29:
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of
November to February, the shallower parts of the lagoon close to Adina, Afiadenyigba and Anyako get evaporated especially during years when the rainfall is low. Salt crystal form from the sodium chloride which is available naturally in the area. The men make enclosures around the salty water to stop any fresh water from flowing into it. These crystals grow larger and are then mined or collected mostly by the women. Investors buy the salt and store it for sale when the prices are increased. This natural resource brings a lot of revenue to the people. However, in December 2013, 600 residents from
45:
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globally significant numbers of 21 species. The site is particularly important for waders, supporting almost one third of the estimated East
Atlantic Flyway population of Tringa erythropus. Other species which occur in large numbers at the site include Calidris ferruginea, C. minuta, Himantopus himantopus, Dendrocygna viduata, as well as several heron and egret species. The most important parts of the lagoon for waterbirds are the Fiahor, Woe, Tegbi, Adina and Afiadenyigba sections.
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850:
471:
52:
791:
227:
186:, is the largest of the over 90 lagoons that cover the 550 km stretch of the coastline of Ghana. This lagoon is 126.13 km in length. It is located in the eastern coast of Ghana and separated from the Gulf of Guinea by a narrow strip of sandbar. This open salty water is surrounded by flood plains and mangrove swamps. Together they form the Keta Lagoon Ramsar site which covers 1200 km
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to attract local recreational tourism. An opportunity also exists for turning aquatic reeds harvested by women into bags, mats and other handicrafts that will provide alternative livelihoods to generate income especially for women. There are native dances such as agbadza, gahu, atsiagbekor, babasiko and misago. Salt mining is also a special skill of tourist attraction.
994:. Although acadjas act as fish aggregating devices that provide shelter for fish thereby enhancing fish breeding in the lagoon, the use of mangroves and twigs, which are cut from neighboring vegetation, makes this method of fishing environmentally unfriendly. When the lagoon waters are low fish are caught using the hand.
1020:, at the eastern end of the lagoon, took part in a protest against the Kensington Salt Factory, who they claimed had endangered their livelihoods by creating a crater to remove sand to build a road. This, they said had damaged the banks of the lagoon and created the threat of flooding. However, the chiefs of
1123:
Fisher folks also tend to use smaller mesh nets in fishing as a means to increase their catch. To arrest overfishing, fishing is not permitted on
Tuesdays and in other towns fishing is banned on Sundays and before certain festival times. These are all means to reduce overfishing and over exploitation
1015:
There is large salt production in some parts of the lagoon at specific times. Producing salt from the saline waters of the Keta Lagoon were unknown until 1702 because the people did not have the technology to do it. Salt production has gradually developed among the people. During the harmartan season
1002:
The Keta lagoon is the most important wetland on the Ghana coast for waterbirds and together with Songor Lagoon constitutes the fourth most important waterbirds site on the Gulf of Guinea coast. The site supports 76 waterbird species with an estimated total population of well over 100,000, including
1040:
The Anlo- Keta area also abounds in native culture and tradition that could attract ecotourists. Projects involving private and public partnership could help develop play grounds and picnic areas, lagoon swimming facilities, sailing and fishing, cycling, beach volleyball and jogging as sports
840:
project has created a canal between the lagoon and the sea so that over flooded water can go through the canal into the sea. A road was constructed through the lagoon from Kedzi to
Metsrikasa for the transportation of the boulder rocks used for the construction work. Since there is no bridge for the
835:
from the lagoon to the sea. This was known as Aryee Canal. He and the ground on which he was standing was swept away by a huge flood and it turned out that his plan had done more harm than good. The problem of flooding has now abated because of increased climate change and reduction in rainfall. The
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This Lagoon is the most important water bird site along the entire Ghana coast with a record of 72 species of resident and migratory birds. The Keta Lagoon and its surrounding wetlands qualifies as an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar criteria by virtue of its total bird population
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In 1983, the leader of the
