548:"In 1952, Karl Freund of Photo Research Corporation produced a luminance meter that eliminated visual photometry . Freund borrowed some of the technology that had been developed by William Baum of the Palomar Observatory to measure star luminance. Compact photomultiplier tubes had been developed that could detect very small amounts of light. At the same time, miniature, high sensitivity, low power electrometer amplifier vacuum tubes had become available that could amplify the small signal currents that the photo tubes generated. Freund used this technology as the light detection system in his luminance meter."
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374:, the unchained camera was a revolution in early film. For the first time, the camera was free of the tripod and could move around the set. Because it was no longer confined to one position, thousands of new shots were possible. Freund was known to wear the camera on his stomach and walk around while it was filming. He would also put the camera on a cart that moved along a track. Several other innovative ways of moving the camera were introduced by Freund, including putting the camera on a crane.
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spectroradiometer with telescope input and
Pritchard viewfinder (viewfinder invented during Freund's time) was for years the standard luminance and color measurement device used in the fields of display manufacture and psychophysiology. Like most laboratory equipment, even the equipment from the 1940s is robust and remains serviceable.
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parted ways. Photo
Research retained rights to produce and improve the model. It was now produced under the Spectra name, with continuing improvement. It was this photometer product and a direct-reading brightness meter that earned Freund two Academy Awards for technical achievement from the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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In 1941, he founded Photo
Research Corporation with the intent to develop products to improve the quality of motion picture photography. One early notable product was the Norwood Director direct-reading incident light meter, developed with Donald W. Norwood. After the first model's success, the two
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sitcoms; this system covers the set in light, thus eliminating shadows and allowing the use of three moving cameras without having to modify the lighting between shots. While Freund did not invent the three-camera shooting system, he did perfect it for use with film cameras in front of a live
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together. Brooks also recounted useful advice he received from Freund two years later, just before Brooks' directorial debut. Freund gave Brooks reels of 16mm film, calling them "Lesson Number One." When Brooks watched the reels at home, he saw that they were pornography. The next day, Freund
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Both
Spectra and Photo Research are still producing fine measurement equipment. Spectra split off from Photo Research in 1986 as Spectra-Cine Inc. Photo Research currently exists as a subsidiary of Jadak Inc, manufacturing light and color measurement devices. The Photo Research PR-650
1435:(Jonathan Harker) claims he was so unimpressed with the chaotic production, he never once watched the film in the remaining 67 years of his life. However, in his DVD audio commentary, Skal adds, "I'm not sure I really believed him." Source: commentary of film in 2-DVD set
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audience. The cameras that were used were BNC Mitchell cameras with T-stop calibrated lenses on dollies. The center camera was for wider shots. The other two were positioned 75 to 90 degrees away from center and were primarily used for close-ups.
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explained "I produced them. My pictures, 1922. Many times you will be wondering, do you put the camera here, or up here, or down here? Maybe you make the scene a little bigger, or a little smaller. Lesson Number One. Get to the fucking point."
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In 1937, he visited
Germany to bring his daughter to the United States, saving her from almost certain death in the concentration camps. His ex-wife, Susette Freund, remained in Germany, where she was murdered at the
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Freund married
Susette Liepmannssohn in 1915; they had one daughter and later divorced, though sources differ on whether their marriage ended in 1918 or 1920. He married actress Gertrude Hoffmann in 1920.
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from 1951. Critics have credited Freund for the show's lustrous black and white cinematography, but more important, Freund designed the "flat lighting" system that became standard for shooting
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The brightness meter mentioned above (Model 1415UB) became a popular instrument, appearing in many laboratories' catalogs. That meter accompanied 1950s astronauts on the
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in Vienna. In 1911, Freund moved to
Belgrade to create a film laboratory for the Brothers Savic. Freund worked as a cinematographer on over 100 films, including the
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films. In 1907, he began work at the
International Cinematograph and Light Effect Society. Freund was drafted by the Imperial Army to fight in
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leaving cinematographer Freund to take over during much of filming, making Freund something of an uncredited director on the film. He won an
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The
American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures produced in the United States. F4,1. Feature films, 1941 - 1950, film entries, A - L
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267:. When he was 11 his family moved to Berlin. His career began in 1905 when, at age 15, he was hired as an apprentice projectionist for
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Despite his extensive experience in film cinematography, Freund said that switching to television was a challenge for him. Because
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balloon missions reaching nearly 100,000 ft altitude. Below is a description of that meter's import by eminent lighting engineer
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Early in his career Freund began to experiment with different ways of filming and new aspects of film. In 1914 he worked with
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A History of Light and
Lighting: In Celebration of the Centenary of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
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Between 1921 and 1935, Freund directed 10 films, of which the best known are probably his two credited horror films,
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340:(1924) in which he appears as a sycophantic art dealer who saves the tobacco ashes dropped by a famous painter.
