966:
474:
31:
774:
692:
519:, and if the branch breaks off in his hands, he is fated to go to the Underworld. She also tells Aeneas to bury his dead friend and prepare cattle for sacrifice. When Aeneas reaches the forest to find the golden branch, he is guided by birds to the tree, and the branch breaks into his hand. The branch, however, does not easily break off as the Sibyl said would happen to a person fated to go to the Underworld – the branch is described as "
523:" ("hesitant"). The implications of this have been debated by scholars – some arguing that it means that Aeneas is not as heroic as he needs to be, others arguing that Aeneas has not yet fulfilled his destiny, and several arguing that he is still a hero, with this section added purely for drama. Aeneas buries Misenus and he and the Sibyl prepare a sacrifice to enter the Underworld.
765:. He enters the Underworld through the Spartan Gates and visits Dis and Proserpina to beg for the return of his bride. Overcome by the heartfelt song of Orpheus, Proserpina calls Eurydice to leave with her husband–on the condition that he does not look back until he reaches the exit. When he looks back, his wife disappears, and he is pained by grief for her death a second time.
563:, a man of his crew who fell overboard and died on their journey. Palinurus begs Aeneas to bury him so he can enter the Underworld. The Sibyl convinces Charon to carry them across the river Styx in exchange for the golden bough. Aeneas encounters Minos pronouncing judgment on souls and the souls that died for love:
323:
and his eventual death at sea at an old age. After
Tiresias instructs Odysseus to allow the spirits he wants to talk to drink the sacrificial blood he used to find Tiresias, he is again given the chance to see his mother, and she tells him of the suffering of his family as they await his return home.
196:
differs; sometimes an object or the rescue of a loved one is sought, while in other stories knowledge and secret revelations is the goal. The ability to enter the realm of the dead while still alive, and to return, is proof of the classical hero's exceptional status as more than mortal. A deity who
639:
have a rock constantly hanging over them at all times. Many others face the punishment of moving rocks, being stretched, and being tied to wheels. The two then enter the
Estates of the Blessed, where they see a utopian land where heroes and good people reside. There, Aeneas finds his father, who
726:
to attempt to get
Proserpina back. He agrees that she should be returned as long as Proserpina has not touched any food in the underworld. However, she has eaten pomegranate seeds, and cannot be returned to Ceres. To ensure compromise between Ceres and Dis, Jove divides the year into halves and
212:. In the Hero's journey, the hero travels to a forbidden, unknown realm; a katabasis is when that place is specifically the underworld. Pilar Serrano uses the term to encompass brief or chronic stays in the underworld as well, such as those of
526:
Aeneas first encounters several beings and monsters as he enters: Sorrows, Heartaches, Diseases, Senility, Terror, Hunger, Evil, Crime, Poverty, Death, Hard Labor, Sleep, Evil
Pleasures of Mind, War, Family Vengeance, Mad Civil Strife,
719:. As Proserpina is picking flowers, Pluto falls in love with her and decides to grab her and take her to the underworld in his chariot. Worried about her now-missing daughter, Ceres becomes distraught and searches for Proserpina.
287:, the land of the dead. Odysseus sets out an offering of honey, milk, wine, water, and barley before slaughtering two sheep to add fresh blood to the meal. The souls of many then appear to him. The first to appear to Odysseus is
168:; he visits the border of the realms before calling the dead to him using a blood rite, with it being disputed whether he was at the highest realm of the underworld or the lowest edge of the living world where he performed this.
659:
as well. In book 4, he includes an account of Juno's descent to Hades to bring her perceived justice to Ino. Ovid describes Juno's path to the underworld, noting
Cerberus' presence. Juno seeks the Furies (Tisiphone, Megara, and
727:
commands that
Proserpina must spend equal parts of the year between her mother and her husband. From that point on, Proserpina makes annual trips to the underworld, spending half the year there.
