1530:
1065:
2776:
1390:
1821:
6601:
1456:", and were also called the "Khan of Chīn". The Qara Khitai used the "image of China" to legitimize their rule to the Central Asians. The Chinese emperor, together with the rulers of the Turks, Arabs, India and the Byzantine Romans, were known to Islamic writers as the world's "five great kings". Qara Khitai kept the trappings of a Chinese state, such as Chinese coins, Chinese imperial titles, the Chinese writing system, tablets, seals, and used Chinese products like porcelain, mirrors, jade and other Chinese customs. The adherence to Liao Chinese traditions has been suggested as a reason why the Qara Khitai did not convert to
4188:
1235:
3136:
67:
3560:
1149:
1030:
1014:
250:
4202:
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989:(wuxing). The Jurchens referred to the empire as "Dashi" or "Dashi Linya" (after its founder), to reduce any claims the empire may have had to the old territories of the Liao dynasty. Muslim historians initially referred to the state simply as "Khitay" or "Khitai;" they may have adopted this form of "Khitan" via the
1348:
The
Khitans maintained their old customs, even in Central Asia. They remained nomads, adhered to their traditional dress, and maintained the religious practices followed by the Liao dynasty Khitans. The ruling elite tried to maintain the traditional marriages between the Yelü king clan and the Xiao
1217:
In 1208, a Naiman prince, Kuchlug, fled his homeland after being defeated by
Mongols. Kuchlug was welcomed into the empire of the Qara-Khitans, and was allowed to marry Zhilugu's daughter. However, in 1211, Kuchlug revolted, and later captured Yelü Zhilugu while the latter was hunting. Zhilugu was
1139:
and restore the territories once held by the Liao dynasty. However, he soon discovered the relative weakness of his empire vis-a-vis the Jin dynasty and gave up the idea after a disastrous attack on the Jin dynasty in 1134. The
Western Liao continued to defy Jin supremacy in 1146, and continued
1335:, maintained Chinese imperial and administrative titles, gave its emperors reign names, used Chinese-styled coins, and sent imperial seals to its vassals. Although most of its administrative titles were derived from Chinese, the empire also adopted local administrative titles, such as
981:
in
Mongolian, but its original meaning is unclear today. In Modern Mongolian, "Kara-Khitan" is rendered "Хар Хятан" (Khar Khyatan). Since no direct records from the empire survive today, the only surviving historical records about the empire come from foreign sources.
1507:, which is the medieval Latin appellation for China. Names derived from Khitai are still current in modern usage, such as the Russian, Bulgarian, Uzbek and Mongolian names for China. However, the use of the name Khitai to mean "China" or "Chinese" by
969:
The Qara Khitai took on trappings of a
Chinese state and inherited the dynastic name "Great Liao". Hence, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese historians generally refer to the empire as the "Western Liao", emphasizing its continuation from the
1360:
The empire ruled over a diverse population that was quite different from its rulers. The majority of the population was sedentary, although the population suddenly became more nomadic during the end of the empire, due to the influx of
1560:
and contains 20 characters. This was the first seal that could be confidently attributed to the a
Western Liao period as it is attributed to have been created during the 3rd month of the year Tianxi 20 (or the year 1197 in the
1262:. The Qara-Khitans were dispersed widely all over Eurasia as part of the Mongol army. In the 14th century, they began to lose their ethnic identity, traces of their presence however may be found as clan names or toponyms from
1460:. Despite the Chinese trappings, there were comparatively few Han Chinese among the population of the Qara Khitai. These Han Chinese had lived in Kedun during the Liao dynasty, and in 1124 migrated with the Khitans under
6943:
985:"Black Khitans" (黑契丹) has also been seen used in Chinese. "Qara," which literally means "black," corresponds with the Liao's dynastic color black and its dynastic element water, according to the theory of
4602:
The Qara Khitai or
Western Liao 西遼 dynasty (1124–1218) is the only dynasty that did not rule any part of China proper but is still considered a Chinese dynasty by both Chinese and Muslim historiography.
1569:. The discovery of this seal further indicated that the Qara Khitai Khanate adopted the Chinese administrative practice, as such seals were commonly used in the Imperial Chinese government apparatus.
997:
in whose language the final -n or -ń became -y. Only after the Mongol conquest did the state begin to be referred to in the Muslim world as the "Kara-Khitai" or "Qara-Khitai." Khitan is the origin of "
1100:, which marks the start of the Qara Khitai empire in Central Asia. The Khitan forces were soon joined by 10,000 Khitans, who had been subjects of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. The Khitans then conquered
1475:
has the effect of reinforcing the view among some Muslim writers that
Central Asia was linked to China even though the Tang dynasty had lost control of the region a few hundred years before.
1199:
in 1220, two years after the Qara Kitai. In the south the Kara-Khanid vassals were lightly held and engaged in various conflicts with each other, the Qara Kitai, Khwarezm and the Gurids.
1140:
sending scouts and small military units against the Jin in 1156, 1177, 1185, 1188. This indicates that for the first 2 generations there remained considerable interest in reconquest.
1357:
and tribal customs, such as the tradition of sacrificing a gray ox with a white horse. In an innovation unique to the Qara Khitai, the
Khitans paid each of their soldiers a salary.
3039:
5494:
4730:
1556:. This seal has a weight of 330 grams and has the dimensions of 50x52x13 millimeters with a handle that is 21 millimeters in height. The inscription of the seal is written in
977:
The name "Qara Khitai", commonly used by
Central Asian tribes to refer to the dynasty, is also commonly used in Western scholarly works. The term is often translated as the
1246:; a segment of the Qara-Khitan troops had previously already joined the Mongol army fighting against Kuchlug. Another segment of the Qara-Khitans, in a dynasty founded by
4081:
1572:
As of 2020 it is unclear if the same regulations on seals existed in Qara Khitai as did in imperial China and if the sizes of Western Liao seals were standardised or not.
4572:
1168:(1164–1177). She then fell in love with her younger brother-in-law, Xiao Fuguzhi. They were executed in 1177 by her father-in-law, Xiao Wolila, who then placed his son
3373:
1226:
to pursue Kuchlug; Kuchlug fled, but in 1218, he was finally captured and decapitated. The Mongols fully conquered the former territories of the Qara-Khitans in 1220.
725:
711:
686:
672:
658:
644:
630:
6950:
1529:
5140:
Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)".
7208:
4940:
1788:
A recently discovered Western Liao coin with the era name "Tianxi" (天喜) suggests that the era name "Tianxi" (天禧) recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.
874:
in 1211; traditional Chinese, Persian, and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the dynasty, even though the empire would not fall until the
4882:
7203:
1172:(1178–1211) on the throne. The empire was weakened by rebellions and internal wars among its vassals, especially during the latter parts of its history.
1784:
Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.
1218:
allowed to remain as the nominal ruler but died two years later, and many historians regarded his death as the end of the Qara-Khitan empire. In 1216,
6769:
3492:
5458:
4895:
4617:
4171:
3521:
5688:
4061:
1286:), directly controlling the central region of the empire. The rest of their empire consisted of highly autonomous vassalized states, primarily
5525:
3097:
1779:"Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.
