1369:. Possible reasons for this apparent absence of a written language include destruction by the Spanish of all written records, or the successful concealment by the Inca peoples of those records. Making the matter even more complex, the Inca 'kept separate "khipu" for each province, on which a pendant string recorded the number of people belonging to each category.' This creates yet another step in the process of decryption in addition to the Spanish attempts at eradicating the system. Historians Edward Hyams and George Ordish believe quipus were recording devices, similar to musical notation, in that the notes on the page present basic information, and the performer would then bring those details to life.
1687:
in the system is testament to its historical 'moral authority.' Today, "khipu" is regarded as a powerful symbol of heritage, only 'unfurled' and handled by 'pairs of dignitaries,' as the system and its 'construction embed' modern 'cultural knowledge.' Ceremonies in which they are 'curated, even though they can no longer be read,' is even further support for the case of societal honor and significance associated with the quipu. Even today, 'the knotted cords must be present and displayed when village officers leave or begin service, and draping the cords over the incoming office holders instantiates the moral and political authority of the past.' These examples are indicative of how the
107:
333:
6190:
2264:. It was in quite good condition, with "brown cotton strings wound around thin sticks", along with "a series of offerings, including mysterious fiber balls of different sizes wrapped in 'nets' and pristine reed baskets. Piles of raw cotton â uncombed and containing seeds, though turned a dirty brown by the ages â and a ball of cotton thread" were also found preserved. The good condition of these articles can be attributed to the
4671:
6201:
6213:
41:
4401:
1557:
313:"The khipu were knotted-string devices that were used for recording both statistical and narrative information, most notably by the Inca but also by other peoples of the central Andes from pre-Incaic times, through the colonial and republican eras, and even â in a considerably transformed and attenuated form â down to the present day."
1448:(knot makers/keepers, i.e., the former Inca record keepers) supplied colonial administrators with a variety and quantity of information pertaining to censuses, tribute, ritual and calendrical organization, genealogies, and other such matters from Inca times. Performing a number of statistical tests for
2226:
are to be conserved close to their place of origin, local camelid or wool fibres in natural colors can be obtained and used to mend breaks and splits in the cords. Rosa Choque
Gonzales and Rosalia Choque Gonzales, conservators from southern Peru, worked to conserve the Rapaz patrimonial quipus in the
1686:
system operated as both a method of calculation and social organization, regulating regional governance and land use. While evidence for the latter is still under the critical eye of scholars around the world, the very fact that they are kept to this day without any confirmed level of fluent literacy
1709:
have continued to be used by contemporary communities, albeit as ritual items seen as "communal patrimony" rather than as devices for recording information. The khipu system, being the useful method of social management it was for the Inca, is also a link to the Cuzco census, as it was one of the
2238:
at
Harvard, was asked "Are they fragile?", he answered, "some of them are, and you can't touch them â they would break or turn into dust. Many are quite well preserved, and you can actually study them without doing them any harm. Of course, any time you touch an ancient fabric like that, you're
1710:
primary methods of population calculation. This also has allowed historians and anthropologists to understand both the census and the "decimal hierarchy" system the Inca used, and that they were actually 'initiated together,' due to the fact that they were 'conceptually so closely linked.'
1334:. They are still composed of digits, but the resulting number seems to be used as a code, much as we use numbers to identify individuals, places, or things. The Khipu Database Project, for example, decoded that a particular three-number label at the beginning of some quipus may refer to
2162:) to prevent potential acid transfer is a preservation technique that extends the life of a collection. The fibers can be abraded by rubbing against each other or, for those attached to sticks or rods, by their own weight if held in an upright position. Extensive handling of
1633:
used quipus when telling the
Spanish about Tawantin Suyu history (whether they only recorded important numbers or actually contained the story itself is unknown). Members of the ruling class were usually taught to read quipus in the Inca equivalent of a university, the
396:
Some of the knots, as well as other features, such as color, are thought to represent non-numeric information, which has not been deciphered. It is generally thought that the system did not include phonetic symbols analogous to letters of the alphabet. However,
1754:
was once a record of this process of collecting and redistributing food. The entire complex was important to the villagers, being "the seat of traditional control over land use, and the centre of communication with the deified mountains who control weather".
2138:
knot records are usually automatically regulated. Relative humidity should be 60% or lower, with low temperatures, as high temperatures can damage the fibres and make them brittle. Damp conditions and high humidity can damage protein-rich material.
165:
has been "compared to string mops". Archaeological evidence has also shown the use of finely carved wood as a supplemental, and perhaps sturdier, base to which the color-coded cords could be attached. A relatively small number have survived.
369:
studied to date by researchers consists of numbers in a decimal system, such as "Indian chiefs ascertain which province had lost more than another and balanc the losses between them" after the
Spanish invasion. In the early years of the
2631:
Dank der BemĂŒhungen von
Professor Kurayoshi Takara von der RyĂ»kyĂ»-UniversitĂ€t in Japan gelangte das Arithmeum in den Besitz von Ă€uĂerst seltenen japanischen Rechenhilfsmitteln, den 'Warazan'. Ăbersetzt bedeutet das: 'rechnen mit
1828:. Most are housed in museums outside of their native countries, but some reside in their native locations under the care of the descendants of those who made the knot records. A table of the largest collections is shown below.
1283:
Digits in the "ones" position are represented by long knots (e.g., 4 is a knot with four turns). Because of the way the knots are tied, the digit 1 cannot be shown this way and is represented in this position by a figure-eight
1273:. In the Aschersâ system, a fourth type of knotâfigure-eight knot with an extra twistâis referred to as "EE". "EE" Stood for "evolutionary eddicate". A number is represented as a sequence of knot clusters in base 10.
4224:. Collaboration of Carrie Brezine, Gino de las Casas RĂos, VĂctor FalcĂłn Huayta, Rosa Choque Gonzales, and RosalĂa Choque Gonzales. Collaborative for Cultural Heritage and Museum Practices, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
1673:
banned and ordered the burning of some Quipus in 1583 because they were used to record offerings to non-Christian gods and were therefore considered idolatrous objects and an obstacle to religious conversion.
152:
records, for calendrical information, for military organization, and potentially for simple and stereotyped historical "annales". The cords stored numeric and other values encoded as knots, often in a decimal
2698:- a word he says originates from Peru, where knots were used similarly to Aotearoa/New Zealand, Hawaiʻi, and other parts of the Pacific) for tallying accounts, quantities of food, and conveying messages.
3017:
2231:
had undergone repair in the past, so this conservator team used new local camelid and wool fibers to spin around the area under repair in a similar fashion to the earlier repairs found on the quipu.
1662:, who recorded an encounter that he and his men had in 1533 as they traveled along the royal road from the highlands to the central coast. It was during this journey that they encountered several
1905:
2666:, page 99: " one can use the phrase chieh sheng chi shih, which means 'the memorandum or record of knotted cords,' to refer to how Chinese writing evolved before characters were invented."
4423:
2150:
Damage can occur during storage. The more accessible the items are during storage, the greater the chance of early detection. Storing quipus horizontally on boards covered with a neutral
1452:
sample VA 42527, one study led by
Alberto SĂĄez-RodrĂguez discovered that the distribution and patterning of S- and Z-knots can organize the information system from a real star map of the
491:
do not represent information phonetically. After being contacted by local woman Meche
Moreyra Orozco, the head of the Association of Collatinos in Lima, Hyland was granted access to the
2147:(UV) light, which can include fading and weakening of the fibrous material. When quipus are on display, their exposure to ambient conditions is usually minimized and closely monitored.
3330:, edited by Horacio H. Urteaga, 16â180. ColecciĂłn de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del PerĂș 3 (Second Series). Lima: Imprenta y LibrerĂa SanmartĂ, pages 175 and 178
1521:, where the syllables were represented by symbols formed in the knots. Following the analysis of the use of "Pacha Kamaq", the manuscript offers a list of many words present in
3351:
Markham, Clements R., Francisco De Xerez, Miguel De Estete, Hernando
Pizarro, and Pedro Sancho. Reports on the Discovery of Peru. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1872
1965:
4160:
Saez-RodrĂguez, A. (2012). An
Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (PerĂș). Revista Latinoamericana de EtnomatemĂĄtica. 5(1), 62â88.
208:
recording system to the needs of the colonial administration, and some priests advocated the use of quipu for ecclesiastical purposes. In several modern villages,
3021:
1722:
are still an important part of the social life of the village. As of 1994, this was the only known village where quipus with a structure similar to pre-Columbian
1691:
system was not only fundamental mathematically and linguistically for the original Inca, but also for cultural preservation of the original empire's descendants.