511:
occurs in book 6 of the epic. Unlike
Odysseus, Aeneas seeks to enter the Underworld, rather than bring the spirits of the dead to him through sacrifice. He begins his journey with a visit to the
672:. While in the underworld, Juno passes several souls who are being punished in Hades. Hades is also a person, and he needs to get rid of those souls because he needs them to fully recover (
291:, his crew member who died prior to leaving Circe's island. Elpenor asks Odysseus to give him a proper burial, and Odysseus agrees. The next to appear to Odysseus is his mother,
144:, also known as Hades. The term is also used in a broad sense of any journey to the realm of the dead in other mythological and religious traditions. A katabasis is similar to a
1947:
Louden, Bruce (2011), "Catabasis, Consultation, and the Vision: Odyssey 11, I Samuel 28, Gilgamesh 12, Aeneid 6, Plato's
Allegory of the Cave, and the Book of Revelation",
438:. Odysseus reassures Achilles of his son's bravery in fighting the Trojans. Odysseus then begins seeing figures of dead souls who do not talk directly to him:
462:. Odysseus ends his visit with Heracles, who asks about Odysseus' intention in Hades. Odysseus begins to get fearful as he waits for more heroes and leaves.
1984:
515:(a priestess of Apollo) and asks for her assistance to journey to the Underworld and visit his father. The priestess tells him to find the
66:
965:
627:, the place for the blessed. On the way, they pass the place for tortured souls and the Sibyl describes some of the tortured's fates.
473:
295:. As Odysseus has been away fighting the Trojan War for nearly 20 years, he is surprised and saddened by the sight of her soul.
799:
559:, the ferryman who leads souls into the Underworld, and the mass of people who are unburied. His first conversation is with
301:, the soul whom Odysseus came to see, next appears to him. Tiresias gives him several pieces of information concerning his
1291:
229:(a going up) to distinguish itself from death; very rarely does a living hero decide to stay in the Underworld for ever.
2024:
1903:
688:). When the Furies agree to Juno's request, she happily returns to the heavens, where she is purified by Iris.
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30:
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98:
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themes such as the cyclical nature of time and existence, or the defeat of death and the possibility of
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24:
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989:
1832:
324:
As his mother leaves, Odysseus is then visited by a string of souls of past queens. He first sees
154:
does not generally involve a physical visit, however. One of the most famous examples is that of
1828:
1139:
315:(and the coming troubles as a consequence), warns Odysseus not to eat the livestock of the god
60:
181:
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1304:
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1026:'s descent into a Hell-like region after taking on the bad karma of her executioner in pity
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or necromancy, where one experiences a vision of the underworld or its inhabitants; a
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Myths of the
Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the 'Orphic' Gold Tablets
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141:
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Orpheus travels out of the
Underworld followed by the shade of his wife, Eurydice
253:
233:
133:
1192:
1330:
1278:
536:
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439:
427:. He warns Odysseus to return to Ithaca in secret and be wary of his own wife.
391:
by Poseidon. Odysseus then sees a list of women whom he only briefly mentions:
20:
2037:
1912:
1334:
1114:
1084:
742:. When Hercules traveled to the Underworld to capture Cerberus as one of his
512:
478:
225:
1182:
1007:
997:
746:, Cerberus spread white foam from his mouths, which grew poisonous plants.
420:
265:
768:
716:
1849:
1239:
1067:
435:
202:
198:
43:
1048:, who are dragged alive into hell after committing misdeeds against the
580:
1229:
1152:
1034:
955:
829:
819:
708:
691:
486:
384:
312:
189:
129:
2009:
Hell in Contemporary Literature: Western Descent Narratives since 1945
655:'s poetic collection of mythological stories, he includes accounts of
1960:, translated by Martin, Charles, New York: W. W. Norton & Company
1057:, who attempts to rescue his mother from starvation in the underworld
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80:
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in book 10 is the last major inclusion of the theme by Ovid in the
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308:
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249:
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155:
38:
34:
2011:, EUP, 2005. On modern examples of katabases, or descents to Hell.
