1257:
1233:
1067:, and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives. The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet.
66:
312:
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at around 15 m (49 ft) – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the
Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity,
1023:), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between 0 and 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface. The seeps rely on methane deposited during the
267:
The
Kattegat is a rather shallow sea and can be very difficult and dangerous to navigate because of the many sandy and stony reefs and tricky currents, which often shift. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been
997:. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km (114 cu mi) seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year. During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the
437:
across the
Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of
1643:
1063:
to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world. Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like
1886:
1256:
1106:. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and they support a thriving but threatened
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1750:
1672:
1232:
1244:
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1842:
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1890:
2039:
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Control of the
Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the
1216:
1397:
98:
984:
has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has a salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong
1912:
1758:
1599:""Bubbling reefs" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps"
1404:
455:
1673:"Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt"
1824:
2044:
876:
and shoals. At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the
2049:
2034:
2014:
1938:
1791:
1520:
1860:
1839:
1571:
1095:
as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.
1039:. Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a
707:
676:
604:
823:
2019:
1479:
403:; the latter two are, due to their relatively dry climate, perceived as belonging to "the Danish desert belt".
1703:"Comparative assessment of large-scale marine eutrophication: North Sea area and Adriatic Sea as case studies"
1092:
65:
1274:
The
Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.
1091:
Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the
Kattegat has been designated as a
532:
333:
1933–1934), the northern boundary between the
Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of
783:
748:
635:
563:
484:
422:, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark.
2024:
1001:, so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for the
872:
to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many
1408:
1331:
2029:
1991:
1177:
17:
1807:
Hagerman, Lars; Josefson, Alf B.; Jensen, Jørgen N. (1996). "Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish".
1473:
1202:
407:
1345:
1250:
The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.
1027:
period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface. Carbonate
276:
network has been installed to safeguard the very heavy international traffic on this small sea.
1975:
279:
There are several large cities and major ports on the
Kattegat, including, in descending size,
1702:
1561:
1028:
1781:
513:
1717:
1610:
1262:
There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the
Swedish part of the Kattegat.
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361:
257:
248:
drains into the
Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the
1985:
1320:
8:
1916:
1060:
1969:
1887:"New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry"
1721:
1614:
1597:
Jensen; Aagaard; Burke; Dando; Jørgensen; Kuijpers; Laier; O'Hara; Schmaljohann (1992).
956:, the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the
1468:
229:
1527:. Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Research Institute
315:
2009:
1820:
1787:
1567:
1540:
1103:
834:
434:
342:
327:
1301:
918:
1812:
1725:
1701:
Druon, Jean-Noël; Schrimpf, Wolfram; Dobricic, Srdjan; Stips, Adolf (19 May 2004).
1618:
1183:
1145:
865:
742:
400:
204:
196:
1286:
All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed
369:
1846:
1016:
430:
311:
191:
949:
in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.
322:
According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark,
1064:
1044:
990:
926:
869:
841:
365:
213:
152:
1518:
458:
defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat,
2003:
1942:
1334:. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
1032:
798:
785:
763:
750:
722:
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486:
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330:
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113:
100:
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46:
1346:"Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø]"
1131:
1107:
1079:
Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.
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1035:
form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, and support a rich
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1984:
1454:(1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry
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1623:
1598:
1191:
998:
994:
965:
957:
877:
463:
443:
357:
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208:) is a 30,000 km (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the
968:
provided shelter, trade, and repair opportunities and protection from
961:
459:
406:
A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the
338:
1941:(in Swedish). Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
1238:
Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.
1135:
1008:
985:
906:
777:
598:
396:
253:
249:
52:
1968:
1165:
north of Gothenburg. An important spot for migratory birds and fish.
1128:, comprising a 1,774 km (685 sq mi) shallow sea area.
381:
1223:
1075:
981:
861:
349:
292:
269:
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by either sand pumping or boulder clearance, and a well-developed
237:
1811:. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Vol. 52. pp. 155–178.
1371:
1287:
1187:
1162:
1002:
664:
385:
377:
296:
288:
233:
217:
209:
158:
1559:
886:
has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage',
481:(The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (
1650:
1119:
1024:
969:
478:
373:
334:
323:
284:
241:
162:
1861:"Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success"
1083:
439:
1779:
1754:
1139:
873:
1700:
425:
Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as
1859:
Jesper H. Andersen; Jacob Carstensen (25 October 2011).