7163:
5636:
5559:
5490:
3858:
5564:
5554:
3383:
1503:
The association of Khitai with China meant that the most enduring trace of the Khitan's power is names that are derived from it, such as
3455:
3050:
2737:
2677:
1337:
5108:"Recently discovered Khitan script official seal of the Western Liao State (Russian Studies of Chinese Numismatics and Sigillography)"
6600:
4788:
4647:
1452:
ethnic origins gained prestige by portraying themselves as the legitimate dynasty of China. Qara Khitai monarchs used the title of "
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6670:
6656:
5921:
5760:
4109:
7198:
7031:
6680:
6660:
5281:
2895:
2367:
1349:
queen clan, and were highly reluctant to allow their princesses to marry outsiders. The Qara-Khitai Khitans followed a mix of
7193:
6636:
5474:
5249:
4923:
4745:
4595:
2815:
2667:
7125:
6468:
5626:
5446:
5442:
3015:
2240:
2230:
1581:
228:
223:
4506:
6989:
6862:
6631:
5434:
4533:
4479:
4164:
3514:
3440:
3353:
2811:
2709:
1871:
4955:
3711:
5681:
5194:
4052:
4005:
1861:
1212:
875:
66:
5883:
5518:
5228:
5079:
4798:
4657:
4649:
International Institutions in World History: Divorcing International Relations Theory from the State and Stage Models
4543:
4516:
4489:
4091:
3487:
3465:
3450:
3445:
3090:
2538:
7131:
5438:
5430:
3393:
3334:
2843:
7168:
5218:
4356:
3064:
2292:
101:
601:
7188:
7183:
4840:
4157:
4071:
3683:
3539:
3507:
3460:
3115:
3031:
2838:
2730:
2682:
758:
7178:
7173:
5713:
5674:
5470:
4267:
3026:
2989:
2704:
2630:
2565:
1183:
north of Lake Balkhash made a partial submission to the Jurchens. In the west there were many conflicts with
750:
2775:
5511:
3574:
3083:
2755:
2640:
1414:
1064:
276:
17:
5631:
3135:
1538:
1389:
7158:
6431:
5765:
5274:
3593:
2994:
2692:
2449:
1830:
1136:
986:
863:
6794:
6761:
6723:
6648:
4818:
2934:
2891:
2697:
1476:
1092:
and overthrown the Liao. Yelü recruited Khitans and other tribes to form an army, and in 1134 captured
933:
of the Qara Khitai at some point in history. Chinese and Muslim historiographical sources, such as the
6439:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
3559:
1413:, the Qara Khitai is most commonly called the "Western Liao" (西遼) and is considered to be an orthodox
1365:. The majority of their subjects were Muslims, although a significant minority practiced Buddhism and
6826:
6779:
6736:
6618:
5792:
5332:
4915:
3207:
3145:
3060:
2723:
2660:
2625:
2198:
1894:
1804:
1438:
1085:
2404:
7119:
6841:
6831:
6784:
6774:
6741:
6665:
6551:
6524:
6519:
6461:
5422:
5337:
5327:
5209:
3750:
2978:
2868:
2863:
2394:
2043:
1321:
The Khitan rulers adopted many administrative elements from the Liao dynasty, including the use of
7213:
6529:
5753:
5414:
5347:
5342:
5317:
5312:
3435:
2873:
2620:
1188:
1054:
150:
6514:
5780:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5418:
5322:
5267:
4620:, "Though firmly located in Central Asia, the Qara Khitai or Western Liao is considered by the
4392:
4215:
4138:
4128:
3730:
3613:
3403:
3226:
2858:
2672:
2650:
2635:
2121:
1840:
1410:
4459:
6836:
6802:
6746:
6435:
5733:
5728:
5549:
5450:
5426:
5410:
5189:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5069:
4909:
3548:
3430:
3124:
2645:
2062:
1468:, Jurchen, and Mongol tribes, as well as other Khitans in addition to the Xiao consort clan.
1429:
4587:
7153:
6868:
6731:
6675:
5802:
5648:
2899:
2687:
1900:
249:
8:
7037:
6626:
6561:
6454:
6050:
5705:
4257:
3810:
3266:
2915:
2764:
1852:
1557:
1534:
1307:
1097:
926:
649:
323:
33:
6183:
1234:
241:
Territory of the Qara Khitai ("Western Liao") and main neighbouring polities, circa 1160
5787:
5748:
5738:
4706:
4624:
to be a legitimate Chinese dynasty, whose basic annals follow that of the proper Liao".
4373:
4034:
3987:
3937:
3840:
2655:
1835:
1562:
1192:
940:
910:
718:
344:
81:
5187:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
4833:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
1483:
was a former part of China, while Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh defined China as part of "
7025:
6901:
6090:
5718:
5245:
5224:
5190:
5075:
4919:
4836:
4794:
4741:
4710:
4653:
4591:
4539:
4512:
4485:
4404:
3967:
3780:
3770:
3583:
3343:
3256:
3055:
2823:
2583:
2151:
2131:
1906:
7066:
6807:
6576:
6546:
6504:
6368:
6153:
6148:
6120:
5835:
5723:
5697:
5586:
4698:
4583:
4365:
4252:
4118:
3877:
3790:
3720:
3663:
3216:
2984:
2938:
2920:
2910:
2262:
1820:
1812:
1614:
1545:
1524:
1508:
1453:
1374:
1332:
1295:
1121:
994:
507:
318:
139:
6928:
7096:
7090:
6897:
6890:
6880:
6590:
6399:
6205:
6100:
5654:
5571:
5239:
4240:
3957:
3947:
3740:
3603:
3021:
2963:
2952:
2805:
1599:
1553:
1423:
1398:
1378:
1370:
1254:
as a vassal of the Mongols, but ceased to exist as an entity during the reign of
1251:
935:
879:
303:
6231:
5841:
5394:
5388:
1734:
1709:
1566:
1169:
1165:
441:
428:
7084:
6983:
6609:
6585:
6536:
6486:
6384:
6236:
6143:
5974:
5797:
5770:
5259:
5105:
4481:
The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna
4351:
4347:
4207:
4014:
3927:
3907:
3800:
3363:
3316:
2948:
2905:
2164:
2081:
1117:
1081:
1002:
964:
859:
309:
128:
4687:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"
1373:
were the primary languages of administration, the empire also administered in
1148:
32:
This article is about the Khitan-ruled state. For the Turkic-ruled state, see
7147:
7102:
6995:
6977:
6917:
6751:
6703:
6571:
6566:
6509:
6379:
6373:
6313:
6290:
6226:
6168:
5939:
5929:
5898:
5888:
5820:
5812:
5775:
5743:
5614:
5576:
5142:
Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome
4408:
4262:
4225:
3917:
3867:
3820:
3643:
3306:
3286:
3246:
2968:
2930:
1954:
1921:
1243:
1125:
1020:
990:
956:
930:
832:
792:
704:
691:
663:
562:
272:
172:
119:
110:
6446:
5383:
5372:
4369:
1684:
1628:
1515:, is considered pejorative by the Chinese authorities, who tried to ban it.
1461:
1325:
administration and imperial trappings. The empire also adopted the title of
1161:
1076:, who led nomadic Khitans west by way of Mongolia after the collapse of the
1073:
851:
847:
to a large extent, especially among the elites consisting of Liao refugees.
480:
416:
391:
6907:
6873:
6708:
6690:
6347:
6341:
6280:
6178:
6035:
5959:
5593:
5534:
5377:
5299:
5291:
5182:
5119:
5101:
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4230:
4220:
4193:
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3897:
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2529:
2505:
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2423:
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2024:
2001:
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1549:
1472:
1445:
1434:
1418:
1394:
1366:
1354:
1322:
1255:
1219:
1175:
During this period the empire contracted in the northeast when in 1175 the
1157:
1089:
1077:
1037:
971:
952:
844:
840:
824:
635:
494:
403:
280:
269:
5619:
5156:
4702:
4352:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
7072:
6352:
6275:
5878:
4815:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States
4247:
3887:
3633:
2944:
2436:
2307:
2141:
2109:
2096:
1930:
1593:
1480:
1449:
1263:
1247:
1129:
467:
183:
161:
5238:
Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael, eds. (2006).
