Kew Asylum - Knowledge

1081:, W. D. Birrell, produced a report on the immediate post-war priorities for Kew. Birrell strongly urged the council to propose the closure of Kew Asylum, with the grounds to be subdivided and "...laid out on modern town planning principles with some 700 to 800 homes". According to Birrell, this would have been an ideal post-war scheme as it would provide employment and much needed land for housing. Birrell's proposal was not new; ever since the establishment of the asylum, proposals for its closure and redevelopment had recurred every few years. Birrell's plans did not eventuate as overcrowding at other mental hospitals throughout Victoria necessitated Kew's continued operation. 434:, many of which were retained when the complex was redeveloped. Internally, the dormitories had 14 ft (4.3 m) ceilings and brightly coloured walls with the beds aligned in neat rows. The floors were of timber, principally so they could be scrubbed. The primary access to the complex was from a tree-lined drive from Princess Street (now known as "Main Drive") culminating in an elliptical carriageway in front of the main building. A second drive (now known as "Lower Drive") extended from Princess Street to the rear gates of the asylum. This road was commonly used for deliveries to and from the asylum via the rear gatehouse. 651: 34: 320:(which was originally a gaol) was in a state of disrepair. As a result, in 1854 the Government of the Colony of Victoria commissioned a report proposing sites and designs for a new lunatic asylum. Contemporary educated opinion was that lunatic asylums should be built "on a healthy site, freely admitting light and air, and drainage ... a gentle eminence in a fertile and agreeable country". In a report by the 605: 490: 637:. Other information recorded, where available, were dates of previous admissions, "form of mental disorder", bodily condition ("satisfactory", "unsatisfactory", "feeble", etc.) and "duration of existing attack". From approximately 1900 onwards, photographs were usually taken on admission. If the person was very restless, the photograph was omitted. Belongings, such as books, clothes, and 1070: 301: 462: 872: 965: 781:

Asylums, all private/semi-private inebriate asylums were abolished under the provisions of the Inebriate Asylums Act 1888. Northcote was taken over by the Government of Victoria in 1890 and converted into a public inebriate retreat. Brightside and Lara Inebriate Retreats were opened soon after, and many alcoholics were moved out of the lunatic asylums.

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Patients Ward", development of an archive and resource collection consisting of the few remaining records and artifacts left behind when Central Equity gained control of the site from A.V. Jennings. The archive and resource collection was created by the Australian Science Archives Project (ASAP) at the University of Melbourne.

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use. Widening and straightening of Princess Street in 1939-1940 resulted in the demolishing of Kew's gatehouses, loss of land and the relocation of the main gates to Victoria Park, Kew. Construction of Yarra Boulevard during the 1930s led to a section of the asylum's river frontage being acquired by the roads department.

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various Health Acts. From its establishment until 1905 the institution at Kew was known as an asylum – a title which emphasised its function as a place of detention rather than a place where people could possibly be cured. Kew was also for a short period known as the Metropolitan Lunatic Asylum at

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were housed with the adults at Kew. By 1879 nearly 600 children, representing a quarter of all inmates, were accommodated in various institutions in Victoria. In the 1880s the government decided that a separate building should be built to accommodate child inmates. The Zox Commission recommended the

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were often returned to friends or family. Inmates were required to dress in institutional clothes. This was useful in a number of ways as it assisted the public in easily identifying escaped inmates; reduced the need to request clothes (or money for clothes) from the inmate's family or their estate;

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At the request of a friend, relative or acquaintance, with medical certificates written by two medical practitioners. This method was amended by The Mental Health Act 1959 which stated a person could be admitted upon the recommendation of a medical practitioner who had examined the person. As soon as

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When opened, Kew's extensive 398 acres (1.6 km; 0.6 sq mi) of grounds were intended to be used for farming, agriculture and recreation for the inmates. However, as treatment methods, inmate profiles, superintendents and societal factors changed, use of the grounds changed accordingly.

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The Lunacy Act of 1903 changed the title of all Victorian "asylums" to "hospitals for the insane" however this Act didn't come into operation until March 1905. From this time onwards, inmates began being referred to as patients. The Mental Hygiene Act of 1933 again altered Kew's title to "Kew Mental

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around the patients' courtyards. They consisted of a trench, one side of which was vertical and faced with stone or bricks, the other side sloped and turfed. From the inside, the walls presented a tall face to patients, deterring them from escaping, while from outside the walls looked low so as not

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The Zox Commission further recommended increasing the role of medical doctors at the asylums and that "Medical men have the sole and exclusive right to determine whether their fellow citizens are sane or insane. The medical expert therefore stands in the position of witness, jury and judge". Prior

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and were housed in the two main wings — men in the right wing, women in the left. The wards were dormitory style and were divided by patient type — male/female, paying/pauper, manageable/refractory. The area of the women's wards was smaller due to the laundries and drying courtyards being located