1180:. An important reproduction area for seabirds and seals.
1644:"Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases"
1596:
1519:Ærtebjerg, G., Andersen, J.H. and Schou Hansen (2003).
1098:
Several larger areas of the Kattegat are designated as
522:: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:
1806:
1680:
Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark)
1087:
Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.
1435:(2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry
993:, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the
597:: A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of
1840:
Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark
1915:(in Danish). Danish Nature Agency. Archived from
512:) and thence northeastward through the shoals to
2001:
1525:Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Seawaters
1343:
337:on Jutland, while the southern boundary towards
91:
1751:"Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'"
1467:
1186:. A shallow water fjord between Gothenburg and
1102:and under various bird protections such as the
352:that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of
1678:. Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen.
410:in Scania, Sweden, which contains a number of
1694:
1592:
1590:
1070:
318:at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the Kattegat
1545:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
864:navigation jargon, in which captains of the
1889:. MT Online. 12 August 2014. Archived from
1809:Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems
1638:
1636:
1634:
972:. The dues were eventually lifted in 1857.
931:
887:
854:
846:
133:
1587:
1471:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1055:The Kattegat, characterised by widespread
1622:
1560:Matti Leppäranta nad Kai Myrberg (2009).
1447:
1445:
960:, a toll charged for passage through the
1631:
1082:
1074:
310:
1563:Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea
1405:International Hydrographic Organization
456:International Hydrographic Organization
176:30,000 km (12,000 sq mi)
14:
2002:
1786:(4 ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 4.
1442:
1050:
860:'gate, passage'. It derives from late
380:on the Swedish side, and the river of
1780:Karleskint, Turner and Small (2013).
1483:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
391:The main islands of the Kattegat are
203:
190:
2040:Landforms of Västra Götaland County
1566:. Springer-Praxis. pp. 72–74.
1495:"Kattegat | strait, Denmark-Sweden"
1344:Rolf Ask Clausen (2 October 2007).
442:in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and
27:Sea area between Denmark and Sweden
24:
1849:Danish Ministry of the Environment
224:to the south and the provinces of
25:
2061:
1961:
1757:. 19 October 2006. Archived from
868:trading fleets would compare the
673:: A line joining Flinthorne-Rev (
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1215:
1148:and the sea north of the island.
252:and may be seen as a bay of the
72:
71:
64:
45:
1931:
1905:
1879:
1852:
1833:
1800:
1773:
1743:
1665:
1553:
1512:
1783:Introduction to Marine Biology
1710:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1603:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1487:
1480:New International Encyclopedia
1461:
1426:
1390:
1364:
1337:
1325:
1314:
1059:, was one of the first marine
326:and Sweden (registered in the
13:
1:
1378:(in Danish). Kattegatkomitéen
1372:"En fast Kattegatforbindelse"
1307:
1093:Sulphur Emission Control Area
905:An archaic name for both the
264:usage, this is not the case.
1433:Den Store Danske Encyklopædi
1110:. Protected areas includes:
840:, the name derives from the
824:Den Store Danske Encyklopædi
816:
306:
7:
2050:Landforms of Halland County
1398:"Limits of Oceans and Seas"
1295:
1222:There are several offshore
1043:habitat (type 1180) by the
529:: A line joining Falshöft (
212:peninsula in the west, the
10:
2066:
1992:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1208:
1071:Protections and regulation
975:
940:
560:) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö:
2045:Landforms of Skåne County
2035:Straits of the Baltic Sea
1178:Archipelago of Gothenburg
952:Beginning in 1429 in the
449:
433:) connecting Jutland and
172:
168:
151:
129:
90:
59:
44:
39:
34:
1203:Kullaberg Nature Reserve
408:Kullaberg Nature Reserve
51:Map of the Kattegat and
1845:3 December 2013 at the
1499:Encyclopedia Britannica
341:is found at the tip of
1976:Encyclopedia Americana
1407:. 1953. Archived from
1376:kattegatforbindelse.dk
1190:, including important
1172:archipelago (Swedish:
1088:
1080:
1020:
932:
855:
847:
814:
319:
200:
2020:International straits
2015:Denmark–Sweden border
1474:"Cattegat, The"
1086:
1078:
980:In the Kattegat, the
909:and Kattegat was the
723:54.63333°N 11.88722°E
692:54.64167°N 11.82111°E
620:54.72667°N 10.71167°E
472:
345:Peninsula in Scania.