5088:
1035:
Chinese portrayal of a "Black Khitan" (黑契丹), i.e. Kara-Khitan man, from
6912:
6814:
6713:
6477:
6404:
6357:
5848:
5641:
5598:
4377:
4235:
3673:
2833:
2790:
2188:
1977:
1283:
906:
902:
894:
890:
885:
The territories of the Qara Khitai corresponded to parts of modern-day
836:
5503:
1191:
to the throne. Late in the period it expanded far to the south as the
6105:
6060:
5994:
4391:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).
2973:
1488:
1484:
1279:
1259:
1135:
Yelü Dashi had originally hoped to recapture northern China from the
1109:
1093:
855:
524:
290:
5107:
4686:
1128:
on 9 September 1141, which allowed the Khitans to gain control over
1029:
1013:
7078:
7019:
7007:
7001:
6318:
6295:
6045:
6019:
5989:
5984:
5964:
5954:
5666:
5241:
Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary
3044:
2958:
2848:
1402:
1350:
1303:
1287:
1184:
1180:
922:
898:
339:
5106:
Vladimir A. Belyaev; A.A. Mospanov; S.V. Sidorovich (March 2020).
1397:
centuries after the collapse of the Qara Khitai. This 1610 map by
6885:
6556:
6499:
6494:
6362:
6305:
6285:
6270:
6257:
6251:
6246:
6220:
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1101:
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871:
867:
538:
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453:
354:
212:
92:
72:
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854:(Emperor Dezong), who led the remnants of the Liao dynasty from
828:
6409:
6389:
6263:
6215:
6210:
6197:
6158:
6014:
6004:
5949:
5944:
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2795:
1653:
1504:
1465:
1342:
1105:
998:
960:
766:
677:
4627:
1731:
Mozhu (末主 Mòzhǔ "Last Lord") or Modi (末帝 Mòdì "Last Emperor")
1202:
7043:
7013:
6971:
6819:
6415:
6324:
6241:
6173:
6055:
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4989:
4024:
3172:
1457:
918:
886:
203:
5068:
James A. Millward; Peter C. Perdue (2004). S.F.Starr (ed.).
1393:
European maps showed the land of "Kara-Kithay" somewhere in
6541:
6128:
5911:
4765:
3190:
3163:
1706:
Empress Dowager Chengtian (承天太后 Chéngtiān Tàihòu) (regent)
1270:. Today a Khitay tribe still lives in northern Kyrgyzstan.
1223:
4437:
1164:, ruled from 1150 to 1163, to be succeeded by his sister,
1112:. The Khitans defeated the Western Kara-Khanid Khanate at
866:
conquest of northern China. The empire was usurped by the
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
878:
in 1218. Some remnants of the Qara Khitai would form the
5155:
Belyaev (别利亚耶夫), V.A.; Sidorovich (西多罗维奇), S.V. (2022).
5139:
4753:
4666:
5049:
4870:
1696:
Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) or Xuxing (Xùxīng 續興) 1150–1164
5037:
4813:
Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in
4309:
1314:
also became vassals, before usurping the empire under
1116:
in 1137, eventually leading to their control over the
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
1625:
Emperor Tianyou Wulie (天祐武烈皇帝 Tiānyòu Wǔliè Huángdì)
1421:. The history of the Qara Khitai was included in the
5206:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
5025:
5013:
5001:
4887:
4885:
4508:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
4183:
2548:
2470:
2350:
2283:
2213:
2087:
6958:
5237:
4977:
4965:
4858:
4334:
1023:
in the 10th century, forebears of the Kara-Khitans.
4941:"Like a Might Wall: The armies of the Qara Khitai"
4552:
4290:
1160:(1143-1150) became regent for their son. The son,
561:• All former territories fully absorbed into
7145:
5289:
4390:
1617:(年號 niánhào) and their according range of years
1353:and traditional Khitan religion, which included
1068:Khitan tomb mural, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia.
939:, considered the Qara Khitai to be a legitimate
6119:
4433:. International Collectors Library. p. 53.
4639:
1464:along with other people of Kedun, such as the
1059:
372:
7209:States and territories disestablished in 1218
6944:
6476:
6462:
5682:
5519:
5275:
5216:
4771:
4633:
4580:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
4443:
4393:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
4165:
3515:
3091:
3040:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
2731:
46:
5217:Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2017).
4901:
4830:
4473:
4471:
1575:
1471:Qara Khitai's rule over the Muslim-majority
1433:), which was compiled officially during the
4731:"Chapter 11 – The Kitan and the Kara Kitay"
4645:
4454:
4452:
1203:Kuchlug's usurpation and end of the Khanate
786:
593:1,500,000 km (580,000 sq mi)
585:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi)
29:Historical sinicized empire in Central Asia
7204:States and territories established in 1124
6951:
6937:
6469:
6455:
5689:
5675:
5526:
5512:
5282:
5268:
4932:
4911:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
4835:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
4782:
4780:
4736:, in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),
4525:
4498:
4172:
4158:
3522:
3508:
3098:
3084:
2738:
2724:
1746:Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī or Tiānxǐ 天喜) 1178–1218
1242:The Qara Khitais became absorbed into the
1143:
1072:The Qara Khitai empire was established by
4740:, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing,
4724:
4722:
4720:
4511:. Rutgers University Press. p. 166.
4468:
4384:
4346:
1652:Empress Gantian (感天皇后 Gǎntiān Huánghòu) (
1588:Sovereigns of Qara Khitai (Western Liao)
1384:
1124:against the Western Kara-Khanids and the
5203:
4907:
4855:Biran, pp. 48–80 for the complex details
4738:History of Civilisations of Central Asia
4531:
4504:
4464:(in Chinese (China)). 1986. p. 131.
4449:
4322:
1528:
1388:
1306:, and the Western, Eastern, and Fergana
1278:The Khitans ruled from their capital at
1233:
1147:
1063:
7032:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
5533:
4777:
1331:(universal Khan). The Khitans used the
858:to Central Asia after fleeing from the
506:• Yelü Dashi adopts the titles of
14:
7146:
4717:
4477:
1640:Yanqing (延慶 Yánqìng) 1124 or 1125–1134
221:
159:
148:
137:
6932:
6450:
5670:
5507:
5263:
5181:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4948:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
4938:
4891:
4876:
4864:
4786:
4759:
4728:
4672:
4652:. Taylor & Francis. p. 133.
4613:
4588:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.59
4570:
4558:
4303:
1631:(耶律大石 Yēlǜ Dàshí or 耶律達實 Yēlǜ Dáshí)
1238:Khitan hairstyles per Chinese sources
1187:involving non-payment of tribute and
210:
201:
192:
181:
170:
117:
108:
99:
70:
5696:
5071:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Boarderland
4684:
4428:
3016:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
1582:List of emperors of the Liao dynasty
126:
90:
79:
7164:Former countries in Chinese history
6990:Protectorate of the Western Regions
6863:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
6632:Protectorate of the Western Regions
4484:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 57.
3354:Governor-Generalship of the Steppes
1580:For a more comprehensive list, see
1511:speakers within China, such as the
1084:, once vassals of the Khitans, had
551:• Kuchlug executed by Mongols
24:
1213:Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
823:), was a dynastic regime based in
25:
7225:
4535:Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
4397:Journal of World-Systems Research
4335:Pozzi, Janhunen & Weiers 2006
3488:Outline of Kazak military history
3051:Production and Construction Corps
1715:"Western Liao" + posthumous name
1671:Xianqing (咸清 Xiánqīng) 1144–1150
1665:"Western Liao" + posthumous name
1273:
7132:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
6599:
4790:Chinggis Khan: Selected Readings
4431:Genghis Khan: Emperor of All Men
4200:
4186:
3558:
3134:
3045:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
2886:Medieval and early modern period
2774:
1819:
1028:
1012:
723:
709:
684:
670:
656:
642:
628:
248:
65:
6974:(5th century BC–5th century AD)
6959:Historical polities in Xinjiang
5148:
5133:
5061:
4849:
4824:
4807:
4678:
4564:
4357:International Studies Quarterly
3065:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1721:Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164–1178
1642:Kangguo (康國 Kāngguó) 1134–1144
1495:were considered part of China.