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Freund began his film career in 1905. He was a newsreel cameraman in 1907 and a year later was working for
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Freund immigrated to the United States in 1929, where he continued to shoot well-remembered films such as
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was filmed in front of a live audience there were restrictions on where the camera could be placed.
243:(1951–1957). Freund was an innovator in the field of cinematography, often noted for pioneering the
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Freund and his production team also worked on other sitcoms produced at/through Desilu, such as
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Basinger, Jeanine & Wasson, Sam, Hollywood: The Oral History, Harper, 2022, pg 332-333
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Cinematography in the Weimar Republic: Lola Lola, Dirty Singles, and the Men Who Shot Them
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came under a mostly disorganized shoot, with the usually meticulous director
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tells a story of his interactions with Freund when they worked on the film
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2011:
1798:"Karl Freund, Oscar-Winning Cameraman for 'The Good Earth,' Dies at 79".
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film-zeit.de: Portal ĂĽber Filme & Filmleute vor und hinter der Kamera
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313:(1927) is the best known. Freund co-wrote, and was cinematographer on,
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1659:. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. p. 327.
1594:"Photo Research - Camera-wiki.org - The free camera encyclopedia"
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Harrington, Lawrence K.; Bassi, Carl J.; Peck, Carol K. (2005).
1619:"Manhigh III. USAF Manned Balloon Flight Into The Stratosphere"
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323:. Between 1926 and 1929, Freund was the production head at
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List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees
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The Life and Films of Karl Freund, Hollywood Innovator
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The Life and Films of Karl Freund, Hollywood Innovator
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and film director. He is best known for photographing
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to be the cinematographer for the television series
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but was released from duty after only three months.
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Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
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488:At the beginning of the 1950s, he was persuaded by
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1427:In an interview with author and horror historian
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2848:Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
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1387:Brownlow K, Branagh K, Winterbottom M, et al.
1334:"Karl Freund • Biografie • Person • Film-Zeit"
352:, a pioneering inventor and experimenter with
2813:Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery
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1493:""Filming the 'Lucy' Show" - by Karl Freund"
1453:Institute, American Film (January 1, 1999).
1736:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
1401:Pierre, Paul Matthew St (August 15, 2016).
2808:Best Cinematographer Academy Award winners
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1568:"Photo Research, Inc. - Company History"
1389:Cinema Europe : The Other Hollywood
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330:Freund's only known film as an actor is
217:; January 16, 1890 – May 3, 1969) was a
18:German film director and cinematographer
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2833:German people of Czech-Jewish descent
1994:Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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1681:"Spectra Cine, Inc - Company History"
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404:Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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1441:Universal Studios Home Entertainment
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303:(1924). Freund worked with director
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1570:. February 20, 2015. Archived from
378:American film and television career
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2843:People from Dvůr Králové nad Labem
1774:"Susette Freund née Liepmannssohn"
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1459:. University of California Press.
582:on May 3, 1969, at the age of 79.
14:
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703:Agnes Arnau and Her Three Suitors
679:The Lady, the Devil and the Model
456:Freund worked under contract for
443:, and his last film as director,
364:Karl Freund was a pioneer of the
307:on a multiple projects, of which
163: 1915, divorced)
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887:Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis
799:The Story of Christine von Herre
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316:Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis
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1332:Walk, Ines (December 1, 2008).
251:of modern contemporary cinema.
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1437:Dracula: The Legacy Collection
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647:The Marriage of Luise Rohrbach
569:RavensbrĂĽck concentration camp
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2818:Mass media people from Berlin
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1918:The Countess of Monte Cristo
1407:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1391:. Image Entertainment; 2000.
1230:The Countess of Monte Cristo
344:Innovation in cinematography
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1340:(in German). Archived from
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2803:20th-century German people
1804:. May 6, 1969. p. 51.
1653:DiLaura, David L. (2006).