3627:
1493:
fragment. Miccinelli believes that the text was written by two
Italian Jesuit missionaries, Joan Antonio Cumis and Giovanni Anello Oliva, around 1610â1638, and
4480:
Urton, Gary (1998). "From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka Khipus".
2130:
exposure of storage areas. As with all textiles, cool, clean, dry and dark environments are most suitable. The heating, ventilating and air conditioning, or
1779:
418:
2203:
have the skills to handle a variety of situations. Even though some quipus have hundreds of cords, each cord should be assessed and treated individually.
1404:
1280:
Digits in positions for 10 and higher powers are represented by clusters of simple knots (e.g., 40 is four simple knots in a row in the "tens" position).
1301:
For example, if 4s represents four simple knots, 3L represents a long knot with three turns, E represents a figure-eight knot and X represents a space:
1726:
were still used for official local government record-keeping and functions, although the villagers did not associate their quipus with Inca artifacts.
1666:
keepers, later relating that these keepers "untied some of the knots which they had in the deposits section , and they tied them in another section ."
2391:
2896:
2010:
collections have not been accounted for in this database, their numbers are likely to be unknown. One prominent patrimonial collection held by the
2584:
3794:
1615:
that counted everyone from infants to "old blind men over 80". The system was also used to keep track of the calendar. According to Guaman Poma,
2865:
Medrano, Manuel; Urton, Gary (1 January 2018). "Toward the Decipherment of a Set of Mid-Colonial Khipus from the Santa Valley, Coastal Peru".
362:, classified in various categories, narrated from the most important to the least important category, according to colour, number, and order.
1816:
professor Gary Urton and his colleague Carrie Brezine, 751 quipus have been reported to exist across the globe. Their whereabouts range from
174:
3339:
4590:
1349:
could have communicated information as well: color-coding, relative placement of cords, spacing, and the structure of cords and sub-cords.
2081:, natural or dyed, cannot be reversed, and may indicate further damage to the fibers. Colors can darken if damaged by dust or by certain
4364:
4232:(1998). "From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka
342:
2011:
3655:
1746:, that is itself surrounded by a walled architectural complex. Also within the complex is a disused communal storehouse, known as the
1638:(literally, "house of teaching"), in the third year of schooling, for the higher classes who would eventually become the bureaucracy.
1237:
3849:
3734:
173:
first appear in the archaeological record of the first millennium AD, though it is debated whether the 3rd-millennium BC
1374:
957:
1489:, and ciphered Italian texts. Owned by the family of Neapolitan historian Clara Miccinelli, the manuscript also includes a wool
6238:
5811:
2073:
were often made with an "elaborate system of knotted cords, dyed in various colors, the significance of which was known to the
2847:
4274:
4202:
3974:
3929:
3910:
3838:
3516:
3296:
3265:
3050:
2783:
2436:
1327:. Sometimes there are sums of sums as well. Such a relationship would be very improbable if the knots were incorrectly read.
1261:
is numeric, and these numbers can be read. Each cluster of knots is a digit, and there are three main types of knots: simple
3477:
2967:
6089:
2615:
3552:
1718:
In 1994, the American cultural anthropologist Frank Salomon conducted a study in the Peruvian village of Tupicocha, where
468: – that relay information but are not directly related to the speech sounds of a particular language, like
4650:
2015:
305:
3570:
6273:
4558:
3534:
2568:
790:
518:
would have prevented the Spanish authorities from understanding the messages if they were intercepted, and the Collata
2327:
and Nicole Galland includes the use of quipus by witches as a means to navigate the complex algorithms of time travel.
1805:
that he estimated "from my own studies and from the published works of other scholars that there are about 600 extant
6120:
4449:
2923:
2687:
2350:, one of the letters composed by "Blue" is hidden as a "knot code" in a crocheted cloth sample in pre-Columbian Peru.
2347:
1946:
1533:'s Gary Urton, question its origin and authenticity. These documents seem to be inspired freely by a 1751 writing of
4583:
1365:. This would be an especially important discovery as there is no surviving record of written Quechua predating the
4542:
502:
were exchanged during an 18th-century rebellion against the Spanish government. A combination of color, fiber and
4881:
3360:
Frank L. Salomon, 2004: The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village; Duke University Press;
581:
425:, which in relation to the basic information contained in quipu, and pictorial representations, often painted on
6253:
3365:
2279:
1931:
1024:
140:
fiber strings, and contained categorized information based on three dimensions of color, order and number. The
4513:
4293:
2207:
cords can be "mechanically cleaned with brushes, small tools and light vacuuming". Just as the application of
1277:
Powers of ten are shown by position along the string, and this position is aligned between successive strands.
393:) could be summoned to court, where their bookkeeping was recognised as valid documentation of past payments.
2317:
2288:
1848:
1230:
805:
4220:
Salomon, Frank; Peters, Renata (31 March 2007). "Governance and Conservation of the Rapaz Khipu Patrimony".
2361:, the women of Jeep use knotted message cords, which are read by touch, to communicate over large distances.
332:
6083:
6001:
5568:
5250:
1759:
1750:, which was formerly used to protect and redistribute the local crops, and some Rapacinos believe that the
1150:
2291:"reads" by touching to provide the protagonists a clue to finding the treasure at the climax of the story.
6204:
4757:
4576:
4369:
3168:
1513:
were burned by the Spanish, very few remained for him to analyze. As related in the manuscript, the word
1438:
as a sign system and develops an interpretation of their physical structure in terms of the concept of a
1379:
977:
76:
1650:'s conquest of the Andean region began, with several Spanish conquerors making note of the existence of
1160:
125:) are recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the central
5450:
5084:
4994:
3801:
2594:
2097:, attached to the cords, and these non-textile materials may require additional preservation measures.
1293:
Because the ones digit is shown in a distinctive way, it is clear where a number ends. One strand on a
1037:
106:
6243:
4305:
Urton, Gary (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to get into the Archive in Ancient Peru".
2717:
2189:
1133:
902:
4469:
6074:
5953:
5563:
5321:
5220:
4921:
4835:
4431:
4427:
4411:
4055:
Niles, Susan A. (2007). "Considering Quipus: Andean Knotted String Records in Analytical Context".
2506:
Urton, Gary. (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to Get into the Archive in Ancient Peru
1366:
1223:
550:
371:
6011:
5771:
5039:
2914:
Salomon, Frank (2013). "The Twisting Paths of Recall: Khipu (Andean cord notation) as artifact".
2722:
2368:, a quipu (and the Nazca Lines) is used as plot devices in the fifth episode of the third season.
1763:
1319:
regularly contain sums in a systematic way. For instance, a cord may contain the sum of the next
1213:
997:
594:
4508:
4005:
Hyland, Sabine (2017). "Writing with Twisted Cords: The Inscriptive Capacity of Andean Khipus".
3288:
3282:
858:
534:. The translation relied on phonetic references to the animal fibers and colors of the relevant
6263:
6217:
5187:
4640:
3257:
3251:
3042:
3036:
2775:
2769:
1867:
1526:
897:
813:
204:
were identified as idolatrous and destroyed, but some Spaniards promoted the adaptation of the
6069:
6016:
5598:
5553:
5478:
5109:
4374:
2730:
2365:
1670:
1525:. However, both Bruce Mannheim, the director of the Center for Latin American Studies at the
1464:
1372:
In 2003, while checking the geometric signs that appear on drawings of Inca dresses from the
1015:
17:
1591:
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They kept track of
1411:
element for a non-numeric concept, a sequence of three figure-eight knots at the start of a
212:
have continued to be important items for the local community. It is unclear how many intact
5963:
5935:
5776:
5613:
5420:
5089:
4607:
3663:
3216:
3075:
2948:
1110:
971:
964:
845:
8:
6115:
6079:
6006:
5816:
5533:
5470:
5415:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5334:
5245:
5069:
4999:
4874:
4635:
3869:
3738:
2301:
1383:
1192:
1182:
1057:
1008:
820:
752:
607:
568:
297:
4132:
Piechota, Dennis (1978). "Storage Containerization Archaeological Textile Collections".
3677:
Piechota, Dennis (1978). "Storage Containerization Archaeological Textile Collections".
3079:
647:
148:
for collecting data and keeping records, for monitoring tax obligations, for collecting
6268:
6149:
6064:
5831:
5806:
5683:
5633:
5628:
5558:
5339:
5210:
5064:
4946:
4497:
4474:
4253:
4181:
4149:
4111:
Peters, Renata; Salomon, Frank (2006â2007). "Patrimony and partnership: conserving the
4080:
4040:
3986:
3943:
3784:
3694:
3628:"Caring for textiles and costumes â Preventive conservation guidelines for collections"
3198:
3185:
3099:
2929:
2816:
2541:
1813:
1625:
were from a class of people, "males, fifty to sixty", and were not the only members of
1604:
1534:
1530:
1105:
695:
690:
637:
3066:
Urton, Gary; Brezine, Carrie J. (12 August 2005). "Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru".