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The conifer plantings and oak avenues along Main and Lower Drives were well established and of a mature size by the 1940s. Conifers were widely planted from the 1860s along with Moreton Bay figs and occasionally oaks. Oaks and elms were more widely planted from the 1880s. It is not known if Linaker

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a section of land, about 400 acres in extent, situated on the River Yarra, about 4 miles from Melbourne, and ½ a mile to the north of the village of Kew ... the site selected is a fine slope, elevated about 100 feet above the level of the river, admitting of proper drainage

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By 1986 Willsmere Hospital's bed numbers had been reduced to 430, three quarters of which were for psychogeriatric patients. As a result of ongoing mental health reform, the then Labor Government of Victoria commissioned the "Willsmere Project", the purpose of which was to plan for decommissioning

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A large area of the grounds between the asylum main buildings and Princess Street was allocated to Children's Cottages in 1885. When the Children's Cottages became a separate institution, the area surrounding the cottages became no longer under asylum management and was no longer for asylum inmate

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In 1962 the decision was made to no longer house acute or short-term patients at Kew and therefore it was formally proclaimed a Mental Hospital under the Mental Health Act of 1959. Up until this time, Kew Mental Hospital was still colloquially known as "Kew Asylum". In the 1960s Kew began to be

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Until the end of World War I, there was little change in the admission process at Kew. Upon arriving, a variable amount of data was collected on the person being admitted. These basic details included age, sex, marital status and former address (or name of the asylum/jail transferred from). Other

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The grounds of the Kew Asylum were originally landscaped in the tradition of an English country park. This was consistent with the Victorian idea that pleasant or beautiful surroundings would help ease the mental anguish of the inmates. It has been proposed that the initial plantings on the site

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has a small number of theses on Kew – the majority of which are short in length and are architecture-based. The exception to this is Cheryl Day's unpublished PhD thesis which is an ethnographic description of the first fifty years of Kew's existence. While the thesis was unpublished, it is

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described the walls as an "excellent arrangement, as it enables the patients to see the outside world, and does away with that gaol appearance and feeling inculcated by the walls of the old asylums". Many of Kew's ha-ha walls were retained and remain intact, unlike those at Beechworth and Ararat

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One of the conditions of the development permit from the Historic Buildings Council required that a section of the building be set aside and maintained as a museum that documented the history of the site. This led to the creation of an interpretive display in a section of the old "Female Paying

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The remaining grasslands between the Eastern Freeway and the main hospital buildings, including the site of the asylum's cricket field were developed as the Kew Gardens residential estate. The Kew Gardens project was completed in 1995. The buildings and grounds of the Kew Cottages (formerly the

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to an asylum for any period up to twelve months. Inebriates who were able to pay the lodging fees at private inebriate asylums were able to be housed in inebriate-specific institutions such as Northcote Inebriate Asylum. Paupers were placed in lunatic asylums. After the 1888 Zox Commission into

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Melbourne. Designed to be elegant, beautiful, yet substantial, and to be viewed as "a magnificent asylum for the insane" with the aim of portraying Melbourne as a civilised and benevolent city whilst avoiding the jail-like appearance of other asylums. These aims were furthered by the use of low

1020:(discovered in 1950s) lead to improvements in treatment. Thus many people with a mental illness could in many cases be treated in hospital for a shorter period and return to the community. The Mental Health Act of 1959 designated hospitals providing short-term diagnosis and accommodation as " 570:

in the landscape is almost certainly due to Linaker as he favoured upright trees. It is possible that the two remnant Monterey cypress along Main Drive and a Monterey pine along Lower Drive are trees from an earlier planting scheme. Several trees and plants on the grounds of Kew Asylum and

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was required to inquire into and report upon the state and condition of Asylums for the Insane and Inebriates, both public and private. The Royal Commission made some sixty five recommendations in its final report. A number of the commission's recommendations were implemented prior to the

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were permanently reserved as a "Site for Lunatic Asylum" in the Government Gazette of 1864. Construction began in 1864, however was halted almost immediately with reports of inferior works on the foundations. An investigation followed and Frederick Kawerau resigned. Contractor

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of impure air caused epidemics. The area Vivian recommended for the asylum had originally been set aside for a village reserve. Locals from Kew were upset by the proposal and petitioned the government, to no avail. 340 acres (1.4 km; 0.5 sq mi) of land in the

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In addition to the asylum's ornamental gardens, the grounds featured vegetable gardens, farms and recreational areas such as cricket ovals and bowling greens. Little evidence remains of these structures except that there is now a road that encircles the former cricket oval.

