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up to 12m deepāand some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum. As field gum became scarce, "bush gum" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905. Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find. By 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised.
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Digging in swamps was more complicated. A longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some became uncontrolled and swamp fires could burn for weeks. Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swampsāoften
182:
The gum varied in colour depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colours ranged from chalky-white through red-brown to black. The most prized was pale gold, as it was hard and translucent. The size of each lump
143:(the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was particularly useful for this, and from the mid-1840s was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers; gum was part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814.
305:
Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in
Northland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time. Gum-digging was not
166:'s main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported. The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of
338:
Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and "skeltons", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned.
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in the 1860s. They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the "Kauri Gum
Industry Act" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for
355:(generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters. There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber.
366:, were buying gum from local MÄori for Ā£5 ($ 8.25) a ton or trading it for goods. The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia,
284:
Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called
69:
Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually
253:
By 1850, most of the surface gum had been harvested, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in swamps and beaches it was buried much deeper (4 m or below).
150:
at lower temperatures, by the 1890s 70% of all oil varnishes made in
England used kauri gum. It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in manufacturing
183:
also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as "chips", whereas hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few
273:
Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum in the old kauri fields of New
Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term may be a source for the nickname "
289:", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children. There were many
155:. From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for
62:. Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum. Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were
950:
50:), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the
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566:
469:"In the forests of New Zealand, indigenous Maori and Western scientists work through past injustices to save a threatened species together"
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989,700 US). The average annual export was over 5,000 tons, with the average price gained Ā£63 ($ 103.91 US) per ton.
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234:, the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground.
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281:. In 1898, a gum-digger described "the life of a gum-digger" as "wretched, and one of the last a man would take to."
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302:, and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences.
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of New
Zealand, before early settlers caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to weeds,
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tattooing. Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items. Like
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Kauri Gum and the
Gumdiggers: A Pictorial History of the Kauri Gum Industry in New Zealand
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restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the
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to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for
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Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to
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Taonga, New
Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
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110:(older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the
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suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years.
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545:"Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Origins and uses"
132:, kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material.
692:
Appendices to the
Journals of the House of Representatives
29:
from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the
1714:
1419:
975:
187:. The largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a
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reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at
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As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including
707:
Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Gumdigging
729:Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Dalmatians: Gumdiggers
310:by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around
2061:
114:). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a
958:
334:North Auckland Kauri Forest c. 1890 ā c. 1910
250:spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819.
191:. Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with
944:
102:had many uses for the gum, which they called
592:
590:
199:. While amber can be millions of years old,
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578:
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565:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
146:Since kauri gum would mix more easily with
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432:
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607:"Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: The Industry"
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521:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
447:"Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Kauri Forest"
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543:Gilbert Mair, 1843ā1923 (1 March 2009).
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195:, another fossilised resin found in the
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907:Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
883:The Dunmore Book of New Zealand Records
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326:Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908)
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865:The Gumdiggers: The Story of Kauri Gum
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932:
850:. Auckland: Birkenhead City Council.
718:Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Damaltians
650:"Encyclopedia of NZ, 1966: Kauri Gum"
639:
2042:
694:, 1898, Hā12, p. 31, and quoted in
277:" given to New Zealand soldiers in
135:Kauri gum was used commercially in
13:
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139:, and can be considered a type of
106:. Fresh gum was used as a type of
14:
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390:Northland temperate kauri forests
293:, who had first come to work the
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881:Dunmore, Patricia (ed.) (1977).
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652:. Teara.govt.nz. 22 April 2009
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222:Most of the gumfields were in
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609:. Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009
449:. Teara.govt.nz. 1 March 2009
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25:A 19th-century carving of a
7:
410:"How and where kauri grows"
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846:McClure, Margaret (1987).
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828:Hayward, Bruce W (1982).
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922:15 December 2007 at the
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66:or burnt by Europeans.
848:The Story of Birkenhead
295:South Island goldfields
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2090:Culture of New Zealand
2075:Economy of New Zealand
1974:(Iberian agroforestry)
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1994:Indian forest produce
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94:Kauri gum, unpolished
93:
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1237:Bare-toothed russula
869:A.H. & A.W. Reed
370:, Japan and Russia.
33:Museum, New Zealand.
1848:musical instruments
1106:Woodland strawberry
197:Northern Hemisphere
86:Kauri gum, polished
836:: Lodestar Press.
519:Collections Online
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44:from kauri trees (
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889:: Dunmore Press.