1156:When Yelü Dashi died his wife,
7199:1218 disestablishments in Asia
4571:Biran, Michal (30 June 2020).
4422:
4340:
4072:Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast
2678:Science and technology history
1565:) during the reign of Emperor
1195:until it was conquered by the
843:, Western Liao was culturally
819:
814:
805:
800:
781:
771:
762:
754:
47:
13:
1:
5459:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4278:
4268:History of the central steppe
3493:Bibliography of Kazak history
2048:
2007:
1983:
1960:
1936:
1877:
1690:"Western Liao" + temple name
1544:In Autumn of the year 2019 a
255:
7194:1120s establishments in Asia
5244:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4691:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
4283:
1229:
7:
5074:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 43.
4908:Millward, James A. (2007).
4646:Schouenborg, Laust (2016).
3032:2nd East Turkestan Republic
3027:1st East Turkestan Republic
1795:
1539:Chinese-style official seal
1448:, various dynasties of non-
1060:Founding of the Qara Khitai
850:The dynasty was founded by
523:• Yelü Dashi captures
10:
7230:
6732:against Northwest khanates
5174:
4819:Cambridge University Press
4685:Chen, Yuan Julian (2014).
1579:
1552:that was located near the
1522:
1206:
1179:east of the Altai and the
1052:
1048:
950:
795:'), also known as the
31:
7112:
7059:
6964:
6854:
6793:
6760:
6722:
6689:
6647:
6617:
6608:
6597:
6485:
6428:
6334:
6304:
6196:
6076:
6069:
5920:
5811:
5704:
5632:Memorial for Yelü Yanning
5607:
5542:
5408:
5389:Empress Dowager Chengtian
5363:
5354:
5298:
5223:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
5220:The Coming of the Mongols
4916:Columbia University Press
4793:. Oneworld Publications.
4772:Morgan & Stewart 2017
4634:Morgan & Stewart 2017
4444:Morgan & Stewart 2017
3061:Xinjiang internment camps
2552:
2474:
2354:
2287:
2217:
2091:
1776:
1576:Sovereigns of Qara Khitai
1498:
1417:, as is the case for the
776:
607:
597:
589:
581:
576:
572:
559:
549:
535:
521:
504:
491:
477:
473:
463:
459:
447:
435:
429:Empress Dowager Chengtian
422:
410:
397:
385:
381:
371:
363:
353:
332:
296:
286:
265:
247:
60:
55:
41:
7120:Xinjiang under Qing rule
6525:Western Turkic Khaganate
6520:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5637:Administrative divisions
5210:Rutgers University Press
4998:, pp. 102, 196–201.
4532:Komaroff, Linda (2006).
4460:
4273:
3751:Western Turkic Khaganate
2869:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
2864:Western Turkic Khaganate
1546:Chinese type bronze seal
1518:
946:
527:and establishes capital
6530:Second Turkic Khaganate
5204:Grousset, Rene (1991).
4787:Biran, Michael (2001).
4505:Grousset, René (1970).
4478:Sicker, Martin (2000).
4370:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
2874:Second Turkic Khaganate
1369:. Although Chinese and
1222:dispatched his general
1144:Yelü Dashi's successors
1055:Timeline of the Khitans
1003:European name for China
483:proclaims himself king
7169:History of the Khitans
6515:First Turkic Khaganate
5112:Numismatique Asiatique
4939:Biran, Michal (2001).
4216:History of the Khitans
4110:Independent Kyrgyzstan
3614:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3404:Republic of Kazakhstan
2859:First Turkic Khaganate
1548:was discovered near a
1541:
1444:After the fall of the
1411:Chinese historiography
1406:
1385:Association with China
1239:
1153:
1069:
880:Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty
7189:13th century in China
7184:12th century in China
6657:against Western Turks
4831:Michal Biran (2005).
4703:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
4538:. Brill. p. 77.
4429:Lamb, Harold (1927).
4139:3rd Kyrgyz Revolution
4129:2nd Kyrgyz Revolution
4119:1st Kyrgyz Revolution
2543:(mainland, 1912–1949)
1737:(耶律直魯古 Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ)
1712:(耶律普速完 Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán)
1676:Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)
1532:
1523:Further information:
1487:", and the cities of
1430:Twenty-Four Histories
1392:
1237:
1151:
1067:
297:Common languages
7179:13th century in Asia
7174:12th century in Asia
6869:Greater Central Asia
5642:Shangjing Linhuangfu
4961:on 10 December 2015.
4954:: 46. Archived from
3859:Early modern history
1662:(蕭塔不煙 Xiāo Tǎbùyān)
1310:. The late-arriving
7038:Kara-Khanid Khanate
4762:, pp. 215–217.
4675:, pp. 216–217.
4258:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3811:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3335:Post-nomadic period
2959:Ming ruled Kara Del
2916:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1622:Dezong (德宗 Dézōng)
1589:
1558:Khitan large script
1535:Khitan large script
1401:places it north of
1098:Kara-Khanid Khanate
927:Kara-Khanid Khanate
759:traditional Chinese
650:Kara-Khanid Khanate
34:Kara-Khanid Khanate
7159:Dynasties of China
6432:Donghu and Xianbei
5788:Mongolian nobility
5739:Slab Grave culture
5157:"天喜元宝"辨—记新发现的西辽钱币"
5058:, pp. 99–101.
4879:, pp. 93–131.
4729:Sinor, D. (1998),
4350:(September 1997).
4035:Turkestan Autonomy
3988:Emirate of Bukhara
3938:Khanate of Bukhara
3841:Khwarazmian Empire
2892:Tang Protectorates
2558:
2368:Five Dynasties and
2360:
2295:Southern dynasties
2223:
2122:Chu–Han Contention
2114:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
1687:(耶律夷列 Yēlǜ Yíliè)
1587:
1563:Gregorian calendar
1542:
1407:
1240:
1193:Khwarezmian Empire
1154:
1070:
911:Anushtegin dynasty
882:in southern Iran.
839:of the Khitan-led
809:), officially the
751:simplified Chinese
719:Khwarazmian Empire
345:Church of the East
7141:
7140:
7026:Kingdom of Khotan
6965:Pre-Mongol Empire
6926:
6925:
6902:Chinese Turkestan
6850:
6849:
6671:Mongolian Plateau
6444:
6443:
6424:
6423:
6192:
6191:
5719:Mongolian Plateau
5664:
5663:
5550:Goryeo–Khitan War
5501:
5500:
5251:978-3-447-05378-5
5046:, pp. 98–99.
4925:978-0-231-13924-3
4747:978-92-3-103467-1
4636:, pp. 56–57.