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Kew continued to operate throughout the 20th century as a "hospital for the insane", "mental hospital", or "psychiatric hospital", treating acute, long-term and geriatric patients until it closed in December 1988. The main building and surrounding grounds were sold by the

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style asylum due to its perceived resemblance to stockades or gaols. The buildings are constructed from oversize bricks, made from local clay which was quarried on-site. The bricks were then rendered with cement. The central administration block is three storied with a

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In January 1982 three wards of Kew Mental Hospital were proclaimed a Psychiatric Hospital under the provisions of the Mental Health Act 1959. These wards were then known as the Willsmere Unit and were established to receive and accommodate short-term acute patients.

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During its 120 years of operation, Kew's title changed numerous times. This has been in response to society's changing views towards the treatment and care of mentally ill persons; improvements in treatment leading to better health outcomes and changes in the

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Some of these terms are still in use today, however they may now have different meanings. For example, from examining the notes on some of Kew's early "dementia" patients, it can be deduced that many were most likely suffering from what we now term severe

1024:". Therefore, any institution could have a section designated as a mental hospital for long-term or indefinite hospitalisation and a section designated as a psychiatric hospital for short term diagnosis and treatment of acute psychiatric illness. 621:

Any (lunatic) person found wandering at large or not under proper care and control could be brought before two justices who could order the person's removal to an asylum. The police were usually responsible for bringing the person before the two

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Some contemporary accounts of life in Kew are available. Paul Ward Farmer wrote an essay "Three weeks in the Kew Lunatic Asylum", describing his admission to Kew in the 1890s. Julian Thomas, an American reporter, wrote a series of articles for

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and minimised inmate conflict when inmates swapped or stole clothes from each other. The property and estates of people who were deemed to be insane were controlled and administered by the Master-in-Equity, also known as the Master-in-Lunacy.

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in 1876–1877 under the pseudonym of "The Vagabond". Thomas was an attendant at Kew at the time. There are also excerpts of affidavits from patients, doctors, and attendants at Kew (as well as other Victorian mental hospitals such as

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the hospital and develop services and facilities in the community. Long-term psychogeriatric patients were transferred to new psychogeriatric nursing homes in the suburbs, to a re-opened ward of Plenty Psychiatric Hospital in

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Overview of the building's layout. Female wards were accommodated in the left-hand wing; males in the right. The administration areas were in the front building and the centre wing. The small, round buildings are the

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site as appropriate for buildings for "imbecile" children. However, a site between the main building and the entrance gates of Kew was chosen and in 1885 a contract was let for the erection of cottage units. The

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In 1958, 58 acres (0.2 km; 0.1 sq mi) of the northern section of the asylum grounds were offered under a Crown Grant to the Talbot Colony for Epileptics. Later known as Royal Talbot (now part of

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and admirably adapted for ornamental grounds, the aspect chosen is south-east, and during the summer months the refreshing influence of the sea-breeze will be felt, without being exposed to south west gales.

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Entrance gates and gatehouse of Kew Asylum, c. 1880. The gate house was demolished and the gates moved to Victoria Park, Kew in the 1930s or 1940s to facilitate the straightening of Princess Street.

1053:), the hospital and training centre continue to operate on the site to this day. An area of Kew's grounds adjacent to the Talbot Colony was granted to the Guide Dogs, Victoria for the building of a 575:

have been classified as of historical significance by the Victorian Heritage Council and the National Trust of Australia (Victoria), and have been protected during the property's redevelopment.

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presentation of its final report, others were implemented through the Lunacy Amendment Act 1888 and some recommendations were not implemented until proclamation of the Lunacy Act 1903 in 1905.

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Hospital". The move from 'asylum' to 'hospital' and 'inmate' to 'patient' also reflected the increased involvement of the medical profession in the management and treatment of mental illness.

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According to Dr Dick's assessment in 1884 'the Kew Asylum for buildings, fittings, boundary walls, fencing, and laying on services of gas and water cost 198,334 pounds compared to

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The hospital complex was eventually developed by Central Equity into residential apartments. The Willsmere residential development was officially opened on 27 October 1993 by Premier

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Public outcry at the treatment of the insane in the colony's lunatic asylums increased in the 1870s, fueled by articles and woodcuts in magazines and the writings of "The Vagabond" in

426:. Two storeyed ward wings extend to each side, one for each sex. Each wing has a four-storey, mansard-roofed tower, which contained water tanks. The ward wings were surrounded by 887:, which at the time was thought to have been virtually eradicated in Melbourne. This inquiry in turn led to amendments to the Lunacy Act, improvements to Kew (and the state's other 1132:

There are few documented or published histories of Kew Asylum. The majority of information available on the asylum comes from the Kew's official records which are now held by the

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Despite initial grand plans and ideals, Kew Asylum had a difficult and chequered history, contributing to several inquiries throughout its 117 years of operation, including a

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walls and extensively landscaped grounds. Long considered of cultural and historic significance to Melbourne, Kew Asylum and its complex of buildings were registered on the

764:(Kew Cottages) was opened in May 1887. The Idiot Ward was initially considered a ward of Kew Lunatic Asylum, however later became known as a separate institution – 3881: 538:. As landscape gardener for the State Lunacy Department he commenced a program of landscape improvements and tree plantings at other asylums in Victoria, including Kew. 280:. Overcrowding, mismanagement, lack of resources, poor sanitation and diseases were common criticisms during the asylum's first five decades; out-dated facilities and 1720: 618:

possible after admission the superintendent of the hospital was required to examine the patient and either approve the recommended admission or discharge the patient.

