainian War of Independence 188:Military intervention of the 7812:War of the Bar Confederation 7807:War of the Polish Succession 6922:War of the Bar Confederation 6626:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6620:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6608:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6602:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6585:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War 5748:Chirovsky, Nicholas (1984). 5436:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). 5255:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). 5051:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 5027:The Jews in Colonial America 4997:"Judaism Timeline 1618–1770" 4967:Hirschler, Gertrude (1988). 4925:. Redwood Burn. p. 12. 4536:(4): 223–239. Archived from 4009:The Khmelnytsky insurrection 3893:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3557:during the years 1648–1649. 3515: 3490:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3438:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3386: 2951: 2292: 1704:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 1317:Ukraine after the Revolution 7: 8170:Russian invasion of Ukraine 8063:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 7859:War of the Fourth Coalition 7511:campaign of Stephen Báthory 6850:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War 5731:University of Toronto Press 5703:University of Toronto Press 5654:(in Ukrainian). p. 27. 4720:Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). 4519:Muszyńska, Jadwiga (1999). 4429:(in Polish). Archived from 4304:[Sarmatian Katyn]. 4175:Krypiakevych, Ivan (1954). 3888:Wars of national liberation 3871: 3603:may his name be obliterated 3220:'s envoy by Khmelnitsky in 3133: 2018:was now the primate of the 1643:(military governor) of the 1457:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1417:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 1327:Ukrainian People's Republic 1042:Trypillian–Cucuteni culture 322: 10: 8439: 8148:Operation Uphold Democracy 7883:War of the Sixth Coalition 7871:War of the Fifth Coalition 7817:Polish–Russian War of 1792 7192:Warfare in Medieval Poland 7167:History of the Polish Army 7056:June Uprising in Lithuania 6485:Battle of the Vikhra River 6328:Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka) 6171:Choral Synagogue (Vilnius) 5673:kampodsvoboda.blogspot.com 5057:Cambridge University Press 3763:Russo-Polish War (1654–67) 3519: 2213:, led delegations to King 2057:. While all of the people 1842: 1392:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1362:Communist Party of Ukraine 1312:Ukraine during World War I 595: 586: 570: 551: 540: 521: 270: 220:After the death of Hetman 8304: 8228: 8133: 8110: 8071: 8058:Białystok Ghetto uprising 8043: 8003: 7994: 7929: 7888:French invasion of Russia 7834: 7747: 7676: 7589: 7569:Northern War of 1655–1660 7496: 7487: 7423: 7351: 7342: 7305: 7245: 7236: 7198: 7154: 7148:Polish wars and conflicts 7084: 7065: 7046: 7007: 6975:French invasion of Russia 6961: 6944: 6902: 6673: 6646:Northern Seven Years' War 6594: 6498: 6461: 6437: 6427: 6356: 6306: 6271: 6197: 6184: 6158: 6147: 6063: 6052: 5992: 5479:) and Edward Fram in his 5471:. Paul M. Johnson in his 5348:Scharfstein, Sol (2004). 5295:The Columbia Encyclopedia 5087:Columbia University Press 4973:Yeshiva University Museum 4961:100,000 Jews were killed. 4944:Bamberger, David (1978). 4582:Poland a Historical Atlas 4499:encyclopediaofukraine.com 4347:. pp. 173–174, 183. 4339:Frost, Robert I. (2000). 4068:Santa Barbara, California 3965: 3945: 3725:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3631:in May 1648 and 1,500 in 3568:, an eyewitness, states: 3566:Nathan ben Moses Hannover 1987:to manage their estates. 1980:practices and the use of 1307:Modern history of Ukraine 834: 496: 262: 224:, his supporters, led by 200:Ruthenian Uniate Churches 128: 109: 101: 96: 8368:Jewish Ukrainian history 7976:Second Silesian Uprising 7293:1156 war against Germany 7290:1146 war against Germany 6429:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 6289:Great Synagogue of Vilna 5752:. Philosophical Library. 5667: 5389:Rowman & Littlefield 5196:Rowman & Littlefield 5133:Camcastle, Cara (2005). 4652: 4463: 4368:Snyder, Timothy (2004). 4104:(2 ed.). New York. 4028: 3934:powstanie Chmielnickiego 3916: 3572:Wherever they found the 2193:, he returned home as a 2148:Bohdan Khmelnytsky with 1584:Khmelnytsky insurrection 1172:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1167:Principality of Moldavia 302:(1651, 1653, 1656–1657) 254:under Russian protection 8348:17th-century rebellions 8343:Antisemitism in Ukraine 8175:Military aid to Ukraine 7986:Third Silesian Uprising 7954:First Silesian Uprising 7949:Polish–Czechoslovak War 7718:Battle of Chocim (1673) 7696:Battle of Chocim (1621) 6881:Battle of Khotyn (1673) 6780:Battle of Khotyn (1621) 6362:List of Lithuanian Jews 6282:Red Synagogue of Jonava 5904:Oxford University Press 5898:Plokhi, Serhii (2001). 