Ibn Khaldun - Knowledge

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identifying ubiquitous phenomena present in all societies. To him, civilization was a phenomenon that will be present as long as humans exist. He characterized the fulfillment of basic needs as the beginning of civilization. At the beginning, people will look for different ways of increasing productivity of basic needs and expansion will occur. Later the society starts becoming more sedentary and focuses more on crafting, arts and the more refined characteristics. By the end of a society, it will weaken, allowing another small group of individuals to come into control. The conquering group is described as an unsatisfied group within the society itself or a group of desert bandits that constantly attack other weaker or weakened societies.

3628:"He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. The Western world recognizes Khaldun as the father of sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a great economist who laid its very foundations. He was the first to systematically analyze the functioning of an economy, the importance of technology, specialization and foreign trade in economic surplus and the role of government and its stabilization policies to increase output and employment. Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value". 1096: 51: 7698: 1483:

himself can obtain the share of the wheat he needs for food. But when six or ten persons, including a smith and a carpenter to make the tools, and others who are in charge of the oxen, the ploughing of, the harvesting of the ripe grain, and all other agricultural activities, undertake to obtain their food and work toward that purpose either separately or collectively and thus obtain through their labour a certain amount of food, that amount will be food for a number of people many times their own. The combined labour produces more than the needs and necessities of the workers (Ibn Khaldun 1958, vol. II 271–272)

1013:"Prolegomena", the introduction to his planned history of the world. In Ibn Salama, however, he lacked the necessary texts to complete the work. Therefore, in 1378, he returned to his native Tunis, which had meanwhile been conquered by Abū l-Abbas, who took Ibn Khaldūn back into his service. There, he devoted himself almost exclusively to his studies and completed his history of the world. His relationship with Abū l-Abbas remained strained, as the latter questioned his loyalty. That was brought into sharp contrast after Ibn Khaldūn presented him with a copy of the completed history that omitted the usual 9233: 1628:, so their souls leave the sensory world to receive from God. Their souls abandon the sensory world in order to receive from God what they should convey to humans. Religions arise only from this connection. He believes that religions that rely on institutions of prediction and reconnaissance are false, but they partly contain some truth. A person’s concentration on a specific thing for a long period makes him forget everything and become attached to what he focused on. Only, this focus makes him see the non-sensory world very quickly and in a very imperfect way, and these are 1373:" or "solidarity". This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion. Some of Ibn Khaldun's views, particularly those concerning the 967:, who viewed the close relationship between Muhammad and Ibn Khaldūn with increasing mistrust. Ibn Khaldūn tried to shape the young Muhammad into his ideal of a wise ruler, an enterprise that Ibn al-Khatib thought foolish and a danger to peace in the country. As a result of al-Khatib's influence, Ibn Khaldūn was eventually sent back to North Africa. Al-Khatib himself was later accused by Muhammad of having unorthodox philosophical views and murdered despite an attempt by Ibn Khaldūn to intercede on behalf of his old rival. 1680: 1564:

logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, etc. and auxiliary sciences such as language, literature, poetry, etc. He also suggested that possibly more divisions will appear in the future with different societies. He tried to adapt to all possible societies’ cultural behavior and influence in education, economics and politics. Nonetheless, he didn't think that laws were chosen by just one leader or a small group of individual but mostly by the majority of the individuals of a society.

8475: 3057: 3473: 1511: 1043: 845: 3239:. However, some scholars believe that Ibn Khaldun's work may have first been introduced to Europe via Ibn Arabshah's biography of Tamerlane, translated to Latin, which covers a meeting between Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane. According to Ibn Arabshah, during this meeting, Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane discussed the Maghrib in depth, as well as Tamerlane's genealogy and place in history. Ibn Khaldun began gaining more attention from 1806, when 1624:, and the credit for its occurrence is the human spirit, as it is the mediator between God and humans. It is immortal by nature and does not perish, and has characteristics that enable it to communicate with God. However, most souls have lost their hidden ability and are connected to the sensory world only. A small number of them still maintain their full ability to communicate with God. These are the ones God chose and they became 898: 8464: 3501: 3046: 3154: 3515: 909: 613: 3487: 1572:

societies, leading to the rise of a new society which would then follow the same trends in a continuous cycle. Also, he recommended the best political approaches to develop a society according to his knowledge of history. He heavily emphasized that a good society would be one in which a tradition of education is deeply rooted in its culture. Ibn Khaldun (1987) introduced the word

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received by the community. "These people were non-Arab by descent, but they grew up among the Arabs who possessed the habit of Arabic," Ibn Khaldun once recalled, "ecause of this, they were able to master Arabic so well that they cannot be surpassed." He believed that the reason why non-Arabs were accepted as part of Arab society was due to their mastery of the Arabic language.

3529: 1403:. Once the barbarians solidify their control over the conquered society, however, they become attracted to its more refined aspects, such as literacy and arts, and either assimilate into or appropriate such cultural practices. Then, eventually, the former barbarians will be conquered by a new set of barbarians, who will repeat the process. 989:, Abū ʻAbdallāh, who had been his companion in prison, received him with great enthusiasm and made Ibn Khaldūn his prime minister. Ibn Khaldūn carried out a daring mission to collect taxes among the local Berber tribes. After the death of Abū ʻAbdallāh in 1366, Ibn Khaldūn changed sides once again and allied himself with the 997:, who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the throne. He then entered a monastic establishment and occupied himself with scholastic duties until 1370. In that year, he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan. After the death of ʻAbdu l-Azīz, he resided at Fez, enjoying the patronage and confidence of the regent. 3399:. He paraphrased Ibn Khaldun, who said that "in the beginning of the dynasty, great tax revenues were gained from small assessments," and that "at the end of the dynasty, small tax revenues were gained from large assessments." Reagan said his goal is "trying to get down to the small assessments and the great revenues." 3219:, attempted to use Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of empires to describe the Ottoman Empire. Increasing perceptions of the decline of the Ottoman Empire also caused similar ideas to appear independently of Ibn Khaldun in the 16th century, and may explain some of the influence of his works. 3368:

launched an annual essay contest for students named in Ibn Khaldun's honor. The theme of the contest is "how individuals, think tanks, universities and entrepreneurs can influence government policies to allow the free market to flourish and improve the lives of its citizens based on Islamic teachings

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Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. He further classified the non-religious sciences into intellectual sciences such as

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In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one ; though, in many of them, the labour can either be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation. The division of labour, however, so far as it can

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After clarifying what was meant precisely by philosophy in the Islamic tradition, namely the various schools of peripatetic philosophy represented either by Ibn Rushd or Ibn Sina, it should be clear why Ibn Khaldun was opposed to them. His critique of philosophy is an Ash’ari critique, completely in

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Another way to distinguish the achievement of a society would be the language of a society, since for him the most important element of a society would not be land, but the language spoken. He was surprised that many non-Arabs were really successful in the Arabic society, had good jobs and were well

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The individual being cannot by himself obtain all the necessities of life. All human beings must co-operate to that end in their civilization. But what is obtained by the cooperation of a group of human beings satisfies the need of a number many times greater than themselves. For instance, no one by

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Perhaps the most frequently cited observation drawn from Ibn Khaldūn's work is the notion that when a society becomes a great civilization, its high point is followed by a period of decay. This means that the next cohesive group that conquers the diminished civilization is, by comparison, a group of

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Ibn Khaldūn's political skills and, above all, his good relationship with the wild Berber tribes were in high demand among the North African rulers, but he had begun to tire of politics and constantly switching allegiances. In 1375, he was sent by Abū Hammu, the ʻAbdu l Wadid Sultan of Tlemcen, on a

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Following family tradition, he strove for a political career. In the face of a tumultuous political situation in North Africa, that required a high degree of skill in developing and dropping alliances prudently to avoid falling with the short-lived regimes of the time. Ibn Khaldūn's autobiography is

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Advancements in literary works such as poems and prose were another way to distinguish the achievement of a civilization, but Ibn Khaldun believed that whenever the literary facet of a society reaches its highest levels it ceases to indicate societal achievements anymore, but is an embellishment of

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Ibn Khaldun believed that too much bureaucracy, such as taxes and legislations, would lead to the decline of a society, since it would constrain the development of more specialized labor (increase in scholars and development of different services). He believed that bureaucrats cannot understand the

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Ibn Khaldun – Life-size bronze bust sculpture of Ibn Khaldun that is part of the collection at the Arab American National Museum (Catalog Number 2010.02). Commissioned by The Tunisian Community Center and Created by Patrick Morelli of Albany, NY in 2009. It was inspired by the statue of Ibn Khaldun

3191:. Al-Asqalani also noted that Ibn Khaldun was not well-liked in Egypt because he opposed many respected traditions, including the traditional judicial dress, and suggested that this may have contributed to the reception of Ibn Khaldun's historical works. The notable exception to this consensus was 1439:

He argued that poverty was a result of the destruction of morality and human values. He also looked at what factors contribute to wealth, such as consumption, government, and investment. Khaldun also argued that poverty was not necessarily a result of poor financial decision-making but of external

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sultan, Abū Inan Fares I, appointed him as a writer of royal proclamations, but Ibn Khaldūn still schemed against his employer, which, in 1357, got the 25-year-old a 22-month prison sentence. Upon the death of Abū Inan in 1358, Vizier al-Hasān ibn-Umar granted him freedom and reinstated him to his

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Ibn Khaldun also emphasized in his epistemology the important aspect that educational tradition plays to ensure the new generations of a civilization continuously improve in the sciences and develop culture. Ibn Khaldun argued that without the strong establishment of an educational tradition, it

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In the Muqaddimah, his most important work, he discusses an introduction of philosophy to history in a general manner, based on observable patterns within a theoretical framework of known historical events of his time. He described the beginnings, development, cultural trends and the fall of all

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Another important concept he emphasizes in his work is the mastery of crafts, habits and skills. This takes place after a society is established and according to Ibn Khaldun the level of achievement of a society can be determined by just analyzing these three concepts. A society in its earliest

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and hurried home. Ibn Khaldūn remained at the besieged city for seven weeks, being lowered over the city wall by ropes to negotiate with Timur, in a historic series of meetings that he reported extensively in his autobiography. Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the

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The treatment that Ibn Khaldun received after the fall of Abū Salem through Ibn-Amar ʻAbdullah, a friend of Ibn Khaldūn's, was not to his liking, as he received no significant official position. At the same time, Amar successfully prevented Ibn Khaldūn, whose political skills he knew well, from

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Banu Khaldun al-Hadrami (Yemen, but not Qahtan), to which belonged the famous historian Ibn Khaldun. The family's ancestor was 'Uthman ibn Bakr ibn Khalid, called Khaldun, a Yemeni Arab among the conquerors who shared kinship with the Prophet's Companian Wa'il ibn Hujr and who settled first in

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and believes that if a person maintains his good faith and is stripped of the desire to create a new religion and strives to separate himself from the sensory world, he will be able to approach the divine essence and the ideas of scholars will appear to him clearly. But if he strives in this

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To Ibn Khaldun, the state was a necessity of human society to restrain injustice within the society, but the state means is force, thus itself an injustice. All societies must have a state governing them in order to establish a society. He attempted to standardize the history of societies by

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Ibn Khaldun's historical method had very few precedents or followers in his time. While Ibn Khaldun is known to have been a successful lecturer on jurisprudence within religious sciences, only very few of his students were aware of, and influenced by, his Muqaddimah. One such student,

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launched the first Ibn Khaldun Award to recognize a Tunisian/American high achiever whose work reflects Ibn Khaldun's ideas of kinship and solidarity. The Award was named after Ibn Khaldun for the convergence of his ideas with the organization's objectives and programs. In 2006, the

4408:, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825; "Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest…" 3935:, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825; "Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest…" 937:

rank and offices. Ibn Khaldūn then schemed against Abū Inan's successor, Abū Salem Ibrahim III, with Abū Salem's exiled uncle, Abū Salem. When Abū Salem came to power, he gave Ibn Khaldūn a ministerial position, the first position to correspond with Ibn Khaldūn's ambitions.

1576:(solidarity, group feeling, or group consciousness), to explain tribalism. The concept of asabiya has been translated as "social cohesion," "group solidarity," or "tribalism." This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups (Rashed,2017). 1599:

stages is nomadic and primarily concerned with survival, while a society at a later stage is sedentary, with greater achievement in crafts. A society with a sedentary culture and stable politics would be expected to have greater achievements in crafts and technology.

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life. For logical sciences he established knowledge at its highest level as an increase of scholars and the quality of knowledge. For him the highest level of literary productions would be the manifestation of prose, poems and the artistic enrichment of a society.

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viewed the conflicts of North Africa as a problem that stemmed from a lack of African thought, and praised Ibn Khaldun for making sense of the conflict by simplifying it to the relationship between the nomadic and sedentary modes of life.

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in 1400. Ibn Khaldūn cast doubt upon the viability of the venture and really wanted to stay in Egypt. His doubts were vindicated, as the young and inexperienced Faraj, concerned about a revolt in Egypt, left his army to its own devices in

3615:"This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...". 1155:

to Mecca in May 1388, Ibn Khaldūn concentrated on teaching at various Cairo madrasas. At the Mamluk court he fell from favor because during revolts against Barquq, he had, apparently under duress, with other Cairo jurists, issued a

4424:, 13 March 2021; "the greatest Arab historian", "the family claimed descent from Khaldūn, who was of South Arabian stock, and had come to Spain in the early years of the Arab conquest and settled in Carmona." Cheddadi, Abdesselam, 3951:, 13 March 2021; "the greatest Arab historian", "the family claimed descent from Khaldūn, who was of South Arabian stock, and had come to Spain in the early years of the Arab conquest and settled in Carmona." Cheddadi, Abdesselam, 4427: 3954: 1299:

and the Maghreb. Khaldun departs from the classical style of Arab historians by synthesising multiple, sometimes contradictory, sources without citations. He reproduces some errors originating probably from his 14th-century

1587:) as what determines human behavior and ubiquitous patterns. This faculty is also what inspires human beings to form into a social structure to co-operate in division of labor and organization. According to Zaid Ahmand in 3347:. While Ibn Khaldun's record-keeping is usually passed over in favor of recognizing his contributions to the science of history, Abderrahmane Lakhsassi wrote "No historian of the Maghreb since and particularly of the 1189:

Maghreb. At his request, Ibn Khaldūn even wrote a long report about it. As he recognized Timur's intentions, he did not hesitate, on his return to Egypt, to compose an equally-extensive report on the history of the

1650:. Also, the human spirit is able to see some things of the future through vision, but on the condition that this spirit be completely upright and very pious and pure, otherwise the vision will come from the devils. 1440:

consequences and therefore the government should be involved in alleviating poverty. Researchers from Malaysia's Insaniah University College and Indonesia's Tazkia University College of Islamic Economics created a

4398:, Halim Barakat (University of California Press, 1993), p. 48; "The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power." 3925:, Halim Barakat (University of California Press, 1993), p. 48; "The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power." 1208:-oriented ideals attracted the attention of local political authorities. The elderly Ibn Khaldun was placed under arrest. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki 4400: 3927: 1432:

Ibn Khaldun diverged from norms that Muslim historians followed and rejected their focus on the credibility of the transmitter and focused instead on the validity of the stories and encouraged critical thinking.

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cites Ibn Khaldun's observation that "at the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments."