314:
260:, but in traditional
671:In the Guldborg Sund
632:) and Kappel Kirke (
360:, together with the
258:North Atlantic Ocean
205:[ˈkâtːɛˌɡat]
1919:on 10 February 2016
1722:2004MEPS..272....1D
1615:1992MEPS...83..103J
1142:south of the island
1051:Ecological collapse
1011:, locally known as
795: /
760: /
719: /
688: /
663:) on the island of
647: /
616: /
575: /
544: /
496: /
376:in the province of
192:[ˈkʰætəkæt]
110: /
2025:Straits of Denmark
1945:on 26 January 2016
1893:on 26 January 2016
1817:10.1029/CE052p0155
1730:10.3354/meps272001
1624:10.3354/meps083103
1332:Convention No 3210
1089:
1081:
921:mentions the name
728:54.63333; 11.88722
697:54.64167; 11.82111
625:54.72667; 10.71167
527:In the Little Belt
320:
2030:Straits of Sweden
1826:978-0-87590-266-1
1761:on 4 October 2009
1414:on 8 October 2011
1104:Ramsar Convention
799:55.383°N 12.817°E
764:55.283°N 12.450°E
741:: A line joining
651:54.767°N 11.017°E
595:In the Great Belt
579:54.817°N 10.433°E
548:54.783°N 9.9583°E
500:57.900°N 11.450°E
477:: A line joining
328:League of Nations
244:in the east. The
180:
179:
114:56.500°N 11.500°E
16:(Redirected from
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1181:
1166:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1138:and the stony
1129:
1126:Bay of Aalborg
1122:
1072:
1069:
1065:eutrophication
1052:
1049:
1045:European Union
1013:bubbling reefs
991:brackish water
989:comparable to
977:
974:
942:
939:
919:Knýtlinga saga
870:Danish straits
830:Nudansk Ordbog
818:
815:
813:
812:
804:55.383; 12.817
769:55.283; 12.450
736:
704:) and Skelby (
668:
656:54.767; 11.017
592:
584:54.817; 10.433
553:54.783; 9.9583
505:57.900; 11.450
470:) as follows:
451:
448:
418:, the town of
388:, in Denmark.
308:
305:
214:Danish straits
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
156:
149:
148:
131:
127:
126:
119:56.500; 11.500
94:
88:
87:
78:
77:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1944:
1940:
1939:"Natura 2000"
1934:
1918:
1914:
1913:"Natura 2000"
1908:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
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1803:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1784:
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1591:
1575:
1573:9783540797036
1569:
1565:
1564:
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1542:
1526:
1522:
1521:"Hydrography"
1515:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1469:Gilman, D. C.
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
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1277:
1270:
1265:
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1229:
1225:
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1212:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
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1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
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1154:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Beach meadows
1130:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:lithification
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
938:
936:
934:
933:Sinus Codanus
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Norwegian Sea
908:
903:
885:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
851:
849:
843:
839:
836:
831:
826:
825:
821:According to
808:
779:
773:
744:
740:
737:
732:
701:
672:
669:
666:
660:
629:
600:
596:
593:
588:
557:
528:
525:
524:
523:
521:
517:
515:
509:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
447:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
427:Kattegatbroen
423:
421:
417:
414:and a scenic
413:
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404:
402:
398:
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389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Treaty Series
329:
325:
317:
313:
304:
302:
301:Frederikshavn
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
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235:
231:
230:Västergötland
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
193:
185:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
132:
128:
123:
95:
89:
67:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1990:
1974:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1835:
1808:
1802:
1782:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1713:
1709:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1606:
1602:
1577:. Retrieved
1562:
1555:
1529:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1478:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1339:
1327:
1316:
1192:salt marshes
1173:
1152:
1151:
1113:
1112:
1108:biodiversity
1097:
1090:
1054:
1037:biodiversity
1012:
1007:
979:
951:
944:
930:
922:
914:
910:
904:
897:cat's strait
881:
853:
852:'cat's' and
845:
828:
822:
820:
745:Lighthouse (
739:In the Sound
738:
670:
594:
526:
520:On the South
519:
518:
514:Tjörn Island
475:On the North
474:
473:
453:
426:
424:
412:rare species
405:
390:
347:
321:
278:
266:
262:Scandinavian
183:
181:
173:Surface area
143:"cat's gate"
29:
1871:24 November
1867:(in Danish)
1609:: 103–112.