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found in a diverse number of religions from around the world. The
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1038:
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368:
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352:
288:
237:
177:
164:
1398:
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of Hercules in book 7. Ovid is telling the etiological story of
1996:, translated by Ahl, Frederick, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1933:, translated by Lattimore, Richmond, New York: Harper & Row
1049:
977:
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411:, all also lovers of gods or heroes. Next to visit Odysseus is
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329:
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257:
146:
283:, Odysseus follows the advice of Circe to consult Tiresias in
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or to the land of the dead and returns. The nature of the
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during his 12th labor, on which occasion he also rescued
769:
Other examples in religious and mythological literature
1942:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 98
208:
A katabasis is arguably a specific type of the famous
1341:
to find the source as a result of supernatural events
419:. Agamemnon tells Odysseus of his death by his wife,
2014:
1971:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie II: Historia Antigua
1876:Collins, John J.; Fishbane, Michae l, eds. (1995),
1337:hero Bolot, who goes underground under the rule of
803:and in the final tablet of the Standard Babylonian
264:to learn of prophecies of his fate and that of the
761:. Orpheus is distraught by the death of his wife,
307:(homecoming) and his life after. Tiresias details
722:When Ceres discovers the kidnapping, she goes to
2035:
132:. Its original sense is usually associated with
1875:
1384:
640:tells him of the rich history of Rome to come.
140:more broadly, where the protagonist visits the
240:, who enters the underworld in order to bring
2017:Catábasis: el viaje infernal en la Antigüedad
868:is mourned and then recovered by his consort
958:; they fail, and only Theseus is rescued by
158:, who performs something on the border of a
1884:
1376:
1983:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1878:Death, Ecstasy, and Other Worldly Journeys
319:, and prophesies Odysseus' return home to
1898:, Harvard University Press, p. 108,
1041:who travels to Hell to teach its denizens
976:after various transgressions against the
818:, in an attempt to overthrow her sister,
223:A katabasis is in general followed by an
197:returns from the underworld demonstrates
16:Journey into the underworld in literature
1973:, vol. 12, Madrid, pp. 129–179
1893:
964:
772:
690:
631:has his liver eaten by a vulture daily.
472:
248:, who seeks to consult with the prophet
29:
1964:
1940:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
1937:
1372:
1360:
1322:launches an invasion into the realm of
855:which mixed in Greek traditions as well
2036:
1991:
1946:
1847:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1392:
1205:'s and other wizards several trips to
1044:Several episodes of people, including
851:, although this story originates from
800:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
595:. Next, Aeneas sees heroes of battle:
1928:
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1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
882:from Hades, and again in his role as
244:back to the world of the living, and
188:or upper-world deity journeys to the
2015:Herrero de Jáuregui, Miguel (2023).
1955:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1167:Norse religion and Finnish mythology
1112:as protagonist of his own poem, the
643:
860:Greek mythology and Roman mythology
828:, to make amends for disrespecting
41:in his katabasis during Book 11 of
13:
2001:
1911:
1885:Edmonds III, Radcliffe G. (2004),
1824:
311:'s anger at Odysseus' blinding of
162:and a katabasis in book 11 of the
14:
2065:
1949:Homer's Odyssey and the Near East
623:. The Sibyl then leads Aeneas to
37:consults the soul of the prophet
1965:Serrano, Pilar González (1999),
939:, to speak to his father in the
232:Famous examples of katabases in
176:The trip to the underworld is a
128: 'go') is a journey to the
1869:
1841:
1818:
730:Ovid also briefly mentions the
1880:, State University of New York
1366:
375:. Odysseus is then visited by
271:
1:
2019:. Madrid: Alianza editorial.
1345:
996:(dawn) is liberated from the
668:, namely Ino and her husband
465:
367:, the mother of Oedipus, and
1951:, Cambridge University Press
1889:, Cambridge University Press
1311:, the Yoruba cultural centre
359:by Zeus, and Heracle's wife
347:(the founders of Thebes) by
94:'descent'; from
79:
19:For the Antarctic wind, see
7:
1385:Collins & Fishbane 1995
171:
10:
2070:
1967:"Catábasis y resurrección"
1854:World History Encyclopedia
1326:to save soul of his mother
1292:Kaknu fights Body of Stone
849:Setne Khamwas and Si-Osire
836:Ancient Egyptian mythology
822:, queen of the netherworld
664:) to destroy the house of
555:. Next, Aeneas encounters
114:
97:
65:
64:
25:Katabasis (disambiguation)
18:
1896:The Poetics of Conversion
489:for his katabasis in the
430:Odysseus then encounters
351:. Then, he is visited by
111: 'down' and
778:The return of Persephone
363:. He is also visited by
279:In the 11th book of the
1938:Leeming, David (2005),
1894:Freccero, John (1988),
841:The Magician Meryre in
797:, in the Sumerian text
1140:Liber scalae Machometi
980:
789:Mesopotamian mythology
785:
715:, who is kidnapped by
696:
496:
48:
23:. For other uses, see
1833:Description of Greece
1827:, p. 27 k cites
968:
884:patron of the theater
776:
694:
476:
381:Castor and Polydeuces
260:seeks out his father
182:comparative mythology
33:
1931:The Odyssey of Homer
1305:dying-and-rising god
1246:as recounted in the
1155:'s descent into the
1078:Apocalypse of Thomas
707:occurs in book 5 by
1921:, p. 27.