2897:"Questioning the Inca Paradox: Maybe the pre-Columbian civilization did have writing?"
642:
6258:
5876:
5731:
5658:
5578:
5240:
5235:
5142:
5079:
5074:
5024:
4974:
4310:
4280:
4270:
4208:
4198:
4185:
4120:
4099:
4084:
4072:
4044:
4032:
3993:
3970:
3964:
3951:
3925:
3906:
3900:
3861:
3834:
3788:
3776:
3605:
3597:
3361:
3292:
3261:
3202:
3190:
3091:
3046:
2919:
2779:
2683:
2564:
2545:
2533:
2432:
2296:
1659:
1395:
1270:
1187:
1177:
1165:
1145:
1100:
1095:
1031:
863:
835:
742:
675:
665:
652:
617:
612:
154:
3130:
3103:
1770:
in Rapaz and the building that it was in, due to their increasingly poor condition.
1080:
6105:
5968:
5851:
5716:
5706:
5518:
5498:
5395:
5285:
5230:
5157:
5152:
5132:
5127:
5029:
4964:
4959:
4737:
4630:
4620:
4509:
High in the Andes, Keeping an Incan Mystery Alive (New York Times, August 16, 2010)
4489:
4351:
4245:
4173:
4141:
4064:
4022:
4014:
3768:
3686:
3180:
3126:
3083:
2874:
2808:
2525:
2354:
1655:
1654:
in their written records about the invasion. The earliest known example comes from
1090:
984:
737:
725:
670:
660:
627:
602:
430:
383:
253:
224:
182:
4525:
4355:
3772:
3520:
3146:"An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (PerĂș)"
2529:
2336:. The game also features a device heavily inspired by the Quipu, called the Q-Pid.
1735:
1311:
The number 107 followed by the number 51 would be represented by 1s, X, 7L, 5s, E.
5996:
5925:
5881:
5826:
5673:
5593:
5513:
5354:
4954:
4805:
3988:
Quipus and witches' knots; the role of the knot in primitive and ancient cultures
3481:
3145:
2677:
2663:
2426:
2358:
2332:
2324:
2309:
2200:
1694:
1608:
1202:
1172:
1115:
1085:
1070:
830:
798:
770:
747:
730:
589:
375:
232:
81:
2619:
2103:
are now preserved using techniques that will minimise their future degradation.
685:
6248:
6193:
5978:
5841:
5796:
5761:
5751:
5741:
5711:
5528:
5255:
5225:
5215:
4969:
4867:
4765:
4747:
4687:
4660:
4645:
4419:
4049:
3556:
2396:
1698:
1647:
1551:
1362:
1197:
1140:
1120:
1075:
948:
680:
632:
558:
511:
465:
461:
457:
422:
228:
200:, quipu were mostly replaced by European writing and numeral systems, and most
197:
4785:
4068:
2054:
1505:, the documents also discuss the events and people of the Spanish conquest of
1399:
includes a report titled "Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru" by anthropologist
526:
as "a language of animals", Hyland was able to translate the names of the two
6232:
6154:
5988:
5973:
5899:
5856:
5846:
5801:
5786:
5663:
5618:
5493:
5425:
5270:
5200:
5167:
5099:
5054:
4916:
4314:
4124:
4076:
4036:
3955:
3896:
3884:
3865:
3574:
3502:
3194:
2933:
2878:
2173:
1825:
1821:
1734:
The villagers of San CristĂłbal de Rapaz (known as Rapacinos), located in the
1576:
1460:
1262:
1250:
1003:
892:
825:
765:
700:
622:
480:
473:
445:
374:, Spanish officials often relied on the quipus to settle disputes over local
359:
91:
4284:
4212:
3538:
3087:
1357:
Some have argued that far more than numeric information is present and that
6110:
5945:
5889:
5836:
5781:
5756:
5746:
5736:
5688:
5678:
5638:
5608:
5603:
5588:
5548:
5508:
5503:
5445:
5435:
5405:
5344:
5306:
5280:
5260:
5177:
5147:
5122:
5044:
5019:
5014:
5004:
4989:
4901:
4825:
4742:
4679:
4267:
Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records
4103:
3997:
3780:
3169:"Historia et Rudimenta Linguae Piruanorum Âżun estorbo o un acontecimiento?"
3095:
2616:"Das Arithmeum »FrĂŒhere Veranstaltungen» Warazan â Datenspeicher aus Stroh"
2537:
2468:
2313:
are blind, and so use strings with knots in them as a way to send messages.
2249:
2235:
1987:
1265:; "long knots", consisting of an overhand knot with one or more additional
1155:
436:
The lack of a clear link between any indigenous Peruvian languages and the
264:
86:
3609:
1467:, has discovered something which she believed to be a seventeenth-century
5958:
5920:
5766:
5726:
5698:
5668:
5643:
5623:
5573:
5538:
5483:
5349:
5329:
5275:
5137:
5059:
4911:
4906:
4810:
4800:
4655:
4625:
4599:
4532:
3939:
2516:
Mann, C. C. (12 August 2005). "ARCHAEOLOGY: Unraveling Khipu's Secrets".
2144:
2119:
2094:
2074:
1787:
1592:
1514:
1494:
1439:
1266:
1125:
990:
942:
932:
503:
236:
186:
141:
2820:
2711:
1501:
Jesuit sometime before 1618. Along with the details of reading literary
5910:
5791:
5653:
5648:
5583:
5523:
5488:
5455:
5440:
5410:
5400:
5311:
5172:
5094:
5049:
5009:
4984:
4780:
4775:
4727:
4297:
4229:
4153:
4027:
3847:
3698:
2242:
2208:
2185:
1927:
1885:
1798:
1794:(Khipu) for mathematical and accounting records in the decimal system.
1630:
1588:
1400:
927:
452:
referent. Frank Salomon at the University of Wisconsin has argued that
398:
319:
219:
Various cultures have used knotted strings unrelated to South American
6125:
4501:
4257:
4164:
Salomon, Frank (2001). "How an Andean 'Writing Without Words' Works".
2343:
features a quipu being used by Marimo to subdue a belligerent Tomarin.
1786:
New Series I4 (1912) 325â332. This was the first work to show how the
1431:
keeper who made it, or its subject matter, or even a time designator.
460:
language, a system of representative symbols – such as
161:
could have only a few or thousands of cords. The configuration of the
5866:
5821:
5543:
5430:
5205:
5195:
5162:
5034:
4979:
4820:
4770:
4732:
4615:
2812:
2058:
1970:
1420:
1335:
937:
406:
137:
4222:
Paper Delivered at Interdisciplinary Workshop on Intangible Heritage
4145:
3690:
3117:
Beynon-Davies, P (2009). "Significant threads: the nature of data".
2949:"The Inka Empire Recorded Their World In Knotted Cords Called Khipu"
2188:
may not be recommended for fiber textiles displaying mold or insect
1290:
is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position.
216:
still exist and where, as many have been stored away in mausoleums.
6144:
6131:
5930:
5460:
5117:
4537:
4493:
4430:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
4342:
Locke, Leland (1912). "The Ancient Quipu, a Peruvian Knot Record".
4249:
4177:
4018:
3340:
Letter from Hernando Pizarro to the Royal Audience of Santo Domingo
2239:
doing some damage, but these strings are generally quite durable."
2212:
2159:
2140:
2123:
2086:
1626:
1596:
1453:
1339:
522:
are non-numeric. With the help of local leaders, who described the
469:
449:
410:
4717:
4564:
American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works
4463:
3848:
The Archaeological Institute of America (NovemberâDecember 2005).
3602:
Lost City of the Incas, The Story of Machu Picchu and its Builders
2111:
and special collections have adopted preservation guidelines from
245:
is the Spanish spelling, and the most common spelling in English.
6159:
6138:
5721:
5385:
5295:
4815:
4722:
4707:
2799:
Benson, E. (1975). "The Quipu: "Written" Texts in Ancient Peru".