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Ibn Khaldūn spent the next five years in Cairo completing his autobiography and his history of the world and acting as teacher and judge. Meanwhile, he was alleged to have joined an underground party,

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Both Ibn Khaldun and Smith shared the idea that the division of labor is fundamental to economic growth, however, the motivations and context for such division differed between them. For Ibn Khaldun,

5978: 960:, to endorse a peace treaty. Ibn Khaldūn successfully carried out this mission and politely declined Pedro's offer to remain at his court and have his family's Spanish possessions returned to him. 3384:

to commemorate his name. The university promotes a policy of trilingualism. The languages in question are English, Modern Turkish, and Arabic and its emphasis is on teaching social sciences.

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He has been called one of the most prominent Muslim and Arab scholars and historians. Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as

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emerged over the years until the complete Arabic edition was published in 1858. Since then, the work of Ibn Khaldun has been extensively studied in the Western world with special interest.

1429:, which states that “Civilization and its well-being, as well as business prosperity, depend on productivity and people’s efforts in all directions in their own interest and profit”. 3187:. These criticisms included accusations of inadequate historical knowledge, an inaccurate title, disorganization, and a style resembling that of the prolific Arab literature writer, 1595:

faculty is the supporting pillar for all philosophical aspects of Ibn Khaldun's theory related to human beings’ spiritual, intellectual, physical, social and political tendencies.

1355:, he described the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the inevitable loss of power that occurs when warriors conquer a city. According to the Arab scholar 1144:). His efforts at reform encountered resistance, however, and within a year, he had to resign his judgeship. Also in 1384, a ship carrying Khaldun's wife and children sank off of 5816:, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 23–24, 26. "More than six centuries after Ibn Khaldun's death the modern world has much to learn from studying him. After the 3798:

line with the Ash’aris before him, including Ghazali and Fakhr al-din al-Razi, both of whom Ibn Khaldun recommends for those who wish to learn how to refute the philosophers"

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and traditions." In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun by orchestrating an exhibit titled "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun."

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of Constantine, marched on Tunis and defeated it. Ibn Khaldūn, in any case unhappy with his respected but politically meaningless position, followed his teacher Abili to

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in the 8th century, at the beginning of the Islamic conquest: "And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Arabian Peninsula, via Wa'il ibn Hujr also known as

600:, suggesting that their ideas found precedent (although not direct influence) in his. He has also been influential on certain modern Islamic thinkers (e.g. those of the 735:

Ibn Khaldun's insistence and attachment to his claim of Arab ancestry at a time of Berber dynasties domination is a valid reason to believe his claim of Arab descent.

3195:, a jurist who lived shortly after Ibn Khaldun and quoted heavily from the first and fourth books of the Kitab al-‘Ibar, in developing a work of mirrors for princes. 3180:, praised the Muqaddimah, although some scholars have found his praise, and that of others, to be generally empty and lacking understanding of Ibn Khaldun's methods. 9388: 2808: 4899:

Oweiss, Ibrahim M. “Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics.” Georgetown University, State University of New York Press, 1988, faculty.georgetown.edu/imo3/ibn.htm.

9422: 4335: 2970: 1236: 1266:"Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries"); begun as a history of the 11523: 4392:, Irving M. Zeitlin (Polity Press, 2007), p. 21; "It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line." 3919:, Irving M. Zeitlin (Polity Press, 2007), p. 21; "It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line." 1686: 1231: 4984: 13766: 9559: 3339:

were not his peers, and all others were unworthy of being even mentioned along with him". Ibn Khaldun's work on evolution of societies also influenced

541:("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography, influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as 13776: 13615: 5097: 4212:"Re-reading Ibn-Khaldun in the 21st Century: Traveling Theory and the Question of Authority, Legitimacy, and State Violence in the Modern Arab World" 1001:

mission to the Dawadida Arabs tribes of Biskra. After his return to the West, Ibn Khaldūn sought refuge with one of the Berber tribes in the west of

7697: 13666: 4962: 1383:, though they were not uncommon for their time. According to the scholar Abdelmajid Hannoum, Ibn Khaldun's description of the distinctions between 4708:

Ibn Khaldun the Muqaddimah. An Introduction to History. Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. In Three Volumes. First Volume. 606 pages.

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or social solidarity was the underlying motive and context behind the division of labor; for Smith it was self-interest and the market economy.

11769: 5899: 5027: 4608: 13686: 13671: 8147: 6051: 13711: 9532: 13786: 10396: 5992: 3605:"Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".( 1111:, "He who has not seen it does not know the power of Islam." While other Islamic regions had to cope with border wars and inner strife, 12559: 12200: 4952:

Affandi, Akhmad, and Dewi Puji Astuti. “Dynamic Model of Ibn Khaldun Theory on Poverty.” Humanomics, vol. 30, no. 2, 2014, pp. 136–161.

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Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

2950: 1410:, an economist and historian, argues that Ibn Khaldun was a major forerunner of modern economists and, in particular, originated the 970:

In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldūn tells little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. Orientalist

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Ibn Khaldun also called for the creation of a science to explain society and went on to outline these ideas in his major work, the

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Abū Zayd 'Abdu r-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, was born in

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described Ibn Khaldun as "a 14th-century Islamic philosopher who basically invented what we would now call the social sciences".

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would be very difficult for the new generations to maintain the achievements of the earlier generations, let alone improve them.

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be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour (Smith 1976a, vol. I, 13–24)

1220: 5894: 12773: 11034: 8218: 5942: 5412: 4546: 3086: 3686: 1463:). He emphasized that the weight and purity of these coins should be strictly followed: the weight of one dinar should be one 1391:, who wrongly inserted a "racial ideology that sets Arabs and Berbers apart and in opposition" into his translation of part of 12761: 9665: 9642: 7469: 6002: 5934: 5365: 5340: 5315: 5275: 5245: 5209: 5050: 5011: 4849: 4503: 4376: 4194: 4074: 4039: 3903: 3840: 3766: 3733: 3419:

Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār

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Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār

5178: 1025:, something for which a Muslim ruler could not simply refuse permission, Ibn Khaldūn was able to leave Tunis and to sail to 13791: 13706: 9748: 8439: 5889: 2511: 916:

At the age of 20, he began his political career in the chancellery of the Tunisian ruler Ibn Tafrakin with the position of

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Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His public functions and his historical research, 1382–1406; a study in Islamic historiography

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In his autobiography, Khaldun traces his descent back to the time of Muhammad through an Arab tribe from the south of the

13462: 13372: 4414:, Muhsin Mahdi, Routledge; "His family claimed descent from a Yemenite tribe originating in Hadramawt" Issawi, Charles. " 2823: 2793: 13487: 5904: 5837: 4571: 4520: 3973: 3941:, Muhsin Mahdi, Routledge; "His family claimed descent from a Yemenite tribe originating in Hadramawt" Issawi, Charles." 3267:

praised Ibn Khaldun as a uniquely brilliant Muslim sociologist, but discounted Khaldun's influence. Spanish Philosopher

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the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile.

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From other sources we know of several other works, primarily composed during the time he spent in North Africa and

2801: 2673: 2640: 1285:('The Introduction'), a socio-economic-geographical universal history of empires, and the best known of his works. 671: 952:, regain power from his temporary exile. In 1364, Muhammad entrusted him with a diplomatic mission to the king of 13781: 12388: 12239: 10389: 9753: 8954: 7099: 2985: 2649: 2070: 1478:

Ibn Khaldun's writings regarding the division of labor are often compared to Adam Smith's writings on the topic.

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Businesses owned by responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass those owned by wealthy rulers.

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based upon Ibn Khaldun's writings to measure poverty in the Muslim nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia.

1009:. He lived there for over three years under their protection, taking advantage of his seclusion to write the 812: 262: 13527: 13522: 13216: 12254: 11887: 11553: 11422: 9490: 9110: 8401: 7882: 6037: 5812: 5725:

Ana Maria C. Minecan, 2012 "El vínculo comunitario y el poder en Ibn Jaldún" in José-Miguel Marinas (Ed.),

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The science of human social organization : Conflicting views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm al-umran

3373: 2682: 1814: 1528: 1164:. Altogether, he was called six times to that high office, which, for various reasons, he never held long. 1060: 862: 5548: 13542: 13537: 13322: 10855: 9858: 9650: 9632: 9585: 9564: 9518: 8775: 8733: 8318: 8212: 8206: 7730: 7448: 7221: 6274: 5880: 4712:

Series xliii. Princeton University Press. 1958. Prof. Dr. Darcy Carvalho. Feausp. Sao Paulo. Brazil. 2016

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is named, acknowledged that Ibn Khaldun's ideas, as well as others, precede his own work on that curve.

1620:

Ibn Khaldun believes that communication between the tangible and intangible world is the basis of every

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interprets that as showing that Ibn Khaldūn later realised that he had completely misjudged Muhammad V.

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against Barquq. Later relations with Barquq returned to normal, and he was once again named the Maliki

12524: 10999: 5381: 945:. He could be sure of a positive welcome there since at Fez, he had helped the Sultan of Granada, the 12571: 12514: 12099: 11623: 11573: 10503: 10355: 10165: 9497: 8864: 8751: 8691: 8631: 8517: 8396: 8312: 7970: 7824: 7718: 7094: 7011: 6908: 6790: 6081: 6060: 3582: 3567: 3407: 3360: 3316: 2868: 2307: 1436:

Ibn Khaldun also outlines early theories of division of labor, taxes, scarcity, and economic growth.

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Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture

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Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture

2631: 1095: 13731: 13721: 13412: 11613: 11563: 11372: 10662: 10345: 9696: 9483: 9476: 9393: 9363: 9020: 8978: 8793: 8432: 8406: 8391: 7612: 7462: 7304: 7206: 7084: 6800: 6785: 6464: 6409: 4616: 2915: 2838: 2815: 2777: 2262: 1471:, roughly 4.25 grams) and the weight of 7 dinar should be equal to weight of 10 dirhams (7/10 of a 1180: 198: 105: 50: 13392: 13312: 12729: 12318: 12229: 11693: 11004: 9982: 9891: 9814: 9008: 8894: 8846: 8595: 8498: 8112: 8082: 8070: 8006: 7923: 7818: 7571: 7564: 7201: 6883: 6770: 6434: 6429: 6005:(German e-book about the politics of Syria with reference to the political theory of Ibn Khaldun) 3184: 2904: 2883: 2830: 2316: 2253: 2220: 2202: 2097: 1805: 1754: 1521: 1053: 855: 336: 17: 13126: 11357: 3268: 12719: 12699: 12549: 12219: 11847: 10979: 10891: 10315: 10265: 10260: 10226: 10094: 9921: 9911: 9743: 9217: 9068: 9026: 8858: 8685: 8188: 8165: 7777: 7504: 7497: 7377: 7314: 7021: 6643: 6586: 6576: 6439: 4908:

Khaldun, Ibn, et al. Muqaddimah – an Introduction to History. Princeton University Press, 2015.

4865:

Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2003). "Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist".

4742:

Schmidt, Nathaniel. Ibn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist and Philosopher. Universal Books, 1900.

4459: 4247: 2520: 2368: 2271: 2175: 1937: 346: 12586: 4670:""None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya:" The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn's Works" 4445: 1363:

may be read as a sociological work. The work is based around Ibn Khaldun's central concept of

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Joseph A. Schumpeter: Historian of Economics: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought

3830: 3292:, considered Khaldun's definition of government the best in the history of political theory. 3072: 2846: 2785: 2420: 2148: 1973: 1919: 1859: 1823: 1411: 1289: 949: 732:, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected." (p. 2429, Al-Waraq's edition). 601: 216: 12689: 8417: 7242: 6234: 4805:

Southgate, Minoo (1984). "The Negative Images of Blacks in Some Medieval Iranian Writings".

4493: 4388: 3915: 13796: 13661: 13656: 13382: 13262: 13031: 12838: 12679: 12606: 12298: 12259: 12244: 11778: 11703: 11503: 10964: 10330: 10206: 10140: 10089: 10084: 10013: 10003: 9383: 9317: 9092: 8990: 8942: 8888: 8637: 8547: 8541: 8153: 8088: 7982: 7958: 7941: 7812: 7736: 7490: 7455: 7134: 7046: 6755: 6367: 6254: 6188: 6158: 5638:

Haddad, L. (1 May 1977). "A Fourteenth-Century Theory of Economic Growth And Development".

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Dhaouadi, M. (1 September 1990). "Ibn Khaldun: The Founding Father Of Eastern Sociology".

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in AD 1248. Although some of his family members had held political office in the Tunisian

8: 13572: 13452: 13422: 13342: 12868: 12808: 12129: 12049: 11543: 11104: 11049: 10969: 10911: 10794: 10689: 10419: 10290: 10221: 10201: 10160: 9637: 9602: 9080: 9002: 8972: 8781: 8739: 8721: 8667: 8601: 8425: 8371: 8347: 8259: 8235: 8171: 8076: 8012: 7806: 7483: 7441: 7427: 7372: 7284: 6964: 6933: 6913: 6399: 6198: 6107: 6091: 4943:

Irwin, Robert. Ibn Khaldun: an Intellectual Biography. Princeton University Press., 2018.

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with a maximum revenue point at around a 70%, as estimated by Trabandt and Uhlig (2009).

3060: 2910: 2553: 2504: 2393: 2193: 2139: 1832: 1735: 1663: 788: 203: 31: 12616: 4185:

Lewis, Bernard (1986). "Ibn Khaldūn in Turkey". In Ayalon, David; Sharon, Moshe (eds.).

13584: 13579: 13562: 13557: 13026: 12534: 12471: 11663: 11322: 11287: 11197: 10724: 10557: 10508: 10300: 10155: 9916: 9688: 9541: 9140: 9122: 8936: 8763: 8283: 8265: 7604: 7367: 7347: 7191: 7186: 6938: 6688: 5917: 5772: 5764: 5701: 5693: 5651: 5620: 5585: 5553: 5507: 5136: 5077: 5067: 5021: 4882: 4822: 4638: 4317: 4251: 4243: 4145: 4127: 3650: 3255:. In 1816, de Sacy again published a biography with a more detailed description on the 3208: 2692: 2613: 2589: 2462: 2009: 1370: 1115:

enjoyed prosperity and high culture. In 1384, the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir

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Ibn Khaldun also believed that the currency of an Islamic monetary system should have

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allying with the Abd al-Wadids in Tlemcen. Ibn Khaldūn, therefore, decided to move to

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Gates, Warren E. (1967). "The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture".

5361: 5336: 5311: 5271: 5241: 5205: 5046: 5007: 4978: 4845: 4756: 4691: 4499: 4450: 4372: 4321: 4307: 4255: 4190: 4131: 4119: 4080: 4070: 4047: 4035: 3899: 3836: 3762: 3729: 3492: 3324: 3281: 3240: 3212: 2921: 2876: 2719: 2580: 1955: 1365: 1356: 990: 808: 725: 717: 573: 542: 376: 356: 211: 178: 12601: 11222: 10916: 5521: 5416: 4435:, three; "was one of the greatest Arab historians, a philosopher, and a sociologist" 4228: 4211: 3962:, three; "was one of the greatest Arab historians, a philosopher, and a sociologist" 3791:

https://themaydan.com/2017/11/myth-intellectual-decline-response-shaykh-hamza-yusuf/

3602:"...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology". 1422:, although Khaldun did not refer to it as either a labor theory of value or theory. 13741: 13716: 13552: 13482: 13252: 13171: 13166: 13091: 13066: 13011: 13001: 12991: 12961: 12941: 12931: 12798: 12793: 12751: 12694: 12491: 12174: 12169: 12144: 12089: 12064: 11708: 11382: 11342: 11332: 11282: 11267: 11257: 11217: 11177: 11167: 11044: 11014: 10974: 10860: 10696: 10674: 10464: 10454: 10340: 10310: 10285: 10270: 10130: 9896: 9731: 9373: 9263: 8769: 8715: 8703: 8478: 8141: 8106: 7557: 7511: 7196: 7079: 6974: 6969: 6954: 6923: 6526: 6312: 6086: 5756: 5685: 5647: 5612: 5577: 5293:

Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, A.D. 1401 (A.H. 803)

5164:

by Mathias Trabandt and Harald Uhlig, NBER Working Paper No. 15343, September 2009.