5883:10.1023/A:1022356306799 5852:10.1023/A:1022300121820 5821:10.1023/A:1022308423637 5790:10.1023/a:1022352222729 5526:10.1023/A:1022330717763 5442:McFarland & Company 5261:McFarland & Company 5031:McFarland & Company 4758:, Paulist Press, 2004, 4578:Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian 4245:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 4157:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4098:Davies, Norman (2005). 4058:Batista, Jakub (2014). 4027:"Khmel'nitskiy Bogdan" 3605:... in (5)'408 to '411 3582: 2877:and Field Crown Hetman 2630:Colonisation of Siberia 2223:Aleksander Koniecpolski 1830: Kingdom of Poland 1377:Ukraine in World War II 287:(1648–1654, 1656–1657) 64:more precise citations. 8293:1750 Haidamak Uprising 8288:1734 Haidamak Uprising 8053:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7996:World War II in Poland 7656:Zebrzydowski rebellion 7639:Moldavian Magnate Wars 7606:Siege of Danzig (1577) 6754:Zebrzydowski rebellion 6681:Moldavian Magnate Wars 6273:Destroyed / demolished 5767:Israel and the Nations 5350:Jewish History and You 5190:Weiss, Mosheh (2004). 4900:Rubenstein, Richard L. 4811:. London. p. 530. 4781:Jews, God, and History 4647:on 22 September 2023. 3953: 3936:; in Ukraine known as 3933: 3819: 3789: 3755: 3733: 3674:Jews, God, and History 3662: 3610: 3580: 3574: 3551: 3538: 3473:and, in process, were 3412: 3404: 3341:Treaty of Bila Tserkva 3335:. They were forced at 3302: 3225: 2211:Stanisław Koniecpolski 2187:Moldavian Magnate Wars 2170: 2053:were also against the 2012:fall of Constantinople 1840: 1832: 1818: 1682:initiated by the 1654 1347:Directorate of Ukraine 575:Ivan Zolotarenko 497:Commanders and leaders 8423:Polish–Ukrainian wars 8373:Jewish Polish history 8158:2003 invasion of Iraq 8086:Operation Ostra Brama 7981:Polish–Lithuanian War 7795:Battle of Berestechko 7523:War against Sigismund 7297:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 7029:Polish–Lithuanian War 7023:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6842:Battle of Berestechko 6691:War against Sigismund 6469:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 6323:Knesses Beis Yitzchak 5911:Asch, Sholem (1919). 5588:www.jewishhistory.org 5473:A History of the Jews 5025:Reiss, Oscar (2004). 4376:Yale University Press 4240:"Khmelnytsky, Bohdan" 4204:Terletskyi, Omelian: 3954:Chmelnickio sukilimas 3814: 3788:Cossack army in 1648. 3787: 3750: 3710: 3702:historical demography 3657: 3590: 3570: 3529: 3502:historical demography 3410: 3394: 3329:Battle of Berestechko 3286: 3215: 2894:Battle of Zhovti Vody 2146: 2002:in 1448. The growing 2000:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1923:. Although the local 1875:Lithuanian-controlled 1873:granted the southern 1838: 1824: 1816: 1654:'s relationship with 1645:Ruthenian Voivodeship 1619:Commonwealth's forces 8328:Khmelnytsky Uprising 8268:Khmelnytsky Uprising 7939:Polish–Ukrainian War 7790:Khmelnytsky Uprising 7353:Polish–Teutonic wars 7162:Early modern warfare 7076:Lithuanian partisans 6836:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6506:Samogitian uprisings 6222:Beit Medrash Hagadol 6037:Khmelnytsky Uprising 5699:A History of Ukraine 5695:Magocsi, Paul Robert 5679:on 27 February 2024. 5564:on 19 September 2020 5552:"Gzeyres Takh Vetat" 5416:Blackwell Publishing 4809:Jewish History Atlas 4584:. Hippocrene Books. 4495:"Cossack-Polish War" 4444:Encyklopedia Interia 4439:"Kozackie Powstania" 4421:"Kozackie powstania" 4300:(14 February 2014). 4152:"Cossacks' Uprising" 4074:. pp. 100–101. 3988:"Cossack-Polish War" 3911:Pereiaslav Agreement 3860:, the first part in 3780:Ukrainian population 3690:Jewish History Atlas 3510:the Swedish invasion 3482:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3467:partitions of Poland 3434:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3401:Second Northern Wars 3204:class=notpageimage| 2640:Pugachev's Rebellion 2520:Other Cossack groups 2321:improve this article 2177:school, probably in 2105:improve this section 1996:ecclesiastical power 1775:improve this section 1684:Pereiaslav Agreement 1670:domination over the 1613:and local Ukrainian 1607:Zaporozhian Cossacks 1578:, also known as the 1576:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1222:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1190:Early modern history 