Apostolic Revelation Society the late Apostle C.N.K Wovenu was invited to pray for increase in the waters of the lagoon since the lagoon was almost dried up because of the dry weather that year. After the prayers, fishermen were instructed not to fish on Sundays in the
878:
who must be worshiped if the people wish to get abundant catch. One of the gods is called ‘Gbele’ where the people of Anlo
Afiadenyigba once every year perform some rituals for the lagoon. At times a live cow is deposited in the lagoon so that there could be a bumper harvest. The Bate Clan assert
1139:
for fishing and over fishing as very harmful. Flt. Lt. Rawlings was addressing the 2010 Tagbaza (Lagoon
Festival) organized by the chiefs and people of Anlo Afiadenyigba . He said if those activities continued, the ability of the Lagoon to sustain the people in the area economically would reduce
904:
Although some fishermen attribute declining catches to social-spiritual causes such as conflict in the community or as punishment from the gods, more fishermen are aware of the increased fishing effort as a cause for declining catches. Some of these fishermen are migrating to other parts of the
830:
and people of Keta believed that the colonial government should be responsible in saving the land. This issue has defined the political history of the Anlo - Ewe politicians. In periods of flooding, entire settlements would move out of their homes. To stop the flooding and the coastal erosion
865:
winning is common in years when there is low rainfall. Coconut trees abound close to the coastal areas from which coconut oil is extracted. An opportunity also exists for turning aquatic reeds harvested by women into bags, mats and other handicrafts that will provide alternative livelihoods to
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shells that are deposited at various spots in towns to the northern side of the lagoon. A third theory is that during the ice age these spots were the remains of the ice which melted due to rise in temperature leaving behind a fresh lagoon. The infiltration of
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began to record the high water levels at Keta from 1907 onwards, but for a long time they did not do much because of the opinion that the merchants and inhabitants should also invest in saving their own town and businesses. The foreign
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Over the years population growth, extensive human activities and climate change all contributed to reduce the volume of water in the lagoon which appears to be drying up. The lagoon became part of the daily existence of the people of
193:
and regular inflow of rivers. The rivers which drain into the lagoon include the Aka, the Tordzi River and
Belikpa stream which enter the lagoon from the north. The lagoon is surrounded by many settlements. The towns include
1838:
Africa: Journal of the
International African Institute Vol. 58, No. 1 (1988), pp. 70-86. Sandra E. Greene Social Change in Eighteenth-Century Anlo: The Role of Technology, Markets and Military Conflict Cambridge University
1956:
Nature and Faune Vol. 24 Issues 1. Ayaa Kojo Armah (2003)The role and work of
African Mangrove Network (AMN) in conservation and sustainable use of mangroves in Africa. FAO Regional Office for Africa FAO Regional Office For
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and habitat is conducive for native fishes. With seasonal inflow of sea water, marine fishes migrate to breed in the calmer waters of the lagoon, especially the safe haven provided by the mangrove swamp section.
242:
and the uses to which this water resource is put. The inhabitants of the area surrounding the lagoon are the descendants of the Anlo Ewe groups who settled in Anlo land. Their ancestors migrated from
974:
leonensis was most abundant. After the Sea Defence Project is finished, the lagoon has regained economic significance. The lagoon was dredged and an open link was created with the ocean to enable
801:
is an island located in the Keta Lagoon. By 2010, it has a population of 300 people with a terrain elevation of 43 metres above sea level. It has social amenities such as the School run by the
1793:
1498:"Coastal Aquaculture: Development Perspectives In Africa And Case Studies From Other Regions / Aquaculture Cotiere: Perspectives De Developpement En Afrique Et Exemples D'Autres Regions"
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Gradually there is a reduction in the importance of spiritual significance of the lagoon. The diminished importance in the spiritual significance of the lagoon and other water bodies in
831:
attempts were made during the colonial period without success. In 1963, Aryee, an officer in charge of the Public Works Department at the Keta District took the initiative and cut a
1024:
contested the validity of the Agbozome protestors, ane explained that they had the authority to grant permission for Kensington Industries Limited to exploit this resource.