4597:978-0-19-027772-7
4573:"The Qara Khitai"
4182:
4181:
4147:
4146:
4100:
4099:
4043:
4042:
4006:Russian Vassalage
3996:
3995:
3968:Khanate of Kokand
3849:
3848:
3781:Abbasid Caliphate
3771:Umayyad Caliphate
3731:Göktürk Khaganate
3702:
3701:
3594:Macedonian Empire
3584:Achaemenid Empire
3532:
3531:
3456:Eastern Orthodoxy
3415:
3414:
3344:Russian Turkestan
3325:
3324:
3227:Turkic (Göktürks)
3198:
3197:
3108:
3107:
3056:Xinjiang conflict
2824:Kingdom of Khotan
2748:
2747:
2705:Transport history
2631:Education history
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2584:Republic of China
2566:People's Republic
2539:Republic of China
2518:
2517:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2347:
2346:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2211:
2210:
2044:Spring and Autumn
1907:Liao civilization
1793:
1792:
1537:inscription on a
789:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
697:
696:
449:• 1211–1218
437:• 1178–1211
424:• 1164–1178
412:• 1150–1164
399:• 1144–1150
387:• 1124–1143
314:
16:(Redirected from
7221:
7067:Chagatai Khanate
6953:
6946:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6615:
6614:
6603:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6121:Southern Mongols
6117:
6116:
6074:
6073:
5724:Mongol heartland
5698:Mongolic peoples
5691:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5667:
5587:Battle of Qatwan
5528:
5521:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5358:
5290:Emperors of the
5284:
5277:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5234:
5213:
5200:
5168:
5167:
5161:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5103:
5086:
5085:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4945:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4918:. pp. 42–.
4905:
4899:
4889:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4828:
4822:
4821:, 1994), p. 153.
4811:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4735:
4726:
4715:
4714:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4577:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4307:
4301:
4253:Chagatai Khanate
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4115:
4114:
4058:
4057:
4011:
4010:
3878:Chagatai Khanate
3864:
3863:
3791:Uyghur Khaganate
3721:Kyrgyz Khaganate
3717:
3716:
3712:Medieval history
3664:Rouran Khaganate
3580:
3579:
3562:
3552:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3411:
3340:
3339:
3213:
3212:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3128:
3110:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3086:
2985:Dzungar genocide
2939:Chagatai Khanate
2921:Kingdom of Qocho
2911:Uyghur Khaganate
2812:Han Protectorate
2778:
2768:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2668:Military history
2626:Economic history
2614:Related articles
2591:
2573:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2410:
2400:
2388:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2336:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2268:
2263:Sixteen Kingdoms
2246:
2236:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2170:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2136:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
2127:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1823:
1813:History of China
1800:
1799:
1611:Period of Reign
1600:Posthumous names
1590:
1586:
1525:Seal (East Asia)
1333:Chinese calendar
1296:Kingdom of Qocho
1152:Khitan horseman.
1122:Battle of Qatwan
1032:
1016:
821:
816:
807:
802:
790:
787:
783:
778:
775:or Chinese:
773:
764:
756:
727:
726:
713:
712:
701:
700:
688:
687:
674:
673:
660:
659:
646:
645:
632:
631:
625:
624:
609:
608:
315:
313:(administrative)
312:
260:
257:
252:
233:
231:
226:
219:
217:
208:
206:
199:
197:
190:
188:
179:
177:
168:
166:
157:
155:
146:
144:
135:
133:
124:
122:
115:
113:
106:
104:
97:
95:
88:
86:
77:
75:
69:
50:
49:
39:
38:
21:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7108:
7097:Dzungar Khanate
7091:Yarkent Khanate
7055:
7022:(?–9th century)
6980:(200 BC-709 AD)
6960:
6957:
6927:
6922:
6898:Western Regions
6891:Chinese Tartary
6881:Eurasian nomads
6846:
6803:against Dzungar
6789:
6770:against Mongols
6756:
6718:
6685:
6643:
6627:against Xiongnu
6610:Chinese empires
6604:
6595:
6487:Nomadic empires
6481:
6475:
6445:
6440:
6438:
6420:
6400:Sichuan Mongols
6330:
6300:
6206:Altai Uriankhai
6188:
6115:
6065:
5922:Medieval tribes
5916:
5807:
5793:Writing systems
5761:Medieval tribes
5700:
5695:
5665:
5660:
5655:History of Liao
5603:
5572:Chanyuan Treaty
5560:Second conflict
5538:
5532:
5502:
5497:
5404:
5378:Empress Gantian
5359:
5356:
5352:
5294:
5288:
5258:
5252:
5231:
5197:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5104:
5089:
5082:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5022:, pp. 27–.
5018:
5014:
5010:, pp. 96–.
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4906:
4902:
4890:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4829:
4825:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4733:
4727:
4718:
4697:(44): 325–364.
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4389:
4385:
4348:Taagepera, Rein
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4310:
4302:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4241:Qutlugh-Khanids
4206:
4201:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4149:
4148:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3958:Dzungar Khanate
3948:Yarkent Khanate
3861:
3851:
3850:
3741:Sasanian Empire
3714:
3704:
3703:
3604:Seleucid Empire
3577:
3550:
3543:
3528:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3148:
3126:
3119:
3104:
3075:
3074:
3022:Xinjiang clique
3011:
3003:
3002:
2995:Qing reconquest
2964:Dzungar Khanate
2887:
2879:
2878:
2816:Chief Officials
2806:Western Regions
2786:
2766:
2759:
2744:
2715:
2714:
2710:Women's history
2616:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2028:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1968: 1046 BCE
1967:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1944: 1600 BCE
1943:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1885: 2000 BCE
1884:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1798:
1785:
1780:
1767:use birth name
1740:use birth name
1641:
1634:use birth name
1585:
1578:
1554:Ustyurt Plateau
1527:
1521:
1501:
1454:Chinese emperor
1424:History of Liao
1415:Chinese dynasty
1399:Jodocus Hondius
1387:
1276:
1232:
1215:
1207:Main articles:
1205:
1189:rival claimants
1146:
1120:. They won the
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1017:
967:
949:
941:Chinese dynasty
936:History of Liao
876:Mongol conquest
724:
710:
685:
671:
657:
643:
629:
565:
552:
542:
528:
514:
497:
493:• Fall of
484:
450:
438:
425:
417:Emperor Renzong
413:
404:Empress Gantian
400:
388:
349:
328:
308:
261:
258:
243:
242:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
222:
220:
213:
211:
209:
204:
202:
200:
195:
193:
191:
186:
184:
182:
180:
175:
173:
171:
169:
164:
162:
160:
158:
153:
151:
149:
147:
142:
140:
138:
136:
131:
129:
127:
125:
120:
118:
116:
111:
109:
107:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
78:
73:
71:
51:
44:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7227:
7217:
7216:
7214:Former empires
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7129:
7126:Xinjiang (ROC)
7123:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7085:Turpan Khanate
7082:
7076:
7070:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6984:Loulan Kingdom
6981:
6975:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6933:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6858:
6856:
6855:Related topics
6852:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6799:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6775:against Turpan
6772:
6766:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6637:Chief Official
6629:
6623:
6621:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6569:
6564:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:history series
6474:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6442:
6441:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6255:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6144:Eastern Dorbet
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5798:Soyombo symbol
5795:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5771:Nomadic empire
5768:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5754:Proto-Mongolic
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:Third conflict
5562:
5557:
5555:First conflict
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5235:
5229:
5214:
5201:
5196:978-0521842266
5195:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5147:
5132:
5087:
5080:
5060:
5048:
5036:
5034:, p. 146.
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4964:
4931:
4924:
4900:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4848:
4841:
4823:
4806:
4799:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4746:
4716:
4677:
4665:
4658:
4638:
4626:
4606:
4596:
4563:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4517:
4497:
4490:
4467:
4448:
4436:
4421:
4383:
4339:
4337:, p. 114.
4327:
4325:, p. 165.