1142:Principality of Kiev 826:Khmelnytsky Uprising 97:Khmelnytsky Uprising 18:Khmelnitsky Uprising 8418:Genocides in Europe 8248:Fedorovych uprising 8219:Zaporozhian cossack 8036:during World War II 7822:Kościuszko Uprising 7786:1644 Tatar Invasion 7760:Fedorovych uprising 7751:1624 Tatar Invasion 7678:Polish–Ottoman wars 7630:1593 Tatar Invasion 7622:1589 Tatar Invasion 7599:Battle of Lubieszów 7528:Battle of Stångebro 7498:Polish–Swedish wars 7405:Thirteen Years' War 7275:Miecław's Rebellion 7250:Polish–Veletian War 7187:Polish Armed Forces 7155:General and related 6933:Kościuszko Uprising 6832:1644 Tatar Invasion 6796:Fedorovych uprising 6786:1624 Tatar Invasion 6696:Battle of Stångebro 6554:Battle of Pabaiskas 5594:on 21 February 2024 5502:, pp. 127–128. 5009:on 27 December 2023 4605:Reid, Anna (2000). 4555:1618 population map 4252:on 25 February 2024 3904:With Fire and Sword 3858:With Fire and Sword 3849:With Fire and Sword 3841:With Fire and Sword 3805:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 3745:Paul Robert Magocsi 3436:, which led to the 3429:Second Northern War 2922:Battle of Pyliavtsi 2898:Registered Cossacks 2890:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 2721:Yermak Timofeyevich 2593:Registered Cossacks 2264:Mykhailo Krychevsky 2157:, oil on canvas by 1975:Counter-Reformation 1708:Second Northern War 1635:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 1427:Russo-Ukrainian War 1287:Carpathian Ruthenia 1087:Chernyakhov culture 692:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 527:Tymofiy Khmelnytsky 8263:Ostryanyn uprising 8238:Nalyvaiko Uprising 8163:Occupation of Iraq 8143:War in Afghanistan 8020:Invasion of Poland 7915:fighting in Poland 7836:Poland partitioned 7782:Ostryanyn uprising 7634:Nalyvaiko Uprising 7581:Great Northern War 7545:Battle of Kircholm 7438:Battle of Grotniki 7410:War of the Priests 7383:Battle of Grunwald 7086:Restored Lithuania 7009:Interwar Lithuania 6993:Revolution of 1905 6910:Great Northern War 6827:Ostryanyn uprising 6746:Battle of Klushino 6712:Battle of Kircholm 6664:Nalyvaiko Uprising 6523:Battle of Grunwald 6512:Lithuanian Crusade 6452:Lithuanian Crusade 5769:, pp. xi–xxiv 5726:Ukraine: A History 5161:Tatz, Colin Martin 5033:. pp. 98–99. 4860:Unknown parameter 4752:Edward H. Flannery 4695:The Battle for God 4640:History of the Rus 4571:2013-02-17 at the 4560:2013-02-17 at the 4475:on 3 December 2007 4404:Kozackie powstania 4177:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 4029:Хмельницкий Богдан 3862:Henryk Sienkiewicz 3826:In popular culture 3790: 3729:The Jews of Poland 3624:History of the Rus 3611: 3539: 3506:Polish-Russian War 3486:Battle of Jezierna 3459:Great Northern War 3413: 3405: 3363:The Tatars of the 3317:Battles of Zbarazh 3303: 3290:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 3226: 2716:Pavlo Skoropadskyi 2676:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2655:Cossacks in the SS 2197:, settling in his 2195:Registered Cossack 2171: 2073:Khmelnytsky's role 2067:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2061:, the concepts of 1841: 1833: 1819: 1672:Ukrainian Orthodox 1609:, allied with the 1603:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 1580:Cossack–Polish War 1538:Ukraine portal 1480:Historical regions 1082:Zarubintsy culture 964:Moldavian Campaign 510:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 407:(1648–1650, 1653) 222:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 124:in the XIX century 8398:National revivals 8358:Cossack Hetmanate 8353:Cossack uprisings 8315: 8314: 8273:Barabash Uprising 8233:Kosiński uprising 8185: 8184: 8120:Racibórz Conflict 8112:People's Republic 8106: 8105: 8081:Operation Tempest 7959:Polish–Soviet War 7900:November Uprising 7876:Austro-Polish War 7864:Prussian campaign 7830: 7829: 7725:Great Turkish War 7666:Battle of Humenné 7661:Thirty Years' War 7649:Battle of Kłuszyn 7626:Kosiński uprising 7616:Battle of Byczyna 7483: 7482: 7395:Gollub War (1422) 7390:Hunger War (1414) 7338: 7337: 7328:Battle of Legnica 7279:1072 war against 7255:Battle of Cedynia 7114: 7113: 7067:Soviet occupation 6981:November Uprising 6942: 6941: 6766:Battle of Humenné 6760:Thirty Years' War 6658:Kosiński uprising 6614:Glinski rebellion 6387: 6386: 6318:Kelm Talmud Torah 6302: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6143: 6142: 6015:Paneriai massacre 5464:" (2010), in the 5313:Missing or empty 4835:Walter de Gruyter 4692:Karen Armstrong, 4682:. pp. 50–51. 4426:Encyclopedia WIEM 4415:on 29 April 2009. 4409:Cossack uprisings 4385:978-0-300-10586-5 4354:978-0-582-06429-4 4164:on 21 April 2024. 