2517:(No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union): 650 – via JSTOR. "The following statistics permit us to make a rough estimate of the number of nomadic Azeris who summered in the mountains of what is now Nagorno-Karabakh and the neighboring raions of Azerbaijan (Kel'badzharskiy,. Lachinskiy) and Armenia (Kafanskiy, Gorisskiy, Sisianskiy, Azizbekovskiy). In 1845 in historic Karabakh the population included 30,000 Armenians and 62,000 Moslems (Azeris), of whom approximately 50,000 were nomads.' In the late 1890s, only about 1/30 of the plains population remained in the lowlands in the summer, whereas the overwhelming majority spent the period in the mountain pastures of the Karabakh ridge (the western boundary of Nagorno-Karabakh), the Murovdagskii ridge (a part of the northern boundary of Nagorno-Karabakh), and in the Zangezurskii ridge and the Karabakh uplands (outside the autonomous oblast).' In 1897 the rural population of the Shushinskii and Dzhevanshirskii districts, which comprised almost the entire territory of historic Karabakh, was 43.3 percent Armenian (93,600) and 54.8 percent Azeri (115,800). In the Agdamskii and neighboring raions of the Karabakh steppe, most of the Azeri population were semi-nomads, but some resided in settled Azerbaijani villages. In Nagorno-Karabakh most of the population was Armenian, but there were a few Azeri villages, whereas in the Kelbadzharskii raion there were only a few Azeri and Kurdish villages."
1016:. The local council representing the Karabakh Armenian community consented to this decision until, in August 1919, the region was made subject to Azerbaijan military jurisdiction in advance of Azerbaijan's prospective annexation of Karabakh. Karabakh Armenians accused Azerbaijan of violating the letter of the 1919 agreement and, with the support of emissaries from Armenia, in March 1920 launched an ill-fated rebellion in Shusha. The Azerbaijani forces quickly suppressed the uprising, massacring and expelling the Armenian population of Shusha and establishing control over the main centers of Karabakh (Shusha, Khankendi, Askeran), although fighting in the countryside of Mountainous Karabakh continued. In April 1920, the Red Army occupied Azerbaijan and in December, Armenia. The issue of Karabakh's status was taken up by the Soviet authorities. In 1921 after the heavy trilateral negotiations, the Bolsheviks decided that Karabakh would remain within the borders of the new Soviet republic of Azerbaijan.
736:
2312:
formed. However, for centuries the entire high mountain zone of this region belonged to the nomadic Turkic herdsmen, from whom the Khans of
Karabakh were descended. Traditionally, these direct ancestors of the Azeris of the Agdamskii raion (and of the other raions between the mountains of Karabakh and the Kura and Araks Rivers) lived in Karabakh for the four or five warm months of the year, and spent the winter in the Mil'sko-Karabakh plains. The descendants of this nomadic herding population therefore claim a historic right to Karabakh and consider it as much their native land as that of the settled agricultural population that lived there year-round.
523:
532:
2273:Указанная ситуация сезонного сосуществования в горах исторического Карабаха оседлого армянского и кочевого тюркского населения, а также частично и курдского, полностью ассимилированного азербайджанцами в XIX—XX вв., возникла очень давно, одновременно с массовым проникновением кочевых скотоводов на равнины Азербайджана... Итак, на протяжении последних нескольких веков вся высокогорная зона исторического Карабаха фактически принадлежала кочевым скотоводам-тюркам, из которых вышли и ханы Карабаха.
64:
514:
629:
582:
558:
1757:, as a way to, as Saparov explains "to reinstate the symbolic authority of Azerbaijan over this disputed secessionist territory and as a result targeted what they perceived as Armenian place-names". Out of 208 toponyms recorded by the Azerbaijani authorities in the territory of Karabakh, 81 were renamed and 127 remained unchanged. The main goal was to remove toponyms that could, in any way, support the territorial claims of the Armenians. Following the
1746:, both Armenia and Azerbaijan have changed the names of numerous settlements in Karabakh order to support the legitimacy of their respective territorial claims. Azerbaijani authorities have targeted historical Armenian place names in Karabakh, whereas the Armenians have removed Turkic place names. Both sides use the place names that were historically used within the two toponymic landscapes that co-existed before the arrival of the Russians during the
1771:, of a total of 151 place names, 54 were renamed and 97 remained unchanged. The difference in place names between the Armenian and Azerbaijani sides is because the Armenians used less detailed maps than the Soviet and Azerbaijani maps and also excluded a number of smaller settlements. Furthermore, the 2009 data also omits a number of Azerbaijani settlements that were destroyed during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and were never rebuilt afterwards.
544:
1537:. In addition, there are a large number of mixed toponyms which contain elements from more than one language. Lastly, there has been a complexicity of simultaneous existence of two overlapping toponymic landscapes belonging to different languages. These two toponymic systems overlap, as Saparov explains, in space and time, and cover the same territory, but are used concurrently by two groups. One toponymic landscape was used by the sedentary
84:
2676:
2686:
921:). The Russians conducted a census in 1823 and had tallied the number of villages (though not the number of people) and assessed the tax basis of the entire Karabakh khanate, which also included Lowland Karabakh. It is probable that the Armenians formed the majority of the population of Eastern Armenia at the turn of the seventeenth century, but following
1663:(both versions translate as "village under the rock"). There are also place names from one language that were linguistically altered by another. For example, the place of Vank, became known in Turkic as Vanklu (by adding the Turkic suffix "-lu"), and the town of Shosh (Armenian) became known in Turkic as Shushikend (by adding the Turkic suffix,
1027:. According to the first census of this administrative unit the population was 94% Armenian, however, this census did not count a considerable Azeri nomadic population. The NKAO consisted of the Armenian-dominated part of historical Mountainous Karabakh and many Azeri villages of this region were administratively excluded from the former.
1680:
and maps in the second half of the 19th century. As two toponymic systems were deemed impractical, only one toponymic landscape was recorded by the
Tsarist officials, even though the double toponymic landscape remained visible in maps and gazetteers due to the occasional printing of double names. The
731:
later led to the rise of several
Armenian princes who came to establish their dominance in the region. Centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau forced many Armenians, including those in the Karabakh region, to emigrate and settle elsewhere. During the period of Mongol domination, a great
1709:
as in the rest of the Soviet realm. Specifically, in relation to
Karabakh, these include names that bore names of local lords, religious holidays or personalities. The Soviets replaced such toponyms with commemorative names from the pantheon of Soviet leaders and figures, often locals of the area in
1145:
The earliest concrete numbers about the population of
Karabakh is from a survey prepared by the Russian imperial authorities in 1823. According to the census, 91% of the villages were registered as "Muslims", while 9% were "Armenians". Almost all of the Armenians compactly resided in its mountainous
928:
According to the statistics of the initial survey carried out by the
Russians in 1823 and an official one published in 1836, Highland Karabakh was found almost overwhelmingly Armenian in population (96.7%). In contrast, the population of the Karabakh khanate, taken as a whole, was largely made up of
2311:
The Azeri conception of
Karabakh as an inseparable part of Azerbaijan is based on other considerations than the oblast's ethnic composition. The Armenians have resided in Karabakh for a long time, and they represented an absolute majority of its population at the time that the autonomous oblast was
1520:
The historian Arsène
Saparov explains that due to Karabakh's location as a peripheral borderland within the region in relation to local historical empires, as well the specific economic relations between its peoples, "an extremely complex palimpsest-type toponymic landscape in Karabakh" was formed.