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continued construction at Kew using Kawerau's designs. They were derived from plans earlier outlined by Vivian, and were basically identical to Kawerau's designs for

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details requested included names of relatives or friends, the person's religion and occupation and whether others in the family have ever been classified as

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Under the Lunacy Statute of 1867, Lunacy Acts from 1880 to 1928 and Mental Hygiene Act of 1933, people could be admitted to the asylum by a number of means:

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stated that "the site chosen is of primary importance. On it must depend the comfort, happiness and health of the inmates." Thus a hilltop site, across the

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Grose, R (1986). "Project Manager's Report to the Minister for Health Willsmere Hospital Proposed Decommissioning Strategy". Health Department Victoria.

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in the late 1980s. An extensive conservation analysis was completed in 1988 that recommended the bulk of the original buildings be conserved.

3831: 2672: 883:. The first inquiry occurred in 1876, only five years after Kew opened. Another notable inquiry occurred in 1907 after a severe outbreak of 3856: 3846: 3023: 2868: 1772: 1212: 194: 1496: 956:

to (and in some instances, for a time after) the Zox Commission, many superintendents at asylums did not have any training in insanity.

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The Commission recommended that criminal patients be kept apart from other patients; thus male criminally insane patients were moved to

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Despite initial grand plans and ideals, Kew Asylum had a difficult and chequered history resulting in several inquiries, including a

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Gerrand, Valerie (December 2005). "Can deinstitutionalisation work? Mental health reform from 1993 to 1998 in Victoria, Australia".

3780: 445:, the Kew asylum is much larger with the front buildings and towers more impressive architecturally. Kew's distinctive towers and 2894:

Lewis, Miles; Best Overend and Partners (1988). "Kew Lunatic Asylum (Willsmere) conservation analysis". Best Overend and Partners.

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The diagnoses given to patients during Kew's first fifty years were the common ailments found in most lunatic asylums of the pre-

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Ian, Goss; Mason, Ian G.R. (1959). "The older buildings of the Kew mental asylum". University of Melbourne undergraduate thesis.

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Any prisoner of the Crown thought to be a lunatic could be removed from a jail to an asylum by order of the Chief Secretary.

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Voluntary Boarders were those who requested that they be admitted for a mutually agreed period of time (from 1915 onwards).

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Bourke, A. (2011). "Land Marks in the Cure of Madness: The Shaping of 19th Century Asylum Sites in Melbourne, Australia".

3725: 3557: 3428: 3790: 2380: 2228: 1558: 1345: 289: 2726: 2344: 3620: 2469: 2441: 2327: 410: 3226: 2930: 3710: 3667: 503: 221:. Operational from 1871 to 1988, Kew Asylum was one of the largest asylums ever built in Australia. Later known as 3145: 2984: 3836: 3720: 3715: 3625: 684: 270: 3615: 3421: 2385: 2233: 1563: 184: 225:, the complex of buildings were constructed between 1864 and 1872 to the design of architects G.W. Vivian and 3582: 3527: 3520: 3234: 3211: 2513: 2281: 2196: 2159: 2122: 2052: 2003: 1930: 1896: 1859: 1500: 1133: 3532: 1526: 1350: 68: 402: 2758: 3182: 2718: 1180: 1058: 1050: 361: 3260: 3020:"Kew Asylum Museum / Archives page at Australian Science Archives Project Published: 25 February 1998" 336:

was recommended in a report by G.W. Vivian of the Public Works Office. Vivian described the site as:

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Another distinctive feature of Kew Asylum and its sister asylums is the use of a variation on

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During the 1850s, the existing lunatic asylums of the Colony of Victoria were overcrowded.

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known as "Willsmere", however some authors state the name change to "Willsmere" was later.

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A number of photographs of Kew Asylum are kept by the Victorian Mental Health Library at

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in the early 1970s also resulted in property loss for both Royal Talbot and Kew Asylum.

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The asylum complex is an example of the E-plan lunatic asylums based on the model 1850s

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Tuer, Graeme. "Kew Lunatic Asylum". University of Melbourne Undergraduate Thesis.