2330:
The character Amelie prominently wears a quipu in the video game
2112:
2108:
2050:
1876:
1857:
1762:
in London) and the cultural anthropologist Frank Salomon (of the
1517:, the Inca deity of earth and time, was used many times in these
1498:
1416:
922:
907:
492:
4670:
4195:
The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village
3419:
3417:
3018:"Fernando Murillo de la Serda. Carta sobre los caracteres, 1589"
2211:
is not recommended to rid quipus of mold, neither is the use of
1330:
Some data items are not numbers but what Ascher and Ascher call
6166:
4848:
4697:
4466:(Khipu drawings and investigations from a large Khipu database)
3625:
2340:
2177:
2104:
2062:
2042:
1906:
Museo Nacional de ArqueologĂa, AntropologĂa e Historia del PerĂș
1872:
1853:
1817:
1612:
1482:
1468:
912:
347:
149:
4568:
4291:
3284:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
3253:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
3038:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
2771:
The last of the Incas: the rise and fall of an American empire
5265:
4795:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4519:
3902:
Code of the Quipu: A Study in Media, Mathematics, and Culture
3414:
2261:
2260:
believed to be around 5,000 years old in the coastal city of
2193:
2181:
2127:
2078:
2046:
2030:
1486:
917:
879:
126:
71:
40:
3831:
Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture and Consciousness
181:
subsequently played a key part in the administration of the
4890:
4790:
4563:
3891:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ASIN B0006X3SV4.
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3280:
3249:
3034:
2767:
2428:
Tawantinsuyu: The Inca State and Its Political Organization
2392:"Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Inca Mystery"
2265:
2246:
2155:
2131:
2082:
2066:
2038:
2034:
1995:
1991:
1974:
1955:
1951:
1935:
1914:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1702:
1506:
1424:
1287:
426:
96:
3380:
Andean Knotted String Records in Analytical Context. 92â93
3059:
2676:
Goetzfridt, Nicholas J. (20 September 2007). "Polynesia".
2644:
5915:
3720:
Governance and Conservation of the Rapaz Khipu Patrimony.
3324:
A los Señores Oydores de la Audiencia Real de Su Magestad
1407:. Their work may represent the first identification of a
1253:
and Robert Ascher, after having analyzed several hundred
483:
claims to have made the first phonetic decipherment of a
413:
data. His student Manny Medrano has gone further to find
284:
is a Quechua word meaning 'knot' or 'to knot'. The terms
4859:
4119:. London: UCL Institute of Archaeology. pp. 41â44.
3535:"Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Antropologia e Historia"
3404:
3402:
3383:
1556:
1323:
cords, and this relationship is repeated throughout the
3650:
3648:
2485:
Urton, Gary, Carrie Brezine. Harvard University. (2009)
2151:
2118:
Environmental controls are used to monitor and control
1782:
published "The Ancient Quipu, A Peruvian Knot Record,"
1386:
found a pattern that seems to decipher some words from
506:
direction leads to a total of 95 combinations in these
4329:
Domenici, Davide (1996). "Talking Knots of the Inka".
1812:
According to the Khipu Database Project undertaken by
3399:
2682:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 26.
1809:
in public and private collections around the world."
514:. Exchanging information about the rebellion through
268:
258:
246:
175:
CaralâSupe civilization developed an analogous system
3759:
Mann, Charles (2005). "Unraveling Khipu's Secrets".
3645:
3545:
3173:
Anthropologica del Departamento de Ciencias Sociales
4362:
1415:that seems to be a unique signifier. It could be a
1315:This reading can be confirmed by a fortunate fact:
358:held information, decipherable by officials called
110:
Quipu in the Museo Machu Picchu, Casa Concha, Cusco
4134:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
3985:
3679:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
3632:Preventive conservation guidelines for collections
3621:
3619:
3166:
2710:
2184:. As with all textiles, these are major problems.
1758:In 2004, the archaeologist Renata Peeters (of the
4533:"Peruvian 'writing' system goes back 5,000 years"
4414:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
1677:
1308:The number 804 would be represented by 8s, X, 4L.
1305:The number 731 would be represented by 7s, 3s, E.
292:are simply spelling variations on the same word.
6230:
6038:
2586:ćčłæ29ćčŽćșŠ çç性ćŠéć±ćłæžé€šă»çç性ćŠćç©é€šïŒéąšæšč通ïŒäŒç»ć± çłćŁćžć¶æœèĄ70ćšćčŽèšćż”äŒç»ć±
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
1966:Regional Museum of Ica "Adolfo BermĂșdez Jenkins"
1619:could "read" the quipus with their eyes closed.
530:, or family lineages, who received and sent the
185:of the 13th to 15th centuries, and later of the
169:Objects that can be identified unambiguously as
3833:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3656:"Care and conservation of costume and textiles"
3626:Canadian Conservation Institute (11 May 2018).
3616:
3119:International Journal of Information Management
2968:"Unraveling an Ancient Code Written in Strings"
2709:
2679:Pacific Ethnomathematics: A Bibliographic Study
1773:
1729:
417:that decode to match census data. According to
189:(1438â1533), flourishing across the Andes from
3143:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2166:can also increase the risk of further damage.
1545:
510:, which is within the range of a logosyllabic
4875:
4584:
4219:
3969:. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
3716:
3509:
3470:
3116:
2454:
2304:features a message communicated using quipus.
2192:, although it is common practice for ridding
1658:, the brother of the Spanish military leader
1231:
440:has historically led to the supposition that
4091:
3962:
3895:
3883:
3527:
3065:
2864:
2848:"A student mines voices from the Incan past"
2283:, which premiered in 2019, features a stone
2222:, corrective care may still be required. If
1393:The August 12, 2005, edition of the journal
3905:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3752:
3167:Laurencich-Minelli, Laura (28 March 1998).
2987:
2383:
2014:of Rapaz, Peru, was recently researched by
1766:) undertook a project to conserve both the
1476:
4882:
4868:
4591:
4577:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3007:D'altroy, Terrence N. "The Incas." 234â235
2890:
2888:
2801:The Princeton University Library Chronicle
2675:
1238:
1224:
196:to 1532. As the region became part of the
39:
27:Inca recording system using knotted string
4450:Learn how and when to remove this message
4292:Urton, Gary; Carrie Brezine (2003â2004).
4026:
3924:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3563:
3287:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
3256:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
3184:
3150:Revista Latinoamericana de EtnomatemĂĄtica
3041:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
2774:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp.
2424:
2093:have been found with adornments, such as
1575:, "khipu-authority"), the accountants of
296:is the traditional spelling based on the
4328:
4325:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
4309:. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Groupe.
4131:
3992:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
3676:
3010:
2339:An episode in season 4 of the gag anime
2218:Even when people have tried to preserve
1607:being performed, maintained a record of
1555:
1478:Historia et Rudimenta Linguae Piruanorum
1390:by matching knots to colors of strings.
405:used a binary system which could record
331:
105:
4192:
4163:
3717:Salomon, Frank; Peters, Renata (2007).
3705:
3670:
3604:. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.
3596:
3590:
2913:
2885:
2845:
2618:(in German). 2006-02-06. Archived from
2502:
2500:
2271:
2033:, either spun and plied thread such as
1790:and its predecessor societies used the
1705:have highlighted two known cases where
1535:Raimondo di Sangro, Prince of Sansevero
1375:First New Chronicle and Good Government
14:
6231:
5812:Rigid double splayed loop in the bight
4004:
3919:
3828:
3727:
3495:
3281:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
3250:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
3035:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
2965:
2798:
2768:Ordish, George; Hyams, Edward (1996).
2637:
2558:
2389:
1297:can therefore contain several numbers.
1257:, have shown that most information on
267:. Most Quechua varieties use the term
223:to record information â these include
6037:
4934:
4863:
4572:
4479:
4341:
4304:
4269:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4228:
4054:
2894:
2694:Best focuses on the use of knots (or
2227:Andean village of Rapaz, Peru. These
421:, quipucamayocs would learn specific
252:
6212:
4394:
3944:"Untangling the Mystery of the Inca"
3938:
3758:
3423:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2001). 234â235
3376:Niles, Susan A. (2007). Considering
2946:
2731:participating institution membership
2515:
2497:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
1509:. According to Cumis, since so many
6200:
4514:The Khipu of San Cristobal de Rapaz
3983:
3328:Informaciones sobre el antiguo PerĂș
2966:Hyland, Sabine (11 November 2017).
2390:Neuman, William (January 2, 2016).
2057:, though are also commonly made of
1742:in an old ceremonial building, the
1641:
1481:. This manuscript consists of nine
1471:manuscript that describes literary
306:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift
24:
4545:from the original on July 22, 2005
4475:Untangling the Mystery of the Inca
3240:Domenici, Viviano and Davide, 1996
3186:10.18800/anthropologica.199801.015
2918:. Ubiquity Press. pp. 15â44.
2494:D'altroy, Terence N. (2001). 16â17
1713:
25:
6285:
6121:International Guild of Knot Tyers
4390:
4197:. Durham: Duke University Press.