1418:28 December
1356:16 February
1352:(in Danish)
1198:Hovs Hallar
1100:Natura 2000
1041:Natura 2000
1029:cementation
954:Middle Ages
947:Eider Canal
923:Jótlandshaf
915:Jutland Sea
883:Kattesundet
833: [
802: /
767: /
726: /
695: /
654: /
623: /
582: /
551: /
503: /
468:Little Belt
416:rocky shore
216:islands of
117: /
92:Coordinates
2004:Categories
1949:19 January
1923:19 January
1897:19 January
1765:30 January
1579:30 January
1531:30 January
1350:Ingeniøren
1308:References
1160:Nordre älv
1061:dead zones
1009:Cold seeps
999:Great Belt
995:Baltic Sea
966:Copenhagen
958:Sound dues
878:Copenhagen
714:11°53′14″E
711:54°38′00″N
683:11°49′16″E
680:54°38′30″N
611:10°42′42″E
608:54°43′36″N
464:Great Belt
444:Kalundborg
358:Gothenburg
281:Gothenburg
246:Baltic Sea
222:Baltic Sea
1865:Politiken
1735:10 August
1224:windfarms
986:halocline
929:name was
907:Skagerrak
866:Hanseatic
817:Etymology
599:Langeland
350:waterways
307:Geography
254:North Sea
250:Skagerrak
210:Jutlandic
201:Kattegatt
130:Etymology
53:Skagerrak
40:Kattegatt
18:Kattegatt
2010:Kattegat
1843:Archived
1716:: 1–23.
1541:cite web
1456:Kattegat
1437:Kattegat
1296:See also
1021:boblerev
982:salinity
964:, while
862:medieval
735:) ;
601:Island,
539:9°57.5′E
354:Göta älv
316:Älvsborg
293:Halmstad
226:Bohuslän
220:and the
184:Kattegat
79:Kattegat
35:Kattegat
1995:. 1921.
1979:. 1920.
1718:Bibcode
1686:16 June
1657:16 June
1611:Bibcode
1288:bedrock
1209:Gallery
1188:Varberg
1163:estuary
1114:Denmark
1003:sealife
976:Biology
962:Øresund
941:History
891:
880:street
790:12°49′E
787:55°23′N
755:12°27′E
752:55°17′N
665:Laaland
642:11°01′E
639:54°46′N
570:10°26′E
567:54°49′N
536:54°47′N
491:11°27′E
488:57°54′N
460:Øresund
435:Zealand
386:Jutland
378:Halland
339:Øresund
297:Varberg
289:Aalborg
270:dredged
234:Halland
218:Denmark
197:Swedish
188:Danish:
159:Denmark
137:
105:11°30′E
102:56°30′N
1823:
1790:
1653:. 2013
1651:HELCOM
1570:
1504:16 May
1382:15 May
1170:Vrångö
1153:Sweden
1146:Anholt
1120:Grenen
1057:anoxia
1047:(EU).
1025:Eemian
1017:Danish
1005:here.
970:piracy
844:words
776:) and
743:Stevns
479:Skagen
466:, and
450:Extent
401:Anholt
382:Gudenå
374:Viskan
366:Nissan
348:Major
343:Kullen
335:Skagen
324:Norway
285:Aarhus
242:Sweden
163:Sweden
1706:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1412:(PDF)
1401:(PDF)
1140:reefs
927:Latin
874:reefs
848:katte
842:Dutch
837:]
440:Odder
429:(the
420:Mölle
393:Samsø
370:Ätran
362:Lagan
238:Skåne
153:Basin
1951:2016
1925:2016
1899:2016
1873:2014
1821:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1767:2016
1755:UNEP
1737:2023
1688:2017
1659:2017
1581:2016
1568:ISBN
1547:link
1533:2016
1506:2017
1420:2020
1384:2017
1358:2016
1168:The
1158:The
1136:Læsø
1124:The
1031:and
888:lit.
827:and
454:The
399:and
397:Læsø
372:and
299:and
256:and
236:and
182:The
134:lit.
1813:doi
1726:doi
1714:272
1619:doi
1134:on
913:or
856:gat
384:in
356:at
240:in
2006::
1989:.
1973:.
1863:.
1819:.
1753:.
1724:.
1712:.
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1543:}}
1539:{{
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1927:.
1901:.
1875:.
1829:.
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