4308:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4212:
4211:
4208:History portal
4197:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:Turkestan ASSR
4056:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:Russian Empire
4009:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:Kazakh Khanate
3924:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:Timurid Empire
3904:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:Tibetan Empire
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:Alash Autonomy
3360:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:Kazakh Khanate
3313:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:Kangju Kingdom
3178:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2942:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Tibetan Empire
2903:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:Ancient period
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Jewish history
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2572:(1949–present)
2561:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2172:
2171:
2165:Three Kingdoms
2159:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:Warring States
2060:
2056: 476 BCE
2031:
2029:(1046–771 BCE)
2020:
2019:
2015: 256 BCE
1996:
1995:
1973:
1972:
1949:
1948:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1889:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:Historiography
1838:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:(屈出律 Qūchūlǜ)
1759:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:Not applicable
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1648:Not applicable
1644:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1577:
1574:
1520:
1517:
1500:
1497:
1386:
1383:
1275:
1274:Administration
1272:
1250:, survived in
1231:
1228:
1204:
1201:
1145:
1142:
1118:Fergana Valley
1061:
1058:
1050:
1047:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
965:Names of China
948:
945:
817:; pinyin:
813:(Chinese:
803:; pinyin:
799:(Chinese:
779:; pinyin:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
721:
715:
714:
707:
698:
695:
694:
689:
681:
680:
675:
667:
666:
661:
653:
652:
647:
639:
638:
633:
621:
620:
615:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
579:
578:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
543:
536:
533:
532:
529:
522:
519:
518:
515:
505:
502:
501:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
464:Historical era
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
448:
445:
444:
439:
436:
433:
432:
426:
423:
420:
419:
414:
411:
408:
407:
401:
398:
395:
394:
392:Emperor Dezong
389:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
348:
347:
342:
336:
334:
330:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
310:Middle Chinese
306:
300:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
267:
263:
262:
253:
245:
244:
240:
239:
103:KIMEK-KIPCHAKS
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
42:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7226:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7103:Kumul Khanate
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6996:Jushi Kingdom
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6978:Shule Kingdom
6976:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6919:
6918:Greater China
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6752:Northern Yuan
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6704:Northern Liao
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:against Tibet
6664:
6662:
6661:Eastern Turks
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:Mongol Empire
6570:
6568:
6567:Khamag Mongol
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6394:Yunnan Mongol
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Upper Mongols
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6070:Ethnic groups
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:Khamag Mongol
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5813:Proto-Mongols
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:Mongol Empire
5774:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:Ordos culture
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:Khitan people
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Northern Liao
5575:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5278:
5273:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5230:9781786733832
5226:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5183:Biran, Michal
5180:
5179:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5136:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5081:9781317451372
5077:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4986:, p. 97.
4985:
4980:
4974:, p. 34.
4973:
4968:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4904:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4878:
4873:
4867:, p. 87.
4866:
4861:
4852:
4844:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4802:
4800:9781780742045
4796:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4781:
4774:, p. 56.
4773:
4768:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4661:
4659:9781315409887
4655:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4545:9789047418573
4541:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4518:9780813513041
4514:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4491:9780275968922
4487:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4463:
4461:中国历史大辞典：辽夏金元史
4455:
4453:
4446:, p. 57.
4445:
4440:
4432:
4425:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4323:Grousset 1991
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4306:, p. 94.
4305:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Proto-Mongols
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Northern Liao
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4198:
4195:
4184:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:Uzbek Khanate
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:Mongol Empire
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:Seljuk Empire
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:Kushan Empire
3642:
3641:
3638:101 BC–185 AD
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:Early history
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:Uzbek Khanate
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:Mongol Empire
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:Modern period
3007:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Dungan Revolt
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Kumul Khanate
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:Mongol Empire
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Western Liang
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Naval history
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:Music history
2654:
2652:
2651:Media history
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Legal history
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2590:1949–present)
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2405:Southern Song
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:Northern Song
2392:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:(206–202 BCE)
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:(221–207 BCE)
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:(475–221 BCE)
2064:
2061:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:(771–256 BCE)
2037:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:did not exist
1755:
1753:
1752:did not exist
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:did not exist
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:did not exist
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:(廟號 miàohào)
1595:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1341:(Turkic) and
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Mongol Empire
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:Seljuk Empire
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:five elements
983:
980:
979:Black Khitans
975:
973:
966:
962:
958:
957:Khitan people
954:
944:
942:
938:
937:
932:
931:vassal states
928:
924:
921:kingdom, the
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Khitan people
830:
827:ruled by the
826:
822:
812:
808:
798:
794:
784:
774:
768:
760:
752:
748:
744:
722:
720:
717:
716:
708:
706:
705:Mongol Empire
703:
702:
699:
693:
692:Seljuk Empire
690:
683:
682:
679:
676:
669:
668:
665:
664:Qocho Kingdom
662:
655:
654:
651:
648:
641:
640:
637:
634:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
564:
563:Mongol Empire
558:
554:
548:
544:
541:usurps power
540:
534:
530:
526:
520:
516:
513:
509:
503:
499:
496:
490:
486:
482:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
452:
446:
443:
440:
434:
430:
427:
421:
418:
415:
409:
405:
402:
396:
393:
390:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
335:
331:
325:
322:
320:
317:
311:
307:
305:
302:
301:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
251:
246:
232:
227:
218:
216:
207:
198:
189:
178:
167:
156:
145:
134:
123:
114:
112:SELJUK EMPIRE
105:
96:
87:
76:
68:
59:
54:
40:
35:
27:
19:
7087:(1487-1660?)
7075:(1347–1680s)
7049:
6908:China proper
6874:Central Asia
6861:
6709:Eastern Liao
6699:Western Liao
6698:
6436:Turco-Mongol
6393:
6030:
5781:Turco-Mongol
5766:Modern clans
5653:
5594:Eastern Liao
5582:Western Liao
5581:
5535:Liao dynasty
5447:N. Dynasties
5443:S. Dynasties
5365:Western Liao
5364:
5292:Liao dynasty
5240:
5219:
5205:
5186:
5163:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5123:. Retrieved
5120:Academia.edu
5115:
5111:
5070:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4956:the original
4951:
4947:
4934:
4910:
4903:
4872:
4860:
4851:
4832:
4826:
4817:(Cambridge:
4814:
4809:
4789:
4767:
4755:
4737:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4668:
4648:
4641:
4629:
4621:
4609:
4601:
4579:
4566:
4561:, p. 2.