4148:Rosenthal, Herman 4081:978-1-59884-926-4 3809:Tsardom of Russia 3741:Hebrew University 3591:First edition of 3450:Treaty of Hadiach 2879:Marcin Kalinowski 2846: 2845: 2696:Yemelyan Pugachev 2686:Petro Sahaidachny 2650:De-Cossackization 2635:Bulavin Rebellion 2353: 2352: 2345: 2235:Daniel Czapliński 2215:Władysław IV Vasa 2141: 2140: 2133: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1712:Polish Golden Age 1680:Tsardom of Russia 1596:Cossack Hetmanate 1588:Cossack rebellion 1572: 1571: 1469:Topics by history 1452:COVID-19 pandemic 1412:Orange Revolution 1387:Volhynia genocide 1272:Habsburg monarchy 1232:Cossack Hetmanate 994: 993: 879:Starokostiantyniv 791: 790: 775:George II Rákóczi 764:Stefan Czarniecki 709:Marcin Kalinowski 591:Anton Zhdanovych 474:Holy Roman Empire 276:Cossack Hetmanate 258: 257: 252:Cossack Hetmanate 250:Emergence of the 194:Cossack Hetmanate 190:Tsardom of Russia 169:Cossack Hetmanate 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 8430: 8310: 8258:Pavlyuk uprising 8243:Zhmaylo uprising 8212: 8205: 8198: 8189: 8188: 8076:Italian Campaign 8045:Ghetto uprisings 8032:, and 8001: 8000: 7964:Battle of Warsaw 7905:January Uprising 7844:Denisko uprising 7777:Pavlyuk uprising 7755:Zhmaylo uprising 7735:Battle of Vienna 7594:Danzig rebellion 7494: 7493: 7371:Battle of Płowce 7349: 7348: 7344:Jagiellon Poland 7306:Mongol invasions 7243: 7242: 7228: 7216: 7207: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7117: 6987:January Uprising 6953: 6821:Pavlyuk uprising 6790:Zhmaylo uprising 6567:Crusade of Varna 6549:Battle of Ašmena 6435: 6434: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6310: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6166:Kaunas Synagogue 6156: 6155: 6151: 6096:Chabad-Lubavitch 6061: 6060: 6056: 6020:Jewish partisans 5987: 5980: 5975: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5920: 5907: 5894: 5863: 5832: 5801: 5770: 5753: 5744: 5716: 5681: 5680: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5560:. 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Archived from 3984: 3968: 3967: 3947: 3927: 3898:Deluge (history) 3883:Ogniem i Mieczem 3775: 3722: 3577: 3556: 3325:Treaty of Zboriv 3192: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3164: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3010: 3009: 2996: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2968: 2967: 2954: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2933: 2902:Battle of Korsuń 2865:, enjoining the 2850:Zaporizhian Sich 2838: 2831: 2824: 2671:Petro Doroshenko 2663:Notable Cossacks 2576: 2513: 2505:Irkutsk Cossacks 2378: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2305: 2297: 2268:Zaporozhian Sich 2136: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2085: 2077: 2025:The pressure of 1857:Pavlyuk uprising 1829: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1755: 1747: 1664:Polish Catholic 1627:Ruthenian Uniate 1564: 1557: 1550: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1500:Economic history 1407:Cassette Scandal 1212:Zaporozhian Host 1206:Kiev Voivodeship 1112:Early East Slavs 1072:Bosporan Kingdom 1052:Catacomb culture 1027: 1017: 999: 998: 829: 827: 817: 810: 803: 794: 793: 784: 773: 772: 771: 762: 761: 760: 753: 743: 742: 741: 726: 725: 724: 717: 707: 706: 705: 690: 689: 688: 679: 678: 677: 667: 666: 665: 656: 655: 654: 647:Alexis of Russia 645: 644: 643: 634: 633: 632: 625: 615: 606: 600:Matvei Sikorski 599: 598: 597: 590: 589: 588: 581: 574: 573: 572: 565: 555: 554: 553: 544: 543: 542: 535: 525: 524: 523: 508: 507: 506: 491: 487: 485: 484: 476: 472: 470: 469: 461: 457: 455: 454: 443: 436: 432: 430: 429: 421: 417: 415: 414: 406: 402: 400: 399: 392: 390:Poland–Lithuania 388: 386: 385: 376: 372: 370: 369: 361: 357: 355: 354: 346: 342: 340: 339: 331: 327: 325: 324: 316: 312: 310: 309: 301: 297: 295: 294: 283: 274: 273: 272: 230:Union of Hadiach 171: 167: 165: 164: 157: 155:Poland–Lithuania 153: 151: 150: 130: 129: 114: 94: 93: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8413:1650s in Russia 8408:1640s in Russia 8338:1650s conflicts 8333:1640s conflicts 8318: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8302: 8253:Sulyma uprising 8224: 8216: 8186: 8181: 8129: 8102: 8096:Warsaw Uprising 8067: 8039: 7990: 7931:Second Republic 7925: 7849:Napoleonic Wars 7826: 7743: 7672: 7585: 7479: 7465:Battle of Orsha 7448:Battle of Varna 7419: 7334: 7301: 7286:Siege of Głogów 7232: 7231: 7220: 7196: 7150: 7145: 7115: 7110: 7080: 7061: 7042: 7037:Klaipėda Revolt 7003: 6969:Napoleonic Wars 6957: 6956: 6938: 6898: 6669: 6590: 6573:Battle of Varna 6494: 6457: 6423: 6418: 6388: 6383: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6352: 6308: 6294: 6267: 6187: 6180: 6149: 6139: 6054: 6048: 5988: 5978: 5969: 5927: 5761: 5759:Further reading 5756: 5741: 5721:Subtelny, Orest 5713: 5689: 5684: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5491: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5426: 5399: 5391:. p. 182. 