969:
It has to be noted that censuses and surveys, which were conducted in winter, did not count tens of thousands Azeri nomads, who stayed in the lowlands during winter and were migrating en masse to the summer pastures in
Mountainous Karabakh during the warmer months. Seasonal demographic changes were
1733:
had succeeded in—although partially—restoring the
Armenian toponymic landscape, bringing it to status of legitimacy, and replacing the previously dominant Turkic one that had become favoured under the Russian Empire. This situation remained in place, Saparov narrates, "largely unaffected until the
1728:
in Russian. Under the Soviets, a partial reversal of Tsarist policies took place, and Armenian place names therefore reappeared on official Soviet maps. Simultaneously, Turkic place names that violated Bolshevik doctrines (e.g. settlements named after lords, landowners or religious names), were
1675:
The two toponymic systems coexisted and served both groups until the arrival of the Russian Empire. The Russians introduced the administrative system of a centralized European Empire, which brought about a standardization of the bureaucracy. Therefore, toponymc started to be recorded in Russian
1633:
Some place names derive from the names of historic figures, including local lords. Most of these lords were Armenian or Turkic in origin. However, as the Armenian notables of Karabakh often borrowed their personal names from their immediate Muslim overlords, these anthroponyms such as Kherkhan,
2270:
This seasonal coexistence in the mountains of historical Karabakh with a sedentary Armenian population and a nomadic Turkic one, as well as some Kurdish, completely assimilated by Azerbaijanis in the 19th-20th centuries, arose a long time ago, simultaneously with the great movement of nomadic
764:, who stuck to the nomadic way of life, circulating between the winter pastures in Karabakh lowlands and the summer pastures in Karabakh highlands. These tribes dominated the region, and were key allies of the Safavid Empire, which ruled over Karabakh from the 16th to early 18th century.
1774:
According to Saparov, both sides followed the same logic of "imposing a symbolic toponymic landscape that belonged to one of the ethnic groups on the disputed territory, in the process destroying the ‘enemy’ toponyms and thus denying any legitimacy to the opponent's territorial claim".
3114:
Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Govaerts, Rafaël; David, John C.; Hall, Tony; Borland, Katherine; Roberts, Penelope S.; Tuomisto, Anne; Buerki, Sven; Chase, Mark W. & Fay, Michael F. (2013), "Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of
2976:
The Azerbaijan Cybersecurity Center, furthermore, is also in close contact with Google, and as a result of their mutual agreement, they have already achieved success. Asadov stressed that the addition of new Azerbaijani names to Google Maps was carried out due to their
1077:
under Soviet Constitution. Soviet authorities in Moscow then placed the region under its direct rule, installing a special commission to govern the region. In November 1989 the Kremlin returned the oblast to Azerbaijani control. The local government in the region of
1789:
The Armenian population of the region speaks the Karabakh dialect of Armenian which has been heavily influenced by the Persian, Russian, and Turkish languages. It was the most extensively spoken of all Armenian dialects until the Soviet period when the dialect of
1646:
Due to Karabakh's specific economic conditions, with its lowland nomads crossing into the mountains during summer across agricultural settlements, two overlapping toponymic landscapes were created over time; Armenian and Turkic. Until the arrival of the
1085:
In late 1991, the Armenian representatives in the local government of the NKAO proclaimed the region a republic, independent from Azerbaijan. Most of upper Karabakh and portions of lowland Karabakh came under the control of Armenian forces following the
2989:
Hirschfeld, Katherine; de Beurs, Kirsten; Brayfield, Brad; Melkonyan-Gottschalk, Ani (2023), Hirschfeld, Katherine; de Beurs, Kirsten; Brayfield, Brad; Melkonyan-Gottschalk, Ani (eds.), "Long-Term Conflict and Environmental Change",
949:
in Syunik. Though some of the returning Armenians wished to settle in Karabakh, they were told by Russian authorities that there was no room for them. This took place at the same time as many of the region's Muslims departed for the
2755:
According to Russian census reports, the Armenian population in Karabakh represented 9 percent of the total in 1823 (the remaining 91 per cent being registered as 'Muslims'), 35 per cent in 1832, and a majority of 53 per cent in
1651:, these two toponymic landscapes were used concurrently by the Armenian group on one hand and the nomads consisting of Turkics (later known as Azerbaijanis) and Kurds on the other. An example in this regard is the place of
970:
significant, as e.g. in 1845 in historic Karabakh the population included 30,000 Armenians and 62,000 Moslems (Azeris), of whom approximately 50,000 were nomads, who circulated between Lowland and Mountainous Karabakh.
962:. The limited population was ascribed to the frequent wars and emigration of many Muslim families to Iran since the region's subjection to Russia, although many Armenians were induced by the Russian government, after the
1094:
775:
visited Lowland Karabakh and described it as a large and beautiful plain in Armenia, ruled by Muslims. Highland Karabakh from 821 until the early 19th century passed under the hands of a number of states, including the
1064:
policies, the Supreme Soviet of the NKAO voted to unite itself with Armenia. By the summer of 1989 the Armenian-populated areas of the NKAO were under blockade by Azerbaijan as a response to Armenia's blockade against
3183:
1667:, i.e. "village"). Other place names are toponymically unrelated in relation to their respective substitution, such as the town known as Susalykh (in Turkic) with its Armenian equivalent Mokhranes.
2630:Национальная государственность союзных республик. — 1968. — p. 295. "Implementing Lenin's principles of the national policy, CEC of Azerbaijani SSR created an autonomous oblast within itself
2776:
Opisaniye Karabakhskoy provincii sostavlennoye v 1823 g po rasporyazheniyu glavnoupravlyayushego v Gruzii Yermolova deystvitelnim statskim sovetnikom Mogilevskim i polkovnikom Yermolovim 2-m
1012:. The British command affirmed Khosrov bey Sultanov (an appointee of the Azerbaijani government) as provisional governor-general of Karabakh and Zangezur, pending a final decision at the
2574:
Why Autonomy? The Making of NagornoKarabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925 (англ.) // Europa–Asia Studies. — Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2012. — March (vol. 64, no. 2). — P. 281—323.