951:The Kiss Before the Mirror
527:Photo Research Corporation
245:unchained camera technique
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1706:"Photo Research Products"
1023:Rose of Washington Square
935:Murders in the Rue Morgue
775:The Oath of Peter Hergatz
631:The Princess of Neutralia
237:(1931), and television's
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1277:Madame Wants No Children
580:Santa Monica, California
259:Karl Freund was born in
87:Santa Monica, California
1778:Stolpersteine in Berlin
1522:August 7, 2011, at the
1368:www.cinematographers.nl
743:The Night at Goldenhall
607:The Queen's Love Letter
2838:German Bohemian people
1902:Moonlight and Pretzels
1634:Cite journal requires
1214:Moonlight and Pretzels
1111:The Thin Man Goes Home
991:Letter of Introduction
551:
523:. He retired in 1960.
430:
2828:Horror film directors
1886:The Sensational Trial
1198:The Sensational Trial
855:The Mill at Sanssouci
639:The Man in the Mirror
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150:Susette Liepmannssohn
2407:Pasqualino De Santis
2028:Willard Van der Veer
1574:on February 20, 2015
1055:Blossoms in the Dust
815:Louise de Lavallière
783:Children of Darkness
655:Countess Kitchenmaid
586:Selected filmography
394:(1948). His work on
319:(1927), directed by
289:German Expressionist
249:cinematic techniques
2188:Joseph A. Valentine
1685:www.spectracine.com
1151:This Time for Keeps
1087:Du Barry Was a Lady
1039:Pride and Prejudice
751:Catherine the Great
687:The Ringwall Family
576:St. John's Hospital
368:. In films such as
332:Carl Theodor Dreyer
37:Karl Freund in 1932
2853:Desilu Productions
2753:Erik Messerschmidt
2681:Anthony Dod Mantle
2574:Philippe Rousselot
1872:Films directed by
1801:The New York Times
1772:Martel, Rodney S.
1167:South of St. Louis
895:A Knight in London
592:As cinematographer
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136:Entfesselte Kamera
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2771:Hoyte van Hoytema
2699:Robert Richardson
2669:Guillermo Navarro
2657:Robert Richardson
2604:Russell Carpenter
2568:Robert Richardson
2494:Geoffrey Unsworth
2443:Fred J. Koenekamp
2431:Geoffrey Unsworth
2317:William C. Mellor
2311:Joseph Ruttenberg
2291:Joseph Ruttenberg
2275:Milton R. Krasner
2233:William C. Mellor
2116:Joseph Ruttenberg
2076:Joseph Ruttenberg
1960:
1959:
1710:www.jadaktech.com
1666:978-0-87995-209-9
1344:on August 7, 2017
1119:A Letter for Evie
1095:The Seventh Cross
911:Sleeping Partners
419:Freund directing
279:Early film career
199:
198:
123:Years active
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2723:Emmanuel Lubezki
2717:Emmanuel Lubezki
2711:Emmanuel Lubezki
2544:Vittorio Storaro
2504:Vittorio Storaro
2498:Ghislain Cloquet
2488:Vittorio Storaro
2482:NĂ©stor Almendros
2192:William V. Skall
2156:Arthur C. Miller
2126:Arthur C. Miller
2106:Arthur C. Miller
2024:Joseph T. Rucker
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1300:Biography portal
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1135:Two Smart People
711:The Blue Lantern
615:The Giant's Fist
599:The Robber Bride
467:In an interview
449:(1935) starring
439:(1932) starring
366:unchained camera
360:Unchained camera
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214:[frɔʏnt]
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2447:Joseph F. Biroc
2375:Harry Stradling
2371:Walter Lassally
2361:James Wong Howe
2337:Eugen SchĂĽfftan
2327:Freddie Francis
2281:James Wong Howe
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2184:William Daniels
2146:Harry Stradling
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863:Out of the Mist
807:Lucrezia Borgia
695:Precious Stones
663:Put to the Test