5377: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5338: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5283: 5244: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5198:. p. 193. 5179: 5171:. p. 146. 5149: 5122: 5097: 5089:. p. 219. 5079:Gilbert, Martin 5067: 5059:. p. 352. 5041: 5012: 5010: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4956: 4933: 4877: 4873: 4862:|footnote= 4861: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4814: 4813: 4805:Gilbert, Martin 4802: 4798: 4791: 4774: 4770: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4728:. p. 268. 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4573:Wayback Machine 4562:Wayback Machine 4552: 4548: 4540: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4437: 4419: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378:. p. 117. 4366: 4362: 4355: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4298:Duda, Sebastian 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4274:(3 June 2014). 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4145: 4141: 4125: 4124: 4112: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4066:. Vol. 1. 4056: 4047: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4007: 4003: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3938:Khmelʹnychchyna 3928: 3924: 3919: 3874: 3828: 3782: 3716: 3698:historiographic 3678:Edward Flannery 3666:Edward Flannery 3585: 3535:Battle of Batih 3524: 3518: 3498: 3389: 3365:Crimean Khanate 3361: 3345:Battle of Batih 3242:John Casimir II 3238:John Casimir II 3210: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2875:Mikołaj Potocki 2842: 2810:Cossack cuisine 2802:Cossaks clothes 2570: 2568:Buryat Cossacks 2507: 2385: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2318: 2306: 2295: 2163:National Museum 2137: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2102: 2086: 2075: 2010:, and with the 1901:Crown of Poland 1871:Union of Lublin 1867: 1831: 1827: 1807: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1772: 1756: 1745: 1676:eastern Ukraine 1662:. It ended the 1629:clergy and the 1568: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1475:Name of Ukraine 1470: 1462: 1461: 1337:Ukrainian State 1302: 1292: 1291: 1242:Sloboda Ukraine 1192: 1182: 1181: 1177:Crimean Khanate 1147:Kingdom of Rus' 1107: 1097: 1096: 1047:Yamnaya culture 1037: 1015: 1008: 997: 996: 995: 990: 830: 825: 823: 821: 786:Mehmed IV Giray 779: 777: 769: 767: 766: 758: 756: 755: 749: 739: 737: 736: 728:Mikołaj Potocki 722: 720: 719: 713: 703: 701: 700: 686: 684: 683: 681:John II Casimir 675: 673: 663: 661: 660: 658:Gheorghe Ștefan 652: 650: 649: 641: 639: 638: 630: 628: 627: 621: 610: 608:İslâm III Giray 601: 593: 592: 584: 583: 577: 568: 567: 561: 557:Maksym Kryvonis 549: 548: 538: 537: 531: 519: 518: 504: 502: 482: 480: 478: 467: 465: 463: 452: 450: 448: 445:Crimean Khanate 438: 427: 425: 423: 412: 410: 408: 397: 395: 393: 383: 381: 367: 365: 363: 352: 350: 348: 337: 335: 333: 320: 318: 307: 305: 303: 292: 290: 288: 285:Crimean Khanate 278: 268: 246: 198:Decline of the 172: 162: 160: 158: 148: 146: 115: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8436: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8283:Paliy uprising 8280: 8278:Bohun Uprising 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8150: 8145: 8139: 8137: 8135:Third Republic 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8116: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7969:Kiev offensive 7966: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7854:Peninsular War 7851: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7682: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7628: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7502: 7500: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7457: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7218: 7217: 7209: 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6525: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6432: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6365: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6348:Tomchei Tmimim 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6201: 6199:Still standing 6192: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6176:Vilnius Kenesa 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5925:External links 5923: 5922: 5921: 5908: 5895: 5877:(2): 115–139. 5870:Jewish History 5864: 5846:(2): 141–163. 5839:Jewish History 5833: 5815:(2): 165–178. 