2271:
pastoralists into the plains of Azerbaijan... Thus, during the last centuries the highlands of Karabakh were owned by nomadic Turkic herdsmen, of whom was the khan of Karabakh as well.
2801:Демоскоп Weekly - Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам. Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России
1705:, toponyms that were deemed ideologically unacceptable to the Soviet doctrine and leadership, such as those that showed social, monarchic, or religious affiliations, were changed
2248:[The Traditional Land-use of the Nomads of Historical Karabakh and the Modern Armenian-Azerbaijani Ethno-territorial Conflict]. In Olcott, M.; Malashenko, M. (eds.).
273:
believed that the name possibly connected to an extinct Turkic tribe of the same name. By comparison, there are similar toponyms in Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan.
1069:, cutting road and rail links to the outside world. On July 12 the Nagorno-Karabakh AO Supreme Soviet voted to secede from Azerbaijan, which was rejected unanimously by the
1097:, adopted in 1993 and demanding immediate withdrawal of the Armenian occupying forces from all occupied regions of Azerbaijan, remained unfulfilled until 2020. In 2020, a
1572:. Saparov explains that the oldest Russian toponyms in Karabakh date to the 19th century, assigned to hamlets that were originally settlements of Russian colonists or
1134:
2768:
Description of the Karabakh province prepared in 1823 according to the order of the governor in Georgia Yermolov by state advisor Mogilevsky and colonel Yermolov 2nd
1150:) where they constituted an absolute demographic majority, such that 90.8% of recorded villages were Armenians, whilst 9.2% were Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani).
2960:
1814:) is a flowering plant that is considered by some to be "official flower" of the Karabakh region. Its flower shape has been interpreted as being similar to a
954:
and Qajar Iran. The population of Karabakh, according to the official returns of 1832, consisted of 13,965 Muslim and 1,491 Armenian families, besides some
2324:
Ghereghlou, Kioumars. "Cashing in on land and privilege for the welfare of the shah: monetisation of tiyul in early Safavid Iran and Eastern Anatolia".
929:
Muslims (91% Muslim versus 9% Armenian). A decade after the Russian annexation of the region, many Armenians who had fled Karabakh during the reign of
440:. There is currently no official designation for what constitutes the whole of Karabakh. Historically, the maximum extent of what could be considered
63:
3257:
Saparov, Arsène (2017). "Contested spaces: the use of place-names and symbolic landscape in the politics of identity and legitimacy in Azerbaijan".
2246:Традиционное землепользование кочевников исторического Карабаха и современный армяно-азербайджанский этнотерриториальный конфликт (Анатолий Ямсков)
925:'s massive relocation of Armenians in 1604-05 their numbers decreased markedly, as they eventually became a minority among their Muslim neighbors.
2614:
Yamskov, A. N. "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh," Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union for the
2411:
The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of Karabagh in the First Half of the 19th Century
973:
In 1828 the Karabakh khanate was dissolved and in 1840 it was absorbed into the Kaspijskaya oblast, and subsequently, in 1846, made a part of
941:
were repatriated to their villages, many of which had been left derelict. An additional 279 Armenian families were settled in the villages of
2821:] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 190–197. Archived from
1000:
After the dissolution of Russian Empire Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan were disputed between newly established republics of Armenia and
2447:
2424:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
1130:
3230:
472:. However, when not referring to the territory covered by the Karabakh Khanate, the northern regions are often excluded (modern-day
1932:
995:
1681:
Tsarist officials preferred the Turkic toponyms over the Armenian ones, as they, in the words of Saparov (citing the historian
2008:Академик В.В.Бартольд. Сочинения / Ответственный редактор тома А.М.Беленицкий. — М.: Наука, 1965. — Т. III. — С. 335. — 712 с.
3009:
2072:
844:
2465:
2634:Претворяя в жизнь ленинские принципы национальной политики, ЦИК Азербайджанской ССР декретом от 7 июля 1923 года образовал
2174:
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, "NKAO, Historical Survey", 3rd edition, translated into English, New York: Macmillan Inc., 1973.
901:. Under Russian rule, Karabakh (both Lowland and Highland) was a region with an area of 13,600 km (5,250 sq mi), with
3058:
2650:. Creation of the Autonomous oblast' of Nagorno-Karabakh // The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule.
1638:
and Seiti are usually, as Saparov narrates (citing Gaziyan and Mkrtchyan), assigned "to the Turkic toponymic landscape".
211:
3205:
1764:
The Armenian side has also initiated a renaming campaign, targeting Turkic place names. According to 2009 data from the
3302:
2748:
2719:
1730:
1020:
735:
412:"Life of Kartli"), and in Persian sources. The name became common after the 1230s when the region was conquered by the
3249:
2599:
2567:
2551:
2474:
2354:
2263:
1977:
1914:
1718:, replaced the local Armenian (Vararakn) and Turkic (Khankendi) names as the town's sole official name. The town of
3307:
1761:, the Azerbaijani government successfully petitioned Google to remove Armenian place names from maps of Karabakh.
1584:, Sunzhinka, Lisagorskoe, Skobolevka, and Kotliarovka. Turkic toponyms include Dashbulag, Agbulag, Karabulag and
1153:
During the Russian Empire, the entire Karabakh region (mountainous and flatland) was divided into four counties (
732:
number of Armenians left Lowland Karabakh and sought refuge in the mountainous (Highland) heights of the region.
1066:
1001:
680:
2812:
3312:
2992:
New Wars and Old Plagues: Armed Conflict, Environmental Change and Resurgent Malaria in the Southern Caucasus
880:
1090:. The region's Azerbaijani inhabitants were expelled from the territories that came under Armenian control.
2162:
1013:
2367:
1758:
1047:
684:
329:
1019:
In 1923, the Armenian-inhabited parts of Mountainous Karabakh were made a part of the newly established
3095:
1990:
1754:
1087:
1043:
692:
3157:
A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh
2789:
A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-E Qarabagh
1954:
A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh
3188:
2500:
The Penny Encyclopædia of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. Publication Date: 1833.
2285:
Yamskov, A. N. (October 1991). "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh".
1743:
1565:
1098:
728:
32:
2422:
Bournoutian, George A. "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century to the Russian Annexation," in
981:, an administrative arrangement which remained in place until the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917.
3247:
Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study," (serialized in four parts)
2509:
Yamskov, A. N. (22/06/2014). "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh".
