1004:
180:
In the
Cretaceous, some 15 million years after the last Karoo eruption, renewed magmatism was initiated between Mary Byrd Land in Antarctica and New Zealand from where it spread along Gondwana's southern margin, from eastern Australia to the Antarctic Peninsula. Isotopic dating suggests a series of
172:
with peripheral eruptions in
Patagonia, the Antarctica Peninsula, northern South Africa, Kerala in India, and southeast Australia. The Karoo Province uplifted southern Africa c. 1.5 km (0.93 mi) and broke East Gondwana (India, Antarctica, and Australia) away from West Gondwana (South
181:
igneous events at 133–131, 124–119, and 113–107 Ma in
Australia; 110–99 Ma in Mary Byrd Land; 114-109 and 82 Ma in New Zealand; and 141 and 127 Ma in the Antarctic Peninsula. This phase of magmatism resulted in extension and rift between Australia and Antarctica, Australia and
106:. It covered about 3 x 10 km. The total original volume of the flow, which extends over a distance in excess of 6000 km (4000 km in Antarctica alone), was in excess of 2.5 x 10 km (2.5 million cubic kilometres).
322:
445:
500:
The
Devonian to Jurassic Beacon Supergroup of the Transantarctic Mountains and correlatives in other parts of Antarctica, in The Geology of Antarctica
755:
323:
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/24/6/535/190811/Synchronous-emplacement-of-Ferrar-and-Karoo?redirectedFrom=fulltext
217:
are indicative of a large-scale extensional rift system and associated Middle
Jurassic magmatic activity linked to the break-up of Gondwana 25
1048:
688:"Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes)"
979:
836:
446:"Early Jurassic magmatism on the Antarctic Peninsula and potential correlation with the Subcordilleran plutonic belt of Patagonia"
221:
later, when East
Antarctica separated from Africa, and the Mozambique Basin opened. Included in the supergroup are the Ferrar
841:
748:
444:
Riley, Teal; Flowerdew, Michael; Pankhurst, Robert; Curtis, Mike; Millar, Ian; Fanning, C. Mark; Whitehouse, Martin (2017).
644:
1063:
421:
Mesozoic tholeiitic igneous rocks in
Antarctica: the Ferrar (Super) Group and related rocks, in The Geology of Antarctica
165:
the Karoo magmatism had spread to
Namibia, Lesotho, Lebombo, and the Ferrar province in Antarctica. The Karoo LIP ended
1058:
858:
806:
1068:
811:
645:"Karoo large igneous province: Brevity, origin, and relation to mass extinction questioned by new 40Ar/39Ar age data"
403:
109:
The Ferrar LIP is notable for long-distance transport and the Karoo LIP for its large volume and chemical diversity.
1043:
1028:
907:
863:
801:
741:
140:
in an unstable tectonic environment in which both extension and subduction occurred. Chon-Aike had a peak between
936:
892:
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507:
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1053:
1038:
821:
643:
Jourdan, F.; FĂ©raud, G.; Bertrand, H.; Kampunzu, A. B.; Tshoso, G.; Watkeys, M. K.; Le Gall, B. (2005).
394:
Pankhurst, R.J.; Storey, B.C.; Millar, I.L. (1991). Thomson, M.R.A.; Crame, J.A.; Thomson, J.W. (eds.).
601:
584:
Establishing contemporaneity and duration of magmatism in the
Jurassic Gondwana Large Igneous Province
582:
557:
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28:
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544:
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201:(and partly later), Gondwana-wide continental flood basalts event which includes Tasmanian
8:
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851:
796:
372:, The first tectonomagmatic period in southern Gondwana – the Karoo province, pp. 175–176
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954:
880:
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Magmatism related to the break-up of
Gondwana, in Geological Evolution of Antarctica
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384:, The Cretaceous Marie Byrd Land – Eastern Australia province, pp. 176–178
16:
Two large igneous provinces in Southern Africa and Antarctica respectively
695:
European Geosciences Union. Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series, 2
210:
174:
160:
153:
142:
88:
75:
and Antarctica but portions extend further into southern Africa and into
469:
530:"On the ages of flood basalt events (Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques)"
36:
1003:
784:
671:
237:
218:
167:
148:
135:
117:
84:
60:
602:"Growth and dispersal of a southeast African large igneous province"
197:, "The Ferrar Supergroup is well known as being representative of a
581:
Elliot, D. H.; Fleming, T. H.; Foland, I. C. A.; Zhang, X. (2001).
222:
202:
98:
epoch, about 183 million years ago; this timing corresponds to the
52:
94:
Karoo-Ferrar formed just prior to the breakup of Gondwana in the
642:
443:
345:
333:
80:
398:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 577–578.
599:
299:
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at the northern margin of the province. The long-lasting
256: – Chain of seamounts in the Southern Atlantic Ocean
580:
287:
502:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 122–123, 129, 145.