5808:Jewish History 5802: 5784:(2): 239–255. 5777:Jewish History 5771: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5745: 5739: 5717: 5711: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5657: 5643: 5641:, p. 136. 5631: 5629:, p. 128. 5619: 5605: 5575: 5543: 5541:, p. 201. 5531: 5520:(2): 165–178. 5514:Jewish History 5504: 5489: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5444:. p. 56. 5433: 5424: 5418:. p. 68. 5407: 5397: 5379: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5358: 5345: 5336: 5323: 5290: 5281: 5268: 5263:. p. 56. 5252: 5242: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5204: 5187: 5177: 5157: 5147: 5141:. p. 26. 5130: 5120: 5108:Totten, Samuel 5104: 5095: 5075: 5065: 5048: 5039: 5022: 4992: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4975:. p. 64. 4964: 4954: 4941: 4931: 4919:Bermant, Chaim 4915: 4910:. p. 95. 4896: 4879: 4871: 4843: 4796: 4789: 4777:Dimont, Max I. 4768: 4741: 4734: 4701: 4685: 4680:Reform Judaism 4670: 4668:, p. 350. 4658: 4626: 4619: 4613:. p. 35. 4611:Westview Press 4597: 4590: 4546: 4529:Studia Judaica 4508: 4505:on 5 May 2023. 4486: 4469:franko.lviv.ua 4453: 4450: 4449: 4435: 4433:on 2017-09-22. 4417: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4360: 4353: 4331: 4329:, p. 200. 4319: 4289: 4263: 4231: 4222: 4220:, p. 178. 4218:Chirovsky 1984 4210: 4208:, p. 75. 1924. 4202:(in Ukrainian) 4194: 4192:, p. 176. 4190:Chirovsky 1984 4182: 4167: 4139: 4110: 4087: 4080: 4045: 4015: 4001: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3827: 3824: 3781: 3778: 3774:גזירת ת"ח ות"ט 3737:Shaul Stampfer 3706:Orest Subtelny 3686:Martin Gilbert 3635:in July 1648. 3584: 3581: 3522:Batih massacre 3517: 3514: 3497: 3494: 3455:Russian Empire 3442:Truce of Vilna 3388: 3385: 3373:Ottoman Empire 3360: 3357: 3349:Batih massacre 3339:to accept the 3333:Crimean Tatars 3315:Following the 3299:Juliusz Kossak 3202: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3074: 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2275:Ottoman Empire 2191:Constantinople 2183:Ottoman Empire 2139: 2138: 2089: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2047:Bishop of Rome 2031:Union of Brest 2020:Russian Church 1929:Polish culture 1909:Rzeczpospolita 1826: 1809: 1808: 1759: 1757: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1727:Jewish history 1716:Polish history 1686:, whereby the 1623:Roman Catholic 1611:Crimean Tatars 1570: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1505:Rail transport 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1437: 1435:Crimean crisis 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1342:Makhnovshchina 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1300:Modern history 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257:Russian Empire 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 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6003: 6002: 6001: 6000:The Holocaust 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5740:0-8020-0591-8 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5712:0-8020-7820-6 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5639:Subtelny 1994 5635: 5628: 5627:Subtelny 1994 5623: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5500:Subtelny 1994 5496: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5425:0-631-20616-7 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5398:0-7425-4366-8 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5365: 5361: 5359:0-88125-806-7 5355: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5337:0-7618-2963-6 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5307: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5282:0-7618-2894-X 5278: 5274: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5243:0-7661-4370-8 5239: 5235: 5231: 5230:Waxman, Meyer 5227: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5207: 5205:0-7425-4402-8 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5178:1-85984-550-9 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5148:0-7735-2976-4 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5121:1-59311-074-X 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5096:0-231-10965-2 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5066:0-521-81545-2 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5040:0-7864-1730-7 5036: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4955:0-87441-263-3 4951: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4932:0-297-77419-0 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4854: 4846: 4844:3-11-013715-1 4840: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4790:0-451-52940-5 4786: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4764:0-8091-4324-0 