1065:
from Afiadenyigba used drag nets in fishing the deeper waters near Woe and they were accused of stealing fish from the seine net used by Woe fishermen and this resulted in
1817:
Yaa Ntiamoh Baidoo et al (1989) Water depth selection, daily feeding routines and diets of waterbirds in coastal lagoons in Ghana. Zoology Department University of Ghana.
1614:
Sandra E. Greene (2002) Notsie Narratives: History, Memory and Meaning in West Africa. From: The South Atlantic Quarterly Volume 101, Number 4, Fall 2002 pp. 1015-1041
890:
On many occasions children get drowned while swimming and people got missing during fishing expeditions and most of these accidents are attributed to spiritual forces.
970:
fishes in the lagoons is mostly cichlids. S. melanotheron is the dominant fish with l'guineensis, l'zillii and H. fasciatus also found in the catches. In Keta Lagoon,
1131:(whose mother came from Dzelukope), has called for the protection of the Keta Lagoon from harmful human activities. He mentioned activities such as disposing of
1849:
1517:
Akyeampong (2001), Between the Sea and the Lagoon : An Eco social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana. Ohio University Press Athens Ohio. pg 7
1440:
Christopher G. Smith (2006) Mixing In The Subterranean Estuary: A Comparison Of Radon-222 Pore Water Models, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge USA
1449:
1695:
Shenker JM et al (1998), Fisheries of Keta and Songhor lagoons . Environmental Baseline studies final Report. Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management report
254:
and then established several small settlements around the shores of the Keta Lagoon. Some of these towns are shown below with their 2010 populations.
1713:
Shenker et al. (1998), Fisheries of Keta and Songhor lagoons . Environmental Baseline studies final Report. Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management report
1343:
Akyeampong (2001), Between the Sea and the Lagoon : An Eco social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana. Ohio University Press Athens Ohio.
1242:
1791:
1782:
James M. Kapetsky (1985) Some Considerations for the Management of Coastal Lagoon and estuarine fisheries, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper Issue 218
1976:
1021:
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The practitioners of the traditional Anlo belief system have a strong spiritual attachment to the lagoon. It is believed that the lagoon has
857:
The lagoon and its Ramsar site contribute significantly to the economic well-being of the people. They provide the livelihood through
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1383:
1911:
802:
1901:
Sandra Greene (2002) Sacred sites and the colonial encounter: A history of meaning and memory in Ghana. Indiana University Press
954:
The common marine species found in the lagoon were the mojarra (Gerres melanopterus), half beak (Hyporhampus picarti) and the
1271:
Seeddirect (2013) Between nature and people: restoring to sustain Apes-Borassus habitats in Tordzi-Avu catchments, Accra Ghana
93:
1704:
Blay,J Jr and A Ameyaw (1993). Assessment of the fishery of a stunted population of the cichlid in a closed lagoon in Ghana
44:
1644:
Eddie K Abban et al (edit, 2000) Biodiversity and the sustainable use of Fish in the Coastal Zone. University of Hamburg
218:
on Wetlands, and in 1999 work began on measures to limit further erosion and to control flooding of the coastal region.
1871:
1557:
531:
887:, and claim responsibility for the expansion of the land around Keta as arising from this relationship with her.
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of the area after heavy rains and also from the inflow of Kplikpa and Aka rivers into the lagoon. The colonial
2115:
1947:
Paul Lovejoy (Edited, 2009)Identity in the Shadow of Slavery. The Harriet Tubman Series in the African Diaspora
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of around 110,000 and the fact that it supports internationally important eight species of migratory waders.
2006:
1984:
1752:
Women in Fishing: A Study of the Significance of Women's Roles in the Fishing Industry at Anlo-Afiadenyigba
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Ntiamoa Baidu Y (1991), Conservation of coastal lagoons in Ghana: The traditional Approach land Urban plan
2038:
1450:
Climate Summary for Ada Foah (closest city on record with accurate data for the Keta Municipal District)
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which Green (2002) described could be explained by the decline in fish stocks caught from the lagoon.