1815: 818: 808: 321: 2952: 1175:) detailing the terrible conditions in the asylums during the 1920s in the book 3800: 3187:

A Plea for Better Treatment of the Mentally Afflicted: What can happen to a man

2282:"The Mysterious Edward/Ellen De Lacy Evans – The Picaresque in Real Life" 1439:

The Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane

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be housed in asylums separate from the insane which led to the construction of

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was responsible for the oak avenues, but it appears that many of the conifers,

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Royal Commission on Asylums for the Insane and Inebriate Report 29 April 1886

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breeding and training centre, which opened in 1962. The construction of the

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The idea that breezes or wind-swept locations were healthy came from a wider

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Walker Corporation Pty Ltd (December 2005). "Walker Development Plan – Kew".

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McIntosh (1950). "Kew asylum". University of Melbourne undergraduate thesis.

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Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities

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available in PDF form through the University of Melbourne Library website.

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walls adjoining the front archways, enclosing one of the female courtyards.

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Royal Commission on Asylums for the Insane and Inebriate 1884–1886

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grounds of Kew Asylum) were redeveloped as the "Main Drive" project by

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Under the Lunacy Statute of 1867, the Master-in-Lunacy was able commit

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Victorian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate

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who played for both Australia and England. Died in Kew Asylum in 1890.

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Oxford Companion to Australian History – entry for Thomas Wills

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Kew, possibly to differentiate it from its sister country asylums at

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belief that associated disease with congestion and squalor, and that

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of the Victorian Public Works Office to house the growing number of "

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roofs make it one of the most prominent architectural landmarks in

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While Kew's plan and detail are similar to its sister asylums at

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which were partially dismantled or the trenches were filled in.

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Magnificence, Misery and Madness – A History of the Kew Asylum

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there was a period of significant change in the treatment and

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in the 1980s and were redeveloped as residential properties.

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In the early days of Kew Asylum, the distinction between "

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located between Princess Street and Yarra Boulevard in

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Education, Health and Welfare – Mental Health Records"

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A Plea for Better Treatment of the Mentally Afflicted

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also holds a number of early photographs of Kew. The

256:. The asylum's buildings are typical examples of the 1927:

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Public Record Office of Victoria – Kew Asylum