807:Hayward, pp 42ā43
780:Hayward, pp 12ā13
771:Hayward, pp 10ā11
515:"Category: kauri"
308:WaitematÄ Harbour
246:, and missionary
47:Agathis australis
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2009:Resin extraction
1999:Mushroom hunting
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2019:Wildcrafting
2004:Naval stores
1982: /
1970:
1939:Tendu leaves
1895:Natural dyes
1765:Gutta-percha
1717: /
1664:
1655:Frankincense
1615:
1571:
1528:Mango butter
1473:Cocoa butter
1464:
1461:Chaulmoogra
1431:Allanblackia
1362:Black pepper
1247:Birch bolete
1197:Canada onion
1182:Wild ginseng
1177:Saw palmetto
1118: /
1008: /
882:
867:. Auckland:
864:
861:Reed, Alfred
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690:recorded in
686:
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654:. Retrieved
632:
623:
611:. Retrieved
601:
549:. Retrieved
523:. Retrieved
518:
509:
504:Hayward, p 3
500:
495:Hayward, p 2
476:. Retrieved
472:
463:
451:. Retrieved
441:
417:. Retrieved
413:
403:
380:Kauri Museum
360:Gilbert Mair
357:
350:
341:
337:
304:
283:
272:
252:
236:Captain Cook
221:
181:
161:
145:
134:
123:
116:fire-starter
112:puha thistle
103:
97:
68:
52:North Island
45:
37:
36:
18:
1954:Willow bark
1785:Maple syrup
1780:Maple sugar
1755:Fruit syrup
1738:chewing gum
1728:Birch syrup
1585:Shea butter
1257:Chanterelle
1202:Crow garlic
1192:Bear garlic
1187:Wild onions
1165:filƩ powder
1086:Lingonberry
1071:Huckleberry
636:Reed, p 114
279:World War I
258:Gum-diggers
240:Mercury Bay
148:linseed oil
108:chewing gum
72:fossilising
2064:Categories
1865:Birch beer
1860:Birch bark
1817:Spruce gum
1800:akpeteshie
1790:Palm sugar
1760:Gum arabic
1750:Date sugar
1700:Turpentine
1580:Sandalwood
1483:Eucalyptus
1478:Eucalyptol
1367:Brazil nut
1242:Bay bolete
1096:Strawberry
1051:Cocoa bean
1046:Breadfruit
1036:Blackberry
1010:tree fruit
887:Wellington
823:References
670:Reed, p 20
478:30 January
419:30 January
385:Dammar gum
312:Birkenhead
291:Dalmatians
268:Dargaville
228:Coromandel
178:Appearance
31:Dargaville
2085:Kauri gum
1984:gardening
1944:Thatching
1795:Palm wine
1640:Birch tar
1568:Sal-seed
1493:Japan wax
1446:Candlenut
1387:Malva nut
1352:Areca nut
1273:Matsutake
1229:Mushrooms
1170:root beer
1160:Sassafras
1148:Sago palm
1091:Raspberry
1076:Jackfruit
1041:Blueberry
993:Wild game
368:Hong Kong
244:mangroves
224:Northland
207:Gumfields
170:600,000 (
38:Kauri gum
2037:Category
1853:textiles
1685:Pine tar
1650:Creosote
1600:Tea-tree
1595:Tea-seed
1563:Pongamia
1553:Phulwara
1538:Nagkesar
1533:Murumuru
1508:Kpangnan
1456:Carnauba
1397:Pine nut
1382:Hazelnut
1372:Cinnamon
1357:Bay leaf
1347:Allspice
1269:(reishi)
1101:Tamarind
1066:Gambooge
1026:Bilberry
920:Archived
863:(1972).
834:Auckland
656:25 April
613:25 April
561:cite web
551:25 April
453:25 April
374:See also
353:Auckland
232:Auckland
164:Auckland
153:linoleum
2048:Commons
1963:Related
1927:Tanbark
1922:Shellac
1912:Quinine
1885:Gambier
1805:ogogoro
1705:Varnish
1670:Lacquer
1660:Gamboge
1645:Camphor
1635:Benzoin
1545: (
1451:Capuacu
1436:Babassu
1402:Vanilla
1313:Truffle
1298:Red cap
1267:Lingzhi
1056:Coconut
1031:Binukaw
1006:Berries
525:18 July
318:Methods
157:violins
137:varnish
1971:Dehesa
1932:tannin
1917:Rattan
1880:Forage
1843:edible
1838:Bamboo
1833:Amadou
1812:Rubber
1733:Chicle
1675:Mastic
1627:Resins
1610:Ucuuba
1605:Tucuma
1590:Tamanu
1547:kernel
1518:Mafura
1488:Illipe
1441:Bacuri
1392:Nutmeg
1336:spices
1061:Durian
1021:Banana
893:
875:
854:
840:
287:whares
275:Digger
185:pounds
64:logged
60:swamps
58:, and
56:scrubs
1900:henna
1875:Ferns
1826:Other
1775:Latex
1695:Rosin
1690:Pitch
1680:Myrrh
1665:Kauri
1523:Mahua
1513:Kusum
1503:Kombo
1498:Kokum
1420:waxes
1377:Clove
1283:Morel
1217:Ramps
1153:queen
1128:Betel
1120:roots
981:Honey
473:Ensia
396:Notes
193:amber
141:copal
130:amber
104:kapia
100:MÄori
42:resin
16:Resin
1907:Peat
1890:Moss
1870:Cork
1770:Kino
1558:Pilu
1543:Palm
1331:Nuts
986:pine
976:Furs
891:ISBN
873:ISBN
852:ISBN
838:ISBN
658:2011
615:2011
567:link
553:2011
527:2010
480:2023
455:2011
421:2023
362:and
230:and
125:moko
120:flax
98:The
78:Uses
1719:gum
1715:Sap
1415:Oil
1252:Cep
40:is
2066::
885:.
871:.
832:.
753:^
641:^
589:^
575:^
563:}}
559:{{
535:^
517:.
488:^
471:.
429:^
412:.
226:,
172:$
159:.
1574:)
1570:(
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1467:)
1463:(
952:e
945:t
938:v
660:.
617:.
569:)
555:.
529:.
482:.
457:.
423:.
285:"
168:Ā£
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