1407:, 10: 504 – 11: 50.
1363:, pp. 129–179.
1290:(Native American):
1105:Gospel of Nicodemus
1103:, described in the
1072:Apocalypse of Peter
138:Classical mythology
1848:Cartwright, Mark.
1395:, pp. 197–221
1262:Japanese mythology
1188:Helreið Brynhildar
1092:Apocalypse of Paul
981:
786:
711:, the daughter of
697:
497:
345:Amphion and Zethus
252:for knowledge. In
49:
2007:Rachel Falconer,
1242:'s expedition to
1157:World of Darkness
1101:Harrowing of Hell
853:Hellenistic Egypt
806:Epic of Gilgamesh
782:Frederic Leighton
599:, Parthenopaeus,
339:He next talks to
218:Castor and Pollux
93:
77:
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1396:
1377:Edmonds III 2004
1370:
1364:
1358:
1329:Religion of the
1314:Religion of the
1288:Ohlone mythology
1249:Book of Taliesin
1223:'s descent into
1134:Israʾ and Miʿraj
611:, Thersilochus,
423:, and her lover
387:, mother of the
379:, the mother of
355:, the mother of
343:, the mother of
328:, the mother of
142:Greek underworld
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84:
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2004:
2002:Further reading
1992:Virgil (2007),
1976:
1975:
1918:The Greek Myths
1906:
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1403:
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1371:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1297:Yoruba religion
1283:Maya Hero Twins
1236:Preiddeu Annwfn
1214:Welsh mythology
1195:'s rescue from
1159:as he conquers
1110:Dante Alighieri
845:(Posener, 1985)
843:Papyrus Vandier
771:
699:The next major
649:
471:
371:, the queen of
277:
254:Roman mythology
234:Greek mythology
174:
134:Greek mythology
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2057:
2056:
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2032:
2031:
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2012:
2003:
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1999:
1998:
1989:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1929:Homer (1975),
1926:
1913:Graves, Robert
1909:
1904:
1891:
1882:
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1840:
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1575:, 11: 601–640.
1565:
1563:, 11: 550–600.
1553:
1551:, 11: 466–540.
1541:
1539:, 11: 385–461.
1529:
1527:, 11: 321–332.
1517:
1515:, 11: 298–320.
1505:
1503:, 11: 271–285.
1493:
1491:, 11: 266–270.
1481:
1479:, 11: 260–265.
1469:
1467:, 11: 235–259.
1457:
1455:, 11: 145–224.
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1375:, p. 98;
1365:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1294:
1285:
1279:Maya mythology
1276:
1253:
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1200:
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1185:
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1175:
1164:
1163:
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1088:
1080:
1076:Thomas in the
1074:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1024:Avalokiteśvara
1015:
1014:
1010:descends into
1004:
990:Vedic religion
963:
962:
954:try to abduct
945:
934:
929:
920:
915:
905:
895:
886:
872:
857:
856:
846:
833:
832:
823:
809:
770:
767:
738:'s poison for
648:
642:
470:
464:
415:, the king of
276:
270:
210:Hero's journey
199:eschatological
173:
170:
21:Katabatic wind
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2026:9788411482080
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2013:
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2005:
1995:
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1968:
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1959:
1958:Metamorphoses
1956:Ovid (2010),
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1920:
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1803:, 7: 575–595.
1802:
1797:
1791:, 5: 739–746.
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1779:, 5: 658–712.