4095:The Secret of the Peruvian Quipus
2411:
2348:This Is How You Lose the Time War
2134:systems, of buildings that house
1947:National University of San Marcos
541:
365:Most information recorded on the
6211:
6199:
6189:
6188:
4669:
4520:Discovery of "Puruchuco" toponym
4399:
3850:"Conversations: String Theorist"
3723:. Archaeology International #10.
3144:Saez-RodrĂguez, Alberto (2012).
2947:Alex, Bridget (4 January 2019).
2846:Radsken, Jill (25 August 2017).
1352:
487:challenging the assumption that
4598:
4559:American Textile History Museum
4526:Experts 'decipher' Inca strings
3821:
3735:"Conversations String Theorist"
3581:
3458:
3446:
3435:
3426:
3370:
3354:
3345:
3333:
3317:
3305:
3274:
3243:
3234:
3209:
3160:
3137:
3131:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.12.003
3110:
3028:
3001:
2978:
2959:
2940:
2907:
2858:
2839:
2827:
2792:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2703:
2669:
2657:
2608:
2577:
2451:D'altroy, Terence N. (2001). 18
2307:The characters in the TV series
2172:are also closely monitored for
2021:
2016:University of WisconsinâMadison
136:usually consisted of cotton or
4063:. Taylor and Francis: 85â102.
3963:D'Altroy, Terrence N. (2001).
3020:. 10 June 2009. Archived from
2563:. Cambridge University Press.
2552:
2509:
2488:
2479:
2445:
2280:Dora and the Lost City of Gold
2234:When Gary Urton, professor of
1678:Contemporary social importance
1459:Laura Minelli, a professor of
498:of San Juan de Collata. These
13:
1:
6239:Archaeological artefact types
4356:10.1525/aa.1912.14.2.02a00070
4110:
4092:Nordenskiold, Erland (1925).
3773:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008
3503:"State Museum of Ethnography"
3452:
3408:
2530:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008
2372:
2199:Conservators in the field of
2154:paper (paper that is neither
1849:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
1579:, created and deciphered the
433:, related simple "episodes".
350:â an Inca calculating device.
190:
53:
6002:Overhand knot with draw-loop
4363:National Geographic (1996).
4294:"The Khipu Database Project"
3984:Day, Cyrus Lawrence (1967).
3950:. Vol. 15, no. 1.
3453:Peters and Salomon 2006/2007
3409:Peters and Salomon 2006/2007
3221:Archaeology Magazine Archive
2916:Writing as Material Practice
2895:Adams, Mark (12 July 2011).
2649:[New book of Tang].
2593:(in Chinese). Archived from
2377:
2319:The Rise and Fall of D.O.D.O
1774:Archaeological investigation
1760:UCL Institute of Archaeology
1730:San CristĂłbal de Rapaz, Peru
389:"khipu specialist", plural:
276:
263:) is the word for 'knot' in
129:Mountains of South America.
7:
4935:
4370:National Geographic Society
3889:Code of the Quipu: Databook
3217:"Talking Knots of the Inka"
1669:Christian officials of the
1546:Inca Empire (Tawantin Suyu)
1380:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
448:writing system and have no
269:
259:
247:
10:
6290:
5886:Running highwayman's hitch
4264:
3464:
3441:
3396:Niles, Susan A. (2007). 93
3311:
2833:
2755:
2743:
2425:PĂ€rssinen, Martti (1992).
2287:which the title character
2018:professor, Frank Salomon.
1549:
1540:
958:Non-standard radices/bases
327:
6274:Textile arts of the Andes
6183:
6098:
6057:
6053:
6033:
5987:
5944:
5898:
5865:
5697:
5469:
5384:
5320:
5294:
5186:
5108:
4945:
4941:
4930:
4897:
4889:
4834:
4756:
4678:
4667:
4606:
4117:Archaeology International
4069:10.1080/00938150601177629
3899:; Ascher, Robert (1980).
3887:; Ascher, Robert (1978).
2718:Oxford English Dictionary
2364:In the television series
1983:
1964:
1944:
1923:
1904:
1884:
1866:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1701:carrying out research in
1603:also tracked the type of
346:. On the lower left is a
66:
47:
38:
32:
5221:Directional figure eight
4922:List of knot terminology
4115:legacy of Rapaz, Peru".
3829:Adrien, Kenneth (2001).
3553:"Centro Mallqui Cultura"
3478:"Khipu Database Project"
2879:10.1215/00141801-4260638
2645:
2585:
2469:"Ancient Scripts: Quipu"
1784:American Anthropologist,
1434:Beynon-Davies considers
372:Spanish conquest of Peru
343:El primer nueva corĂłnica
4470:Quipu: A Modern Mystery
4344:American Anthropologist
4193:Salomon, Frank (2004).
4057:Reviews in Anthropology
3088:10.1126/science.1113426
2723:Oxford University Press
2431:. SHS. pp. 26â51.
1945:Museo Temple Radicati,
1803:Signs of the Inka Khipu
1801:noted in his 2003 book
1778:In 1912 anthropologist
1764:University of Wisconsin
1214:List of numeral systems
401:has suggested that the
77:CaralâSupe civilization
3922:A History of the Khipu
3920:Brokaw, Galen (2010).
2591:www.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
2561:A History of the Khipu
2559:Brokaw, Galen (2010).
2473:www.ancientscripts.com
2294:Chapter 9 of the book
1868:Museum Five Continents
1832:Collections of quipus
1587:could carry out basic
1565:
1527:University of Michigan
1477:
1427:), or the name of the
351:
315:
111:
6254:Mathematical notation
5554:Double overhand noose
5360:Ghiordes & Senneh
4464:The Khipu Field Guide
4323:Inka history in knots
3660:Conservation Register
3517:"Museo de Pachacamac"
2366:Earth: Final Conflict
2196:of mold and insects.
1671:Third Council of Lima
1559:
1465:University of Bologna
582:HinduâArabic numerals
378:or goods production.
335:
311:
109:
4420:improve this article
4307:Archives and Records
4265:Urton, Gary (2003).
4166:Current Anthropology
4007:Current Anthropology
2272:Fictional portrayals
1629:to use quipus. Inca
1560:Representation of a
1111:Prehistoric counting
887:Common radices/bases
569:Place-value notation
429:vessels, similar to
304:reflects the recent
177:of knotted cords. )
5377:(triple crown knot)
5246:Figure-of-nine loop
4432:footnote references
4321:Urton, Gary. 2017.
3767:(5737): 1008â1009.
3080:2005Sci...309.1065U
3074:(5737): 1065â1067.
2972:Scientific American
2721:(Online ed.).
2524:(5737): 1008â1009.
2252:, has discovered a
2143:suffer damage from
1833:
1780:Leslie Leland Locke
1384:William Burns Glynn
1345:Other aspects of a
1058:Sign-value notation
298:Spanish orthography
61: 1600 AD
57: 2600 BC
5807:Portuguese bowline
5564:Farrimond friction
5451:Triple fisherman's
5211:Bowline on a bight
5085:Triple fisherman's
5065:Simple Simon under
5040:One-sided overhand
4995:Double fisherman's
4365:"Accounting Cords"
4300:on April 27, 2006.
3587:Salomon, F (2004).
2277:The feature film
2268:climate of Caral.
2006:While patrimonial
1837:Museum collection
1831:
1814:Harvard University
1797:The archaeologist
1788:Inca (Inka) Empire
1566:
1531:Colgate University
1403:and mathematician
1271:figure-eight knots
714:East Asian systems
352:
227:, and practice by
112:
6226:
6225:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
5732:Carrick bend loop
5241:Figure-eight loop
5143:Ground-line hitch
4857:
4856:
4641:Invasion of Chile
4460:
4459:
4452:
4276:978-0-292-78539-7
4204:978-0-8223-3379-1
3976:978-0-631-17677-0
3931:978-0-521-19779-3
3912:978-0-472-09325-0
3840:978-0-8263-2359-0
3571:"Museo Puruchuco"
3298:978-0-88029-595-6
3267:978-0-88029-595-6
3052:978-0-88029-595-6
2785:978-0-88029-595-6
2729:(Subscription or
2438:978-951-8915-62-4
2297:The Wine-Dark Sea
2004:
2003:
1660:Francisco Pizarro
1446:Khipu kamayuqkuna
1405:Carrie J. Brezine
1248:
1247:
1047:
1046:
391:khipu kamayuqkuna
155:positional system
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
6281:
6244:Inca mathematics
6216:
6215:
6214:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6191:
6106:Chinese knotting
6075:Decorative knots
6055:
6054:
6035:
6034:
5954:Ashley's stopper
5852:Yosemite bowline
5717:Bale sling hitch
5286:Yosemite bowline
5216:Alpine butterfly
4970:Alpine butterfly
4960:Albright special
4943:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4836:Inca mathematics
4738:Inca agriculture
4673:
4651:Spanish conquest
4631:History of Cusco
4621:Kingdom of Cusco
4593:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4541:. 20 July 2005.