5126: 4874: 4814: 4681: 4415: 4299: 4269: 4233: 4223: 4111: 4003: 3942: 3858:

Shah, Muhammad Sultan. "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution." (2017).

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More moderate views on the scope of Ibn Khaldun's contributions have also emerged.

3110: 2622: 2495: 2471: 2453: 1982: 1583:

In his work the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun emphasizes human beings' faculty to think (

1006: 957: 953: 729: 667: 411: 13156: 11377: 5478: 4722: 4686: 4669: 1679: 1193:, together with a character study of Timur, sending them to the Merinid rulers in 13609: 13282: 13201: 13161: 13131: 13116: 13081: 13076: 13046: 13021: 13006: 12981: 12966: 12901: 12878: 12863: 12848: 12833: 12704: 12659: 12644: 12634: 12456: 12451: 12308: 12303: 12283: 12271: 11658: 11653: 11417: 11362: 11347: 11327: 11307: 11262: 11237: 11147: 11099: 11084: 10984: 10944: 10835: 10830: 10657: 10545: 10459: 10434: 10325: 10320: 10275: 9736: 9721: 9716: 9334: 9311: 8745: 8727: 8277: 8247: 7592: 7476: 7397: 6740: 6698: 6496: 6414: 5958: 5929: 5872: 5743:. Translated by Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Original edition, 1999. 4474: 4410: 4115: 3937: 3443: 3183:

Ibn Khaldun also faced primarily criticism from his contemporaries, particularly

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out of a desire to excel over others, he will not communicate with God, but with

1441: 1337: 760: 710: 663: 486: 466: 7016: 4187:

Studies in Islamic history and civilization: in honour of Professor David Ayalon

13599: 13507: 13497: 13226: 13101: 13086: 13061: 13056: 13051: 12996: 12971: 12926: 12906: 12768: 12739: 12714: 12669: 12649: 12611: 12566: 12446: 12436: 12293: 12124: 11937: 11713: 11603: 11533: 11432: 11407: 11277: 11247: 11207: 11172: 11029: 10954: 10939: 10934: 10825: 10815: 10525: 10476: 10255: 10231: 10211: 10191: 9726: 9607: 9432: 9368: 9116: 9086: 8924: 8852: 8799: 8353: 8341: 7669: 7578: 7309: 7279: 6653: 6571: 6208: 6132: 5791: 5719: 5676:

Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist".

5616: 4919:"The Amazing Arab Scholar Who Beat Adam Smith by Half a Millennium – Evonomics" 3520: 3478: 3285: 3204: 2926: 2861: 2402: 2000: 1991: 1717: 1407: 1319: 1306: 1168: 1141: 946: 824: 743:

His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with prominent teachers in

694: 581: 562: 554: 513: 158: 79: 6959: 6419: 5970: 5760: 5458: 4818: 3879:

The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters

3662:"an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself" 3359:

Public recognition of Ibn Khaldun has increased in recent years. In 2004, the

1448: 963:

In Granada, Ibn Khaldūn quickly came into competition with Muhammad's vizier,

13650: 13532: 13362: 13272: 13221: 13191: 13181: 13111: 13106: 13096: 12956: 12946: 12936: 12911: 12778: 12756: 12674: 12581: 12554: 12539: 12481: 12164: 11718: 11427: 11412: 11402: 11387: 11337: 11292: 11252: 11187: 11182: 11152: 11019: 10959: 10901: 10625: 10439: 10145: 10069: 10043: 9977: 9427: 9251: 9162: 9134: 9074: 9032: 8607: 8583: 8029: 7929: 7675: 7635: 7525: 7109: 6795: 6780: 6638: 6618: 6566: 6536: 6137: 6127: 5946: 5905:

Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology

5884: 5722:. 2010 "Ibn Khaldun : Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010. 5408: 5174: 4695: 4579: 4524: 4123: 4084: 4027: 3981: 3388: 3348: 3298: 3228: 3216: 3162: 3008: 2444: 2384: 2298: 2244: 1419: 1296: 1267: 964: 924:

the typical introductory notes of official documents. In 1352, Abū Ziad, the

756: 697:, his father and grandfather later withdrew from political life and joined a 626: 593: 589: 546: 391: 361: 331: 9128: 6016: 5910:

Ibn Khaldun. The Mediterranean in the 14th century: Rise and fall of Empires

5842: 4878: 4032:

Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires

3435:. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic). 13512: 13196: 13186: 13176: 13041: 13036: 12976: 12951: 12921: 12916: 12823: 12818: 12664: 12544: 12278: 12214: 12084: 12074: 12069: 11988: 11978: 11922: 11812: 11397: 11392: 11367: 11297: 11232: 11192: 11162: 11157: 11069: 11059: 10949: 10684: 10679: 10667: 10588: 10574: 10498: 10335: 10280: 10104: 10033: 9789: 9774: 9612: 9211: 9186: 9180: 9157: 8948: 8661: 8613: 8559: 8523: 8468: 8448: 8359: 8289: 8047: 8041: 7911: 7852: 7765: 7759: 7289: 6878: 6703: 6658: 6404: 6342: 6269: 6224: 6203: 6178: 5697: 4303: 3506: 3309: 3302: 3192: 3158: 3130: 3050: 2701: 2335: 2211: 2115: 2060: 2042: 1946: 1787: 1671: 1580:

world of commerce and do not possess the same motivation as a businessman.

1301: 1194: 1112: 971: 929: 655: 647:) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word. 351: 9967: 5822:

itself, Irwin's intellectual biography... is an excellent place to begin."

4064: 3215:

naming him as a great influence, while another Turkish Ottoman historian,

3207:

intellectuals in the 17th century. The first references to Ibn Khaldun in

474: 13211: 13206: 13141: 13136: 12986: 12858: 12813: 12803: 12596: 12591: 12529: 12249: 12224: 12149: 12109: 12079: 12054: 12034: 12013: 11993: 11973: 11963: 11932: 11797: 11678: 11473: 11447: 11442: 11242: 11227: 11094: 11074: 11054: 10906: 10881: 10701: 10610: 10600: 10562: 10520: 10483: 10449: 10196: 9926: 9323: 9014: 8882: 8814: 8804: 8365: 7840: 7771: 7753: 7154: 7051: 6633: 6546: 6521: 6259: 6183: 6122: 3396: 3340: 1868: 1707: 1311: 1100: 986: 921: 816: 690: 509: 501: 381: 292: 272: 6816: 5066:

Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes), Umar Ibn Al Khattab (5 February 2017).

4839: 13594: 13402: 13302: 13151: 13071: 12843: 12734: 12576: 12519: 12496: 12461: 12410: 12400: 12368: 12313: 12139: 12119: 12044: 12008: 11912: 11897: 11822: 11747: 11683: 11643: 11212: 11202: 11079: 11009: 10896: 10865: 10845: 10789: 10784: 10739: 10634: 10125: 10028: 9947: 9862: 9706: 9205: 9050: 9038: 8966: 8930: 8918: 8912: 8900: 8870: 8828: 8822: 8673: 8625: 8577: 8571: 8241: 8194: 8100: 7988: 7976: 7964: 7917: 7870: 7864: 7800: 7652: 7647: 7518: 6841: 6745: 6735: 6648: 6628: 6623: 6511: 6444: 6347: 6307: 6302: 6229: 6168: 6163: 5589: 5522:"Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun Exhibit Opens at Headquarters" 4886: 4826: 4238: 3562: 3542: 3403: 3177: 3100: 2359: 2166: 2106: 2079: 1928: 1895: 1850: 1841: 1763: 1712: 1691: 1535: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1415: 1400: 1281: 1145: 1067: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1026: 869: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 721: 706: 678: 659: 597: 577: 533: 525: 508:

widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the

490: 386: 341: 307: 247: 173: 146: 5994:

Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens – Eine Gegenüberstellung

5768: 13292: 13231: 12788: 12431: 12358: 12343: 12264: 12184: 12179: 12104: 12059: 12039: 12018: 12003: 11983: 11968: 11832: 11792: 11723: 11673: 11437: 11312: 11039: 10810: 10734: 10641: 10615: 10535: 10186: 10074: 10008: 9952: 9901: 9769: 9711: 9701: 9510: 9452: 9275: 9152: 9104: 9056: 8996: 8960: 8840: 8709: 8697: 8679: 8643: 8589: 8553: 8535: 8200: 8135: 8129: 8094: 7994: 7846: 7114: 6831: 6775: 6750: 6506: 6244: 6239: 6193: 6173: 6117: 6112: 5818: 3557: 3336: 3332: 3284:

has called Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah "the greatest work of its kind."

3025: 3020: 2998: 2562: 2375: 2088: 1964: 1796: 1643: 1352: 1341: 1226: 1014: 702: 585: 558: 521: 517: 505: 497: 302: 267: 242: 193: 168: 163: 10374: 6029: 5877: 5873:

Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13)

5581: 5202:

Systems of general sales taxation : theory, policy and practice

5162:"How Far Are We From The Slippery Slope? The Laffer Curve Revisited" 5161: 3211:

appeared in the middle of the 17th century, with historians such as

3117:, was written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher 1510: 1140:(one of four schools, the Maliki school was widespread primarily in 1042: 844: 13567: 13146: 12883: 12476: 12441: 12415: 12395: 12348: 12159: 12114: 11998: 11902: 11892: 11857: 11827: 11648: 11124: 10850: 10820: 10779: 10774: 10540: 10515: 10023: 9962: 9957: 9881: 9779: 9281: 9172: 7876: 7681: 6928: 6561: 6541: 6327: 6322: 5689: 4368:

Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past

4153: 4066:

Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology

4004:"Ibn Khaldūn – The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history" 3895:

Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past

3547: 3377: 3320: 3247:

included his biography together with a translation of parts of the

3188: 3118: 3030: 1629: 1621: 1122: 978: 897: 820: 804: 800: 780: 748: 674: 297: 287: 282: 277: 252: 4547:"Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires" 3472: 13604: 13517: 12405: 12373: 12363: 12134: 12094: 11927: 11852: 11837: 11817: 10886: 10749: 10530: 10488: 10471: 9804: 9784: 9655: 9574: 9269: 9197: 8509: 7585: 6317: 3227:

In Europe, Ibn Khaldun was first brought to the attention of the

1625: 1384: 1002: 942: 933: 784: 744: 686: 682: 625:

Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an

553:, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the 56: 5747:

Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation".

5741:

Ibn Khaldūn : History as science and the patrimonial empire

4965:. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 3867:

In al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun cites him as a pioneer in sociology

12353: 12154: 11942: 11917: 11907: 11877: 11862: 11668: 10759: 10729: 10581: 10493: 10424: 9834: 9675: 9447: 9442: 9339: 7724: 6836: 6826: 6693: 5672:. Mellen studies in sociology. Lewiston/NY: Edwin Mellen Press. 5065: 3381: 3122: 3003: 1638: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1380: 1190: 1172: 1131: 1116: 925: 779:) for all of those subjects. The mathematician and philosopher 776: 768: 764: 709:

dynasty and was assassinated by a rival for being the official

698: 136: 3153: 1245: 423: 12383: 11872: 11807: 10769: 10764: 10744: 10552: 9839: 9829: 9824: 9794: 9437: 9293: 8447: 7550: 7532: 6010:

Master's thesis on Ibn Khaldun published by FFLCH-USP in 2017

3328: 1722: 1647: 1205: 1185: 1176: 1157: 1108: 1022: 908: 902: 815:. At the age of 17, Ibn Khaldūn lost both his parents to the 752: 651: 618: 612: 494: 443: 126: 116: 101: 75: 55:

Bust of Ibn Khaldun in the entrance of the Kasbah of Bejaia,

3847:

Ibn Khaldun drited away from Al-Farabi's political idealism.

12378: 11802: 10754: 10170: 10064: 9819: 9809: 9799: 9622: 5984:

Chapters from the Muqaddimah and the History of Ibn Khaldun

5204:. Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. p. 117. 4840:

Kevin Reilly; Stephen Kaufman; Angela Bodino, eds. (2003).

1452: 1375: 1224:

Handwriting of Ibn Khaldūn certifying a manuscript copy of

1171:, Ibn Khaldūn took part in a military campaign against the 1152: 1136: 1127: 1018: 993:, Abū l-Abbas. A few years later, he was taken prisoner by 772: 477:

Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī

5238:

Ibn Khaldun: History as Science and the Patrimonial Empire

3712:

Ahmad, Zaid (2010). "Ibn Khaldun". In Oliver Leama (ed.).