4761: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4735:0-8386-1707-7 4731: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4710:Dubnow, Simon 4705: 4698: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4622: 4620:0-8133-3792-5 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4591:0-88029-394-2 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575:(p. 141) from 4574: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4111:0-231-12816-9 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854:Jerzy Hoffman 3851: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3680:, writing in 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3641:Sabbatai Zevi 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3594:Yeven Mezulah 3589: 3579: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3560:Yeven Mezulah 3555: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3377:Slave raiding 3374: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3216:Reception of 3214: 3205: 3154:Berestechko.1 2932: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2734:Cossack terms 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726:Ivan Vyhovsky 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711:Andrei Shkuro 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391:Cossack hosts 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2336: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2310:This section 2308: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2287:Crimean Tatar 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2135: 2132: 2124: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2090:This section 2088: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Uniate Church 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:Russian state 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1823: 1815: 1805: 1802: 1794: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1760:This section 1758: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1440:War in Donbas 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1352:Ukrainian SSR 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1262:Little Russia 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122:White Croatia 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105:Early history 1101: 1100: 1093: 1092:Hunnic Empire 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 1000: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 970: 967: 966: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 833: 828: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 799: 798: 795: 787: 783: 776: 765: 754: 752: 746: 735: 734: 729: 718: 716: 710: 699: 698: 693: 682: 672: 670: 669:Matei Basarab 659: 648: 637: 626: 624: 618: 614: 609: 605: 582: 580: 566: 564: 558: 547: 536: 534: 528: 517: 516: 511: 501: 500: 495: 490: 475: 460: 446: 442: 435: 420: 405: 391: 379: 375: 360: 345: 330: 315: 300: 286: 282: 277: 267: 266: 261: 253: 249: 244: 243: 238: 235:Beginning of 234: 231: 227: 226:Ivan Vyhovsky 223: 219: 216: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 195: 191: 187: 186: 185: 184: 179: 176: 175: 170: 156: 143: 140: 139: 135: 132: 131: 127: 123: 119: 113: 108: 105: 100: 95: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 8267: 8024:Polish 8008:World War II 7789: 7765:Smolensk War 7506:Livonian War 7489:Commonwealth 7238:Piast Poland 7219: 7088:(since 1990) 7048:World War II 6903:18th century 6877:(1672–1676) 6858:(1655–1660) 6856:Northern War 6838:(1648–1657) 6835: 6804:(1632–1634) 6802:Smolensk War 6776:(1620–1621) 6762:(1618–1648) 6742:(1605–1618) 6708:(1600–1611) 6674:17th century 6634:(1558–1583) 6632:Livonian War 6595:16th century 6569:(1443–1444) 6519:(1409–1411) 6499:15th century 6462:14th century 6439:13th century 6287: 6280: 6272: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6185: 6036: 6005:Vilna Ghetto 5982: 5976: 5912: 5899: 5874: 5868: 5843: 5837: 5812: 5806: 5781: 5775: 5766: 5749: 5724: 5698: 5687:Bibliography 5677:the original 5672: 5660: 5651: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5608: 5596:. Retrieved 5592:the original 5587: 5584:"Tach V'Tat" 5578: 5566:. Retrieved 5562:the original 5555: 5546: 5539:Magocsi 1996 5534: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5456: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5411: 5402: 5384: 5374: 5363: 5349: 5341: 5327: 5315:|title= 5298: 5286: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5247: 5233: 5220: 5209: 5191: 5182: 5164: 5152: 5134: 5125: 5111: 5100: 5082: 5070: 5052: 5044: 5026: 5018: 5011:. Retrieved 5007:the original 5000: 4987: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4945: 4936: 4922: 4911: 4903: 4891: 4887: 4884:Vogt, Hannah 4874: 4830: 4808: 4799: 4780: 4771: 4755: 4721: 4718:. Quoted in 4713: 4704: 4693: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4666:Magocsi 1996 4661: 4648: 4645:the original 4638: 4629: 4606: 4600: 4581: 4549: 4538:the original 4533: 4527: 4503:the original 4498: 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4473:the original 4468: 4456: 4447:(in Polish). 