1966:
Pak Sum Low (2001) Climate Change and Africa: Sea level rise and coastal biodiversity in Ghana pg 212
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causes changes in the size and structure of the fishes as well as species composition of the catches.
978:
to swim into the lagoon. This protected environment allows valuable shrimps increase in size quickly.
913:
The lagoon is important in conserving several species of mangroves, crabs, shrimps and raffia plants.
809:. Other islands include Dudu with no human habitation and Netivi Kpota where there are coconut trees.
2110:
2063:
1892:
Caroline Walker Mills (1998),Spiritual Check up The Art of Healing in Anlo Afiadenyigba Volta Region
214:
land. In 1992 the Keta Lagoon was placed on the list of Wetlands of International Importance by the
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28:
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might have been formed when the sea receded back over the millennia. Hence there is a sandy
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water to flow through, the road created shallow waters to the eastern part of the lagoon.
8:
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1528:"Chapter 8 : Anlo-Ewe fishermen's negotiations within multiple governance settings"
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Mugil curema and Liza falcipinn as well as Caranx hippos were also encountered. The
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which have dried up leaving behind large ponds. This is evidenced by the remains of
837:
2039:"Website of Former President of The Republic of Ghana, Flt Lt Jerry John Rawlings"
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also called 'atukpaxe' which are mostly used by women, hook and line, acadja and
1211:
Environmental Protection Agency (2004), State of Environment Report, Accra Ghana
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Keta Lagoon is in the south-western end of the region settled by the Ewe people
190:
1595:"Prophet C.K.N Wovenu'S Biography - Apostles Revelation Society London Branch"
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which were arbitrated at the chief's court. On many occasions cutting of
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Drag nets are commonly used in the lagoon. Other fishing gears used are
955:
805:. Portable water is available. It is linked to the mainland by a road to
798:
2007:"Microsoft Word - Nature & Faune - Revised - 15 December 2009 -.doc"
1977:"Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity"
1243:"Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity"
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Some of the freshwater species encountered were Oreochromis niloticus,
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Gbotadua Kumassah (2005) The Migration Saga of the Anlo-Ewes of Ghana
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1655:"Strongylura marina, Atlantic needlefish : fisheries, gamefish"
1190:"Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources"
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Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. pg 26
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1222:"Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica"
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There are seasonal inflow of sea water during high tide from the
1935:
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198:, Woe, Keta and Kedzi to the south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako and
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of the area is a flat land with extensive lagoons in Togo and
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This Lagoon got its name and prominence from the settlement of
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trees for smoking of fish resulted in arguments of ownership.
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and boat transportation from Keta to Anyako and Afiadenyigba.
1477:"Ministry of Food & Agriculture | Republic of Ghana"
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832:
506:
486:
2085:"Tagbaza festival of the people of Anlo-Afiadenyiba Photo 1"
1850:"Residents of Agbozome, others protest Keta Lagoon takeover"
1120:, breeding and feeding sites of fishes are being destroyed.
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1872:"Keta Lagoon does not belong to Agbozume — Adina chiefs"
1363:"African Drumming - dancedrummer.com - Anlo-Ewe History"
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to the north, Kodzi, Alakple and Tregui to the west and
1409:"coastal lagoon (landform) - Encyclopædia Britannica"
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from the marine environment and from rivers. It is a
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West African Journal of Applied Ecology Vol 11, 2007
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Tourist centers constructed Kedzi in the Keta Lagoon
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country and outside Ghana to continue with fishing.
1912:"Eco - Tourism, Adventure - Ghana Tourism Homepage"
958:(Strongylura senegalens is). Juveniles of the flat
946:zillii, Hemichromis Fasciatus and H. bimaculatus.