3292:. Infoserv, University of Melbourne. Archived from 1766:"Classification Report – Holly-leaved Cherry" 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 959: 831:– barrister, politician and newspaper editor. 587:Many of Kew's early patients were transferred from 3882:Buildings and structures in the City of Boroondara 3076: 2027: 2025: 968:Kew Asylum, circa 1885–1887. Note the brick 799:– Picaresque transgender man from the 1870s. 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 1841: 304:Engraving of Kew Asylum circa 1880. Buildings of 3818: 3631:St John of God Frankston Rehabilitation Hospital 2832: 1717:"Former Kew Cottages (Kew Residential Services)" 1248: 1005:for people with a mental illness. Drugs such as 506:. Initially, the grounds were planted with many 2756: 2320:Silent Revolutions: Writings on Cricket History 2039: 2037: 2022: 1972: 1970: 866: 453:and is clearly visible on the eastern skyline. 2576: 1856:Admission Warrants – Male and Female Patients" 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 3429: 3283:(Thesis). University of Melbourne PhD thesis. 2492: 2490: 2146: 2144: 1711: 1267:"Former Willsmere Hospital (listing VICH861)" 2349:Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – online edition 2109: 2107: 2105: 2034: 1967: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1420: 1418: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 474:to suggest imprisonment. A journalist with 3341: 3249: 1473: 1328: 1326: 1213:List of Australian psychiatric institutions 465:Cross section of a Ha-Ha wall at Kew Asylum 195:List of Australian psychiatric institutions 3786:Preston & Northcote Community Hospital 3436: 3422: 3333:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2828: 2826: 2824: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2464:. Melbourne: Black Inc. pp. 107–115. 2384:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2232:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2141: 1562:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 1340: 1338: 484: 3443: 3344:Report on the Proposed Kew Lunatic Asylum 3309:Pru Sanderson Design Pty Ltd (May 1988). 3142:"University of Melbourne Library website" 2717: 2713: 2711: 2641: 2336: 2224:"Dyson, Ambrose Arthur (1876–1913)" 2102: 1647: 1457:New South Wales Report on Lunatic Asylums 1415: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1224: 815:& umpire. Died in Kew Asylum in 1903. 750:, "difficult" children and children with 346:Report on the Proposed Kew Lunatic Asylum 3781:Mordialloc-Cheltenham Community Hospital 3250:Brothers, C. R. D. (c. 1959). 3108: 2791: 2789: 2373: 2221: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1323: 1068: 963: 870: 649: 603: 488: 460: 392: 299: 3872:Second Empire architecture in Australia 3636:St Vincent's Private Hospital Melbourne 2821: 2499: 2431: 2183: 2181: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1451: 1433: 1335: 1127: 898: 685:General paralysis/paresis of the insane 534:was employed to lay out the grounds of 388: 284:were criticisms of Kew's later period. 3842:Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne 3827:Government buildings completed in 1871 3819: 3756:Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital 3261:"Kew Lunatic Asylum – Historical Walk" 3166: 2708: 2540:"Findings of the Zox Royal Commission" 2462:Game For Anything: Writings On Cricket 2434:Henry Handel Richardson – A Life 2342: 2296:from the original on 15 September 2008 1883: 1881: 1805: 1378: 413:in London. Kew was also considered a 244:The first purpose-built asylum in the 16:Former hospital in Victoria, Australia 3862:Defunct hospitals in Victoria (state) 3578:Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre 3417: 3354:Victorian Parliamentary Papers (1876) 3266:. Australian Science Archives Project 3252:Early Victorian Psychiatry: 1835–1905 3181: 3169:Three weeks in the Kew Lunatic Asylum 2965:from the original on 21 November 2008 2795: 2786: 2666:"Games Village (Royal Park Hospital)" 2460:(2004). "The Madness Of King Harry". 2456: 2314: 2071: 1753: 1694: 940:The commission also recommended that 3832:Hospital buildings completed in 1861 3548:Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital 3469:Paula Fox Melanoma and Cancer Centre 3258: 2991:from the original on 11 October 2008 2869:"Heatherton Tuberculosis Sanatorium" 2765:from the original on 26 January 2010 2729:from the original on 26 October 2009 2723:"Royal Talbot Rehabilitation Centre" 2612: 2355:from the original on 20 January 2013 2279: 2178: 1937:from the original on 20 January 2021 1661: 1551: 1035: 834:Walter Richardson – father of 771: 599: 522:; and trees indigenous to the area, 295: 205:is a decommissioned heritage-listed 3857:1988 disestablishments in Australia 3726:St John of God Warrnambool Hospital 3278: 3026:from the original on 22 August 2008 2759:"History of Guide Dogs in Victoria" 1878: 1866:from the original on 10 August 2020 1344: 1271:Australia Heritage Places Inventory 1265: 1077:In June 1943 the town clerk of the 596:on the women's side of the asylum. 13: 3847:Psychiatric hospitals in Australia 3407:Central Equity Projects: Willsmere 3148:from the original on 23 April 2015 2927:"About Central Equity – Willsmere" 2871:. City of Kingston. Archived from 2510:""Function VF 128" Health, Mental" 2381:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2229:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2010:from the original on 13 April 2019 1559:Australian Dictionary of Biography 1302:from the original on 17 April 2016 1009:(discovered in 1948 by Australian 891:) and the planned construction of 784: 729: 14: 3893: 3621:Jessie McPherson Private Hospital 3390: 3346:. Victorian Parliamentary Papers. 