978:
489:
147:
17:
328:"church") referring to the largest church complex in its area, built mainly with white stone, the
1160:
676:
398:
233:
2591:
2585:
2448:
The Politics of Demography: Misuse of Sources on the Armenian Population of Mountainous Karabakh
2397:
2090:
2526:
2427:
1118:
1070:
416:. The first time the name was mentioned in an Armenian source was in the fifteenth century, in
2486:
2064:
385:
suffix is a plural nominative case marker also used to form names of countries and regions in
2800:
2342:
1147:
963:
813:
465:
364:
2961:"Google May Remove the Armenian Toponyms of Artsakh from its Maps at request of Azerbaijan"
1839:
1597:
1133:
signed on 10 November 2020 ended the war and forced Armenia to return all of the remaining
974:
955:
843:
between 1578-1605 and again between 1723 and 1736, as they briefly conquered it during the
297:
242:
133:
125:
1004:. Fighting between two republics broke out. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in
496:
The three regions of Karabakh roughly corresponding to modern-day provinces and districts
8:
1768:
1101:
erupted in the region, which saw Azerbaijan retake control of most of southern Karabakh (
930:
772:
3083:
2741:
Small Nations and Great Powers : A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
1927:
3274:
3226:
2302:
2214:
2099:
1957:
1884:
1747:
1682:
1585:
1526:
1093:
While Nagorno-Karabakh remained an internationally recognised territory of Azerbaijan,
890:
884:
696:
656:
640:
613:
457:
449:
386:
203:
195:
183:
2375:. Vol. 1. Sweden: Institute of Strategic Studies of the Caucasus. 2006. p. 9
1941:
About the borders, old cities, population aggregates and rivers of the Karabakh region
808:). Armenian princes of the times ruled as vassal territories by the Armenian House of
266:(garden), literally meaning "black garden." However, there are some other hypotheses.
3297:
3278:
3215:
3005:
2744:
2595:
2563:
2547:
2470:
2350:
2306:
2259:
2068:
2057:
1910:
1530:
1110:
1106:
1053:
938:
934:
777:
739:
712:
644:
617:
589:
573:
473:
417:
403:
372:
270:
259:
191:
158:
138:
3231:
Rewriting History: Recent Azeri Alterations of Primary Sources Dealing with Karabakh
522:
3266:
3167:
3128:
2995:
2771:
2294:
2258:]. Московский Центр Карнеги (The Moscow Center of Carnegie). pp. 179–180.
1972:
1903:
1784:
1690:
1686:
1534:
1522:
1114:
864:
832:
805:
781:
648:
597:
569:
485:
477:
461:
445:
348:
289:
223:
28:
3270:
2466:
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
2681:
2647:
2227:
2222:
2095:
1936:
1715:
1617:
1231:
1164:
1102:
1034:
to unite it with the NKAO but these proposals never found any support in Moscow.
746:
716:
708:
700:
652:
621:
609:
593:
565:
551:
251:
207:
175:
3000:
695:
provinces. However, it is possible that the region had earlier been part of the
531:
3200:
3196:
2988:
2736:
2659:
2393:
1648:
1542:
1288:
1168:
1122:
1074:
1030:
During the Soviet period, several attempts were made by the authorities of the
1024:
1009:
951:
898:
856:
848:
840:
836:
636:
605:
481:
396:
The placename is first mentioned in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in
2560:
The Republic of Armenia: From London to Sevres, February - August 1920, Vol. 3
2109:
Kasravi, Ahmad. Collection of 78 papers and talks (in Farsi), ed. Yahya Zeka,
484:, the eastern lowlands where the Kura and Aras rivers meet (mostly modern-day
3291:
3219:
3192:
1823:
1345:
1172:
959:
301:
2059:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
1722:
reflected the Soviet practise of creating collective farm villages, i.e., a
2124:
1859:
1807:
1795:
1729:
removed. By the early 1920s, the Armenian leaders of the newly established
1719:
1702:
1553:
nomads of the area used the other toponymic system for the same territory.
1546:
1402:
1176:
1031:
922:
914:
801:
793:
761:
750:
704:
675:
The region today referred to as Karabakh, which was populated with various
464:. Following the Kura river north, it stretched as far as what is today the
453:
381:
69:
312:
prefix has also been used for other nearby regions and landmarks, such as
2488:
The penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
1711:
1581:
1005:
852:
757:
749:
hunting in Karabakh. From an illustrated history created in 17th-century
3166:. Trans. Ka'ren Ketendjian, with introduction, annotations and notes by
513:
3159:. Trans. George A. Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishing, 1994.
2587:
Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices
2298:
1677:
894:
868:
860:
797:
789:
703:
from as early as the 4th century BC. After the partition of Armenia by
628:
581:
557:
437:
199:
187:
163:
109:
3133:
1641:
847:
and during the disintegration of Safavid Iran, respectively. In 1747,
2677:"TOP SOVIETS REJECT ARMENIA'S CLAIM AZERBAIJAN KEEPS DISPUTED REGION"
1561:
1538:
1198:
1079:
906:
821:
785:
601:
344:
313:
293:
2256:
The Factor of Ethno-confessional Identity in the Post-Soviet Society
2017:Босуорт К. Э. THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM. — 1997. — Т. IV. — С. 573.
859:, seized control of the region after the death of the Persian ruler
2822:
2249:
1995:
1659:
1653:
1573:
469:
171:
863:, and both Lower Karabakh and Highland Karabakh comprised the new
2251:Фактор этноконфессиональной самобытности в постсоветском обществе
1791:
1753:
Most renamings by the Azerbaijani government occurred during the
1724:
1593:
1557:
1126:
910:
905:(Shushi) as its most prominent city. Its population consisted of
809:
768:
543:
433:
413:
179:
167:
113:
2546:. Berkeley: University of California, 1971, pp. 162ff, 178–194.
1082:
also declared its independence from the Azerbaijan SSR in 1991.
756:
From the 11th century onwards, Karabakh became home to numerous
68:
A landscape in Nagorno-Karabakh - a view of the municipality of
3164:
A History of the Land of Artsakh, Karabagh and Genje, 1722-1827
2529:. "The Armeno-Azerbaijani Conflict Over Mountainous Karabagh,"
1815:
1622:
1589:
1569:
946:
942:
902:
83:
54:
2349:
Translated by J. Buchan Telfer. Ayer Publishing, 1966, p. 86.
3113:
2943:
2941:
2638:автономную область, как составную часть Азербайджанской ССР."
2165:. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1981, vol. 7, p. 26.