4442: 4431:the original 4424: 4413:the original 4408: 4403: 4394: 4370: 4363: 4340: 4334: 4327:Magocsi 1996 4322: 4310:. Retrieved 4305: 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4266: 4254:. 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Ettinger 3463:Ivan Mazepa 3288:Meeting of 2691:Ivan Mazepa 2613:Khmelnytsky 2571: [ 2508: [ 2500:Zaporozhian 2333:August 2023 2159:Jan Matejko 2008:Kievan Rus' 1937:Czartoryski 1737:antisemitic 1137:Kievan Rus' 1014:History of 929:Berestechko 924:Kopychyntsi 839:Zhovti Vody 636:Vasile Lupu 377:(1656–1657) 344:Brandenburg 245:Territorial 214:in Ukraine. 62:introducing 8322:Categories 8030:resistance 7574:The Deluge 6862:The Deluge 6536:Gollub War 6530:Hunger War 6249:(Joniškis) 6241:(Joniškis) 6150:Synagogues 6042:Vilna Gaon 5902:. Oxford: 5613:Посполитые 4012:Britannica 3975:References 3958:Belarusian 3950:Lithuanian 3759:The Deluge 3670:Max Dimont 3607:Anno Mundi 3543:arendators 3520:See also: 3496:Casualties 3425:The Deluge 3262:Pereiaslav 3258:Adam Kysil 3230:Hrushevsky 3196:Okhmativ.5 3182:Zhvanets.3 3056:Pylavtsi.8 2706:Ivan Sirko 2470:Semirechye 2229:deputy of 1985:arendators 1978:missionary 1961:latifundia 1843:See also: 1743:Background 1739:violence. 1732:arendators 1520:Television 1515:Technology 1422:Euromaidan 1267:New Russia 1247:Right bank 1035:Prehistory 546:Ivan Bohun 204:Right-Bank 116:Painting “ 45:references 8222:uprisings 7378:Great War 6431:(to 1795) 6264:(Vilnius) 6230:Merchants 6101:Chernobyl 6081:Ashkenazi 6076:Orthodoxy 5891:159327759 5860:159708538 5829:159214775 5798:159067943 5306:cite book 4864:ignored ( 4853:cite book 4817:cite book 4553:Based on 4128:cite book 3942:Ukrainian 3794:pospolity 3615:Hetmanate 3547:massacred 3516:Massacres 3475:russified 3387:Aftermath 3367:, then a 3310:panegyric 3294:Tugay Bey 3251:Christmas 3098:Zbarazh.9 2767:Oseledets 2645:Communism 2625:Hetmanate 2608:Nalyvaiko 2598:Uprisings 2528:Albazinan 2420:Black Sea 2405:Astrakhan 2293:Beginning 2256:Polkovnyk 2150:Tugay Bey 2092:does not 1957:Zasławski 1945:Sanguszko 1941:Ostrogski 1878:Ruthenian 1762:does not 1678:into the 1615:peasantry 1582:, or the 1430:(outline) 1397:Chernobyl 1367:Holodomor 1237:Left bank 1117:Onoghuria 939:Taborivka 934:2nd Loyew 894:1st Loyew 884:Pyliavtsi 844:Machnivka 617:Tugay Bey 419:Wallachia 359:Wallachia 208:Left-Bank 183:Aftermath 8153:Iraq War 7105:Iraq War 6338:Rameiles 6333:Ponevezh 6309:Yeshivas 6233:(Jonava) 6225:(Jonava) 6131:Vizhnitz 6126:Veretzky 6086:Hasidism 6032:Timeline 5723:(1994). 5697:(1996). 5598:16 April 5568:16 April 5232:(2003). 5163:(2003). 5110:(2004). 5081:(1999). 5072:century. 5002:CBS News 4923:The Jews 4921:(1978). 4908:Scribner 4902:(1974). 4886:(1967). 4807:(1976). 4779:(2004). 4712:(1916). 4580:(1987). 4569:Archived 4566:1717 map 4558:Archived 4479:11 March 4150:(1906). 4120:57754186 4072:ABC-CLIO 3872:See also 3798:szlachta 3753:history. 3655:stated: 3645:Hasidism 3575:szlachta 3553:szlachta 3537:in 1652. 3531:Massacre 3420:regime. 3418:szlachta 3270:Volhynia 3126:Zboriv.9 3042:BilaTs.1 3014:Cherkasy 3000:Korsun.8 2944:Chyhyryn 2787:Stanitsa 2603:Kosiński 2548:Nekrasov 2475:Siberian 2460:Orenburg 2430:Caucasus 2368:Cossacks 2360:a series 2358:Part of 2244:Chyhyryn 2231:starosta 2227:Chyhyryn 2161:, 1885, 2121:May 2016 2063:autonomy 2051:Cossacks 2027:Catholic 1992:Orthodox 1971:magnates 1966:szlachta 1949:Zbaraski 1925:nobility 1899:—to the 1885:Volhynia 1791:May 2016 1718:as "the 1696:the Ruin 1688:Cossacks 1666:szlachta 1586:, was a 1444:timeline 1282:Bukovina 1227:The Ruin 1197:Cossacks 1077:Sarmatia 1057:Cimmeria 1005:a series 1003:Part of 986:Magierów 981:Okhmativ 976:Zhvanets 919:Lipowiec 864:Rzeczyca 404:Moldavia 299:Moldavia 237:The Ruin 232:in 1658. 141:Location 70:May 2024 8028:, 8026:history 7917:on the 7281:Bohemia 6261:Zamelis 6215:Čekiškė 6159:Current 6106:Komarno 6091:Breslov 6071:Karaite 6027:History 5462:Ukraine 4345:Longman 3962:Russian 3836:Ukraine 3688:in his 3633:Tulczyn 3629:Nemirov 3371:of the 3307:Vilnius 3266:Podolia 3168:Batih.2 3112:Loyew.9 2972:Perekop 2792:Shashka 2777:Plastun 2772:Papakhi 2752:Kontusz 2584:History 2563:Turkish 2553:Persian 2533:Bashkir 2260:colonel 2204:Subotiv 2185:in the 2113:removed 2098:sources 2049:. 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