4505:
4455:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4373:. Archived from
4359:
4338:
4318:
4301:
4296:. Archived from
4288:
4261:
4225:
4216:
4189:
4157:
4128:
4107:
4088:
4048:
4030:
4001:
3991:
3980:
3959:
3942:(January 2007).
3935:
3916:
3892:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3868:. Archived from
3844:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3800:. Archived from
3799:
3792:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3737:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3662:. Archived from
3652:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3573:. Archived from
3567:
3561:
3560:
3555:. Archived from
3549:
3543:
3542:
3537:. Archived from
3531:
3525:
3524:
3519:. Archived from
3513:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3024:on 28 June 2012.
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2813:10.2307/26403946
2796:
2790:
2789:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2387:
2355:Ammonite (novel)
1984:Museo Puruchuco
1834:
1830:
1736:Province of OyĂłn
1656:Hernando Pizarro
1642:Spanish invasion
1480:
1419:for the city of
1367:Spanish invasion
1240:
1233:
1226:
1029:
1013:
995:
985:balanced ternary
982:
969:
575:
574:
546:
545:
431:aztec pictograms
419:Martti PĂ€rssinen
376:tribute payments
323:
272:
262:
256:
254:[ËkÊ°ÉȘpÊ]
250:
225:Chinese knotting
195:
192:
183:Kingdom of Cusco
62:
58:
55:
43:
30:
29:
21:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6210:
6171:
6094:
6049:
6048:
6021:
5983:
5964:Double overhand
5940:
5903:
5894:
5882:Running bowline
5868:
5861:
5827:Spanish bowline
5777:Friendship knot
5772:Fireman's chair
5693:
5614:Improved clinch
5479:Adjustable grip
5465:
5421:Improved clinch
5387:
5380:
5316:
5299:
5290:
5182:
5104:
4937:
4926:
4893:
4888:
4858:
4853:
4830:
4752:
4674:
4665:
4636:ChimorâInca War
4602:
4597:
4548:
4546:
4531:
4522:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4417:
4408:This article's
4404:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4380:
4378:
4277:
4205:
4146:10.2307/3179387
3977:
3932:
3913:
3875:
3873:
3841:
3824:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3706:
3691:10.2307/3179387
3675:
3671:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3617:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:, November 1533
3338:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3179:(16): 349â367.
3165:
3161:
3142:
3138:
3115:
3111:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3033:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2964:
2960:
2945:
2941:
2926:
2912:
2908:
2893:
2886:
2863:
2859:
2852:Harvard Gazette
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2708:
2704:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2557:
2553:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2423:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2359:Nicola Griffith
2333:Death Stranding
2325:Neal Stephenson
2302:Patrick OâBrian
2274:
2215:to clean them.
2201:library science
2024:
1924:Centro Mallqui
1776:
1732:
1716:
1714:Tupicocha, Peru
1695:Anthropologists
1680:
1644:
1609:economic output
1554:
1548:
1543:
1463:studies at the
1355:
1338:, similar to a
1244:
1208:
1207:
1130:
1116:Proto-cuneiform
1061:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1027:
1011:
993:
980:
967:
954:
883:
882:
870:
869:
850:
810:
795:
786:
785:
776:
775:
757:
716:
715:
706:
705:
657:
599:
585:
584:
572:
571:
559:Numeral systems
544:
479:Most recently,
456:are actually a
330:
325:
317:
279:
193:
82:Paracas culture
60:
56:
50:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6287:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6207:
6196:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6099:Related topics
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6058:Lists of knots
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:Related topics
6043:
6042:Lists of knots
6039:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Triple bowline
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5817:Slippery eight
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Eskimo bowline
5759:
5754:
5752:Double bowline
5749:
5744:
5742:Cowboy bowline
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Artillery loop
5709:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5569:Friction hitch
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5375:Wall and crown
5372:
5367:
5365:Matthew Walker
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:Chinese button
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5251:Friction hitch
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5226:Double bowline
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Surgeon's loop
5077:
5072:
5070:Single carrick
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Inca mythology
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4748:Inca aqueducts
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4688:Inca education
4684:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4661:Neo-Inca State
4658:
4653:
4648:
4646:Inca Civil War
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4529:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4494:10.2307/483319
4488:(3): 409â438.
4477:
4472:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4412:external links
4407:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4391:External links
4389:
4387:
4386:
4360:
4350:(2): 325â332.
4339:
4326:
4319:
4302:
4289:
4275:
4262:
4250:10.2307/483319
4244:(5): 409â438.
4226:
4217:
4203:
4190:
4178:10.1086/318435
4161:
4158:
4129:
4108:
4089:
4052:
4019:10.1086/691682
4013:(3): 412â419.
4002:
3981:
3975:
3960:
3936:
3930:
3917:
3911:
3897:Ascher, Marcia
3893:
3885:Ascher, Marcia
3881:
3845:
3839:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3751:
3726:
3704:
3669:
3666:on 2011-07-25.
3644:
3615:
3598:Bingham, Hiram
3589:
3580:
3577:on 2000-09-30.
3562:
3559:on 2007-08-08.
3544:
3541:on 2005-03-12.
3526:
3523:on 2001-03-11.
3508:
3494:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3434:
3432:Domenici, 1996
3425:
3413:
3398:
3382:
3369:
3353:
3344:
3332:
3316:
3304:
3297:
3273:
3266:
3242:
3233:
3208:
3175:(in Spanish).
3159:
3136:
3125:(3): 170â188.
3109:
3058:
3051:
3027:
3009:
3000:
2986:
2984:"Quipu" (2012)
2977:
2958:
2939:
2924:
2906:
2901:Slate Magazine
2884:
2857:
2838:
2826:
2791:
2784:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2702:
2688:
2668:
2656:
2636:
2607:
2576:
2570:978-0521197793
2569:
2551:
2508:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2410:
2397:New York Times
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2314:
2305:
2292:
2273:
2270:
2023:
2020:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1775:
1772:
1731:
1728:
1715:
1712:
1699:archaeologists
1679:
1676:
1648:Spanish Empire
1643:
1640:
1552:Inca education
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1485:with Spanish,
1363:writing system
1354:
1351:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1263:overhand knots
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1065:Non-alphabetic
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1022:
1006:
1001:
988:
975:
961:
960:
953:
952:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
888:
884:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
861:
855:
854:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
816:
814:Post-classical
809:
808:
802:
801:
794:
793:
787:
783:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
762:
761:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
734:
733:
722:
721:
717:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
598:
597:
595:Eastern Arabic
592:
590:Western Arabic
586:
580:
579:
578:
573:
567:
566:
565:
562:
561:
555:
554:
543:
542:Numeral system
540:
512:writing system
462:music notation
458:semasiographic
329:
326:
318:Archaeologist
310:
278:
275:
198:Spanish Empire
119:(also spelled
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
68:
64:
63:
51:
48:
45:
44:
36:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6286:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Proto-writing
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6219:
6208:
6206:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Monkey's fist
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5936:Western Union
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Water bowline
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Angler's loop
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5386:Fishing
5383:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Celtic button
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Overhand loop
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Farmer's loop
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:List of knots
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4758:Inca religion
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4451:
4443:
4440:February 2024
4433:
4429:
4428:inappropriate
4425:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4377:on 2016-04-08
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3872:on 2011-06-05
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3807:on 2011-08-18
3803:
3796:
3795:"proto-quipu"
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3741:on 2011-06-05
3740:
3736:
3730:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3484:on 2011-07-22
3483:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3237:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2934:j.ctv3t5r28.7
2931:
2927:
2925:9781909188242
2921:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2689:9780824874643
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2653:(in Chinese).