1635:
1605:
1550:
918:
839:, as governors of Karabakh. It was also invaded and ruled by
368:
2219:
The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule
1179:. Their ethnic composition in 1897 and 1916 was as follows:
2994:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 59–84,
2113:, Tehran: Sherkate Sahami Ketabhaye Jibi, 2536, pp. 365/431
1577:
1186:
1155:
817:
743:
688:
3242:
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
2938:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2664:
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
468:
before turning back to the Zangezur Mountains through the
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2043:
Tati va Harzani: Do lahje az zabane bastani-ye Azerbaijan
2142:
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 119–120.
1975:. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study,"
871:
reestablished rule over the region several years later.
432:
Karabakh is a landlocked region located in the south of
2666:. New York: New York University Press, 2003, pp. 10-11.
2583:
3017:
2901:
2870:
2829:
1827:
found in the Karabakh mountain range have been called
250:, which is generally believed to be a compound of the
152:
2562:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 131-172.
2413:. Trans. George A. Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, CA, 2011.
236:
1737:
1608:"), or Meshadishen (combining the Turkic first name
683:
in the 2nd century BC and organized as parts of the
359:
component was derived from the nearby canton called
1960:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishing, 1994, pp. 46ff.
1891:. Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1973, vol. 3, p. 9.
1642:
Overlapping Armenian and Turkic toponymic landscape
3182:
3107:
2544:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918-1919
2469:. Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon, 2001, p. 54.
2056:
1521:There are four main toponymic layers in Karabakh;
679:tribes, is believed to have been conquered by the
2791:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1994, page 18
2088:"Azari, the Old Iranian Language of Azerbaijan",
711:in 387 AD, Artsakh and Utik became a part of the
351:, is that, along with the "large" translation of
245:
3289:
3253:9 (1972); 10 (1973/74); 11 (1975/76); 14 (1980).
1556:Iranian toponyms are attested in places such as
1146:parts (on the territory of the five traditional
1121:districts) and parts of north-eastern Karabakh (
99: Maximum historical definition of Karabakh.
320:"mountain") referring to a mountain range, and
276:According to Iranian linguist Abdolali Karang,
2239:
2237:
1689:tax records kept by the administration of the
989:
835:, who hailed from the Ziad-oglu branch of the
407:
2584:Bradshaw, Michael J; George W. White (2004).
1909:. Yerevan: Gir Grots Publishing, 1994, p. 3.
1073:, declaring NKAO had no right to secede from
448:in the 18th century, which extended from the
227:
3244:. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
2430:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 96.
1037:
1023:(NKAO), an administrative entity within the
530:
521:
512:
194:, Lowland Karabakh (the steppes between the
27:For the mountainous region of Karabakh, see
3235:Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies
3076:
2452:Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies
2347:Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger.
2234:
452:in the west, following eastwards along the
3206:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3092:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2632:from the Armenian part of Nagorno-Karabakh
2326:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung
3170:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishing, 2012.
3132:
2999:
1991:Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh
1968:
1966:
162:) is a geographic region in southwestern
88:Map of Karabakh within modern borders.
3180:
3121:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2197:
2195:
2193:
2150:
2148:
2026:
1714:, named after Armenian Bolshevik leader
1135:territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh
1095:the four UN Security Council resolutions
1052:In February 1988, within the context of
734:
3256:
3032:
2947:
2932:
2895:
2864:
2735:
2457:
2284:
2243:
2082:
422:History of Tamerlane and His Successors
336:would translate to "large church," and
202:rivers), and the eastern slopes of the
14:
3290:
2720:Nagorno-Karabakh belongs to Azerbaijan
2323:
1984:
1963:
492:maps include that region in Karabakh.
2636:из армянской части Нагорного Карабаха
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2190:
2145:
2063:. Columbia University Press. p.
2054:
2045:(in Farsi), Tabriz: E. Vaezpour, 1954
1604:combined with the Armenian term for "
966:, to emigrate from Iran to Karabakh.
893:, the region of Karabakh was lost by
456:to the point where it meets with the
157:
132:
93: Typical definition of Karabakh.
3174:
3162:Archbishop Sargis Hasan-Jalaliants.
996:Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
977:. In 1876 it was made a part of the
933:(1730-1806) and settled in Yerevan,
719:, while Syunik remained in Armenia.
393:would translate to "Greater Baghk."
190:. It is divided into three regions:
1778:
1626:and the Armenian term for village,
874:
831:1524–1576) appointed the family of
488:) were also excluded, but most pre-
340:would translate to "large garden."
24:
3149:
3144:
2805:
2433:
1794:became the official tongue of the
1731:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
1670:
1021:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
913:(mainly of Tatars, later known as
812:and its several lines, the latter
363:, which at some point was part of
304:also speaks of the translation of
25:
3324:
2590:. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. p.
1738:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict changes
1696:
1685:), likely relied on the existing
1620:(combination of the Persian word
651:and small parts of north-western
3155:Mirza Jamal Javanshir Karabagi.
2814:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
2409:For an English translation see,
2094:, op. cit., Vol. III/2, 1987 by
1952:Mirza Jamal Javanshir Karabagi.
1926:Mirza Jamal Javanshir Karabagi.
1657:in Armenian, known in Turkic as
889:In 1813, under the terms of the
845:Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590
627:
580:
556:
542:
504:Highlands or mountainous region
444:was during the existence of the
308:as "large" and not "black." The
82:
62:
40:Region in Azerbaijan and Armenia
3237:. 1992, 1993, pp. 185–190.
3051:
3038:
2982:
2953:
2794:
2781:
2761:
2729:
2713:
2700:
2669:
2653:
2641:
2621:
2608:
2577:
2536:
2520:
2503:
2494:
2480:
2416:
2403:
2386:
2360:
2336:
2317:
2278:
2208:
2177:
2168:
2132:
2116:
2103:
2048:
2035:
1852:
1140:
826:
2369:The Caucasus and Globalization
2231:45/2 (Autumn 1992), pp. 63-69.
2020:
2011:
2002:
1946:
1920:
1894:
1875:
1131:trilateral ceasefire agreement
1008:, British troops occupied the
767:In the fifteenth century, the
760:, the ancestors of the modern
722:
13:
1:
3271:10.1080/02634937.2017.1350139
2533:24/2 (Summer 1971), pp. 3-39.
2244:Yamskov, Anatoly N. (1998).
2205:, pp. 119, 155, 163, 264-265.
1868:
984:
881:Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)
647:. Historically also included
367:within modern-day Karabakh —
288:, which means "large" in the
3250:Revue des Études Arméniennes
2685:. 1988-07-19. Archived from
2628:Давид Львович Златопольский.
2542:See Hovannisian, Richard G.
2163:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
2140:Armenia: a Historical Atlas.
1999:. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
1978:Revue des Études Arméniennes
1701:During the existence of the
1588:. Armenian toponyms include
1576:outposts on the border with
691:and the southern regions of
670:
427:
343:Another theory, proposed by
217:
7:
3001:10.1007/978-3-031-31143-7_5
2819:Caucasian calendar for 1917
2775:
2027:Minorsky, Vladimir (1943).