1778:
1773:
1767:, 5: 552–615.
1766:
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1755:, 4: 649–659.
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1743:, 4: 624–634.
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1737:
1731:, 4: 594–617.
1730:
1725:
1719:, 4: 432–479.
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1713:
1707:, 6: 637–901.
1706:
1701:
1695:, 6: 548–636.
1694:
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1683:, 6: 477–534.
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1677:
1671:, 6: 426–451.
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1659:, 6: 384–416.
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1647:, 6: 337–383.
1646:
1641:
1635:, 6: 295–332.
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1623:, 6: 268–294.
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1611:, 6: 176–267.
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1605:
1599:, 6: 125–155.
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1227:in the Welsh
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1199:by his mother
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1115:Divine Comedy
1111:
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1099:, during the
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1085:Pistis Sophia
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513:Cumaean Sibyl
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61:Ancient Greek
58:
54:
47:
45:
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26:
22:
2016:
2008:
1993:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1939:
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1922:
1916:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1870:Bibliography
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1843:
1831:
1820:
1815:, 10: 1–110.
1808:
1796:
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1436:
1431:, 11: 84–89.
1424:
1419:, 11: 51–83.
1412:
1400:
1388:
1380:
1373:Leeming 2005
1368:
1361:Serrano 1999
1255:
1254:
1247:
1228:
1212:
1211:
1193:Lemminkäinen
1166:
1165:
1146:
1145:
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1121:
1120:
1113:
1090:Paul in the
1083:
1062:Christianity
1061:
1060:
1017:
1016:
1008:Yudhishthira
983:
982:
972:pulled into
940:
910:, to rescue
900:, to rescue
878:, to rescue
859:
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517:Golden Bough
508:
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421:Clytemnestra
338:
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280:
278:
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266:Roman Empire
231:
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159:
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145:
122:
119:
112:
105:
102:
95:
81:
56:
52:
50:
42:
2049:Epic poetry
1705:Virgil 2007
1693:Virgil 2007
1681:Virgil 2007
1669:Virgil 2007
1657:Virgil 2007
1645:Virgil 2007
1633:Virgil 2007
1621:Virgil 2007
1609:Virgil 2007
1597:Virgil 2007
1587:, 6: 1–124.
1585:Virgil 2007
1393:Louden 2011
1240:King Arthur
1203:Väinämöinen
1030:Kṣitigarbha
436:Neoptolemus
203:immortality
44:The Odyssey
2038:Categories
1905:0674192265
1859:2022-12-06
1850:"Tantalus"
1573:Homer 1975
1561:Homer 1975
1549:Homer 1975
1537:Homer 1975
1525:Homer 1975
1513:Homer 1975
1501:Homer 1975
1489:Homer 1975
1477:Homer 1975
1465:Homer 1975
1453:Homer 1975
1441:Homer 1975
1429:Homer 1975
1417:Homer 1975
1405:Homer 1975
1346:References
1320:King Gesar
1230:Mabinogion
1153:Hibil Ziwa
1035:Phra Malai
956:Persephone
914:from Hades
904:from Hades
830:Ereshkigal