3287: 2546:from the original on 25 July 2011 2520:from the original on 23 July 2008 2376:"Nesbit, Paris (1852–1927)" 2203:from the original on 26 July 2008 2166:from the original on 26 July 2008 2129:from the original on 26 July 2008 2077: 2059:from the original on 25 July 2008 1903:from the original on 26 July 2008 1778:from the original on 19 July 2008 1554:"Amess, Samuel (1826–1896)" 1073:Willsmere Residential Development 1065:Decommissioning and redevelopment 933:and female dangerous patients to 746:") was not made. Therefore, many 3877:1861 establishments in Australia 3711:St John of God Ballarat Hospital 3397:Kew Asylum Museum & Archives 3342:Vivian, G. W. (1856–1857). 3044: 2678:from the original on 23 May 2009 2634:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.06241.x 1723:from the original on 24 May 2011 1533:from the original on 22 May 2007 960:Changing names, changing society 32: 3721:St John of God Geelong Hospital 3716:St John of God Bendigo Hospital 3626:St John of God Berwick Hospital 3175: 3160: 3134: 3102: 3070: 3038: 3012: 3003: 2977: 2945: 2919: 2887: 2861: 2777: 2750: 2741: 2699: 2690: 2671:. Victorian Heritage Register. 2658: 2606: 2567: 2558: 2532: 2478: 2450: 2425: 2367: 2308: 2273: 2215: 1988: 1979: 1958: 1949: 1915: 1832: 1799: 1790: 1744: 1735: 1685: 1638: 1629: 1612: 1603: 1545: 1519: 1489: 1464: 1445: 1427: 1406: 952:and various Inebriate Asylums. 308:are depicted in the foreground. 271:Register of the National Estate 21:Hospital in Victoria, Australia 3616:Frances Perry Private Hospital 2436:. Cambridge University Press. 2386:Australian National University 2234:Australian National University 2000:Case Books of Female Patients" 1771:. National Trust of Victoria. 1564:Australian National University 1369: 1314: 1288: 456: 1: 3852:Hospitals established in 1871 3583:Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre 3235:Public Record Office Victoria 3212:Public Record Office Victoria 3196: 2953:"Willsmere & Kew Gardens" 2514:Public Record Office Victoria 2197:Public Record Office Victoria 2160:Public Record Office Victoria 2156:Brightside Inebriate Retreat" 2123:Public Record Office Victoria 2053:Public Record Office Victoria 2004:Public Record Office Victoria 1931:Public Record Office Victoria 1897:Public Record Office Victoria 1860:Public Record Office Victoria 1501:Public Record Office Victoria 1134:Public Record Office Victoria 241:" in the Colony of Victoria. 3312:Kew Urban Conservation Study 2622:Medical Journal of Australia 1816:10.1007/978-90-481-9920-4_80 1351:Australian Heritage Database 867:Investigations and inquiries 848:and Australian team captain. 645: 7: 2119:Northcote Inebriate Asylum" 1186: 582: 500:Baron Ferdinand von Mueller 260:style which was popular in 10: 3898: 3521:Monash Children's Hospital 2958:. Cardno Grogan Richards. 2322:. Black Inc. p. 243. 1626:166,403' (Zox, vol.4 p.12) 797:Edward/Ellen De Lacy Evans 493:Asylum grounds, circa 1890 3738: 3703: 3655: 3648: 3593: 3533:Royal Children's Hospital 3456: 3449: 3171:. Melbourne: JJ Halligan. 2432:Ackland, Michael (2004). 2374:Loughlin, Graham (1988). 1203:Beechworth Lunatic Asylum 1145:State Library of Victoria 860:Australian rules football 858:, one of the founders of 510:and large growing trees, 430:lined with iron columned 397:Skyline of the Kew Asylum 344:G. W. Vivian, 190: 180: 175: 167: 159: 154: 146: 136: 131: 121: 111: 106: 67: 52: 47: 43: 31: 26: 3771:Lakeside Mental Hospital 3543:Royal Melbourne Hospital 2747:Sanderson, vol.2, p.4/23 2542:. Women's Jail Project. 2351:. John Wisden & Co. 2343:Parker, Grahame (1971). 1218: 1141:Royal Melbourne Hospital 326:Frederick Norton Manning 324:' Inspector of Asylums, 3791:Queen Victoria Hospital 3746:Aradale Mental Hospital 3695:West Gippsland Hospital 3573:Thomas Embling Hospital 3568:Werribee Mercy Hospital 2835:Health Sociology Review 2783:Sanderson, vol.2 p.4/23 2222:Lindesay, Vane (1981). 2193:Lara Inebriate Retreat" 2084:University of Melbourne 1796:Walker, p.5, p.30, p.36 1149:University of Melbourne 909:. Officially known as 836:Henry Handel Richardson 752:intellectual disability 485:Grounds and landscaping 258:Italianate architecture 38:Kew Asylum c. 1990 3837:Hospitals in Melbourne 3685:Goulburn Valley Health 3668:Queen Elizabeth Centre 3663:Ballarat Base Hospital 3553:Royal Women's Hospital 3450:Melbourne metropolitan 3371:Cite journal requires 3122:Cite journal requires 3090:Cite journal requires 3058:Cite journal requires 2907:Cite journal requires 2809:Cite journal requires 1985:Sanderson, vol.2 p.6/2 1810:. pp. 1425–1439. 1103:Government of Victoria 1074: 979:Victorian Government's 973: 876: 655: 610: 593:Carlton Lunatic Asylum 494: 466: 398: 349: 318:Carlton Lunatic Asylum 309: 185:Hospitals in Australia 3675:Bendigo Base Hospital 3558:St Vincent's Hospital 3538:Royal Dental Hospital 3528:The Northern Hospital 3511:Monash Medical Centre 3444:Hospitals in Victoria 3259:Cass, Daniel (1997). 3167:Farmer, Paul (1900). 2847:10.5172/hesr.14.3.255 2757:Guide Dogs Victoria. 1893:Register of Patients" 1741:James (p.25), in Day. 1552:Hone, J. Ann (1969). 1441:. Pall Mall: Dawsons. 1356:Australian Government 1198:Ararat Lunatic Asylum 1181:Hon. William G. Higgs 1095:Monash Medical Centre 1072: 1022:psychiatric hospitals 967: 874: 653: 607: 492: 464: 396: 338: 303: 3279:Day, Cheryl (1999). 2614:Cade, John Frederick 2345:"The Midwinter file" 1128:Documented histories 899:Zox Royal Commission 838:, Australian author. 