1833:
1759:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
1515:
1048:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
990:Independence and Soviet era
332:. In the sense of "large,"
330:Monastery of Saint Thaddeus
237:
153:
10:
3329:
3096:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2618:20 (October 1991), p. 650.
2513:(published October 1991).
2454:9 (1996-1997), pp. 99-103.
1981:9 (1972), p. 289, note 17.
1782:
1755:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1088:First Nagorno-Karabakh war
1044:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1041:
993:
878:
713:Caucasian Albanian satrapy
665:
26:
3303:Geography of the Caucasus
1744:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
1596:. Mixed toponyms include
1541:of Karabakh, whereas the
1458:
1401:
1344:
1287:
1230:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1038:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
506:
503:
500:
408:
228:
142:
105:
81:
77:Etymology: "Black garden"
76:
61:
52:
45:
33:Karabakh (disambiguation)
3059:"The Flower of Karabakh"
2250:
2245:
1845:
1801:
1734:end of the Soviet era".
1710:question. For instance,
979:Elisabethpol Governorate
280:could have derived from
3308:Geography of Azerbaijan
3214:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
3181:Bosworth, C.E. (1978).
2787:Bournoutian, George A.
1929:The History of Karabakh
1612:with the Armenian term
1592:, Mokhratakh, Vank and
1161:Elizavetpol Governorate
1148:Armenian principalities
399:The Georgian Chronicles
292:of the extinct Iranian
2527:Hovannisian, Richard G
2446:Bournoutian, George. "
2428:Richard G. Hovannisian
2055:Dalby, Andrew (1998).
1071:Supreme Soviet of USSR
1014:Paris Peace Conference
753:
535:
526:
517:
246:
129:
31:. For other uses, see
2343:Johannes Schiltberger
2215:Bournoutian, George A
2129:, Yerevan, 1975, p. 2
1958:George A. Bournoutian
1616:, i.e. village), and
964:Treaty of Turkmenchay
814:Melikdoms of Karabakh
738:
534:
525:
516:
466:Mingachevir reservoir
365:Melikdoms of Karabakh
170:, extending from the
3313:Geography of Armenia
3259:Central Asian Survey
2398:Encyclopædia Iranica
2091:Encyclopædia Iranica
1907:Արցախյան Գոյապայքարը
1840:Gharabaghi (surname)
1600:(Islamic first name
1580:. Some examples are
975:Shemakha Governorate
956:Nestorian Christians
806:province of Karabakh
790:Jalayirid Sultanates
269:Russian Orientalist
3227:Bournoutian, George
2950:, pp. 540–541.
2825:on 4 November 2021.
2689:on January 31, 2013
2157:Ulubabyan, Bagrat.
1769:Republic of Artsakh
1742:During the ongoing
931:Ibrahim Khalil Khan
855:chieftain from the
773:Johann Schiltberger
758:Oghuz Turkic tribes
507:Lowlands or steppe
497:
298:Iranian-Azerbaijani
241:, derives from the
182:between the rivers
2616:Theory and Society
2511:Theory and Society
2299:10.1007/BF00232663
2287:Theory and Society
2223:Audrey L. Altstadt
2138:Hewsen, Robert H.
2098:. External link:
2041:Karang, Abdolali.
1935:2007-01-27 at the
1748:Russo-Persian Wars
1683:George Bournoutian
891:Treaty of Gulistan
885:Treaty of Gulistan
754:
697:Satrapy of Armenia
681:Kingdom of Armenia
536:
527:
518:
495:
450:Zangezur Mountains
389:). In this sense,
387:Classical Armenian
294:Old Azeri language
204:Zangezur Mountains
159:[ʁɑɾɑˈbɑʁ]
134:[ɡɑɾɑˈbɑɣ]
3240:De Waal, Thomas.
3175:Secondary sources
3134:10.1111/boj.12061
3063:Azerbaijan Center
3011:978-3-031-31143-7
2778:), Tbilisi, 1866.
2463:Cornell, Svante.
2074:978-0-231-11568-1
2029:Tadhkirt Al-muluk
1904:Ulubabyan, Bagrat
1513:
1512:
1054:Mikhail Gorbachev
778:Abbasid Caliphate
740:Persian miniature
663:
662:
418:Thomas of Metsoph
373:Kingdom of Syunik
271:Vladimir Minorsky
192:Highland Karabakh
151:
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3320:
3282:
3223:
3186:
3168:Robert H. Hewsen
3138:
3137:
3136:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3014:
3003:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2899:
2893:
2868:
2862:
2827:
2826:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2733:
2727:
2726:, 1 October 2020
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2581:
2575:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2490:. 1833, Georgia.
2484:
2478:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2358:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2241:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1973:Hewsen, Robert H
1970:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:Երկերի Ժողովածու
1883:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1812:Ophrys caucasica
1785:Karabakh dialect
1779:Karabakh dialect
1691:Karabakh Khanate
1545:(later known as
1182:
1181:
875:Early Modern Age
865:Karabakh Khanate
833:Shahverdi Sultan
830:
828:
782:Bagratid Armenia
717:Sassanian Persia
632:
631:
585:
584:
561:
560:
547:
546:
498:
494:
462:Kur-Araz Lowland
446:Karabakh Khanate
436:and the west of
411:
410:
409:ქართლის ცხოვრება
349:Bagrat Ulubabyan
258:(black) and the
249:
240:
231:
230:
161:
156:
146:
144:
136:
98:
92:
86:
66:
43:
42:
29:Nagorno-Karabakh
21:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3288:
3287:
3201:Bosworth, C. E.
3177:
3152:
3150:Primary sources
3147:
3145:Further reading
3142:
3141:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3018:
3012:
2987:
2983:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2902:
2894:
2871:
2863:
2830:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2737:Cornell, Svante
2734:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2682:Chicago Tribune
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:De Waal, Thomas
2658:
2654:
2648:Audrey Altstadt
2646:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2582:
2578:
2572:Arsène Saparov.
2541:
2537:
2531:Armenian Review
2525:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2462:
2458:
2445:
2434:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2341:
2337:
2322:
2318:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2228:Armenian Review
2213:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2123:History of the
2121:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2096:Ehsan Yarshater
2087:
2083:
2075:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1971:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1937:Wayback Machine
1925:
1921:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1858:later known as
1857:
1853:
1848:
1836:
1829:T. karabachens.
