341:, in 1882. Previously, linoleum had been produced in solid colors, with patterns printed on the surface if required. In inlaid linoleum, the colors extend all the way through to the backing cloth. Inlaid linoleum was made using a stencil type method where different-colored granules were placed in shaped metal trays, after which the sheets were run through heated rollers to fuse them to the backing cloth. In 1898, Walton devised a process for making straight-line inlaid linoleum that allowed for crisp, sharp geometric designs. This involved strips of uncured linoleum being cut and pieced together patchwork-fashion before being hot-rolled. Embossed inlaid linoleum was not introduced until 1926.
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227:, near London. The new product did not prove immediately popular, mainly due to intense competition from the makers of Kamptulicon and oilcloth. The company operated at a loss for its first five years, until Walton began an intensive advertising campaign and opened two shops in London for the exclusive sale of Linoleum. Walton's friend Jerimiah Clarke designed the linoleum patterns, typically with a Grecian urn motif around the borders.
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canvas or other suitable strong fabrics are coated over on their upper surfaces with a composition of oxidized oil, cork dust, and gum or resin ... such surfaces being afterward printed, embossed, or otherwise ornamented. The back or under surfaces of such fabrics are coated with a coating of such oxidized oils, or oxidized oils and gum or resin, and by preference without an admixture of cork."
204:, and received Patent No. 209 on 27 January 1860 for the process. However, his method had problems: the cotton cloth soon fell apart, and it took months to produce enough of the linoxyn. Little interest was shown in Walton's varnish. In addition, his first factory burned down, and he suffered from persistent and painful rashes.
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The heavier gauges of linoleum are known as "battleship linoleum", and are mainly used in high-traffic situations like offices and public buildings. It was originally manufactured to meet the specifications of the U.S. Navy for warship deck covering on enclosed decks instead of wood, hence the name.
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Walton also tried integrating designs into linoleum during the manufacturing stage, coming up with granite, marbled, and jaspé (striped) linoleum. For the granite variety, granules of various colors of linoleum cement were mixed together, before being hot-rolled. If the granules were not completely
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Between the time of its invention in 1860 and its being largely superseded by other hard floor coverings in the 1950s, linoleum was considered to be an excellent, inexpensive material for high-use areas. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was favoured in hallways and passages,
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took out a patent for a method of producing linoxyn by blowing hot air into a tank of linseed oil for several hours, then cooling the material in trays. Unlike Walton's process, which took weeks, Parnacott's method took only a day or two, although the quality of the linoxyn was not as good. Despite
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Walton soon came up with an easier way to transfer the oil to the cotton sheets, by hanging them vertically and sprinkling the oil from above, and he tried mixing the linoxyn with sawdust and cork dust to make it less tacky. In 1863, he applied for a further patent, which read: "For these purposes
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The finest linoleum floors, known as "inlaid", are extremely durable, and are made by joining and inlaying solid pieces of linoleum. Cheaper patterned linoleum comes in different grades or gauges, and is printed with thinner layers which are more prone to wear and tear. High-quality linoleum is
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and as a surround for carpet squares. However, most people associate linoleum with its common twentieth century use on kitchen floors. Its water resistance enabled easy maintenance of sanitary conditions and its resilience made standing easier and reduced breakage of dropped china.
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in 1930). It was the first U.S. linoleum manufacturer, but was soon followed by the
American Nairn Linoleum Company, established by Sir Michael Nairn in 1887 (later the Congoleum-Nairn Company, and then the Congoleum Corporation of America), in
601:
Fofana, Bourlaye; Ragupathy, Raja; Cloutier, Sylvie (2010). "Flax Lipids: Classes, Biosynthesis, Genetics and the
Promise of Applied Genomics for Understanding and Altering of Fatty Acids". In Gilmore, Paige L. (ed.).
258:, became the largest producer of linoleum in the world, with no fewer than six floorcloth manufacturers in the town, most notably Michael Nairn & Co., which had been producing floor cloth since 1847.
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Walton soon faced competition from other manufacturers, including a company which bought the rights to
Parnacott's process, and launched its own floor covering, which it named Corticine, from the Latin
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of the fat molecules. This crosslinking process is often slow, thus catalysts and heat are applied to give a durable material. During this crosslinking, fillers and pigments are mixed with the
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HeisterbergâMoutsis, Gudrun; Heinz, Rainer; Wolf, Thomas F.; Harper, Dominic J.; James, David; Mazzur, Richard P.; Kettler, Volker; SoinĂ©, Hansgert (2001). "Floor
Coverings".
196:. This made the oil form a resinous mass into which lengths of cheap cotton cloth were dipped until a thick coating formed. The coating was then scraped off and boiled with
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Linoleum in essence consists of two components, a polymerizable organic compound and a collection of fillers, pigments, catalysts. The polymerizable precursors are rich in
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388:(PVC), referred to sometimes as vinyl. PVC has many properties that are superior to linoleum, including fire-resistance. Linoleum is still used in art for
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349:, as they were considered too flammable. Use of linoleum persisted in U.S. Navy submarines.) Royal Navy warships used the similar product "Corticine".
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prints. Linoleum is also considered an environmentally friendly alternative to PVC as it is derived from renewable, natural, biodegradable material.
243:(bark or rind). Corticine was mainly made of cork dust and linoxyn without a cloth backing, and became popular because it was cheaper than linoleum.
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backing. Pigments are often added to the materials to create the desired color finish. Commercially, the material has been largely replaced by
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or similar solvents to form a varnish. Walton initially planned to sell his varnish to the makers of water-repellent fabrics such as
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180:. In 1855, Walton happened to notice the rubbery, flexible skin of solidified linseed oil (linoxyn) that had formed on a can of
127:(bottom). The order of drying rate is alpha-linolenic > linoleic > oleic acid, reflecting their degree of unsaturation.
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Walton was unhappy with
Michael Nairn & Co's use of the name Linoleum and brought a lawsuit against them for
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Representative fat found in a drying oil. The triester is derived from three different unsaturated fatty acids,
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By 1869, Walton's factory in
Staines, England was exporting to Europe and the United States. In 1877, the
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Historic linoleum materials in the Staten Island
Historical Society's Online Collections Database
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Other products devised by Walton included
Linoleum Muralis in 1877, which became better known as
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because they "dry" (harden) upon exposure to the oxygen in air. The drying process results in
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Other inventors began their own experiments after Walton took out his patent, and in 1871,
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At first, Walton called his invention "Kampticon", which was deliberately close to
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flexible and thus can be used in buildings where a more rigid material (such as
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538:"F. BRIDGE, STOPPER FOR BOTTLEs, &C., No. 418,549. Patented Dec. 31, 1889"
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this, many manufacturers opted to use the less expensive
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Walton opened the
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mixed before rolling, the result was marbled or jaspé patterns.
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651:: Sheila L. Jones, Georgia Tech Research Institute (Fall 1999)
649:"Resilient Flooring: A Comparison of Vinyl, Linoleum and Cork"
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Walton's next product was inlaid linoleum, which resembled
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flooring, the color goes all the way through the linoleum
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As a floor covering, linoleum has often been replaced by
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Ulrich Poth (2002). "Drying Oils and Related Products".
368:. Prominent artists who created linocut prints included
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Edge view, showing underside of a linoleum sheet (2021)
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The history and manufacture of floorcloth and linoleum
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artists used easy-to-cut linoleum instead of wood for
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438:References
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320:Anaglypta
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276:Congoleum
252:Kirkcaldy
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