250:in the mid –seventeenth century. They settled at
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2064:"Ghana » Volta Region » Keta District"
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1724:"Home » Marine Conservation Institute"
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1108:around the lagoons have been cut down for
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1085:Mangrove trees at Anyanui cut for fuelwood
238:- Ewes but more especially from the town
1177:
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545:Climate data for Keta Municipal District
1303:"Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica"
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489:along the coast. This suggests that the
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225:
1324:"African Culture - The Anlo-Ewe People"
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803:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
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866:generate income especially for women.
812:
1914:. Ghanatourism.gov.gh. Archived from
1627:. Content.ghananation.com. 2000-05-30
1431:mofa.gov.gh. Districts – Volta Region
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1552:. Oxford: James Currey. p. 46.
1386:. Goafrica.about.com. Archived from
1548:Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2001).
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949:
51:
13:
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14:
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2041:. Jjrawlings.info. Archived from
1157:"Keta Lagoon Complex Ramsar Site"
1135:into the lagoon, using dangerous
1097:and poverty of the fisher folks.
33:Village on the Keta Lagoon, 1890s
1089:These fisheries are affected by
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1827:http://www.panoramaacuicola.com
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1576:. Apostlesrevelationsociety.org
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1127:Ex-President Flight Lieutenant
538:". (Tropical Savanna Climate).
505:is that there could be coastal
149:Keta Lagoon Complex Ramsar Site
1550:Between the Sea and the Lagoon
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497:or sandy deposition along the
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1936:http://www.ghanacommunity.com
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1061:of the lagoon. On occasions
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921:This lagoon holds variety of
532:Köppen Climate Classification
221:
16:Lagoon in Volta Region, Ghana
2066:. Keta.ghanadistricts.gov.gh
1305:. Britannica.com. 2013-12-07
997:
465:
7:
734:Average precipitation days
664:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
594:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10:
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1657:. Fishbase.org. 2012-07-03
1466:Retrieved on May 11, 2013.
1384:"Togo Map and Basic Facts"
1104:Most of the red and white
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1726:. Marine-conservation.org
1164:Sites Information Service
1077:Environmental degradation
909:Biodiversity conservation
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1829: › Noticias del día
879:their relationship with
474:Map of Keta Lagoon from
962:Sardinella mardrensis,
263:2010 Population figure
206:and Adina to the east.
1796:April 7, 2014, at the
1086:
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870:Spiritual significance
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231:
2116:Ramsar sites in Ghana
2087:. Mobile.ghanaweb.com
1678:. Fao.org. 1976-02-13
1500:. Fao.org. 1976-11-28
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852:
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778:Source: Weatherbase
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1464:. Weatherbase. 2013.
938:Freshwater fisheries
1676:"2. FISH RESOURCES"
1129:Jerry John Rawlings
1091:habitat degradation
813:Problem of flooding
105: /
1365:. dancedrummer.com
1282:"Belikpa (stream)"
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982:Methods of fishing
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853:Pirogues in Anyako
817:There is constant
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162:Reference no.