1821:Populations of
1804:
1787:
1781:
1740:
1716:Stepan Shaumian
1699:
1673:
1671:Tsarist changes
1644:
1518:
1143:
1050:
1042:Main articles:
1040:
998:
992:
987:
937:, and parts of
887:
877:
825:
747:Abbas the Great
725:
701:Orontid dynasty
673:
668:
626:
579:
555:
541:
470:Murov Mountains
430:
290:Harzani dialect
220:
212:Kalbajar–Lachin
176:Lesser Caucasus
101:
100:
96:
94:
90:
72:
57:
48:
41:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3284:
3283:
3265:(4): 534–554.
3254:
3245:
3238:
3224:
3189:van Donzel, E.
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3127:(3): 280–328,
3119:(Liliaceae)",
3106:
3075:
3050:
3037:
3035:, p. 542.
3016:
3010:
2981:
2965:Monument Watch
2952:
2937:
2935:, p. 540.
2900:
2898:, p. 539.
2869:
2867:, p. 538.
2828:
2804:
2793:
2780:
2760:
2750:978-0700711628
2749:
2743:. p. 54.
2728:
2712:
2699:
2668:
2652:
2640:
2620:
2607:
2600:
2576:
2535:
2519:
2502:
2493:
2479:
2456:
2432:
2415:
2402:
2385:
2359:
2335:
2316:
2277:
2264:
2233:
2207:
2189:
2187:, pp. 118-121.
2176:
2167:
2144:
2131:
2115:
2102:
2081:
2073:
2047:
2034:
2031:. p. 174.
2019:
2010:
2001:
1983:
1962:
1945:
1919:
1893:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1803:
1800:
1783:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1739:
1736:
1698:
1697:Soviet changes
1695:
1672:
1669:
1649:Russian Empire
1643:
1640:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1142:
1139:
1075:Azerbaijan SSR
1039:
1036:
1025:Azerbaijan SSR
1010:South Caucasus
991:
988:
986:
983:
952:Ottoman Empire
899:Russian Empire
876:
873:
857:Javanshir clan
849:Panah Ali Khan
841:Ottoman Empire
816:. The Safavid
729:Arab invasions
724:
721:
672:
669:
667:
664:
661:
660:
624:
577:
538:
537:
528:
519:
509:
508:
505:
502:
482:Russian Empire
480:). During the
429:
426:
234:transliterated
219:
216:
117:
116:
107:
103:
102:
95:
89:
87:
79:
78:
74:
73:
67:
59:
58:
53:
50:
49:
46:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3184:"Ḳarā Bāg̲h̲"
3179:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:Tulipa armena
3079:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2601:0-0725-4975-0
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2568:0-5200-8803-4
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:0-5200-1984-9
2549:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2475:0-700-71162-7
2472:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2355:0-8337-3489-X
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2265:0-87003-140-6
2261:
2257:
2253:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2217:. "Review of
2216:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2155:(in Armenian)
2151:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1939:. Chapter 2:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1915:5-8079-0869-4
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:(in Armenian)
1897:
1890:
1886:
1882:(in Armenian)
1878:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1824:Tulipa armena
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:) within the
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
965:
961:
960:Romani people
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
886:
882:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:, the Turkic
791:
787:
784:, the Mongol
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
583:
578:
576:
575:
571:
567:
564:
559:
553:
550:
545:
540:
539:
533:
529:
524:
520:
515:
511:
510:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
419:
415:
405:
401:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Ahmad Kasravi
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
235:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
155:
149:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
111:
108:
104:
85:
80:
75:
71:
65:
60:
56:
51:
44:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3285:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3211:
3204:
3163:
3156:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3099:, retrieved
3091:
3085:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3046:Black Garden
3045:
3040:
3033:Saparov 2017
2991:
2984:
2975:
2969:. Retrieved
2967:. 2022-01-20
2964:
2955:
2948:Saparov 2017
2933:Saparov 2017
2896:Saparov 2017
2865:Saparov 2017
2823:the original
2818:
2813:
2807:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2740:
2731:
2724:The Guardian
2723:
2715:
2708:Black Garden
2707:
2702:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2680:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2482:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2368:
2362:
2346:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2255:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2158:
2139:
2134:
2125:Principality
2122:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2089:
2084:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1928:
1922:
1906:
1896:
1888:
1877:
1860:Azerbaijanis
1854:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1808:Khari-bulbul
1805:
1796:Armenian SSR
1788:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1723:
1720:Kolkhozashen
1706:
1703:Soviet Union
1700:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1555:
1547:Azerbaijanis
1519:
1185:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1141:Demographics
1092:
1084:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1032:Armenian SSR
1029:
1018:
999:
972:
968:
927:
923:Shah Abbas I
915:Azerbaijanis
888:
802:Safavid Iran
794:Kara Koyunlu
766:
755:
751:Safavid Iran
726:
674:
633:
586:
562:
554:
548:
490:Elisabethpol
441:
431:
421:
397:
395:
390:
380:
376:
360:
356:
352:
342:
337:
333:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
285:
281:
277:
275:
268:
263:
255:
221:
178:down to the
166:and eastern
121:
120:
70:Karmir Shuka
37:
3197:Pellat, Ch.
1712:Stepanakert
1618:Sardarashen
1582:Kuropatkino
1062:perestroika
1006:World War I
917:, but also
837:Qajar tribe
723:Middle Ages
634:Azerbaijan:
587:Azerbaijan:
563:Azerbaijan:
243:Azerbaijani
126:Azerbaijani
3292:Categories
3210:Volume IV:
3101:2013-10-15
2971:2023-06-21
2693:2011-10-17
2379:2011-10-17
2293:(5): 650.
2127:of Khachen
1869:References
1678:gazetteers
1067:Nakhchivan
1002:Azerbaijan
994:See also:
985:Modern era
879:See also:
869:Qajar Iran
861:Nader Shah
851:, a local
798:Ak Koyunlu
742:depicting
699:under the
458:Kura river
454:Aras river
438:Azerbaijan
347:historian
334:Karakilise
322:Karakilise
300:historian
164:Azerbaijan
110:Azerbaijan
3279:149221754
3220:758278456
3193:Lewis, B.
3048:, p. 186.
3044:De Waal.
2706:De Waal.
2332:(1): 110.
2307:140492606
2159:«Ղարաբաղ»
2079:, p. 496.
1956:, trans.
1598:Mamedazor
1566:Khojavend
1562:Charektar
1539:Armenians
1232:Jevanshir
1199:Armenians
1165:Jevanshir
1080:Shahumian
907:Armenians
822:Tahmasp I
820:("King")
786:Ilkhanate
771:traveler
677:Caucasian
671:Antiquity
657:Sabirabad
641:Aghjabadi
614:Khojavend
602:Khankendi
501:Zangezur
428:Geography
218:Etymology
206:(roughly
172:highlands
148:romanized
3298:Karabakh
3212:Iran–Kha
3203:(eds.).