4554:
4534:
4527:
4507:
4500:
4480:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4414:16 September
4412:. Retrieved
4400:
4396:
4386:
4361:
4355:
4342:
4330:
4231:Eastern Liao
4221:Liao dynasty
4194:China portal
3898:Golden Horde
3830:
3694:Hephthalites
3654:Former Liang
3374:Kirghiz ASSR
3297:Golden Horde
3276:
2925:
2829:Former Liang
2646:LGBT history
2582:
2564:
2537:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2403:
2393:
2381:
2370:Ten Kingdoms
2366:
2319:
2306:
2293:Northern and
2291:
2261:
2239:
2229:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:(220–280 CE)
2163:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2108:
2095:
2035:Eastern Zhou
2033:
2025:Western Zhou
2023:
2000:
1976:
1953:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1870:
1860:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1756:
1751:
1735:Yelü Zhilugu
1726:
1710:Yelü Pusuwan
1701:
1679:
1660:Xiao Tabuyan
1647:
1605:Birth Names
1602:(諡號 shìhào)
1594:Temple names
1571:
1567:Yelü Zhilugu
1550:Caravanserai
1543:
1502:
1473:Central Asia
1470:
1446:Tang dynasty
1443:
1435:Yuan dynasty
1428:
1427:(one of the
1422:
1419:Liao dynasty
1408:
1395:Central Asia
1367:Nestorianism
1359:
1355:fire worship
1347:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1308:Kara-Khanids
1282:(in today's
1277:
1241:
1220:Genghis Khan
1216:
1174:
1170:Yelü Zhilugu
1166:Yelü Pusuwan
1158:Xiao Tabuyan
1155:
1134:
1090:Song dynasty
1078:Liao dynasty
1071:
1038:Sancai Tuhui
1036:
984:
978:
976:
972:Liao dynasty
968:
953:Liao dynasty
934:
884:
849:
841:Liao dynasty
831:clan of the
825:Central Asia
818:
810:
804:
797:Western Liao
796:
780:
770:
746:
742:
740:
636:Liao dynasty
618:Succeeded by
617:
612:
495:Liao dynasty
442:Yelü Zhilugu
281:Central Asia
254:Qara Khitai
214:
194:
26:
18:Kara-Khitans
7154:Qara Khitai
7128:(1912-1992)
7122:(1757-1912)
7105:(1696–1930)
7099:(1634–1758)
7093:(1514–1705)
7081:(1389–1513)
7073:Moghulistan
7069:(1225–1370)
7052:(1124–1218)
7050:Qara Khitai
7004:(77 BC–630)
6992:(60 BC–107)
6681:Tarim Basin
6281:Sart Kalmyk
6031:Qara Khitai
5439:16 Kingdoms
4248:Buraq Hajib
4082:Kyrgyz ASSR
4053:Soviet rule
3888:Moghulistan
3831:Qara Khitai
3684:Later Liang
3549:History of
3384:Kazakh ASSR
3277:Qara Khitai
3267:Kara-Khanid
3125:History of
2945:Moghulistan
2926:Qara Khitai
2839:Later Liang
2765:History of
2693:Discoveries
2688:Cartography
2683:Archaeology
2621:Art history
2510:(1644–1912)
2497:(1368–1644)
2484:(1271–1368)
2454:(1115–1234)
2441:(1038–1227)
2437:Western Xia
2409:(1127–1279)
2241:Eastern Jin
2231:Western Jin
2156:(25–220 CE)
2152:Eastern Han
2132:Western Han
2011: 1046
1991: 1046
1987: 1250
1964: 1600
1940: 2070
1881: 8500
1862:Paleolithic
1853:Prehistoric
1608:Convention
1481:Transoxania
1479:wrote that
1264:Afghanistan
1248:Buraq Hajib
1137:Jin dynasty
1130:Transoxiana
864:Jin dynasty
791:'Black
747:Kara Khitai
743:Qara Khitai
613:Preceded by
468:Middle Ages
359:Kara Khitan
259: 1160
196:QARA KHITAI
7148:Categories
7046:(843–1209)
7040:(840–1212)
6913:Sinosphere
6815:Lifan Yuan
6714:Later Liao
6478:Inner Asia
6430:See also:
6405:Sogwo Arig
5599:Later Liao
5431:3 Kingdoms
5056:Biran 2005
5044:Biran 2005
5032:Biran 2005
5020:Biran 2005
5008:Biran 2005
4996:Biran 2005
4984:Biran 2005
4972:Biran 2005
4894:, p.
4892:Biran 2005
4877:Biran 2005
4865:Biran 2005
4842:0521842263
4760:Biran 2005
4673:Biran 2005
4616:, p.
4614:Biran 2005
4559:Biran 2005
4403:(2): 222.
4364:(3): 497.
4304:Biran 2005
4279:References
4236:Later Liao
4092:Kyrgyz SSR
3978:Qing China
3761:Tang China
3674:Former Qin
3618:250–152 BC
3608:312–189 BC
3598:329–312 BC
3588:542–330 BC
3551:Kyrgyzstan
3441:Healthcare
3394:Kazakh SSR
3301:1240s–1446
3127:Kazakhstan
2834:Former Qin
2791:Tocharians
2698:Inventions
2428:(916–1125)
2399:(960–1127)
2387:(960–1279)
2054: – c.
2052: 770
2013: – c.
1989: – c.
1978:Late Shang
1966: – c.
1942: – c.
1883: – c.
1770:1211–1218
1743:1178–1211
1718:1164–1178
1693:1150–1164
1685:Yelü Yilie
1668:1144–1150
1637:1124–1144
1629:Yelü Dashi
1489:Balāsāghūn
1462:Yelü Dashi
1284:Kyrgyzstan
1162:Yelü Yilie
1074:Yelü Dashi
1053:See also:
951:See also:
925:, and the
907:Uzbekistan
903:Tajikistan
895:Kyrgyzstan
891:Kazakhstan
852:Yelü Dashi
837:rump state
835:. Being a
811:Great Liao
772:Kālā Qìdān
602:cash coins
481:Yelü Dashi
364:Government
355:Demonym(s)
324:Old Uyghur
43:Great Liao
7034:(640-790)
7010:(460-640)
6986:(?–77 BC)
6827:Manchuria
6780:Manchuria
6737:Manchuria
6358:Dongxiang
6106:Khotogoid
6091:Dariganga
6061:Uriankhai
6036:Qara'unas
5995:Khongirad
5749:Languages
5620:Yelü clan
5333:Shengzong
4711:147099574
4409:1076-156X
4284:Citations
4096:1936–1991
4086:1926–1936
4076:1924–1926
4066:1918–1924
4039:1917–1918
4029:1916–1917
4019:1876–1917
3992:1841–1876
3982:1757–1841
3972:1709–1876
3962:1680–1758
3952:1514–1705
3942:1501–1709
3932:1465–1757
3922:1437–1471
3912:1370–1505
3902:1368–1446
3892:1347–1514
3882:1266–1347
3872:1218–1266
3845:1212–1221
3835:1141–1212
3825:1089–1141
3634:Han China
3628:204–53 BC
3436:Geography
3398:1936–1991
3388:1925–1936
3378:1920–1925
3368:1918–1920
3358:1882–1918
3348:1867–1918
3321:1465–1847
3311:1428-1465
3291:1206–1368
3281:1124–1218
2979:Qing rule
2974:Yettishar
2374:(907–979)
2335:(690–705)
2325:(618–907)
2312:(581–618)
2299:(420–589)
2267:(304–439)
2245:(317–420)
2235:(266–316)
2203:(266–420)
2146:(9–23 CE)
1872:Neolithic
1836:Dynasties
1615:Era names
1485:Turkestan
1323:Confucian
1280:Balasagun
1260:Ilkhanate
1230:Aftermath
1110:Beshbalik
1096:from the
1094:Balasagun
1088:with the
856:Manchuria
845:Sinicized
782:Hēi Qìdān
590:1210 est.
582:1130 est.
525:Balasagun
333:Religion
291:Balasagun
270:Sinicized
154:CHALUKYAS
141:GHAZNAVID
56:1124–1218
7079:Kara Del
7028:(?–1006)
7008:Gaochang
7002:Shanshan
6842:Xinjiang
6832:Mongolia
6808:genocide
6742:Mongolia
6577:Chagatai
6510:Göktürks
6319:Hamnigan
6296:Zakhchin
6184:Üzemchin
6154:Khorchin
6149:Kharchin
6046:Taichiud
6020:Olkhonud
5955:Borjigin
5803:Religion
5714:Timeline
5627:Emperors
5608:See also
5391:(regent)
5380:(regent)
5338:Xingzong
5328:Jingzong
5185:(2005).
5166:: 36–38.