11947: 11842: 8388:

Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence

5852: 4336:"Arab American National Museum : Online Collections" 431: 417: 7634: 5456: 5270:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 106–109. 3433:

Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarbān wa Sharqān

5727:

Pensar lo político: Ensayos sobre comunidad y conflicto

3431:

Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا

3323:

of history he had no equal in any age or country until

639:

at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan

9423:

2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny

5971:

Multilingual tunisian academic web site on Ibn Khaldun

5004:

Labor in an Islamic setting : theory and practice

3453:. Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. (Abridged). 11524:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

3801: 1589:

Epistemology and the Human Dimension in Urban Studies

455: 446: 5506:. Atlas Economic Research Foundation. Archived from 5240:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 18–20, 22–24. 4355:

Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951

3714:

The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy

3468: 662:

family of Arab descent; the family's ancestor was a

645:

Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East

637: 440: 434: 420: 5794:, "The Otherworldliness of Ibn Khaldun" (review of 5401: 5128:

Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy فلسفة ابن خلدون الاجتماعية

4609:"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works | Muslim Heritage" 4148:(1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", 3594: 437: 428: 414: 5838:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work, by Muhammad Hozien 3750: 3288:, once a professor of philosophy and logic at the 3259:. More details on and partial translations of the 1395:translated under the title Histoire des Berbères. 920:(seal-bearer), which consisted of writing in fine 6013:Roschel, Renato – São Paulo, 2017. In Portuguese. 3807:Muqaddimah 2:272–273 quoted in Weiss (1995) p. 30 3753:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 3315:19th century Scottish theologian and philosopher 1379:people of sub-Saharan Africa, have been cited as 13648: 9857: 4983:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3451:The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history 3440:The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history 1387:and Arabs were misinterpreted by the translator 5900:Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Management and Work 3573:List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars 3458:A Selection from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldūn 3327:appeared, more than three hundred years later. 3203:Ibn Khaldun's work found some recognition with 5295:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4044:Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival 677:. His family, which held many high offices in 27:Arab historiographer and historian (1332–1406) 11763: 10390: 9526: 8433: 7620: 6045: 6021: 5979:Exposé simplifié sur la théologie scolastique 5466:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 5460:Egon Orowan. 1901–1989. A Biographical Memoir 5407: 5179:"The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future" 5098:"Full text of "Ibn Khaldun's Historiography"" 3351:can do without his historical contribution." 3231:in 1697, when a biography of him appeared in 3080: 1017:to the ruler. Under pretence of going on the 512:, and considered by many to be the father of 12269: 10632: 10586: 10572: 5895:Muslim Scientists and Scholars – Ibn Khaldun 5749:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5476: 5413:"The Laffer Curve, Past, Present and Future" 4784:"Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya for Social Cohesion" 4753:Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique 4640:Ibn Khaldun's Political and Economic Realism 4100:"The proto-sociology of Mandeville and Hume" 4062: 1414:long before better known proponents such as 775:(jurisprudence). He received certification ( 630: 12205: 5865:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 5716:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5082:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4781: 4523:. Islamic Philosophy Online. Archived from 4518: 4395:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State 3971: 3922:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State 3612:"The founding father of Eastern Sociology". 1167:In 1401, under Barquq's successor, his son 471:أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي 13767:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world 11770: 11756: 10397: 10383: 9533: 9519: 8440: 8426: 7627: 7613: 6052: 6038: 5374: 5026:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4371:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77. 4358: 4150:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3898:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77. 3881:. Zulfiqar Ayub Publications. p. 200. 3679: 3656: 3087: 3073: 763:; the basis for understanding the Qur'an, 49: 9399:Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil 5857: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5199: 5193: 4804: 4685: 4237: 4227: 3620: 3391:cited Ibn Khaldun as an influence on his 2951:International Islamic University Malaysia 1551:Learn how and when to remove this message 1083:Learn how and when to remove this message 885:Learn how and when to remove this message 799:, and he studied especially the works of 701:. His brother, Yahya Khaldun, was also a 617:erected at the Avenue Habib Bourguiba in 13777:Economists of the medieval Islamic world 11777: 5923:The Ibn Khaldun Community Service Award© 5755:(1). Cambridge University Press: 29–37. 5675: 5602: 5546: 5494: 5492: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5167: 4751:See articles by Modéran and Benabbès in 4173:Islam, Modernity, and the Human Sciences 4159: 4097: 3819:, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–278 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3606: 3152: 1219: 1094: 907: 896: 611: 13667:14th-century historians from al-Andalus 13353:Reflections on the Revolution in France 5800:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 5437: 5290: 5284: 5124: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4864: 4209: 4034:, Foundation El Legado Andalusí, 2006, 3748: 3642:For classical style of Arab historians 912:The mosque in which Ibn Khaldun studied 489:; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 14: 13772:Political philosophy in medieval Islam 13649: 9540: 8013:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi 5637: 5547:McFadden, Robert D. (2 October 1981). 5485:. London: Routledge. pp. 350–364. 5265: 5254: 5155: 4668:Bent, Josephine van den (3 May 2016). 4466: 4364: 3891: 11751: 10404: 10378: 9856: 9514: 8421: 7608: 7470:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 6059: 6033: 6020: 5746: 5567: 5489: 5415:. Heritage Foundation. Archived from 5360:. The Other Press. pp. 119–120. 5335:. The Other Press. pp. 118–119. 5218: 5120: 5118: 5040: 4788:Electronic Journal of Social Sciences 4655:"Ibn Khaldūn | Muslim historian" 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4293: 4184: 4104:Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory 4042:, pp. 376–380 (376) S.M. Deen (2007) 3816: 3775: 3711: 3354: 2971:2016 International Islamic Conference 485: 13687:15th-century Arabic-language writers 13672:14th-century Arabic-language writers 7636:Muslim scholars of the Maliki school 5802:, Princeton University Press, 2018, 5440:"Opinion | The Decline of E-Empires" 5355: 5330: 5305: 4991: 4667: 4491: 4098:Sulkunen, Pekka (2 September 2014). 3876: 3828: 3726:10.1093/acref/9780199754731.001.0001 3275: 3233:Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville 1614: 1533:adding citations to reliable sources 1504: 1065:adding citations to reliable sources 1036: 867:adding citations to reliable sources 838: 632:التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا 13712:Arab Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam 13463:The End of History and the Last Man 13373:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5734:The political theory of Ibn Khaldun 5457:F.R.N. Nabarro; A.S. Argon (1996). 4446:"Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy" 834: 631: 470: 24: 13787:University of al-Qarawiyyin alumni 5785: 5652:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x 5481:. In S.H. Nasr; O. Leaman (eds.). 5173: 5115: 5006:. New York. 2017. pp. 40–41. 4594: 4472: 3366:Atlas Economic Research Foundation 2762:Istihsan al-Khawd fi 'Ilm al-Kalam 199:Conquest theory of state formation 25: 13813: 7435:History of the Prophets and Kings 5878:The Tunisian American Center (US) 5826: 5729:, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid, 2012. 5200:Brederode, Robert F. van (2009). 4572:"Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work" 3687:"Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work" 3422:Lubābu-l-Muhassal fee Usūlu-d-Dīn 3198: 1500: 1295:Books 6–7; Historiography of the 13677:14th-century Egyptian historians 13433:The Open Society and Its Enemies 11594:The Closing of the American Mind 11514:Civilization and Its Discontents 11494:A Vindication of Natural Society 9231: 8474: 8473: 8462: 8450:Ash'ari school of Sunni theology 7696: 7672:(founder of the school; 711–795) 5500:"2008 Ibn-Khaldun Essay Contest" 5438:Krugman, Paul (26 August 2013). 5356:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). 5331:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). 5310:. The Other Press. p. 118. 5306:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). 4521:"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work" 4492:Enan, Mohammad Abdullah (2007). 3974:"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work" 3527: 3513: 3499: 3485: 3471: 3442:. Translated from the Arabic by 3343:, who introduced the concept of 3056: 3055: 3044: 1678: 1509: 1406:Georgetown University Professor 1325: 1318:remains an invaluable source of 1119:, made Khaldun professor of the 1041: 843: 410: 12240:Family as a model for the state 7100:Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha 5631: 5596: 5570:Journal of the History of Ideas 5561: 5540: 5514: 5470: 5450: 5431: 5388: 5358:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works 5349: 5333:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works 5324: 5308:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works 5299: 5090: 5069:Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes) 5059: 5043:The epistemology of Ibn Khaldun 5034: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4858: 4833: 4798: 4775: 4766: 4745: 4736: 4715: 4702: 4661: 4647: 4631: 4564: 4539: 4512: 4495:Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works 4485: 4438: 4349: 4328: 4287: 4262: 4248:10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146 4229:10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146 4203: 4178: 4165: 4138: 4091: 4056: 4030:: "Ibn Khaldun in Turkey", in: 4021: 3996: 3965: 3885: 3870: 3829:Moss, Laurence S., ed. (1996). 3757:. Merriam-Webstar Inc. p. 3636: 3413: 1520:needs additional citations for 1451:value and therefore be made of 1126:and appointed him as the Grand 1099:Ibn Khaldun Statue and Square, 1052:needs additional citations for 854:needs additional citations for 13590:Separation of church and state 13488:Collectivism and individualism 13443:The Origins of Totalitarianism 9111:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad 5964: 5549:"Reagan Cites Islamic Scholar" 3861: 3852: 3822: 3810: 3742: 3705: 3456:Ibn Khaldun, 1332–1406. 1905 ' 3446:. 3 vols. New York: Princeton. 3129:, was composed around 1373 in 2711:Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti 2512:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad 1654: 557:. Ibn Khaldun interacted with 13: 1: 13630:Category:Political philosophy 13503:Critique of political economy 11484:Oration on the Dignity of Man 10306:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 10296:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 9887:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 8788:Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi 8325:Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki 8307:Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani 5483:History of Islamic Philosophy 5045:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. 4755:, University of Rouen, 2005 ( 4687:10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535 4475:"Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life" 3668: 3553:Historiography of early Islam 3135:Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada 2794:Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya 2674:Muhammad Mitwalli al-Sha'rawi 2641:Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani 1351:Concerning the discipline of 1032: 901:Birth home of Ibn Khaldun at 827:that hit Tunis in 1348–1349. 13528:Institutional discrimination 13523:History of political thought 12255:Negative and positive rights 11554:The Society of the Spectacle 9973:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 8955:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 8776:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur 8608:Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari 5813:The New York Review of Books 5678:Journal of Political Economy 4844:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 123. 4384:Carmona and then in Seville. 4365:Savant, Sarah Bowen (2014). 4116:10.1080/1600910X.2014.897639 3911:Carmona and then in Seville. 3892:Savant, Sarah Bowen (2014). 3673: 3319:praised him strongly, "as a 2650:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur 2071:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 1467:(the weight of 72 grains of 1292:up to the author's own time. 738: 7: 13792:Writers about globalization 13707:Arab political philosophers 13538:Justification for the state 13323:Two Treatises of Government 8758:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi 8319:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur 7731:Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri 7449:Concise History of Humanity 7222:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi 6502:'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi 5385:, 15th ed., vol. 9, p. 148. 5266:Alatas, Syed Farid (2013). 4428:Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 4189:. Brill. pp. 527–530. 4063:Farid Alatas, Syed (2015). 3955:Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 3464: 2933:Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyya 2770:Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari 638: 475: 372:20th-century traditionalism 10: 13818: 12208:Bellum omnium contra omnes 10251:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 10151:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 10065:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 9467:Ash'ari-related templates 9324:Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi 9306:Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi 8656:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 8036:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 7694: 7275:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri 7037:Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh 5952:The Tunisian American Day© 5858:Rosenthal, Franz (2008) . 