2977:efforts.
2739:(2000).
2710:, p. 85.
2201:Hewsen.
2183:Hewsen.
2111:Lectures
1996:BBC News
1933:Archived
1834:See also
1766:de facto
1707:en masse
1660:Dashalty
1654:Karintak
1527:Armenian
1516:Toponyms
1509:580,457
1497:243,627
1491:321,712
1483:415,721
1471:172,872
1465:235,304
1454:188,745
1428:138,771
1340:226,398
1328:101,055
1322:119,705
1314:137,871
1289:Zangezur
1169:Zangezur
1111:Zangilan
1107:Jabrayil
1058:glasnost
645:Beylagan
618:Jabrayil
590:Kalbajar
574:Zangilan
549:Armenia:
474:Goranboy
442:Karabakh
404:Georgian
391:Karabakh
371:and the
345:Armenian
338:Karabakh
314:Karadagh
238:Karabakh
180:lowlands
139:Armenian
122:Karabakh
47:Karabakh
18:Karabagh
2772:Russian
2203:Armenia
2185:Armenia
1792:Yerevan
1725:kolkhoz
1687:Persian
1610:Meshadi
1594:Kolatak
1574:Cossack
1558:Chldran
1551:Kurdish
1535:Russian
1531:Iranian
1503:15,118
1442:98,809
1436:85,622
1416:73,953
1410:62,868
1397:89,584
1385:21,755
1379:65,587
1371:66,360
1359:15,746
1353:49,189
1346:Jebrail
1302:63,622
1296:71,206
1283:75,730
1271:22,008
1265:50,798
1257:72,719
1245:19,551
1239:52,041
1223:Number
1217:Number
1211:Number
1203:Others
1195:Tatars
1173:Jebrail
1127:Madagiz
1115:Qubadli
1099:new war
939:Georgia
911:Muslims
897:to the
829:
810:Khachen
685:Artsakh
666:History
649:Imishli
598:Khojaly
570:Qubadli
486:Imishli
478:Yevlakh
460:in the
434:Armenia
414:Mongols
260:Iranian
247:Qarabağ
229:Карабах
224:Russian
174:of the
168:Armenia
154:Ġarabaġ
150::
143:Ղարաբաղ
130:Qarabağ
114:Armenia
106:Country
3277:
3218:
3199:&
3117:Tulipa
3068:12 May
3008:
2747:
2598:
2566:
2550:
2473:
2426:, ed.
2353:
2305:
2262:
2071:
1913:
1816:bulbul
1636:Farukh
1623:sardar
1590:Tkhkot
1586:Chailu
1570:Hadrut
1549:) and
1543:Turkic
1523:Turkic
1500:41.97
1494:55.42
1477:7,545
1474:41.58
1468:56.60
1459:TOTAL
1448:4,314
1445:52.35
1439:45.36
1422:1,950
1419:53.29
1413:45.30
1403:Shusha
1391:2,242
1388:24.28
1382:73.21
1365:1,425
1362:23.73
1356:74.12
1334:5,638
1331:44.64
1325:52.87
1308:3,043
1305:46.15
1299:51.65
1277:2,924
1274:29.06
1268:67.08
1251:1,127
1248:26.89
1242:71.56
1206:TOTAL
1177:Shusha
1175:, and
1123:Talish
1119:Hadrut
1103:Fuzuli
947:Meghri
943:Ghapan
903:Shusha
853:Turkic
800:, and
769:German
762:Azeris
709:Persia
693:Syunik
653:Saatly
622:Fuzuli
610:Shusha
594:Tartar
566:Lachin
552:Syunik
406::
379:, the
355:, the
326:kilise
296:. The
252:Turkic
208:Syunik
97:
91:
55:Region
3275:S2CID
3187:. In
2817:[
2756:1880.
2394:Ganja
2373:(PDF)
2303:S2CID
2254:[
2221:, by
1846:Notes
1802:Flora
1665:-kend
1606:gorge
1602:Mamed
1506:2.60
1488:1916
1480:1.81
1462:1897
1451:2.29
1433:1916
1425:1.41
1407:1897
1394:2.50
1376:1916
1368:2.15
1350:1897
1337:2.49
1319:1916
1311:2.21
1293:1897
1280:3.86
1262:1916
1254:1.55
1236:1897
1192:Year
1156:uezds
1129:). A
935:Ganja
919:Kurds
804:(the
637:Barda
606:Agdam
377:Baghk
369:Dizak
361:Baghk
282:kaleh
262:word
254:word
226:name
3216:OCLC
3070:2017
3006:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2556:idem
2548:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2069:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1806:The
1628:shen
1614:shen
1578:Iran
1568:and
1533:and
1187:Uezd
1060:and
1046:and
958:and
945:and
909:and
895:Iran
883:and
818:Shah
788:and
744:Shah
727:The
707:and
705:Rome
689:Utik
655:and
476:and
375:(in
357:bagh
353:kara
318:dagh
310:kara
306:kara
286:kala
278:kara
264:bagh
256:kara
222:The
210:and
200:Aras
198:and
196:Kura
188:Aras
186:and
184:Kura
112:and
3267:doi
3233:."
3229:. "
3129:doi
3125:172
2996:doi
2592:164
2450:."
2396:."
2295:doi
2225:,"
2065:156
1885:Leo
1630:).
1056:'s
715:of
420:'s
284:or
214:).
3294::
3273:.
3263:36
3261:.
3208:.
3195:;
3191:;
3123:,
3094:,
3090:,
3061:.
3019:^
3004:,
2974:.
2963:.
2940:^
2903:^
2872:^
2831:^
2774::
2753:.
2722:,
2679:.
2662:.
2594:.
2570:;
2558:,
2554:;
2515:20
2435:^
2345:.
2330:68
2328:.
2309:.
2301:.
2291:20
2289:.
2268:.
2236:^
2192:^
2161:.
2147:^
2067:.
1993:.
1965:^
1887:.
1818:.
1798:.
1750:.
1693:.
1564:,
1560:,
1529:,
1525:,
1226:%
1220:%
1214:%
1171:,
1167:,
1163::
1137:.
1125:,
1117:,
1113:,
1109:,
1105:,
867:.
827:r.
796:,
780:,
687:,
659:.
643:,
639:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
608:,
604:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
572:,
568:,
424:.
382:-k
232:,
145:,
141::
137:;
128::
3281:.
3269::
3222:.
3131::
3088:"
3084:"
3072:.
2998::
2770:(
2696:.
2604:.
2477:.
2400:.
2392:"
2382:.
2357:.
2297::
2077:.
1943:.
1917:.
1810:(
824:(
402:(
324:(
316:(
124:(
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