4622:Liao Shi
3815:840–1089
3725:539–1207
3567:Timeline
3540:a series
3538:Part of
3451:Buddhism
3446:Religion
3271:840–1212
3261:750–1055
3251:743–1220
3208:Khanates
3116:a series
3114:Part of
2849:Gaochang
2767:Xinjiang
2756:a series
2754:Part of
2661:Timeline
2588:(Taiwan,
2568:of China
2082:Imperial
1831:Timeline
1805:a series
1803:Part of
1796:See also
1493:Kashghar
1403:Tashkent
1351:Buddhism
1338:tayangyu
1304:Kankalis
1288:Khwarezm
1185:Khwarezm
1082:Jurchens
923:Kankalis
899:Mongolia
598:Currency
431:(regent)
406:(regent)
367:Monarchy
340:Buddhism
83:KHWARAZM
7134:(1949-)
7016:(?–789)
6998:(?-460)
6886:Tartary
6676:Beiting
6591:Dzungar
6586:Timurid
6537:Tibetan
6500:Xianbei
6495:Xiongnu
6385:Monguor
6369:Kangjia
6306:Buryats
6286:Torghut
6271:Myangad
6247:Khoshut
6237:Dzungar
6221:Chantuu
6111:Sartuul
6101:Khalkha
6096:Eljigin
6086:Darkhad
6078:Mongols
6000:Manghud
5985:Katagan
5970:Eljigin
5965:Dughlat
5894:Didouyu
5869:Tuyuhun
5859:Kumo Xi
5842:Yujiulü
5826:Xianbei
5706:History
5649:Coinage
5543:History
5400:Kuchlug
5384:Renzong
5348:Tianzuo
5343:Daozong
5318:Shizong
5313:Taizong
5175:Sources
4378:2600793
3805:794–842
3795:791–840
3785:750–875
3775:706–750
3765:657–751
3755:603–657
3745:559–628
3735:557–603
3698:440–560
3688:386–403
3678:383–386
3668:330–555
3658:301–376
3624:Xiongnu
3466:Judaism
3431:Culture
3410:present
3241:665–744
3231:552–745
3221:330–555
3155:Scythia
3146:Ancient
2953:Yarkent
2900:Beiting
2801:Xiongnu
2332:Wu Zhou
1922:Ancient
1901:Yangtze
1762:Kuchlug
1513:Uyghurs
1477:Marwazī
1441:et al.
1439:Toqto'a
1375:Persian
1363:Naimans
1328:Gurkhan
1316:Kuchlug
1312:Naimans
1300:Uyghurs
1298:of the
1292:Karluks
1268:Moldova
1258:of the
1256:Öljaitü
1209:Kuchlug
1197:Mongols
1177:Naimans
1114:Khujand
1102:Kashgar
1049:History
1021:Khitans
991:Uyghurs
915:Karluks
872:Kuchlug
868:Naimans
860:Jurchen
820:Dà Liáo
806:Xī Liáo
539:Kuchlug
537:•
512:Gurkhan
508:Emperor
479:•
454:Kuchlug
373:Emperor
319:Persian
287:Capital
275:-ruled
215:Naimans
185:WESTERN
152:WESTERN
121:GHURIDS
7113:Modern
7060:Mongol
6557:Mongol
6552:Kyrgyz
6547:Uyghur
6505:Rouran
6390:Khatso
6380:Moghol
6374:Mughal
6363:Hazara
6264:Buzava
6262:incl.
6258:Kalmyk
6252:Khoton
6232:Dörbet
6227:Choros
6211:Baatud
6198:Oirats
6164:Naiman
6159:Jaruud
6139:Chahar
6134:Baarin
6010:Naiman
6005:Merkit
5990:Kerait
5980:Jalair
5975:Gorlos
5960:Chonos
5945:Barlas
5935:Baarin
5903:incl.
5899:Khitan
5889:Shiwei
5864:Murong
5840:incl.
5836:Rouran
5831:Wuhuan
5821:Donghu
5734:Rulers
5729:States
5537:topics
5471:W. Xia
5373:Dezong
5323:Muzong
5248:
5227:
5193:
5125:1 June
5078:
4922:
4839:
4797:
4744:
4709:
4656:
4594:
4542:
4515:
4488:
4407:
4376:
3648:30–375
3542:on the
3424:Topics
3237:Karluk
3217:Rouran
3118:on the
2949:Turpan
2854:Rouran
2796:Yuezhi
2758:on the
2530:Modern
2186:, and
1904:, and
1895:Yellow
1807:on the
1654:regent
1509:Turkic
1505:Cathay
1499:Legacy
1379:Uyghur
1371:Khitan
1343:vizier
1302:, the
1294:, the
1290:, the
1252:Kirman
1181:Qangli
1108:, and
1106:Khotan
1086:allied
1080:. The
999:Cathay
963:, and
961:Cathay
913:, the
909:. The
870:under
793:Khitan
769::
767:pinyin
761::
753::
678:Sogdia
377:
304:Khitan
277:empire
273:Khitan
266:Status
176:MONGOL
174:KHAMAG
165:EMPIRE
143:EMPIRE
130:KIEVAN
94:CUMANS
7044:Qocho
7020:Yanqi
7014:Kucha
6972:Wusun
6837:Tibet
6820:Amban
6785:Tibet
6747:Tibet
6562:Tatar
6416:Yugur
6410:Tuvan
6348:Bonan
6342:Aimaq
6335:Other
6325:Soyot
6314:Barga
6242:Khoid
6216:Bayad
6174:Tumed
6169:Ordos
6056:Tumed
6051:Tatar
6041:Sunud
6025:Ongud
6015:Oirat
5950:Bayad
5940:Barga
5874:Tuoba
5854:Yuwen
5415:Shang
5395:Mozhu
5308:Taizu
5160:(PDF)
4959:(PDF)
4944:(PDF)
4734:(PDF)
4707:S2CID
4576:(PDF)
4374:JSTOR
4274:Notes
4025:Urkun
3481:Other
3461:Islam
3408:1991–
3257:Oghuz
3247:Kimek
3173:Wusun
1955:Shang
1519:Seals
1466:Bohai
1458:Islam
1001:", a
995:Kocho
947:Names
929:were
919:Qocho
887:China
862:-led
745:, or
205:QOCHO
85:SHAHS
6795:Qing
6762:Ming
6724:Yuan
6691:Liao
6649:Tang
6542:Zubu
6353:Daur
6276:Olot
6179:Urad
6129:Asud
5912:Zubu
5905:Yelü
5884:Tufa
5879:Qifu
5849:Duan
5487:Qing
5483:Ming
5479:Yuan
5467:Song
5463:Liao
5455:Tang
5419:Zhou
5300:Liao
5246:ISBN
5225:ISBN
5191:ISBN
5164:中国钱币
5127:2021
5076:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4837:ISBN
4795:ISBN
4742:ISBN
4654:ISBN
4592:ISBN
4540:ISBN
4513:ISBN
4486:ISBN
4416:2016
4405:ISSN
4143:2020
4133:2010
4123:2005
3191:Huns
3164:Saka
2935:Yuan
2896:West
2506:Qing
2493:Ming
2480:Yuan
2424:Liao
2383:Song
2321:Tang
2002:Zhou
1993:BCE)
1491:and
1377:and
1224:Jebe
1211:and
1019:The
905:and
829:Yelü
788:lit.
763:喀喇契丹
755:哈剌契丹
741:The
577:Area
568:1220
555:1218
545:1211
531:1134
517:1132
510:and
500:1125
487:1124
163:PALA
132:RUS'
74:1160
6619:Han
5495:PRC
5491:ROC
5475:Jīn
5451:Sui
5435:Jìn
5427:Han
5423:Qin
5411:Xia
4699:doi
4584:doi
4366:doi
2450:Jin
2308:Sui
2199:Jin
2183:Shu
2177:Wei
2142:Xin
2110:Han
2097:Qin
1931:Xia
1450:Han
1437:by
1409:In
1266:to
993:of
777:黑契丹
279:in
187:XIA
7150::
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6434:·
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897:,
893:,
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815:大遼
801:西遼
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256:c.
230:▷
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1982:(
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1876:(
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1041:.
749:(
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