389:Distinctive features 282:institutionalisation 207:psychiatric hospital 138:Emergency department 117:Public & Private 91:37.7949°S 145.0236°E 3796:Royal Park Hospital 2875:on 22 November 2008 2286:The LaTrobe Journal 1925:Series VPRS 7680 P1 1470:Vivian, vol.4 p.949 1320:VPP1876 vol.3, p.57 856:Victorian cricketer 844:– Australian 548:Canary Island pines 87: / 3690:Warburton Hospital 3611:Epworth Freemasons 3606:Epworth HealthCare 3601:Cabrini Healthcare 3506:Maroondah Hospital 3501:Frankston Hospital 3496:Footscray Hospital 3491:Caulfield Hospital 3296:on 24 October 2009 2987:. Central Equity. 2933:on 11 October 2008 2090:on 24 October 2009 1118:Walker Corporation 1099:Peninsula Hospital 1091:Maroondah Hospital 1075: 974: 877: 748:wards of the state 656: 611: 502:, director of the 495: 467: 399: 310: 246:Colony of Victoria 203:Kew Lunatic Asylum 96:-37.7949; 145.0236 3814: 3813: 3806:Yarra Bend Asylum 3751:Beechworth Asylum 3734: 3733: 3649:Regional Victoria 3644: 3643: 3563:Sunshine Hospital 3486:Box Hill Hospital 3315:. South Melbourne 2395:978-0-522-84459-7 2243:978-0-522-84459-7 1825:978-90-481-9919-8 1808:Engineering Earth 1713:Heritage Victoria 1573:978-0-522-84459-7 1507:on 17 August 2008 1459:. Canberra: AGPS. 1193:Yarra Bend Asylum 1036:Shrinking grounds 1007:lithium carbonate 999:World War II 875:Woodcut from 1876 772:Inebriates at Kew 757:Yarra Bend Asylum 600:Admission process 589:Yarra Bend Asylum 560:Bunya Bunya pines 498:were supplied by 314:Yarra Bend Asylum 306:Yarra Bend Asylum 296:Site and planning 227:Frederick Kawerau 200: 199: 3889: 3776:Mont Park Asylum 3680:Geelong Hospital 3653: 3652: 3476:Angliss Hospital 3454: 3453: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3380: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3359: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3265: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3191: 3190: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2929:. Archived from 2923: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2830: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2715: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2506: 2497: 2494: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2280:Colligan, Mimi. 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2111: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2086:. 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Archived from 1493: 1487: 1484: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1390: 1387: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1342: 1333: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1263: 1246: 1243: 915:Royal Commission 893:Mont Park Asylum 881:Royal Commission 766:Kew Idiot Asylum 564:Himalayan cedars 552:Monterey cypress 536:Mont Park Asylum 520:Moreton Bay figs 362:County of Bourke 290:State Government 278:Royal Commission 102: 101: 99: 98: 97: 92: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 36: 24: 23: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3730: 3699: 3640: 3589: 3481:Austin Hospital 3464:Alfred Hospital 3445: 3442: 3393: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3299: 3297: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3240: 3238: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3180: 3176: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2831: 2822: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2628:(10): 349–352. 2611: 2607: 2600: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2396: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2244: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2113: 2112: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2031:Brothers, p.145 2030: 2023: 2013: 2011: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1710: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1574: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1450: 1446: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1388: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1264: 1249: 1244: 1225: 1221: 1189: 1130: 1067: 1059:Eastern Freeway 1038: 962: 901: 869: 819:Billy Midwinter 809:Patrick McShane 787: 785:Famous patients 774: 732: 730:Children at Kew 648: 602: 585: 504:Botanic Gardens 487: 459: 391: 322:New South Wales 298: 273:in March 1978. 95: 93: 89: 86: 81: 78: 76: 74: 73: 39: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3895: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3801:Sunbury Asylum 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3659: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3391:External links 3389: 3388: 3387: 3383:Zox, Ephraim 3381: 3373:|journal= 3355: 3348: 3339: 3306: 3288:Pratt, Valma. 3285: 3276: 3256: 3254:. A.C. Brooks. 3247: 3223: 3206:Agency VA 2840 3198: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3183:Higgs, William 3174: 3159: 3133: 3124:|journal= 3101: 3092:|journal= 3069: 3060:|journal= 3037: 3011: 3002: 2976: 2944: 2918: 2909:|journal= 2886: 2860: 2841:(3): 255–271. 2820: 2811:|journal= 2785: 2776: 2749: 2740: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2657: 2605: 2602:Agency VA 2840 2575: 2566: 2557: 2531: 2498: 2486: 2477: 2470: 2449: 2442: 2424: 2394: 2366: 2335: 2328: 2307: 2272: 2242: 2214: 2191:Agency VA 2849 2177: 2154:Agency VA 2850 2140: 2117:Agency VA 2853 2101: 2078:Pratt, Valma. 2070: 2047:Agency VA 2852 2033: 2021: 1987: 1978: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1914: 1877: 1840: 1831: 1824: 1798: 1789: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1693: 1684: 1660: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1611: 1602: 1572: 1544: 1518: 1488: 1472: 1463: 1444: 1426: 1414: 1405: 1391: 1377: 1368: 1334: 1322: 1313: 1287: 1247: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1185: 1129: 1126: 1066: 1063: 1037: 1034: 1018:chlorpromazine 961: 958: 950:Kew Idiot Ward 935:Sunbury Asylum 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