1987:on 30 August 2014
1597:. Arslondon.co.uk
1462:"Weatherbase.com"
1284:. Gh.geoview.info
1059:natural resources
1053:arising from the
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292:Anlo Afiadenyigba
216:Ramsar Convention
200:Anlo Afiadenyigba
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109:5.8879°N 0.8267°E
78:Nearest city
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1874:. Modern Ghana
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157:14 August 1992
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2045:on 2018-10-04
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1625:"Keta Lagoon"
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1559:0-85255-776-0
1555:
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1530:. Dare.uva.nl
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1479:. Mofa.gov.gh
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917:Types of fish
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845:Economic role
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794:Keta Lagoon-1
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146:Official name
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2089:. Retrieved
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2033:
2024:
2013:. Retrieved
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1980:
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1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
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1876:. Retrieved
1866:
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1767:. Retrieved
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1670:
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1649:
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1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:"Ars Canada"
1568:
1549:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1522:
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1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1471:
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1436:
1413:. Retrieved
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1297:
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1246:
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
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1167:. Retrieved
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260:Name of Town
233:
208:
188:
183:
179:
178:
128:1200 km
72:Volta Region
1852:. Joyonline
1116:. Thus the
1099:Overfishing
956:needle fish
931:fingerlings
246:in central
180:Keta Lagoon
112: /
88:Coordinates
59:Keta Lagoon
22:Keta Lagoon
2105:Categories
2091:2014-03-07
2070:2014-03-07
2049:2014-03-07
2015:2014-03-07
1991:2 February
1922:2014-03-07
1769:2014-03-07
1763:"Figure 1"
1730:2014-03-07
1682:2014-03-07
1661:2014-03-07
1631:2014-03-07
1601:2014-03-07
1580:2014-03-07
1534:2014-03-07
1504:2014-03-07
1483:2014-03-07
1415:2014-03-07
1394:2014-03-07
1369:2014-03-07
1330:2014-03-07
1309:2014-03-07
1288:2014-03-07
1257:2 February
1228:2014-03-07
1198:2014-03-07
1144:References
1028:Ecotourism
823:government
501:. Another
483:topography
222:Prominence
154:Designated
1938:. The Biz
1765:. Fao.org
1137:chemicals
1114:salt pans
1106:mangroves
1063:fishermen
1055:ownership
1051:conflicts
998:Bird life
972:Pellonula
929:zone for
881:Mama Bate
828:merchants
495:coastline
466:Geography
444:Dzelukope
100:0°49′36″E
97:5°53′16″N
1878:27 April
1856:27 April
1794:Archived
1169:25 April
1118:spawning
1110:fuelwood
1071:mangrove
1018:Agbozume
927:spawning
894:lagoon.
883:, a sea
819:flooding
499:littoral
68:Location
1133:garbage
988:bottles
976:shrimps
968:endemic
964:mullets
960:sardine
944:Tilapia
859:fishing
786:Islands
526:Climate
447:10,409
428:Havedzi
420:Anyanui
404:Blekusu
388:Srogboe
380:Alakple
356:Atiteti
324:Asadame
303:10,056
279:29,748
1957:Africa
1556:
1162:Ramsar
1067:fights
923:fishes
885:Orisha
550:Month
520:saline
511:oyster
507:rivers
503:theory
491:lagoon
458:92,510
423:1,783
351:2,340
340:Tregui
327:1,410
295:9,680
287:6,780
284:Anyako
276:Anloga
271:8,101
252:Anloga
244:Notsie
196:Anloga
2010:(PDF)
1839:Press
1193:(PDF)
1022:Adina
992:traps
833:canal
729:(81)
724:(82)
719:(82)
714:(80)
709:(79)
704:(77)
699:(78)
694:(81)
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639:(83)
634:(81)
629:(81)
624:(84)
619:(86)
614:(87)
609:(88)
604:(87)
599:(86)
589:Year
487:Benin
453:Total
436:Vodza
412:Adina
399:3531
396:Dzita
372:Yenui
364:Dzato
316:Kodzi
308:Kedzi
300:Tegbi
1993:2022
1880:2014
1858:2014
1554:ISBN
1259:2022
1171:2018
899:Anlo
876:gods
863:Salt
807:Konu
799:Seva
586:Dec
583:Nov
580:Oct
577:Sep
574:Aug
571:Jul
568:Jun
565:May
562:Apr
559:Mar
556:Feb
553:Jan
534:is "
530:The
481:The
439:769
431:897
415:758
407:897
391:640
383:529
375:667
367:879
359:978
348:Wuti
343:786
335:558
319:185
311:129
268:Keta
248:Togo
240:Keta
236:Anlo
212:Anlo
204:Denu
125:Area
82:Keta
773:31
516:sea
332:Woe
165:567
2107::
1979:.
1424:^
1245:.
1179:^
1159:.
770:1
767:1
764:4
761:5
758:2
755:3
752:6
749:4
746:3
743:2
740:0
737:0
727:27
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597:30
536:Aw
522:.
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2018:.
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1173:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