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574:Freund died at
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537:Project ManHigh
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520:Our Miss Brooks
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371:Der letzte Mann
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325:Fox Europa Film
321:Walter Ruttmann
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219:German Bohemian
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1572:the original
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195:Gerda Martel
81:(1969-05-03)
61:Dvůr Králové
15:
2798:1969 deaths
2793:1890 births
2687:Mauro Fiore
2645:Conrad Hall
2616:Conrad Hall
2562:Dean Semler
2453:John Alcott
2307:Sam Leavitt
2070:Karl Freund
2064:Tony Gaudio
2012:Karl Struss
1942:Gift of Gab
1874:Karl Freund
1828:Karl Freund
1819:Karl Freund
1783:October 19,
1552:October 18,
1270:As producer
1254:Gift of Gab
1191:As director
1183:Bright Leaf
1071:Cry "Havoc"
943:Back Street
671:The Victors
512:I Love Lucy
499:I Love Lucy
483:I Love Lucy
462:Warner Bros
451:Peter Lorre
388:(1931) and
297:(1920) and
285:Sascha-Film
273:World War I
240:I Love Lucy
134:Pioneer of
103:Occupations
95:Nationality
79:May 3, 1969
25:Karl Freund
2787:Categories
2663:Dion Beebe
2598:John Seale
2241:John Alton
2040:Lee Garmes
1910:Madame Spy
1314:References
1222:Madame Spy
1047:Green Hell
1015:Golden Boy
919:Bad Sister
879:Metropolis
871:Doña Juana
490:Desi Arnaz
354:sound film
310:Metropolis
305:Fritz Lang
255:Early life
228:Metropolis
53:1890-01-16
2622:Peter Pau
2592:John Toll
2586:John Toll
2463:1976–2000
2395:Ted Moore
2226:1951–1975
2174:Guy Green
2001:1928–1950
1894:The Mummy
1748:0095-6562
1715:April 20,
1690:April 20,
1603:April 20,
1578:April 20,
1206:The Mummy
1159:Key Largo
1031:Balalaika
1007:Tail Spin
999:Man-Proof
759:The Golem
719:Die Arche
571:in 1942.
474:Key Largo
436:The Mummy
426:The Mummy
391:Key Largo
294:The Golem
126:1907–1960
2130:Hal Mohr
2058:Hal Mohr
1950:Mad Love
1756:15892542
1520:Archived
1286:See also
1262:Mad Love
983:Conquest
847:Tartuffe
791:The Rats
446:Mad Love
412:(1937).
231:(1927),
192:Children
112:director
1175:Montana
975:Parnell
959:Camille
927:Dracula
839:Variety
831:Michael
396:Dracula
385:Dracula
337:Michael
265:Bohemia
234:Dracula
210:German:
183:
175:
165:
157:
153:
142:Spouses
65:Bohemia
2773:(2023)
2767:(2022)
2761:(2021)
2755:(2020)
2749:(2019)
2743:(2018)
2737:(2017)
2731:(2016)
2725:(2015)
2719:(2014)
2713:(2013)
2707:(2012)
2701:(2011)
2695:(2010)
2689:(2009)
2683:(2008)
2677:(2007)
2671:(2006)
2665:(2005)
2659:(2004)
2653:(2003)
2647:(2002)
2641:(2001)
2624:(2000)
2618:(1999)
2612:(1998)
2606:(1997)
2600:(1996)
2594:(1995)
2588:(1994)
2582:(1993)
2576:(1992)
2570:(1991)
2564:(1990)
2558:(1989)
2552:(1988)
2546:(1987)
2540:(1986)
2534:(1985)
2528:(1984)
2522:(1983)
2516:(1982)
2506:(1981)
2500:(1980)
2490:(1979)
2484:(1978)
2478:(1977)
2472:(1976)
2455:(1975)
2449:(1974)
2439:(1973)
2433:(1972)
2427:(1971)
2421:(1970)
2415:(1969)
2409:(1968)
2403:(1967)
2397:(1966)
2387:(1965)
2377:(1964)
2367:(1963)
2357:(1962)
2343:(1961)
2333:(1960)
2323:(1959)
2313:(1958)
2303:(1957)
2297:(1956)
2287:(1955)
2277:(1954)
2267:(1953)
2257:(1952)
2243:(1951)
2218:(1950)
2208:(1949)
2198:(1948)
2194:, and
2180:(1947)
2170:(1946)
2166:, and
2152:(1945)
2142:(1944)
2132:(1943)
2122:(1942)
2112:(1941)
2102:(1940)
2092:(1939)
2078:(1938)
2072:(1937)
2066:(1936)
2060:(1935)
2054:(1934)
2048:(1933)
2042:(1932)
2036:(1931)
2030:(1930)
2020:(1929)
2014:(1928)
1953:(1935)
1945:(1934)
1937:(1934)
1929:(1934)
1921:(1934)
1913:(1934)
1905:(1933)
1897:(1932)
1889:(1923)
1754:
1746:
1663:
1621:: 230.
1502:May 8,
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