5831: 5661: 5617:10.1177/026858090005003007 5235: 4406:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3933:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3795:Ibn Khaldun on Philosophy: 3460:'. Trans. Duncan Macdonald 3290:London School of Economics 2945:Islamic Education Movement 2327:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 747:. He received a classical 592:as well as the economists 204:Cyclical theory of empires 29: 13802:Muslim critics of atheism 13757:Philosophers of economics 13625: 13475: 13244: 12892: 12625: 12505: 12424: 12336: 12327: 12193: 12027: 11956: 11785: 11732: 11636: 11624:Intellectuals and Society 11574:The Culture of Narcissism 11465: 11133: 10925: 10874: 10803: 10717: 10710: 10650: 10412: 10240: 10179: 10113: 10052: 9999:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 9991: 9940: 9874: 9870: 9852: 9762: 9687: 9552: 9548: 9465: 9418: 9411: 9359: 9352: 9247: 9240: 9229: 9196: 9171: 8813: 8794:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki 8752:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 8632:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi 8518:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 8508: 8489: 8457: 8386: 8334: 8313:Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour 8299: 8228: 8181: 8122: 8063: 8022: 7951: 7892: 7833: 7793: 7746: 7719:Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi 7705: 7662: 7642: 7542: 7419: 7390: 7360: 7336: 7323: 7297: 7268: 7255: 7235: 7214: 7180: 7167: 7147: 7127: 7073: 7060: 7029: 7012:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari 7005: 6992: 6947: 6901: 6867: 6854: 6809: 6791:Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani 6763: 6729: 6716: 6681: 6612: 6599: 6554: 6490: 6477: 6457: 6393: 6380: 6355: 6296: 6283: 6217: 6146: 6100: 6074: 6067: 6027: 6022:Links to related articles 5940:The Ibn Khaldun Institute 5935:Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud 5761:10.1017/S0020743800061560 5181:. The Heritage Foundation 4819:10.1080/00210868408701620 4723:"The Muqaddimah Volume 1" 3978:Islamic Philosophy Online 3835:. Routledge. p. 87. 3583:Science in medieval Islam 3568:List of Muslim historians 3361:Tunisian Community Center 3222: 3148: 3137:, Ibn Khaldūn composed a 3133:. Whilst at the court of 2683:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki 2371:(d. 907/1501 or 908/1502) 1815:'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi 1389:William McGuckin de Slane 607: 531:His best-known book, the 319: 230: 225: 186: 152: 142: 132: 122: 112: 86: 68: 63: 48: 41: 13413:The Revolt of the Masses 11614:The Malaise of Modernity 11564:The History of Sexuality 10663:Catholic social teaching 9394:Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad 9364:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari 8979:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 7305:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar 7085:Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi 6801:Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi 6465:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi 6410:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 5957:25 February 2021 at the 5928:25 February 2021 at the 5291:Fischel, Walter (1952). 4576:www.muslimphilosophy.com 3588: 3395:policies, also known as 3170: 2916:Al-Qarawiyyin University 2839:Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya 2778:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari 1637:Ibn Khaldun agrees with 1215: 1151:After his return from a 705:who wrote a book on the 666:who shared kinship with 212:Supply and demand theory 13762:Philosophers of history 13702:Arab diaspora in Africa 13393:The Communist Manifesto 12319:Tyranny of the majority 12230:Consent of the governed 11694:Philosophy of education 9983:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 9932:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 9892:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 9264:'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali 9009:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani 8895:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani 8847:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini 8692:Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani 8596:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 8071:Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq 7572:Biographical dictionary 7565:Biographical evaluation 6884:Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali 6771:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi 6435:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad 6430:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani 6265:Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani 5605:International Sociology 5382:Encyclopædia Britannica 4879:10.1111/1468-2303.00230 4842:Racism: A Global Reader 4551:archive.aramcoworld.com 4422:Encyclopedia Britannica 4389:The Historical Muhammad 4210:Abozeid, Ahmed (2021). 4175:, Springer, 2011, p. 84 4008:Encyclopedia Britannica 3949:Encyclopedia Britannica 3916:The Historical Muhammad 3877:Ayub, Zulfiqar (2015). 3749:Doniger, Wendy (1999). 3387:In 1981 U.S. President 3374:İbn Haldun Üniversitesi 2905:Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad 2729:Muhammad 'Ali al-Sabuni 2317:Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli 2254:Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini 2221:Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi 2203:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani 2098:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 1941:(d. 511 or 512/1117-19) 1806:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini 13782:Theoretical historians 12270: 12220:Clash of civilizations 12206: 10633: 10587: 10573: 10316:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 10266:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 10227:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 10095:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 9922:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 9744:Transcendent theosophy 9218:Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi 9129:Bediuzzaman Said Nursi 9069:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 9027:Nur al-Din al-Haythami 8865:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani 8859:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 8686:Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti 8620:Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari 8054:Ibn Hilal al-Sijilmasi 7505:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar 7498:History of the Caliphs 7378:Karim agha Shakikhanov 7315:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat 7022:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali 6919:ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni 6909:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 6644:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari 6587:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 5890:Ibn Khaldun on the Web 5396:Plough, Sword and Book 5236:Simon, Robert (2002). 5125:Hussein, Taha (1925). 4772:Muqaddimah 2 1995 p 30 4433:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4304:10.23943/9781400889549 4294:Irwin, Robert (2018). 3960:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3237:Bibliothèque Orientale 3185:Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani 3167: 3109:, a commentary on the 2869:Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih 2786:Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya 2632:Bediüzzaman Said Nursi 2521:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 2369:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 2308:Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani 2272:Nur al-Din al-Haythami 2176:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 1938:Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari 1491: 1485: 1242: 1104: 913: 905: 819:, an intercontinental 658:) into an upper-class 622: 208:Economic growth theory 12235:Divine right of kings 11699:Philosophy of history 11689:Philosophy of culture 11584:A Conflict of Visions 10100:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 9379:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 9318:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam 9099:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini 9063:Nur al-Din al-Samhudi 9045:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 9021:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi 8985:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi 8907:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani 8877:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 8835:Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri 8566:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 8219:Al-Qasim al-Sijilmasi 7859:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 7463:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya 7227:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh 7105:Osman Aga of Temesvar 7042:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh 6786:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi 6338:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 5945:12 September 2014 at 5736:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 5712:Walter Fischel. 1967 5510:on 12 September 2008. 5477:A. Lakhsassi (1996). 4162:, pp. 1105–1118) 3428:ʻAl-Laqaw li-s-Sulṭān 3156: 2847:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 2421:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini 2263:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi 1974:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 1920:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani 1860:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 1687:al-'Aqida al-Murshida 1486: 1480: 1412:labor theory of value 1223: 1098: 911: 900: 670:, a companion of the 615: 602:traditionalist school 561:, the founder of the 217:Supply-side economics 13737:Islamic philosophers 13727:Critics of Ibn Arabi 13697:Arab anthropologists 13692:15th-century jurists 13682:14th-century jurists 13383:Democracy in America 12762:political philosophy 12745:political philosophy 12560:political philosophy 12389:political philosophy 12299:Separation of powers 12260:Night-watchman state 12245:Monopoly on violence 11779:Political philosophy 11704:Political philosophy 11504:Democracy in America 10331:Reza Davari Ardakani 10207:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 10141:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 10090:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 10004:Afdal al-Din Kashani 9384:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 9300:Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun 9093:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 8991:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 8943:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 8889:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi 8638:Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi 8548:Abu Bakr al-Turtushi 8542:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 8499:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari 7491:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 7456:The Complete History 7135:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur 7047:Abd al-Fattah Fumani 6756:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 6189:Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar 6159:Khalifah ibn Khayyat 5732:Mahmoud Rabi'. 1967 5041:Ahmad, Zaid (2003). 4782:Beyza Sümer (2012). 4710:Bollingen Foundation 4582:on 13 September 2013 4527:on 13 September 2013 3984:on 13 September 2013 3693:on 13 September 2013 3647:Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqīq 3578:Sayyid Husayn Ahlati 3393:supply-side economic 3269:José Ortega y Gasset 3265:Reynold A. Nicholson 3121:in Tunis. A work on 3115:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 2939:Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) 2884:Al-Murshid al-Mu'een 2854:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 2831:Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat 2412:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 2290:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 2185:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 2158:Safi al-Din al-Hindi 2052:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 2034:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 1887:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi 1878:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 1755:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari 1529:improve this article 1107:Ibn Khaldun said of 1061:improve this article 995:Abu Faris Abdul Aziz 863:improve this article 724:, which came to the 13573:Right-wing politics 13453:A Theory of Justice 13423:The Road to Serfdom 13343:The Social Contract 12050:Christian democracy 11544:One-Dimensional Man 10291:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 10212:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 10202:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 10161:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 9671:Medieval psychology 9643:Natural philosophy 9141:'Abdallah al-Harari 9081:Zakariyya al-Ansari 9003:Taj al-Din al-Subki 8782:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud 8722:Muhammad al-Zurqani 8668:Ahmad al-Wansharisi 8372:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi 8348:Abdallah bin Bayyah 8260:Abdullahi dan Fodio 8172:Muhammad al-Zurqani 7778:Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab 7428:The Meadows of Gold 7373:Ahmad bey Javanshir 7285:Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf 6934:Iskandar Beg Munshi 6914:Muhammad Khwandamir 6400:Mohammed al-Baydhaq 6199:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 6108:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi 6092:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri 5868:. Encyclopedia.com. 5739:Róbert Simon. 2002 4498:. The Other Press. 3410:after Ibn Khaldun. 3245:Chrestomathie Arabe 3143:ʻallaqa li-s-Sulṭān 2911:Al-Azhar University 2824:Tahafut al-Falasifa 2505:Muhammad al-Zurqani 2394:Zakariyya al-Ansari 2194:Taj al-Din al-Subki 1833:Abu Dharr al-Harawi 720:, specifically the 681:, had emigrated to 570:Niccolò Machiavelli 32:Ibn Khaldun (horse) 30:For the horse, see 13585:Political violence 13580:Political theology 13563:Left-wing politics 13558:Political spectrum 11664:Cultural pessimism 11659:Cultural criticism 10558:National character 10301:Abdolkarim Soroush 10146:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 10060:Hajji Bektash Wali 9596:medieval astronomy 9542:Islamic philosophy 9276:Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub 9123:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 8284:Ahmed Harrak Srifi 8213:Al-Tawudi ibn Suda 7368:Mirza Adigozal bey 7348:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 7243:Ahmed Resmî Efendi 7192:Mohammed al-Qadiri 7187:Mohammed al-Ifrani 7115:Al-Hasan al-Burini 6939:Sharafkhan Bidlisi 6689:Hamdallah Mustawfi 6363:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi 5918:Alcazar of Seville 5916:exhibition in the 5554:The New York Times 5479:"25 – Ibn Khaldun" 5444:The New York Times 5419:on 1 December 2007 4867:History and Theory 4619:on 6 December 2017 4613:muslimheritage.com 4473:Hozien, Muhammad. 4146:Joseph J. Spengler 3449:Ibn Khaldūn. 1967 3438:Ibn Khaldūn. 