2652:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2622:on 2006-02-06
2621:
2617:
2611:
2597:on 2021-06-04
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:, as well as
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:animal shells
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:". Fading of
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1826:South America
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:In 1532, the
1639:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:Quipucamayocs
1620:
1618:
1617:quipucamayocs
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:quipucamayocs
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Quipucamayocs
1582:
1578:
1577:Tawantin Suyu
1574:
1573:khipu kamayuq
1570:
1569:Quipucamayocs
1563:
1558:
1553:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:pre-Columbian
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:, written by
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:Literary uses
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:number labels
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:Marcia Ascher
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:Alphasyllabic
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
992:
989:
986:
979:
976:
973:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
955:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
881:
874:
873:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
784:Other systems
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
766:Counting rods
764:
763:
759:
758:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
710:
709:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
577:
576:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
548:
547:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Sabine Hyland
477:
475:
474:proto-writing
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:glottographic
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
387:khipu kamayuq
385:
381:
380:Quipucamayocs
377:
373:
368:
363:
361:
360:quipucamayocs
357:
349:
345:
344:
339:
334:
324:
321:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
271:
266:
265:Cusco Quechua
261:
255:
249:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:
108:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
69:
65:
52:
46:
42:
37:
31:
19:
6137:
6130:
6090:Mathematical
6017:West Country
5782:Halter hitch
5757:Dropper loop
5634:Marlinespike
5629:Lobster buoy
5604:Hitching tie
5599:Highwayman's
5406:Bimini twist
5307:Chain sinnet
5281:Trident loop
5261:Munter hitch
5236:Figure-eight
5123:Bottle sling
5090:True lover's
5025:Heaving line
4975:Basket weave
4843:
4826:Willka Raymi
4743:Inca cuisine
4680:Inca society
4547:. Retrieved
4536:
4485:
4482:Ethnohistory
4481:
4446:
4437:
4422:by removing
4409:
4379:. Retrieved
4375:the original
4368:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4306:
4298:the original
4266:
4241:
4238:Ethnohistory
4237:
4233:
4221:
4194:
4169:
4165:
4140:(1): 10â18.
4137:
4133:
4116:
4112:
4096:
4093:
4060:
4056:
4010:
4006:
3987:
3965:
3947:
3940:Cook, Gareth
3921:
3901:
3888:
3874:. Retrieved
3870:the original
3857:
3853:
3830:
3822:Bibliography
3809:. Retrieved
3802:the original
3764:
3760:
3754:
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3729:
3721:
3718:
3685:(1): 10â18.
3682:
3678:
3672:
3664:the original
3659:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3575:the original
3565:
3557:the original
3547:
3539:the original
3529:
3521:the original
3511:
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3472:
3460:
3455:. pp. 41â44.
3448:
3442:Salomon 2004
3437:
3428:
3377:
3372:
3356:
3347:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3307:
3283:
3276:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3220:
3211:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3037:
3030:
3022:the original
3012:
3003:
2980:
2971:
2961:
2952:
2942:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2870:
2867:Ethnohistory
2866:
2860:
2851:
2841:
2829:
2807:(1): 11â23.
2804:
2800:
2794:
2770:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2716:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2671:
2659:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2610:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2590:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2447:
2427:
2401:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:
2353:In the book
2331:
2318:
2308:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2257:
2253:
2250:archeologist
2241:
2236:Anthropology
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2190:infestations
2169:
2168:
2163:
2149:
2135:
2117:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2070:
2029:are made of
2026:
2025:
2022:Preservation
2007:
2005:
1988:Ate District
1811:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1635:
1627:Inca society
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:, and ran a
1600:
1595:, a form of
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1490:
1472:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1373:
1371:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1017:
978:Signed-digit
853:Contemporary
840:
720:Contemporary
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
499:
495:
488:
484:
478:
453:
441:
437:
435:
414:
407:phonological
402:
395:
390:
386:
379:
366:
364:
355:
353:
341:
338:quipucamayoc
337:
316:
312:
301:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
251:(pronounced
242:
241:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
178:
170:
168:
162:
158:
145:
133:
131:
121:
120:
115:
114:
113:
87:Wari culture
6205:WikiProject
6012:Sailmaker's
5921:Marlinspike
5579:Ground-line
5484:Anchor bend
5416:Fisherman's
5370:Turk's head
5330:Carrick mat
5133:Corned beef
5128:Constrictor
5000:Fisherman's
4811:Urcuchillay
4801:Pacha Kamaq
4786:Manco CĂĄpac
4656:Ransom Room
4626:Inca Empire
4600:Inca Empire
4549:January 22,
4337:(6): 13â24.
4331:Archaeology
4230:Urton, Gary
4172:(1): 1â27.
4028:10023/12326
3854:Archaeology
3156:(1): 62â88.
2998:Locke, 1912
2873:(1): 1â23.
2258:proto-quipu
2256:or perhaps
2145:ultraviolet
2120:temperature
2115:practices.
2075:magistrates
2069:strings of
1748:Pasa Qullqa
1636:yachay wasi
1515:Pacha Kamaq
1495:Blas Valera
1440:data system
1156:AkáčŁarapallÄ«
1126:Tally marks
1025:Non-integer
411:logographic
237:Polynesians
194: 1100
187:Inca Empire
142:Inca people
49:Time period
6233:Categories
6007:Portuguese
5832:Tom fool's
5559:Falconer's
5499:Bale sling
5355:Friendship
5322:Decorative
5312:Sheepshank
4955:Adjustable
4781:Mama Killa
4776:Coricancha
4728:Warachikuy
4381:2016-03-31
4050:Web access
3876:2005-10-21
3811:2009-12-24
3745:2005-10-21
3488:2007-06-15
3465:Urton 2003
3366:0822333902
3312:Urton 2003
2834:Urton 2003
2758:. pp. 1â2.
2756:Urton 2003
2744:Urton 2003
2733:required.)
2651:Wikisource
2626:2021-06-04
2601:2021-06-04
2403:January 8,
2373:References
2243:Ruth Shady
2209:fungicides
2186:Fumigation
2180:and their
1928:Leimebamba
1886:Pachacamac
1799:Gary Urton
1631:historians
1589:arithmetic
1550:See also:
1401:Gary Urton
1193:Glagolitic
1166:KaáčapayÄdi
1134:Alphabetic
1038:Asymmetric
880:radix/base
821:Cistercian
806:Babylonian
753:Vietnamese
608:Devanagari
493:epistolary
444:are not a
423:oral texts
399:Gary Urton
320:Gary Urton
257:, plural:
59: â c.
6269:Recording
5979:Stevedore
5877:Hangman's
5797:Jury mast
5684:Trucker's
5674:Taut-line
5594:Highpoint
5534:Cat's paw
5514:Blackwall
5388:(angling)
5256:Klemheist
5196:Autoblock
5075:Surgeon's
4821:Viracocha
4806:Pariacaca
4733:Inca army
4616:Sapa Inca
4424:excessive
4315:0037-9816
4186:224799182
4125:1463-1725
4085:161544309
4077:0093-8157
4045:164759609
4037:0011-3204
3966:The Incas
3956:1059-1028
3866:0003-8113
3789:161448364
3203:161645381
3195:2224-6428
2646:æ°ćæž/ć·216äž
2546:161448364
2378:Footnotes
2316:The book
2059:cellulose
2012:Rapazians
1840:Location
1744:Kaha Wayi
1738:, keep a
1571:(Quechua
1475:, titled
1456:cluster.
1421:Puruchuco
1382:in 1615,
1336:Puruchuco
1161:Äryabhaáča
1106:Kharosthi
998:factorial
965:Bijective
866:(Iñupiaq)
696:Sundanese
691:Mongolian
638:Malayalam
470:ideograms
277:Etymology
260:khipukuna
6259:Numerals
6194:Category
6155:Splicing
6145:Ropework
6132:Mizuhiki
6084:friction
6070:Bindings
5989:Whipping
5974:Overhand
5926:Rat-tail
5904:splicing
5857:Zeppelin
5802:Overhand
5787:Handcuff
5707:Angler's
5659:Sailor's
5529:Buntline
5494:Bachmann
5426:Knotless
5201:Bachmann
5188:Climbing
5168:Strangle
5158:Packer's
5153:Miller's
5100:Zeppelin
5055:Shoelace
5030:Hunter's
4965:Ashley's
4543:Archived
4538:NBC News
4285:50323023
4213:54929904
3781:16099962
3600:(1948).
3411:. p. 41.
3104:40704823
3096:16099983
2953:Discover
2821:26403946
2538:16099962
2247:Peruvian
2213:solvents
2160:alkaline
2141:Textiles
2124:humidity
2109:archives
2087:mordants
1932:Amazonas
1597:taxation
1454:Pleiades
1340:ZIP code
1188:Georgian
1178:Cyrillic
1146:Armenian
1101:Etruscan
1096:Egyptian
1004:Negative
864:Kaktovik
859:Cherokee
836:Pentadic
760:Historic
743:Japanese
676:Javanese
666:Balinese
653:Dzongkha
618:Gurmukhi
613:Gujarati
551:a series
549:Part of
466:numerals
450:phonetic
300:, while
233:Japanese
229:Tibetans
70:Central
6218:Commons
6160:Seizing
6150:Lashing
6139:Norigae
6126:Macramé
6116:History
6111:Density
6082: (
6080:Hitches
5946:Stopper
5900:Splices
5890:Tarbuck
5867:Running
5837:Trident
5747:Diamond
5737:Cossack
5722:Bowline
5664:Snuggle
5619:Killick
5519:Blake's
5471:Hitches
5446:Trilene
5436:Palomar
5345:Diamond
5178:Transom
5148:Jamming
5110:Binding
5045:Racking
5020:Harness
5015:Halyard
5005:Flemish
4990:Carrick
4936:By type
4816:Vichama
4723:Panakas
4708:Chasqui
4608:History
4555:â MSNBC
4418:Please
4410:use of
4154:3179387
4104:2887018
3998:1446690
3761:Science
3699:3179387
3467:. p. 2.