820:Ereshkigal
744:12 Labours
709:Proserpina
684:, and the
615:, Idaeus,
613:Polyboetes
521:cunctantem
487:Underworld
385:Iphimedeia
313:Polyphemos
190:underworld
130:underworld
2044:Katabasis
1829:Pausanias
1813:Ovid 2010
1801:Ovid 2010
1789:Ovid 2010
1777:Ovid 2010
1765:Ovid 2010
1753:Ovid 2010
1741:Ovid 2010
1729:Ovid 2010
1717:Ovid 2010
1147:Mandaeism
1046:Devadatta
970:Devadatta
952:Pirithous
925:, son of
870:Aphrodite
751:katabasis
732:katabasis
701:katabasis
657:katabasis
633:Pirithous
621:Deiphobus
617:Agamemnon
561:Palinurus
501:katabasis
425:Aegisthus
413:Agamemnon
403:, Maera,
82:katábasis
74:romanized
67:κατάβασις
57:catabasis
53:katabasis
2054:Rhetoric
1979:citation
1129:Muhammad
1127:Prophet
1055:Moginlin
1018:Buddhism
1006:Emperor
984:Hinduism
960:Heracles
932:Odysseus
927:Tantalus
912:Eurydice
902:Alcestis
898:Heracles
889:Heracles
876:Dionysus
874:The god
763:Eurydice
678:Sisyphus
674:Tantalus
601:Adrastus
585:Laodamia
581:Pasiphae
573:Eriphyle
553:Cerberus
541:Chimaera
533:Briareus
460:Sisyphus
456:Tantalus
432:Achilles
409:Eriphyle
365:Epicaste
357:Heracles
309:Poseidon
299:Tiresias
293:Anticlea
262:Anchises
250:Tiresias
246:Odysseus
242:Eurydice
236:include
226:anabasis
172:Overview
156:Odysseus
39:Tiresias
35:Odysseus
1316:Mongols
1301:Obatala
1270:Izanami
1266:Izanagi
1207:Tuonela
1197:Tuonela
1183:Hermóðr
1131:in the
1070:in the
948:Theseus
908:Orpheus
893:Theseus
755:Orpheus
740:Theseus
703:in the
686:Belides
670:Athamas
625:Elysium
605:Glaucus
589:Caeneus
569:Procris
565:Phaedra
549:Harpies
545:Gorgons
485:to the
417:Mycenae
405:Clymene
401:Ariadne
397:Procris
393:Phaedra
389:Aloadae
369:Chloris
353:Alcmene
341:Antiope
289:Elpenor
281:Odyssey
274:Odyssey
238:Orpheus
214:Lazarus
178:mytheme
165:Odyssey
92:
76::
2023:
1994:Aeneid
1902:
1837:2.31.2
1825:Graves
1391:; and
1389:passim
1381:passim
1335:Kyrgyz
1303:, the
1281:: the
1244:Annwfn
1050:Buddha
1012:Naraka
978:Buddha
942:Aeneid
937:Aeneas
923:Pelops
918:Psyche
880:Semele
866:Adonis
826:Nergal
816:Ishtar
812:Inanna
795:Enkidu
784:(1891)
666:Cadmus
662:Alecto
629:Tityos
619:, and
597:Tydeus
591:, and
577:Evadne
557:Charon
551:, and
547:, the
543:, the
539:, the
535:, the
529:Scylla
509:Aeneid
505:Virgil
492:Aeneid
483:Aeneas
481:leads
468:Aeneid
458:, and
452:Tityos
407:, and
361:Megara
334:Neleus
330:Pelias
321:Ithaca
317:Helios
304:nostos
258:Aeneas
216:, and
160:nekyia
152:nekyia
147:nekyia
1339:Erlik
1331:Turks
1324:Erlik
1256:Other
1225:Annwn
1221:Pwyll
1178:Baldr
1122:Islam
1097:Jesus
1068:Peter
1002:Indra
994:Ushas
974:Avici
780:, by
736:Medea
713:Ceres
682:Ixion
637:Ixion
609:Medon
537:Hydra
448:Orion
444:Minos
373:Pylos
285:Hades
194:quest
123:baínō
116:βαίνω
2021:ISBN
1985:link
1900:ISBN
1309:Ifẹ̀
1274:Yomi
1268:and
1173:Odin
1161:Ruha
1137:and
1039:monk
1037:, a
998:Vala
950:and
749:The
724:Jove
653:Ovid
644:The
635:and
593:Dido
499:The
477:The
466:The
440:Ajax
383:and
377:Leda
349:Zeus
332:and
326:Tyro
272:The
186:hero
136:and
106:katà
99:κατὰ
90:lit.
1307:of
1272:in
1000:by
753:of
717:Dis
651:In
507:'s
503:of
180:of
55:or
2040::
1981:}}
1977:{{
1969:,
1915:,
1852:.
1387:,
1383:;
1379:,
1353:^
1333::
1318::
1299::
1264::
1238:,
992::
680:,
676:,
607:,
603:,
587:,
583:,
579:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
531:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
399:,
395:,
268:.
256:,
220:.
205:.
87:,
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63::
51:A
2029:.
1987:)
1923:k
1862:.
814:/
494:.
126:)
120:(
109:)
103:(
59:(
46:.
27:.
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