1958 3355:Public recognition 3280:British historian 3168: 3103:. His first book, 2693:Abdullah al-Harari 2614:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 2463:Ibrahim al-Laqqani 1824:Abu 'Imran al-Fasi 1371:group cohesiveness 1340:and the ideals of 1270:and expanded to a 1243: 1105: 914: 906: 787:introduced him to 761:Arabic linguistics 757:memorized by heart 685:after the fall of 623: 551:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 234:Influenced by 13752:People from Tunis 13644: 13643: 13638: 13637: 13548:Philosophy of law 13493:Conflict theories 13333:The Spirit of Law 13240: 13239: 12289:Original position 11745: 11744: 11461: 11460: 10606:Spontaneous order 10596:Social alienation 10445:Cultural heritage 10406:Social philosophy 10372: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10217:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 10156:Mahmud Shabistari 10136:Jalaladdin Davani 10085:Nasir al-Din Tusi 9907:Abu Hatim al-Razi 9848: 9847: 9508: 9507: 9461: 9460: 9407: 9406: 9348: 9347: 9258:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 9227: 9226: 8734:M'Hamed al-Azhari 8698:Ibrahim al-Laqani 8530:Abu Imran al-Fasi 8415: 8414: 8378:Rashid Al Marikhi 8207:M'Hamed Al-Azhari 8160:Al-Rahman al-Fasi 7784:Abu Imran al-Fasi 7737:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam 7713:Asad ibn al-Furat 7602: 7601: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7403:Mastoureh Ardalan 7386: 7385: 7353:Ahmed Cevad Pasha 7251: 7250: 7163: 7162: 7143: 7142: 6988: 6987: 6850: 6849: 6712: 6711: 6595: 6594: 6582:Ata-Malik Juvayni 6532:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 6473: 6472: 6425:Usama ibn Munqidh 6376: 6375: 6368:Abu Sa'id Gardezi 6255:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 6154:Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam 6061:Muslim historians 6003:978-3-638-75458-3 5997:, München, 2007, 5914:Andalusian Legacy 5883:16 April 2013 at 5668:Fuad Baali. 2005 5367:978-983-9541-53-3 5342:978-983-9541-53-3 5317:978-983-9541-53-3 5277:978-0-19-809045-8 5247:978-963-05-7934-6 5211:978-90-411-2832-4 5131:. pp. 66–78. 5052:978-0-415-61275-3 5013:978-1-315-59127-8 4851:978-0-7656-1059-1 4519:Muhammad Hozien. 4505:978-983-9541-53-3 4479:Muslim philosophy 4460:Société asiatique 4451:Journal Asiatique 4378:978-0-7486-4497-1 4196:978-965-264-014-7 4076:978-1-138-12596-4 4040:978-84-96556-34-8 3972:Muhammad Hozien. 3905:978-0-7486-4497-1 3842:978-1-134-78530-8 3768:978-0-87779-044-0 3735:978-0-19-975473-1 3493:Philosophy portal 3282:Arnold J. 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2540: 2539: 2538:12th AH/18th AD 2530: 2529: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2501: 2491: 2490: 2489:11th AH/17th AD 2481: 2480: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2438:10th AH/16th AD 2430: 2429: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2332: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2275:(d. 807/1404-5) 2268: 2259: 2250: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2149:Ibn 'Ata' Allah 2145: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2039: 2029: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2010:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1915: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1827:(d. 430/1038-9) 1820: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1760: 1750: 1749: 1739: 1738: 1727: 1694: 1657: 1642:detachment and 1630:pagan religions 1617: 1557: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1526: 1514: 1503: 1338:economic growth 1336:Ibn Khaldun on 1274:in seven books. 1262:, (full title: 1254: 1234: 1218: 1179:, who besieged 1089: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1058: 1046: 1035: 958:Pedro the Cruel 891: 880: 874: 871: 860: 848: 837: 751:, studying the 741: 711:historiographer 672:Islamic prophet 610: 460: 456: 427: 413: 409: 399: 396: 325: 324: 315: 312: 236: 235: 221: 187:Notable idea(s) 108: 99: 93: 91: 82: 73: 59: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13815: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13642: 13641: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13619: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13600:Social justice 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13508:Egalitarianism 13505: 13500: 13498:Contractualism 13495: 13490: 13485: 13479: 13477: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13459: 13449: 13439: 13429: 13419: 13409: 13399: 13389: 13379: 13369: 13359: 13349: 13339: 13329: 13319: 13309: 13299: 13289: 13279: 13269: 13259: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12898: 12896: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12754: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12511: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12340: 12338: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12294:Overton window 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12203: 12197: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12125:Libertarianism 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11789: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11775: 11774: 11767: 11760: 11752: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11714:Social science 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11620: 11610: 11604:Gender Trouble 11600: 11590: 11580: 11570: 11560: 11550: 11540: 11534:The Second Sex 11530: 11520: 11510: 11500: 11490: 11480: 11469: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10584: 10579: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10526:Invisible hand 10523: 10518: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10409: 10402: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10379: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10256:Muhammad Iqbal 10253: 10247: 10245: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10232:Hādī Sabzavārī 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10192:Mir Fendereski 10189: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9917:Ikhwan al-Safa 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9868: 9867: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9749:Traditionalist 9746: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9653: 9648: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9620: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9583: 9572: 9562: 9556: 9554: 9546: 9545: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9369:Asas al-Taqdis 9366: 9360: 9354: 9353:Theology books 9350: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9288:Al-Ashraf Musa 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9184: 9177: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9117:Hasan al-Attar 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8925:Al-Shahrastani 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8819: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8802: 8800:Ahmed el-Tayeb 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8572:Al-Qadi 'Ayyad 8569: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8512: 8503: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8471: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8354:Ahmed el-Tayeb 8351: 8345: 8342:Othman Battikh 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8083:Ibn Abi Jum'ah 8080: 8074: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7670:Malik ibn Anas 7666: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7650: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7609: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7579:Hadith studies 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7310:Agha Ahmad Ali 7307: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7280:Mohammad Farid 7277: 7272: 7270: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7095:Munejjim Bashi 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6965:Matrakçı Nasuh 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894:Mar'i al-Karmi 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6654:Ibn al-Tiqtaqa 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6577:Minhaj-i-Siraj 6574: 6572:Ibn Isfandiyar 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450:Ibn al-Sam'ani 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6333:Hilal al-Sabi' 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6235:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya 6232: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6015: 6014: 6006: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5932: 5920: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5875: 5870: 5855: 5840: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:External links 5825: 5824: 5823: 5808:978-0691174662 5792:Malise Ruthven 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5720:Allen Fromherz 5717: 5710: 5690:10.1086/259818 5673: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5646:(2): 195–213. 5630: 5611:(3): 319–335. 5595: 5576:(3): 415–422. 5560: 5539: 5513: 5488: 5469: 5449: 5430: 5400: 5398:(1988), p. 239 5387: 5373: 5366: 5348: 5341: 5323: 5316: 5298: 5283: 5276: 5253: 5246: 5217: 5210: 5192: 5175:Laffer, Arthur 5166: 5154: 5145:|website= 5114: 5089: 5058: 5051: 5033: 5012: 4990: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4857: 4850: 4832: 4797: 4774: 4765: 4744: 4735: 4714: 4701: 4680:(2): 171–186. 4660: 4657:. 23 May 2023. 4646: 4630: 4593: 4563: 4538: 4511: 4504: 4484: 4465: 4437: 4377: 4357: 4348: 4327: 4312: 4286: 4261: 4222:(2): 146–171. 4202: 4195: 4177: 4164: 4137: 4110:(3): 361–365. 4090: 4075: 4055: 4020: 3995: 3964: 3904: 3884: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3841: 3821: 3809: 3800: 3774: 3767: 3741: 3734: 3704: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3649:(~d.1028) and 3635: 3633: 3632: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3603: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3524: 3521:History portal 3510: 3496: 3482: 3479:Society portal 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3376:has opened in 3356: 3353: 3286:Ernest Gellner 3277: 3274: 3224: 3221: 3200: 3199:Ottoman Empire 3197: 3172: 3169: 3150: 3147: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2986:Related groups 2984: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2927:Umayyad Mosque 2924: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2862:Asas al-Taqdis 2858: 2850: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732:(d. 1442/2021) 2726: 2723:(d. 1436/2015) 2717: 2714:(d. 1434/2013) 2708: 2705:(d. 1432/2010) 2699: 2696:(d. 1429/2008) 2689: 2686:(d. 1425/2004) 2680: 2677:(d. 1419/1998) 2670: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2653:(d. 1393/1973) 2647: 2644:(d. 1390/1970) 2638: 2635:(d. 1379/1960) 2629: 2626:(d. 1350/1931) 2620: 2617:(d. 1304/1886) 2610: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2593:(d. 1299/1882) 2587: 2578: 2575:(d. 1230/1815) 2569: 2566:(d. 1227/1812) 2560: 2557:(d. 1224/1809) 2551: 2548:(d. 1204/1786) 2541: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2524:(d. 1176/1762) 2518: 2515:(d. 1132/1720) 2509: 2507:(d. 1122/1710) 2502: 2499:(d. 1102/1691) 2492: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475:(d. 1072/1662) 2469: 2466:(d. 1041/1631) 2460: 2457:(d. 1041/1632) 2451: 2448:(d. 1040/1631) 2441: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2356: 2353:9th AH/15th AD 2352: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2241: 2238:8th AH/14th AD 2237: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2136: 2133:7th AH/13th AD 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2046:(d. 630/ 1233) 2040: 2030: 2027:6th AH/12th AD 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1992:Al-Shahrastani 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1916: 1913:5th AH/11th AD 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1784: 1781:4th AH/10th AD 1780: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1656: 1653: 1616: 1613: 1559: 1558: 1517: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1501:Social thought 1499: 1442:dynamics model 1408:Ibrahim Oweiss 1357:Sati' al-Husri 1347: 1346: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320:Berber history 1307:Rawḍ al-Qirṭās 1293: 1286: 1276: 1275: 1259:Kitāb al-ʻIbar 1253: 1251:Kitāb al-ʻIbar 1244: 1217: 1214: 1142:Western Africa 1091: 1090: 1049: 1047: 1040: 1034: 1031: 893: 892: 851: 849: 842: 836: 833: 740: 737: 713:of the court. 699:mystical order 695:Hafsid dynasty 609: 606: 582:G. W. F. Hegel 563:Timurid Empire 555:Ottoman Empire 514:historiography 401: 400: 398: 397: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 314: 313: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 239: 233: 232: 231: 228: 227: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 209: 206: 201: 196: 190: 188: 184: 183: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 159:Historiography 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 100: 98:(aged 73) 88: 84: 83: 74: 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13814: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13533:Jurisprudence 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13474: 13465: 13464: 13460: 13455: 13454: 13450: 13445: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13425: 13424: 13420: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13405: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13394: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13370: 13365: 13364: 13363:Rights of Man 13360: 13355: 13354: 13350: 13345: 13344: 13340: 13335: 13334: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13320: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13305: 13304: 13300: 13295: 13294: 13290: 13285: 13284: 13280: 13275: 13274: 13273:De re publica 13270: 13265: 13264: 13260: 13255: 13254: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12893:20th and 21st 12891: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12626:18th and 19th 12624: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12504: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12482:Nizam al-Mulk 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12165:Republicanism 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11955: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11773: 11768: 11766: 11761: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11750: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11719:Social theory 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11615: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11576: 11575: 11571: 11566: 11565: 11561: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11526: 11525: 11521: 11516: 11515: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11501: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11373:Radhakrishnan 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11134:20th and 21st 11132: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10926:18th and 19th 10924: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10400: 10395: 10393: 10388: 10386: 10381: 10380: 10377: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10239: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10044:Shams Tabrizi 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9978:Nasir Khusraw 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9953:Ibn Miskawayh 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9531: 9529: 9524: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9501: 9496: 9494: 9489: 9487: 9482: 9480: 9474: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9428:Ahl al-Hadith 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330:Al-Muwahhidun 9328: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9252:Nizam al-Mulk 9250: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9163:Gibril Haddad 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9135:Noah al-Qudah 9133: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9075:Al-Qastallani 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9033:Ibn al-Jazari 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8584:Ibn al-Qattan 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8189:Ibn al-Tayyib 8187: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8077:Al-Wansharisi 8075: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7930:Ibn Ata Allah 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7676:Ali ibn Ziyad 7674: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7616: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7526:Book of Idols 7523: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420:Notable works 7418: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7110:Mustafa Naima 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Idris Bitlisi 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781:Mullah Nadiri 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639:Ibn al-Khatib 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:Muhammad Aufi 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537:Ibn Khallikan 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:Sayf ibn Umar 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:archive.today 5944: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:archive.today 5882: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5860:"Ibn Khaldūn" 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409:Arthur Laffer 5404: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5150: 5138: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5085: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4980: 4964: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4925:. 