3378:Quipus:
3314:. p. 3.
3076:Bibcode
3068:Science
2746:. p. 1.
2712:"quipu"
2632:Stroh'.
2518:Science
2178:insects
2113:textile
2105:Museums
2067:knotted
2051:guanaco
1877:Germany
1858:Germany
1843:Quipus
1583:knots.
1541:History
1499:mestizo
1417:toponym
1396:Science
1091:Chuvash
1009:Complex
799:Ancient
791:History
738:Hokkien
726:Chinese
671:Burmese
661:Tibetan
648:Kannada
628:Sinhala
603:Bengali
538:cords.
384:Quechua
328:Purpose
322:, 2003.
138:camelid
6209:
6198:
6187:
6167:Sennit
5997:Common
5959:Button
5869:(slip)
5767:Fiador
5727:Bumper
5689:Tumble
5679:Timber
5639:Munter
5609:Icicle
5589:Halter
5549:Distel
5509:Becket
5504:Barrel
5350:Fiador
5300:shanks
5276:Prusik
5138:Granny
5060:Shroud
4849:Yupana
4698:Amauta
4502:483319
4500:
4313:
4283:
4273:
4258:483319
4256:
4234:Khipus
4211:
4201:
4184:
4152:
4123:
4102:
4083:
4075:
4043:
4035:
3996:
3973:
3954:
3928:
3909:
3864:
3837:
3787:
3779:
3697:
3637:22 May
3610:486224
3608:
3364:
3295:
3264:
3226:22 May
3201:
3193:
3102:
3094:
3049:
2932:
2922:
2819:
2782:
2696:quipus
2686:
2567:
2544:
2536:
2435:
2341:Teekyu
2229:quipus
2224:quipus
2220:quipus
2182:larvae
2170:Quipus
2164:quipus
2101:Quipus
2091:Quipus
2071:quipus
2065:. The
2063:cotton
2055:vicuña
2043:alpaca
2031:fibers
2027:Quipus
1873:Munich
1854:Berlin
1818:Europe
1768:quipus
1724:quipus
1720:quipus
1707:quipus
1652:quipus
1613:census
1599:. The
1564:(1888)
1529:, and
1523:quipus
1519:quipus
1511:quipus
1503:quipus
1483:folios
1473:quipus
1469:Jesuit
1436:quipus
1423:(near
1388:quipus
1361:are a
1359:quipus
1317:quipus
1269:; and
1259:quipus
1255:quipus
1203:Hebrew
1173:Coptic
1086:Brahmi
1071:Aegean
1028:
1012:
994:
981:
968:
831:Muisca
771:Tangut
748:Korean
731:Suzhou
643:Telugu
528:ayllus
520:quipus
516:quipus
508:quipus
500:quipus
496:quipus
489:quipus
485:quipu,
454:quipus
442:quipus
438:quipus
415:quipus
403:quipus
367:quipus
356:quipus
348:yupana
235:, and
150:census
92:Aymara
67:Region
6249:Knots
6065:Bends
5902:&
5792:Honda
5669:Swing
5644:Ossel
5624:Knute
5574:Garda
5539:Clove
5456:Turle
5441:Snell
5411:Blood
5401:Arbor
5298:&
5296:Coils
5266:Noose
5173:Thief
5095:Water
5050:Sheet
5010:Grief
4985:Blood
4947:Bends
4902:Bight
4891:Knots
4844:Quipu
4796:Supay
4718:Ăusta
4713:Mitma
4703:Ayllu
4693:Aclla
4528:â BBC
4498:JSTOR
4254:JSTOR
4182:S2CID
4150:JSTOR
4113:khipu
4081:S2CID
4041:S2CID
3948:Wired
3860:(6).
3805:(PDF)
3798:(PDF)
3785:S2CID
3695:JSTOR
3326:. In
3199:S2CID
3100:S2CID
2930:JSTOR
2817:JSTOR
2727:
2664:Quipu
2542:S2CID
2285:quipu
2262:Caral
2254:quipu
2205:Quipu
2194:paper
2136:quipu
2128:light
2079:color
2061:like
2047:llama
2041:from
2008:quipu
1890:near
1822:North
1807:quipu
1792:quipu
1752:quipu
1740:quipu
1689:quipu
1684:quipu
1664:quipu
1605:labor
1581:quipu
1562:quipu
1491:quipu
1487:Latin
1450:quipu
1429:quipu
1413:quipu
1409:quipu
1347:quipu
1325:quipu
1295:quipu
1284:knot.
1267:turns
1198:Greek
1183:GeÊœez
1141:Abjad
1121:Roman
1081:Aztec
1076:Attic
991:Mixed
949:table
841:Quipu
826:Mayan
681:Khmer
633:Tamil
536:quipu
532:quipu
524:quipu
427:quiru
302:khipu
294:Quipu
290:khipu
286:quipu
282:Quipu
248:Khipu
243:Quipu
221:quipu
214:quipu
210:quipu
206:quipu
202:quipu
179:Quipu
171:quipu
163:quipu
159:quipu
146:quipu
144:used
134:quipu
127:Andes
122:khipu
116:Quipu
72:Andes
33:Quipu
18:Khipu
5822:Span
5699:Loop
5654:Pipe
5649:Pile
5584:Half
5524:Boom
5489:Axle
5431:Nail
5206:Beer
5163:Reef
5035:Nail
4980:Beer
4912:Turn
4907:Loop
4791:Inti
4551:2018
4311:ISSN
4281:OCLC
4271:ISBN
4209:OCLC
4199:ISBN
4121:ISSN
4100:OCLC
4073:ISSN
4033:ISSN
3994:OCLC
3971:ISBN
3952:ISSN
3926:ISBN
3907:ISBN
3862:ISSN
3835:ISBN
3777:PMID
3639:2019
3606:OCLC
3362:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3228:2019
3191:ISSN
3092:PMID
3047:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2534:PMID
2433:ISBN
2405:2016
2289:Dora
2266:arid
2245:, a
2174:mold
2156:acid
2132:HVAC
2126:and
2085:and
2083:dyes
2039:hair
2035:wool
1996:Peru
1992:Lima
1975:Peru
1956:Peru
1952:Lima
1936:Peru
1915:Peru
1911:Lima
1896:Peru
1892:Lima
1862:298
1824:and
1703:Peru
1697:and
1682:The
1593:mita
1507:Peru
1497:, a
1425:Lima
1288:Zero
846:Rumi
701:Thai
623:Odia
472:and
354:The
288:and
270:kipu
157:. A
97:Inca
5916:Fid
5911:Eye
5544:Cow
5461:Uni
5118:Boa
4771:Apu
4490:doi
4426:or
4352:doi
4246:doi
4236:".
4174:doi
4142:doi
4065:doi
4023:hdl
4015:doi
3769:doi
3765:309
3687:doi
3289:113
3181:doi
3127:doi
3084:doi
3072:309
2875:doi
2809:doi
2526:doi
2522:309
2357:by
2346:In
2323:by
2310:See
2300:by
2158:or
2053:or
2037:or
2000:23
1979:25
1971:Ica
1960:26
1940:32
1919:35
1900:35
1820:to
878:By
686:Lao
504:ply
464:or
409:or
340:in
6235::
4535:.
4496:.
4486:45
4484:.
4367:.
4348:14
4346:.
4335:49
4333:.
4279:.
4252:.
4242:45
4240:.
4207:.
4180:.
4170:42
4168:.
4148:.
4138:18
4136:.
4098:.
4079:.
4071:.
4061:36
4059:.
4039:.
4031:.
4021:.
4011:58
4009:.
3946:.
3858:58
3856:.
3852:.
3783:.
3775:.
3763:.
3707:^
3693:.
3683:18
3681:.
3658:.
3647:^
3630:.
3618:^
3416:^
3401:^
3385:^
3291:.
3260:.
3258:69
3219:.
3197:.
3189:.
3177:16
3171:.
3152:.
3148:.
3123:29
3121:.
3098:.
3090:.
3082:.
3070:.
3045:.
3043:84
2989:^
2970:.
2951:.
2928:.
2899:.
2887:^
2871:65
2869:.
2850:.
2815:.
2805:37
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