213:
basalts of central South America." These continental
393:
587:. Earth System Processes – Global Meeting. Edinburgh
173:
America and Africa) beginning in the opening of the
600:Gohl, K.; Uenzelmann-Neben, G.; Grobys, N. (2011).
51:LIP, associated with the initial break-up of the
1020:
527:
357:
749:
423:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 153–174.
282:
280:
498:Barrett, P.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.).
112:The igneous activity of the Karoo LIP began
763:
419:Tingey, R.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.).
126:in Patagonia, the Antarctic Peninsula, and
756:
742:
277:
714:
556:
528:Courtillot, V. E.; Renne, P. R. (2003).
360:, The Karoo and Farrar provinces, p. 124
300:Gohl, Uenzelmann-Neben & Grobys 2011
63:
39:respectively, collectively known as the
497:
336:, Relation with mass extinction, p. 748
1021:
418:
185:, and Mary Byrd Land and New Zealand.
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685:
381:
369:
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25:Ferrar Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
188:
232:, the Kirkpatrick Basalts, and the
13:
1049:Volcanism of Australia (continent)
14:
1080:
450:Journal of the Geological Society
104:Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction
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609:South African Journal of Geology
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837:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
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348:, Geological setting, p. 745
7:
358:Courtillot & Renne 2003
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209:of southern Africa and the
100:early Toarcian anoxic event
10:
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1064:Volcanism of South America
629:10.2113/gssajg.114.3-4.379
1059:Volcanism of South Africa
998:
771:
537:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
1069:Volcanism of New Zealand
716:10.5194/smsps-2-171-2002
1044:Volcanism of Antarctica
1029:Large igneous provinces
765:Large igneous provinces
147:but produced continued
29:large igneous provinces
781:Northeast Georgia Rise
195:Robert John Pankhurst
920:Mackenzie dike swarm
161:184 to 175
154:168 to 141
143:183 to 173
965:Paraná and Etendeka
852:Franklin dike swarm
842:Equatorial Atlantic
797:Brazilian Highlands
707:2002SMSPS...2..171S
664:2005Geo....33..745J
621:2011SAJG..114..379G
549:2003CRGeo.335..113C
470:10.1144/jgs2016-053
462:2017JGSoc.174..365R
346:Jourdan et al. 2005
334:Jourdan et al. 2005
260:Chon Aike Formation
254:Discovery Seamounts
1054:Volcanism of India
1039:Jurassic volcanism
1009:Geology portal
686:Segev, A. (2002).
288:Elliot et al. 2001
124:Chon-Aike Province
55:supercontinent at
1016:
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189:Ferrar Supergroup
49:Southeast African
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913:Coppermine River
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183:Lord Howe Rise
130:was activated
128:Ellsworth Land
96:Lower Jurassic
71:mostly covers
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886:Broken Ridge
876:Karoo-Ferrar
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234:volcanogenic
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73:South Africa
69:flood basalt
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44:
41:Karoo-Ferrar
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24:
20:
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947:Ontong Java
859:High Arctic
701:: 171–191.
483:17 December
211:Serra Geral
175:Weddell Sea
89:New Zealand
1023:Categories
932:Mistassini
927:Matachewan
903:Long Range
898:Keweenawan
677:11 January
634:13 January
591:13 January
509:0198544677
430:0198544677
382:Segev 2002
370:Segev 2002
311:Segev 2002
266:References
215:tholeiites
37:Antarctica
980:Skagerrak
955:Hikurangi
908:Mackenzie
881:Kerguelen
802:Caribbean
785:Maud Rise
553:CiteSeerX
478:132402764
238:Sandstone
236:Carapace
203:dolerites
149:magmatism
85:Australia
990:Winagami
975:Siberian
951:Manihiki
893:Marathon
847:Franklin
832:Emeishan
722:8 August
572:8 August
248:See also
223:Dolerite
151:between
102:and the
53:Gondwana
45:Gondwana
27:are two
970:Shatsky
942:Ongeluk
871:Iceland
776:Agulhas
703:Bibcode
660:Bibcode
652:Geology
617:Bibcode
545:Bibcode
521:Sources
458:Bibcode
985:Ungava
960:Panjal
827:Deccan
792:Azores
555:
506:
476:
427:
402:
205:, the
158:. By
67:. Its
691:(PDF)
648:(PDF)
605:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
474:S2CID
298:E.g.
286:E.g.
271:Notes
230:dykes
226:sills
81:India
47:, or
21:Karoo
724:2015
679:2018
636:2018
593:2018
574:2015
504:ISBN
485:2019
425:ISBN
400:ISBN
240:and
228:and
219:m.y.
87:and
35:and
23:and
19:The
711:doi
668:doi
625:doi
613:114
563:doi
541:335
466:doi
454:174
168:145
136:190
118:204
61:183
31:in
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448:.
279:^
244:.
177:.
170:Ma
163:Ma
156:Ma
145:Ma
138:Ma
132:c.
120:Ma
114:c.
91:.
83:,
79:,
64:Ma
57:c.
43:,
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