9 June 2017 4924: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4761:2-87775-391-3 4758: 4754: 4748: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4458:(12). Paris: 4457: 4454:(in French). 4453: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4352: 4337: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4313:9781400889549 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4275: 4271: 4270:"Ibn Khaldun" 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Ahmed Abozeid 4213: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4160:Boulakia 1971 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069:. Routledge. 4068: 4067: 4059: 4053: 4052:1-84799-942-5 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028:Bernard Lewis 4024: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3607:Boulakia 1971 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3525: 3522: 3511: 3508: 3497: 3494: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3469: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389:Ronald Reagan 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3299:Arthur Laffer 3296: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229:Western world 3220: 3218: 3217:Mustafa Naima 3214: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3139:work on logic 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009:Ahl al-Hadith 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2424:(d. 977/1570) 2422: 2419: 2415:(d. 974/1567) 2413: 2410: 2406:(d. 973/1565) 2404: 2401: 2397:(d. 926/1520) 2395: 2392: 2388:(d. 923/1517) 2386: 2385:Al-Qastallani 2383: 2379:(d. 911/1505) 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363:(d. 902/1497) 2361: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2339:(d. 899/1493) 2337: 2334: 2330:(d. 875/1470) 2328: 2324: 2320:(d. 864/1459) 2318: 2315: 2311:(d. 852/1449) 2309: 2306: 2302:(d. 833/1429) 2300: 2299:Ibn al-Jazari 2297: 2293:(d. 816/1413) 2291: 2288: 2284:(d. 808/1406) 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2266:(d. 806/1404) 2264: 2261: 2257:(d. 805/1405) 2255: 2252: 2248:(d. 803/1401) 2246: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2224:(d. 794/1392) 2222: 2219: 2215:(d. 793/1390) 2213: 2210: 2206:(d. 786/1384) 2204: 2201: 2197:(d. 771/1370) 2195: 2192: 2188:(d. 756/1355) 2186: 2183: 2179:(d. 745/1344) 2177: 2174: 2170:(d. 741/1340) 2168: 2165: 2161:(d. 715/1315) 2159: 2156: 2152:(d. 709/1309) 2150: 2147: 2143:(d. 702/1302) 2141: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2119:(d. 687/1288) 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2101:(d. 684/1285) 2099: 2096: 2092:(d. 676/1277) 2090: 2087: 2083:(d. 671/1272) 2081: 2078: 2074:(d. 660/1262) 2072: 2068: 2064:(d. 646/1248) 2062: 2059: 2055:(d. 631/1233) 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2037:(d. 606/1209) 2035: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2013:(d. 578/1182) 2011: 2008: 2004:(d. 571/1176) 2002: 1999: 1995:(d. 548/1153) 1993: 1990: 1986:(d. 544/1149) 1984: 1983:Al-Qadi 'Iyad 1981: 1977:(d. 543/1148) 1975: 1972: 1968:(d. 536/1141) 1966: 1963: 1959:(d. 520/1126) 1957: 1954: 1950:(d. 513/1119) 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1932:(d. 505/1111) 1930: 1927: 1923:(d. 502/1108) 1921: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1908: 1899:(d. 478/1085) 1897: 1894: 1890:(d. 476/1083) 1888: 1885: 1881:(d. 474/1081) 1879: 1876: 1872:(d. 465/1072) 1870: 1867: 1863:(d. 463/1071) 1861: 1858: 1854:(d. 458/1066) 1852: 1849: 1845:(d. 450/1058) 1843: 1840: 1836:(d. 434/1043) 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1818:(d. 429/1037) 1816: 1813: 1809:(d. 418/1027) 1807: 1804: 1800:(d. 406/1015) 1798: 1795: 1791:(d. 403/1013) 1789: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748:3rd AH/9th AD 1744: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1518:This section 1516: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459:(such as the 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420:David Ricardo 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1290:World History 1287: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1097: 1087: 1084: 1076: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1050:This section 1048: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 965:Ibn al-Khatib 961: 959: 955: 951: 948: 944: 938: 935: 932:. There, the 931: 927: 923: 919: 910: 904: 899: 889: 886: 878: 868: 864: 858: 857: 852:This section 850: 846: 841: 840: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 736: 733: 731: 730:Hujr ibn 'Adi 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 669: 668:Waíl ibn Hujr 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 640: 628: 627:autobiography 620: 614: 605: 603: 599: 595: 594:David Ricardo 591: 590:Auguste Comte 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:Mustafa Naima 544: 540: 536: 535: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 496: 492: 487: 479: 478: 468: 464: 463: 451: 407: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362:Mustafa Naima 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Ibn al-Sakkak 335: 333: 332:Ibn al-Khatib 330: 329: 327: 326: 318: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237: 229: 226:Muslim leader 224: 218: 215: 213: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 189: 185: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 133:Jurisprudence 131: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 90:17 March 1406 89: 85: 81: 77: 71: 67: 62: 58: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 13614: 13513:Elite theory 13461: 13451: 13441: 13431: 13421: 13411: 13401: 13391: 13381: 13371: 13361: 13351: 13341: 13331: 13321: 13311: 13301: 13291: 13281: 13271: 13261: 13251: 12550:Guicciardini 12506:Early modern 12466: 12329:Philosophers 12279:Open society 12215:Body politic 12085:Distributism 12075:Conservatism 12070:Confucianism 11989:Gerontocracy 11979:Dictatorship 11933:Sovereignty‎ 11923:Ruling class 11813:Emancipation 11798:Citizenship‎ 11622: 11612: 11602: 11592: 11582: 11572: 11562: 11552: 11542: 11532: 11522: 11512: 11502: 11492: 11482: 11472: 10892:Guicciardini 10875:Early modern 10840: 10711:Philosophers 10685:Conservatism 10680:Confucianism 10668:Distributism 10601:Social norms 10589:Sittlichkeit 10575:Ressentiment 10521:Institutions 10499:Human nature 10356:Partawi Shah 10351:Javadi Amoli 10336:Ahmad Fardid 10281:Martin Lings 10131:Hajji Bayram 10120: 10105:Ibn Taymiyya 10034:Omar Khayyám 10019:Ayn-al-Quzat 10014:Ahmad Yasavi 9927:Ibn Masarrah 9861:by century ( 9859:Philosophers 9754:Contemporary 9656: 9623: 9613: 9576: 9565: 9326:(d. 1382 AH) 9320:(d. 1354 AH) 9314:(d. 1350 AH) 9308:(d. 1300 AH) 9187:Ibn al-Jawzi 9158:Ali al-Jifri 9149:(d. 1434 AH) 9143:(d. 1432 AH) 9137:(d. 1432 AH) 9131:(d. 1379 AH) 9125:(d. 1304 AH) 9119:(d. 1230 AH) 9113:(d. 1132 AH) 9107:(d. 1031 AH) 8949:Ibn al-Salah 8796:(d. 1425 AH) 8790:(d. 1419 AH) 8784:(d. 1397 AH) 8778:(d. 1393 AH) 8772:(d. 1380 AH) 8766:(d. 1299 AH) 8760:(d. 1276 AH) 8754:(d. 1230 AH) 8748:(d. 1230 AH) 8742:(d. 1224 AH) 8736:(d. 1208 AH) 8730:(d. 1201 AH) 8724:(d. 1122 AH) 8718:(d. 1102 AH) 8712:(d. 1090 AH) 8706:(d. 1072 AH) 8700:(d. 1041 AH) 8694:(d. 1041 AH) 8688:(d. 1036 AH) 8662:Ahmad Zarruq 8649: 8614:Ibn Adjurrum 8560:Ibn Barrajan 8524:Al-Baqillani 8360:Ahmad Karima 8290:Ahmed Skirej 8209:(d. 1793/94) 8115:(d. 1594/95) 8073:(d. 1506/07) 8056:(d. 1497/98) 8048:Ahmad Zarruq 8042:Ibn al-Azraq 8000: 7912:Ibn al-Hajib 7885:(d. 1207/08) 7853:Ibn Barrajan 7766:Al-Baqillani 7760:Ibn Abi Zayd 7688:Ibn al-Qasim 7646:by century ( 7593:Isra'iliyyat 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7290:Jurji Zaydan 7256:19th century 7168:18th century 7090:Kâtip Çelebi 7017:Katib Çelebi 6993:17th century 6980:Taşköprüzade 6879:Mujir al-Din 6855:16th century 6822:Aşıkpaşazade 6717:15th century 6704:Hafiz-i Abru 6674:al-ʽAsqalani 6668: 6659:Ibn al-Furat 6600:14th century 6527:Ibn al-Athir 6478:13th century 6405:Ibn al-Jawzi 6381:12th century 6284:11th century 6270:Al-Musabbihi 6225:Ibn al-Nadim 6218:10th century 6204:Ibn Qutaybah 6179:Al-Baladhuri 6009: 5993: 5913: 5863: 5847: 5817: 5811: 5810:, 243 pp.), 5799: 5796:Robert Irwin 5752: 5748: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5713: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5552: 5542: 5530:. 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Retrieved 4273: 4264: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4167: 4152:, 6(3), pp. 4149: 4140: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4065: 4058: 4043: 4031: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4007: 3998: 3988:19 September 3986:. Retrieved 3982:the original 3977: 3967: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3931:, M. Talbi, 3926: 3920: 3914: 3909: 3894: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3846: 3831: 3824: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3752: 3744: 3713: 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3691:the original 3681: 3658: 3643: 3638: 3622: 3596: 3507:Islam portal 3450: 3439: 3432: 3414:Bibliography 3401: 3386: 3371: 3358: 3344: 3317:Robert Flint 3314: 3310:Paul Krugman 3307: 3303:Laffer curve 3297: 3294: 3279: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3226: 3213:Kâtip Çelebi 3202: 3193:Ibn al-Azraq 3182: 3174: 3159:Laffer Curve 3142: 3131:Fes, Morocco 3126: 3104: 3098: 2898:Institutions 2882: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2784: 2776: 2768: 2760: 2702:Nuh al-Qudah 2336:Ahmad Zarruq 2280: 2212:Al-Taftazani 2116:Ibn al-Nafis 2061:Ibn al-Hajib 2043:Ibn al-Athir 1788:Al-Baqillani 1767:(d. 371/982) 1758:(d. 324/936) 1685: 1636: 1635: 1619: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1547: 1538: 1527:Please help 1522:verification 1519: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1374: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1335: 1334: 1315: 1305: 1282:Al-Muqaddima 1280: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1247:al-Muqaddima 1246: 1227:al-Muqaddima 1225: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1166: 1161: 1150: 1135: 1120: 1113:Mamluk Egypt 1106: 1079: 1073:January 2019 1070: 1059:Please help 1054:verification 1051: 1010: 999: 976: 972:Muhsin Mahdi 969: 962: 939: 917: 915: 881: 875:January 2019 872: 861:Please help 856:verification 853: 829: 742: 734: 715: 649: 644: 636: 624: 567: 543:Kâtip Çelebi 538: 532: 530: 476: 405: 404: 367:Ahmed Cevdet 352:Ibn al-Azraq 123:Denomination 36: 13797:Ibn Khaldun 13662:1406 deaths 13657:1332 births 13387:(1835–1840) 13267:(c. 350 BC) 13257:(c. 375 BC) 12874:Tocqueville 12839:Saint-Simon 12804:Montesquieu 12655:Bolingbroke 12587:Machiavelli 12467:Ibn Khaldun 12432:Alpharabius 12425:Middle Ages 12250:Natural law 12225:Common good 12150:Nationalism 12110:Imperialism 12080:Corporatism 12055:Colonialism 12035:Agrarianism 12014:Technocracy 11994:Meritocracy 11974:Bureaucracy 11964:Aristocracy 11679:Historicism 11508:(1835–1840) 11474:De Officiis 11198:de Beauvoir 11168:Baudrillard 11120:Vivekananda 11110:Tocqueville 11025:Kierkegaard 10841:Ibn Khaldun 10811:Alpharabius 10702:Personalism 10611:Stewardship 10568:Reification 10563:Natural law 10484:Familialism 10450:Culturalism 10271:René Guénon 10261:Gohar Shahi 10197:Mulla Sadra 10121:Ibn Khaldun 9732:metaphysics 9678:(mysticism) 9660:(education) 9638:Metaphysics 9617:(dialectic) 9603:Eschatology 9580:(intellect) 9433:Ahl al-Ra'y 9302:(d. 741 AH) 9296:(d. 658 AH) 9290:(d. 635 AH) 9284:(d. 635 AH) 9278:(d. 615 AH) 9272:(d. 589 AH) 9266:(d. 558 AH) 9260:(d. 500 AH) 9254:(d. 485 AH) 9220:(d. 745 AH) 9214:(d. 592 AH) 9208:(d. 524 AH) 9189:(d. 534 AH) 9183:(d. 508 AH) 9101:(d. 977 AH) 9095:(d. 974 AH) 9089:(d. 973 AH) 9087:Al-Sha'rani 9083:(d. 926 AH) 9077:(d. 923 AH) 9071:(d. 918 AH) 9065:(d. 911 AH) 9059:(d. 911 AH) 9053:(d. 902 AH) 9047:(d. 852 AH) 9041:(d. 845 AH) 9035:(d. 833 AH) 9029:(d. 807 AH) 9023:(d. 806 AH) 9017:(d. 794 AH) 9015:Al-Zarkashi 9011:(d. 786 AH) 9005:(d. 771 AH) 8999:(d. 764 AH) 8993:(d. 756 AH) 8987:(d. 742 AH) 8981:(d. 728 AH) 8975:(d. 702 AH) 8969:(d. 685 AH) 8963:(d. 676 AH) 8957:(d. 660 AH) 8951:(d. 643 AH) 8945:(d. 606 AH) 8939:(d. 578 AH) 8933:(d. 571 AH) 8931:Ibn 'Asakir 8927:(d. 548 AH) 8921:(d. 516 AH) 8915:(d. 505 AH) 8909:(d. 502 AH) 8903:(d. 478 AH) 8897:(d. 471 AH) 8891:(d. 476 AH) 8885:(d. 465 AH) 8883:Al-Qushayri 8879:(d. 463 AH) 8873:(d. 458 AH) 8867:(d. 430 AH) 8861:(d. 429 AH) 8855:(d. 427 AH) 8853:Al-Tha'labi 8849:(d. 418 AH) 8843:(d. 406 AH) 8837:(d. 405 AH) 8831:(d. 371 AH) 8825:(d. 354 AH) 8805:Hamza Yusuf 8682:(d. 954 AH) 8676:(d. 953 AH) 8670:(d. 914 AH) 8664:(d. 899 AH) 8658:(d. 876 AH) 8652:(d. 808 AH) 8650:Ibn Khaldun 8646:(d. 803 AH) 8640:(d. 790 AH) 8634:(d. 776 AH) 8628:(d. 741 AH) 8622:(d. 737 AH) 8616:(d. 723 AH) 8610:(d. 709 AH) 8604:(d. 702 AH) 8598:(d. 684 AH) 8592:(d. 672 AH) 8586:(d. 628 AH) 8580:(d. 581 AH) 8574:(d. 544 AH) 8568:(d. 543 AH) 8562:(d. 536 AH) 8556:(d. 536 AH) 8550:(d. 520 AH) 8544:(d. 474 AH) 8538:(d. 458 AH) 8532:(d. 430 AH) 8526:(d. 403 AH) 8520:(d. 386 AH) 8366:Hamza Yusuf 8344:(1941–2022) 8327:(1944–2004) 8321:(1879–1973) 8315:(1909–1970) 8309:(1897–1970) 8292:(1878–1944) 8280:(1832–1916) 8268:(1802–1882) 8262:(1766–1829) 8256:(1760–1817) 8250:(1754–1817) 8238:(1747–1809) 8215:(1700–1795) 8203:(1715–1786) 8197:(1727–1780) 8191:(1698–1756) 8174:(1645–1710) 8168:(1611–1688) 8162:(1631–1685) 8156:(1599–1680) 8144:(1591–1662) 8132:(1582–1631) 8113:Al-Tamgruti 8109:(1520–1587) 8103:(1512–1575) 8097:(1497–1547) 8091:(1437–1513) 8050:(1442–1493) 8044:(1427–1491) 8038:(1384–1479) 8032:(1394–1453) 8015:(1373–1429) 8003:(1332–1406) 8001:Ibn Khaldun 7997:(1316–1401) 7985:(1320–1388) 7983:Ash-Shatibi 7944:(1259–1321) 7942:Ibn Rushayd 7932:(1259–1310) 7926:(1228–1285) 7920:(1214–1273) 7908:(1162–1236) 7879:(1126–1198) 7873:(1114–1185) 7867:(1083–1149) 7861:(1076–1148) 7849:(1061–1141) 7843:(1059–1126) 7841:At-Turtushi 7821:(1006–1085) 7815:(1013–1081) 7772:Sidi Mahrez 7754:Abu al-Arab 7727:(d. 854/55) 7361:Azerbaijani 7155:Ahmad Khani 7052:Mohsin Fani 6960:Lûtfi Pasha 6955:Mustafa Âlî 6889:Ibn al-Qadi 6669:Ibn Khaldun 6664:Al-Mufaddal 6634:Ibn Battuta 6547:Ibn Abi Zar 6522:Ibn al-Adim 6420:Ibn ʽAsakir 6260:Abu al-Arab 6209:Al-Mada'ini 6147:9th century 6133:Al-Mada'ini 6123:Abu Mikhnaf 6101:8th century 6075:7th century 5987:(in Arabic) 5976:(in French) 5965:Non-English 5848:In Our Time 5843:Ibn Khaldun 5698:pss/1830276 5423:11 December 5268:Ibn Khaldun 5102:archive.org 4417:Ibn Khaldūn 4401:Ibn Khaldun 4341:25 February 4296:Ibn Khaldun 4239:10023/23143 4171:Ali Zaidi, 4013:22 December 3944:Ibn Khaldūn 3928:Ibn Khaldun 3697:25 February 3397:Reaganomics 3341:Egon Orowan 3261:Prolegomena 3257:Prolegomena 3253:Prolegomena 2403:Al-Sha'rani 2281:Ibn Khaldun 2001:Ibn 'Asakir 1869:Al-Qushayri 1718:Ahl al-Ra'y 1708:Sunni Islam 1655:Minor works 1312:Ibn Abi Zar 1288:Books 2–5; 1241:1936, f. 7a 1235: [ 1232:Atif Efendi 1175:conqueror, 1101:Mohandessin 922:calligraphy 817:Black Death 789:mathematics 755:, which he 691:Reconquista 539:Prolegomena 510:Middle Ages 502:philosopher 498:sociologist 406:Ibn Khaldun 293:Ibn Abi Zar 273:At-Turtushi 72:27 May 1332 43:Ibn Khaldun 13651:Categories 13595:Separatism 13403:On Liberty 13303:The Prince 13032:Huntington 12535:Campanella 12462:al-Ghazali 12411:Thucydides 12369:Lactantius 12314:Statolatry 12140:Monarchism 12120:Liberalism 12045:Capitalism 12028:Ideologies 12009:Plutocracy 11957:Government 11913:Revolution 11898:Propaganda 11848:Legitimacy 11823:Government 11684:Humanities 11644:Agnotology 11303:Kołakowski 10866:Ibn Tufayl 10846:Maimonides 10790:Thucydides 10785:Tertullian 10740:Lactantius 10635:Volksgeist 10616:Traditions 10430:Convention 10126:Yunus Emre 10070:Ibn Sab’in 10039:Suhrawardi 10029:Ibn Tufail 9948:Al-Ghazali 9902:Apharabius 9737:psychology 9707:Avicennism 9569:(theology) 9206:Ibn Tumart 9051:Al-Sakhawi 9039:Al-Maqrizi 8967:Al-Baydawi 8919:Al-Baghawi 8913:Al-Ghazali 8901:Al-Juwayni 8871:Al-Bayhaqi 8829:Ibn Khafif 8823:Ibn Hibban 8710:Ibn 'Ashir 8674:Al-Akhdari 8644:Ibn 'Arafa 8626:Ibn Juzayy 8578:Al-Suhayli 8242:Ad-Desouki 8195:Al-Bannani 8166:Az-Zurqani 8107:Al-Mandjur 8101:Al-Akhdari 8089:Al-Miknasi 7995:Ibn 'Arafa 7989:Ibn Farhun 7977:Ibn Marzuq 7965:Ibn Juzayy 7959:Ibn al-Haj 7936:Al-Zarwili 7918:Al-Qurtubi 7871:Al-Suhayli 7865:Qadi Ayyad 7801:Ibn Battal 7780:(973–1035) 7774:(951–1022) 7768:(950–1013) 7519:Muqaddimah 7207:al-Jabarti 7202:al-Zayyani 7120:Abdi Pasha 6842:Tursun Beg 6746:Al-Sakhawi 6736:al-Maqrizi 6649:Ibn Kathir 6629:Al-Dhahabi 6624:Ibn Idhari 6619:Abu'l-Fida 6512:Ibn Jubayr 6445:Al-Jawwani 6440:Ibn Hammad 6348:Ibn Bassam 6308:Ibn Hayyan 6303:Ibn Faradi 6230:Ibn Duraid 6164:Ibn Hisham 6138:Ibn Lahi'a 6068:Historians 4929:5 December 4623:5 December 4586:6 December 4556:6 December 4274:Britannica 4046:. p. 157. 3817:Weiss 1995 3669:References 3563:Ibn Tufail 3543:Al-Zahrawi 3404:Iraqi Navy 3308:Economist 3249:Muqaddimah 3178:Al-Maqrizi 3101:Al-Andalus 2816:Al-Iqtisad 2445:Ibn 'Ashir 2360:Al-Sakhawi 2245:Ibn 'Arafa 2167:Ibn Juzayy 2107:Al-Baydawi 2080:Al-Qurtubi 1929:Al-Ghazali 1896:Al-Juwayni 1851:Al-Bayhaqi 1842:Al-Mawardi 1764:Ibn Khafif 1713:Kullabiyya 1699:Background 1692:Ibn Tumart 1541:April 2024 1427:Muqaddimah 1416:Adam Smith 1401:barbarians 1366:'aṣabiyyah 1361:Muqaddimah 1153:pilgrimage 1146:Alexandria 1134:school of 1121:Qamhiyyah 1033:Later life 1027:Alexandria 1011:Muqaddimah 985:sultan of 950:Muhammad V 797:philosophy 771:(law) and 722:Hadhramaut 707:Abdalwadid 679:Al-Andalus 660:Andalusian 598:Adam Smith 578:David Hume 534:Muqaddimah 526:demography 347:Ibn Ghurab 342:Al-Maqrizi 323:Influenced 308:Al-Mawardi 248:Al-Ghazali 174:demography 94:1406-03-18 13313:Leviathan 13293:Monarchia 13287:(c. 1274) 13122:Oakeshott 13067:Mansfield 13062:Luxemburg 13047:Kropotkin 12942:Bernstein 12895:centuries 12809:Nietzsche 12752:Jefferson 12680:Condorcet 12628:centuries 12607:Pufendorf 12472:Marsilius 12359:Confucius 12344:Aristotle 12337:Antiquity 12265:Noble lie 12185:Third Way 12180:Socialism 12105:Feudalism 12060:Communism 12040:Anarchism 12019:Theocracy 12004:Oligarchy 11984:Democracy 11969:Autocracy 11883:Pluralism 11868:Obedience 11833:Hierarchy 11793:Authority 11724:Sociology 11674:Historism 11383:Santayana 11353:Oakeshott 11323:MacIntyre 11308:Kropotkin 11283:Heidegger 11136:centuries 11050:Nietzsche 11015:Jefferson 11000:Helvétius 10965:Condorcet 10928:centuries 10912:Montaigne 10735:Confucius 10725:Augustine 10642:Worldview 10536:Modernity 10509:Formation 10187:Mir Damad 10180:17th–19th 10114:14th–16th 10080:al-Abharī 10075:Ibn Arabi 10009:Ahi Evren 9968:Bahmanyār 9727:cosmology 9712:Averroism 9645:(physics) 9591:astrology 9586:Cosmology 9453:Al-Ahbash 9389:Al-Irshad 9212:Ibn Mada' 9181:Ibn 'Aqil 9153:Ali Gomaa 9105:Al-Munawi 9057:Al-Suyuti 8997:Al-Safadi 8961:Al-Nawawi 8841:Ibn Furak 8680:Al-Hattab 8590:Ibn Malik 8554:Al-Maziri 8536:Ibn Sidah 8374:(b. 1963) 8368:(b. 1958) 8362:(b. 1951) 8356:(b. 1946) 8350:(b. 1935) 8335:15th/21st 8300:14th/20th 8286:(d. 1925) 8274:(d. 1888) 8244:(d. 1815) 8229:13th/19th 8221:(d. 1800) 8201:Ad-Dardir 8182:12th/18th 8150:(d. 1678) 8148:Al-Dila'i 8138:(d. 1631) 8136:Al-Laqani 8130:Ibn Ashir 8123:11th/17th 8095:Al-Hattab 8085:(d. 1511) 8079:(d. 1508) 8064:10th/16th 8009:(d. 1415) 8007:Al-Sakkak 7991:(d. 1397) 7979:(d. 1379) 7973:(d. 1365) 7967:(d. 1340) 7961:(d. 1336) 7938:(d. 1319) 7924:Al-Qarafi 7914:(d. 1249) 7902:(d. 1231) 7900:Al-Qattan 7883:Al-Tamimi 7855:(d. 1141) 7847:Al-Maziri 7819:Al-Lakhmi 7809:(d. 1071) 7803:(d. 1057) 7786:(d. 1039) 7762:(922–996) 7739:(801–871) 7733:(767–856) 7715:(759–828) 7684:(743–813) 7343:Ali Amiri 6832:Ibn Kemal 6776:Mirkhvand 6751:Al-Suyuti 6507:Ibn Amira 6343:Al-Quda'i 6245:Miskawayh 6240:Al-Masudi 6194:Al-Azraqi 6174:Al-Tabari 6118:Al-Waqidi 6113:Ibn Ishaq 5819:Muqaddima 5777:162022220 5706:144078253 5625:143508326 5147:ignored ( 5137:cite book 5078:cite book 5022:cite book 4923:Evonomics 4813:(1): 15. 4696:0950-3110 4322:239392974 4279:3 October 4256:235841623 4132:144222817 4124:1600-910X 4085:914395509 3718:Continuum 3674:Citations 3651:al-Mālikī 3558:Ibn Arabi 3408:a frigate 3372:In 2007, 3345:socionomy 3337:Augustine 3333:Aristotle 3026:Deobandis 3021:Al-Ahbash 2999:Maturidis 2809:Al-Irshad 2563:Ibn Kiran 2376:Al-Suyuti 2089:Al-Nawawi 1965:Al-Mazari 1947:Ibn 'Aqil 1797:Ibn Furak 1672:Ash'arism 1644:mysticism 1495:asabiyyah 1449:intrinsic 1353:sociology 1342:Platonism 1212:(Judge). 1015:panegyric 739:Education 703:historian 586:Karl Marx 559:Tamerlane 528:studies. 522:economics 518:sociology 506:historian 493:) was an 459:-bun hal- 303:Ibn Jarir 283:Ibn Rushd 278:Ibn Bajja 268:Aristotle 243:Al-Farabi 194:Asabiyyah 169:economics 164:sociology 13747:Mujaddid 13568:Centrism 13263:Politics 13253:Republic 13222:Voegelin 13202:Spengler 13187:Shariati 13162:Rothbard 13117:Nussbaum 13017:Habermas 12992:Fukuyama 12982:Foucault 12907:Ambedkar 12884:Voltaire 12854:de Staël 12829:Rousseau 12710:Franklin 12685:Constant 12645:Beccaria 12477:Muhammad 12457:Gelasius 12442:Averroes 12416:Xenophon 12396:Polybius 12349:Chanakya 12194:Concepts 12160:Populism 12130:Localism 12115:Islamism 12100:Feminism 11999:Monarchy 11903:Property 11893:Progress 11858:Monopoly 11828:Hegemony 11737:Category 11649:Axiology 11637:See also 11428:Voegelin 11418:Spengler 11393:Shariati 11348:Nussbaum 11333:Maritain 11293:Irigaray 11273:Habermas 11238:Foucault 11223:Durkheim 11125:Voltaire 11090:de Staël 11065:Rousseau 10990:Franklin 10851:Muhammad 10836:Gelasius 10821:Avempace 10804:Medieval 10780:Polybius 10775:Plutarch 10541:Morality 10516:Ideology 10504:Identity 10413:Concepts 10024:Averroes 9963:Ibn Hazm 9958:Avicenna 9912:Al Amiri 9882:Al-Kindi 9875:9th–10th 9785:ʼIjtihād 9770:ʻAṣabīya 9763:Concepts 9702:Farabism 9657:Madrasah 9472:Maturidi 9412:See also 9282:Al-Kamil 9173:Hanbalis 9147:Al-Bouti 8815:Shafi'is 8480:Category 8272:Al Alawi 8030:Ibn Faïd 8023:9th/15th 7952:8th/14th 7906:Al-Azafi 7893:7th/13th 7877:Averroes 7834:6th/12th 7825:Al-Lamti 7794:5th/11th 7756:(d. 945) 7747:4th/10th 7721:(d. 848) 7682:Ibn Wahb 7678:(d. 799) 7543:Concepts 7128:Chagatai 6929:Firishta 6874:Ibn Iyas 6817:Oruç Bey 6562:Ibn Bibi 6542:Al-Qifti 6328:Ibn Hazm 6323:Al-Bakri 6275:al-Kindi 6184:Ibn Sa'd 5955:Archived 5943:Archived 5926:Archived 5881:Archived 5532:25 April 5107:25 April 4979:cite web 4728:20 March 4674:Al-Masāq 3548:Chanakya 3465:See also 3378:Istanbul 3321:theorist 3189:Al-Jahiz 3119:Al-Abili 3061:Category 3031:Barelvis 2802:Al-Insaf 1664:a series 1662:Part of 1626:prophets 1622:religion 1316:Al-'Ibar 1279:Book 1; 1204:, whose 1181:Damascus 1123:Madrasah 979:Ifriqiya 977:Back in 821:epidemic 805:Avicenna 801:Averroes 781:Al-Abili 675:Muhammad 664:Hadhrami 298:Ibn Hazm 288:Ibn Sina 253:Al-Jahiz 113:Religion 64:Personal 13742:Malikis 13717:Asharis 13605:Statism 13518:Elitism 13476:Related 13277:(51 BC) 13207:Strauss 13182:Scruton 13177:Schmitt 13167:Russell 13087:Michels 13082:Maurras 13077:Marcuse 13037:Kautsky 13007:Gramsci 13002:Gentile 12972:Dworkin 12962:Du Bois 12957:Dmowski 12952:Chomsky 12947:Burnham 12932:Benoist 12902:Agamben 12869:Thoreau 12859:Stirner 12849:Spencer 12794:Mazzini 12784:Maistre 12779:Madison 12774:Le Play 12705:Fourier 12670:Carlyle 12650:Bentham 12640:Bastiat 12635:Bakunin 12612:Spinoza 12602:Müntzer 12572:Leibniz 12545:Grotius 12525:Bossuet 12492:Plethon 12437:Aquinas 12406:Sun Tzu 12374:Mencius 12364:Han Fei 12135:Marxism 12095:Fascism 11928:Society 11853:Liberty 11838:Justice 11818:Freedom 11478:(44 BC) 11408:Sombart 11403:Skinner 11388:Scruton 11368:Polanyi 11343:Niebuhr 11328:Marcuse 11263:Gramsci 11258:Gentile 11218:Du Bois 11208:Deleuze 11178:Benoist 11148:Agamben 11105:Thoreau 11095:Stirner 11085:Spencer 11035:Le Play 10985:Fourier 10970:Emerson 10955:Carlyle 10940:Bentham 10917:Müntzer 10887:Erasmus 10861:Plethon 10856:Photios 10816:Aquinas 10750:Mencius 10718:Ancient 10651:Schools 10531:Loyalty 10489:History 10477:Counter 10472:Culture 10440:Customs 10243:present 9805:Maslaha 9689:Schools 9676:Sufism 9560:Alchemy 9492:Shafi'i 9270:Saladin 9198:Zahiris 8510:Malikis 8402:Shafi'i 8397:Hanbali 8142:Mayyara 7813:Al-Baji 7706:3rd/9th 7663:2nd/8th 7586:Tabaqat 7391:Kurdish 7337:Ottoman 7324:Turkish 7298:Persian 7236:Turkish 7215:Persian 7148:Kurdish 7074:Ottoman 7061:Turkish 7030:Persian 6948:Turkish 6902:Persian 6810:Turkish 6764:Persian 6682:Persian 6555:Persian 6458:Persian 6356:Persian 6318:Al-Udri 6250:al-Suli 6169:Ya'qubi 5851:at the 5832:English 5662:Sources 5590:2708627 4963:"index" 4887:3590803 4827:4310424 3349:Berbers 3251:as the 3205:Ottoman 2993:Classic 1574:asabiya 1473:mithqal 1465:mithqal 1385:Berbers 1314:, yet 1297:Berbers 1268:Berbers 1130:of the 1103:, Cairo 1003:Algeria 954:Castile 943:Granada 934:Marinid 823:of the 785:Tlemcen 745:Maghreb 689:to the 687:Seville 683:Tunisia 483:Arabic: 377:Toynbee 263:Al-Tusi 258:Al-Razi 147:Ash'ari 92: ( 57:Algeria 18:Khaldun 13467:(1992) 13457:(1971) 13447:(1951) 13437:(1945) 13427:(1944) 13417:(1929) 13407:(1859) 13397:(1848) 13377:(1820) 13367:(1791) 13357:(1790) 13347:(1762) 13337:(1748) 13327:(1689) 13317:(1651) 13307:(1532) 13297:(1313) 13227:Walzer 13217:Taylor 13172:Sartre 13137:Popper 13132:Pareto 13127:Ortega 13112:Nozick 13102:Mouffe 13052:Laclau 13012:Guénon 12997:Gandhi 12937:Berlin 12927:Bauman 12922:Badiou 12912:Arendt 12879:Tucker 12769:Le Bon 12730:Herder 12720:Haller 12715:Godwin 12700:Fichte 12695:Engels 12690:Cortés 12660:Bonald 12617:Suárez 12592:Milton 12582:Luther 12555:Hobbes 12540:Filmer 12530:Calvin 12515:Boétie 12508:period 12487:Ockham 12354:Cicero 12155:Nazism 11943:Utopia 11918:Rights 11908:Regime 11878:People 11863:Nation 11669:Ethics 11628:(2010) 11618:(1991) 11608:(1990) 11598:(1987) 11588:(1987) 11578:(1979) 11568:(1976) 11558:(1967) 11548:(1964) 11538:(1949) 11528:(1935) 11518:(1930) 11498:(1756) 11488:(1486) 11433:Walzer 11423:Taylor 11413:Sowell 11398:Simmel 11363:Pareto 11358:Ortega 11268:Guénon 11253:Gehlen 11248:Gandhi 11203:Debord 11188:Butler 11183:Berlin 11173:Bauman 11163:Badiou 11153:Arendt 11143:Adorno 11075:Ruskin 11030:Le Bon 11005:Herder 10980:Fichte 10975:Engels 10945:Bonald 10935:Arnold 10907:Milton 10902:Luther 10882:Calvin 10760:Origen 10730:Cicero 10690:Social 10626:Family 10621:Values 10582:Rights 10546:Public 10494:Honour 10425:Anomie 10420:Agency 9835:Tawḥīd 9795:ʻIrfān 9608:Ethics 9566:Aqidah 9553:Fields 9485:Maliki 9478:Hanafi 9448:Sufism 9443:Tawhid 9340:Mamluk 8407:Zahiri 8392:Hanafi 7725:Sahnun 7269:Arabic 7181:Arabic 7006:Arabic 6868:Arabic 6837:Neshri 6827:Enveri 6730:Arabic 6694:Wassaf 6613:Arabic 6491:Arabic 6394:Arabic 6297:Arabic 6001: 5806: 5775: 5769:176185 5767: 5704: 5696: 5640:Kyklos 5623: 5588: 5526:un.org 5364: 5339: 5314: 5274: 5244: 5208: 5185:4 July 5049: 5010: 4969:14 May 4885: 4848: 4825: 4759: 4694: 4502: 4375: 4320: 4310: 4254: 4246: 4193: 4130: 4122: 4083: 4073: 4050: 4038: 3902: 3839: 3765: 3732: 3406:named 3382:Turkey 3335:, and 3223:Europe 3163:Laffer 3149:Legacy 3123:Sufism 3015:Modern 2964:Events 1648:demons 1639:Sufism 1591:, the 1469:barley 1461:dirham 1457:silver 1381:racist 1359:, the 1206:reform 1191:Tatars 1173:Mongol 1132:Maliki 1117:Barquq 987:Bougie 983:Hafsid 981:, the 947:Nasrid 926:sultan 825:plague 777:ijazah 769:sharia 765:hadith 608:Family 588:, and 524:, and 504:, and 467:Arabic 382:Orowan 357:Çelebi 137:Maliki 13616:Index 13245:Works 13232:Weber 13197:Spann 13192:Sorel 13157:Röpke 13152:Rawls 13107:Negri 13097:Mosca 13092:Mises 13057:Lenin 13027:Hoppe 13022:Hayek 12987:Fromm 12977:Evola 12967:Dugin 12864:Taine 12844:Smith 12824:Renan 12819:Paine 12740:Iqbal 12725:Hegel 12675:Comte 12665:Burke 12577:Locke 12567:James 12520:Bodin 12452:Dante 12447:Bruni 12401:Shang 12384:Plato 11938:State 11888:Power 11873:Peace 11808:Elite 11786:Terms 11466:Works 11453:Žižek 11438:Weber 11378:Röpke 11338:Negri 11318:Lasch 11288:Hoppe 11243:Fromm 11233:Evola 11213:Dewey 11193:Camus 11100:Taine 11080:Smith 11070:Royce 11060:Renan 10995:Hegel 10960:Comte 10950:Burke 10897:Locke 10831:Dante 10826:Bruni 10795:Xunzi 10770:Plato 10765:Philo 10745:Laozi 10553:Mores 10465:Multi 10455:Inter 10241:20th– 9840:Ummah 9830:Shūrā 9825:Qiyās 9815:Qadar 9800:Ijmāʿ 9780:Iʻjaz 9697:Early 9651:Peace 9633:Logic 9614:Kalam 9438:Kalam 9294:Qutuz 7551:Isnad 7533:Rihla 5773:S2CID 5765:JSTOR 5702:S2CID 5694:JSTOR 5621:S2CID 5586:JSTOR 5464:(PDF) 4883:JSTOR 4823:JSTOR 4794:(41). 4318:S2CID 4252:S2CID 4244:JSTOR 4156:–306. 4128:S2CID 3589:Notes 3329:Plato 3171:Egypt 3004:Sufis 1723:Kalam 1393:`Ibar 1239:] 1230:, MS 1216:Works 1186:Syria 1177:Timur 1169:Faraj 1158:fatwa 1109:Egypt 1023:Mecca 903:Tunis 793:logic 753:Quran 652:Tunis 619:Tunis 392:Comte 143:Creed 127:Sunni 117:Islam 102:Cairo 76:Tunis 13147:Rand 13142:Qutb 13042:Kirk 12917:Aron 12834:Sade 12814:Owen 12799:Mill 12789:Marx 12757:Kant 12735:Hume 12597:More 12497:Wang 12379:Mozi 11803:Duty 11448:Zinn 11443:Weil 11313:Land 11298:Kirk 11158:Aron 11115:Vico 11055:Owen 11045:Mill 11040:Marx 11020:Kant 11010:Hume 10755:Mozi 10460:Mono 10171:Jami 10053:13th 9992:12th 9941:11th 9820:Qalb 9810:Nafs 9790:ʻIlm 9722:Sufi 9624:Fiqh 5999:ISBN 5804:ISBN 5534:2018 5425:2007 5362:ISBN 5337:ISBN 5312:ISBN 5272:ISBN 5242:ISBN 5206:ISBN 5187:2012 5149:help 5109:2018 5084:link 5047:ISBN 5028:link 5008:ISBN 4985:link 4971:2022 4931:2017 4846:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4730:2024 4692:ISSN 4625:2017 4588:2017 4558:2017 4533:2008 4500:ISBN 4373:ISBN 4343:2017 4308:ISBN 4281:2023 4191:ISBN 4120:ISSN 4081:OCLC 4071:ISBN 4048:ISBN 4036:ISBN 4015:2020 3990:2008 3900:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3763:ISBN 3730:ISBN 3699:2017 3402:The 3325:Vico 1593:fikr 1585:fikr 1455:and 1453:gold 1418:and 1376:Zanj 1210:qadi 1162:qadi 1137:fiqh 1128:qadi 1019:Hajj 813:Tusi 811:and 809:Razi 795:and 773:fiqh 596:and 549:and 495:Arab 461:DOON 387:Amel 87:Died 69:Born 13212:Sun 13072:Mao 11948:War 11843:Law 11278:Han 11228:Eco 9775:Ḥāl 9577:Aql 5853:BBC 5845:on 5757:doi 5686:doi 5648:doi 5613:doi 5578:doi 4875:doi 4815:doi 4682:doi 4431:”, 4420:". 4300:doi 4234:hdl 4224:doi 4154:268 4112:doi 3958:”, 3947:". 3722:doi 3644:see 3243:'s 3235:'s 3113:of 1690:by 1531:by 1310:by 1302:Fez 1195:Fez 1063:by 1021:to 930:Fez 865:by 783:of 604:). 537:or 13653:: 9863:CE 9475:– 7653:CE 7648:AH 5912:. 5862:. 5798:, 5771:. 5763:. 5753:27 5751:. 5700:. 5692:. 5682:79 5680:. 5644:30 5642:. 5619:. 5607:. 5584:. 5574:28 5572:. 5551:. 5524:. 5502:. 5491:^ 5442:. 5256:^ 5220:^ 5177:. 5141:: 5139:}} 5135:{{ 5117:^ 5100:. 5080:}} 5076:{{ 5024:}} 5020:{{ 4993:^ 4981:}} 4977:{{ 4921:. 4881:. 4871:42 4869:. 4821:. 4811:17 4809:. 4792:11 4790:. 4786:. 4763:). 4690:. 4678:28 4676:. 4672:. 4611:. 4596:^ 4574:. 4549:. 4477:. 4448:. 4381:. 4316:. 4306:. 4298:. 4272:. 4250:. 4242:. 4232:. 4220:43 4218:. 4214:. 4144:• 4126:. 4118:. 4108:15 4106:. 4102:. 4079:. 4006:. 3976:. 3908:. 3845:. 3777:^ 3761:. 3759:82 3728:. 3720:. 3716:. 3380:, 3331:, 3157:A 3145:. 3141:, 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