121:
1641:
139:(master), literally "master of the chapel choir", designates the leader of an ensemble of musicians. Originally used to refer to somebody in charge of music in a chapel, the term has evolved considerably in its meaning and is today used for denoting the leader of a musical ensemble, often smaller ones used for TV, radio, and theatres.
257:
and dismissed almost all of the latter's extensive musical establishment. But Prince Anton was hardly alone in doing this; during this same period, "the steady decline in the number of orchestras supported by aristocratic families represented a ... change that affected all composers and their works."
873:
distinction in contemporary usage. He suggests that "Kapellmeister" has unfairly acquired a sense of routine or failure to project glamour: "a
Kapellmeister now describes a pale, meek figure beating time. A policeman on duty at the podium directing the musical traffic, no more." In fact, Thielemann,
153:
often designated the director of music for a monarch or nobleman. For
English speakers, it is this sense of the term that is most often encountered, since it appears frequently in biographical writing about composers who worked in German-speaking countries. During that period, in Italy, the position
824:(conductor). When used today it designates the director or chief conductor of an orchestra or choir. It suggests involvement in orchestra or choir policy (for example, selecting repertoire, concert schedules, and guest conductors) as well as conducting. In military settings it refers to a
223:) had lived long enough to see his son become a Kapellmeister. The term also implied the possession of considerable musical skill. When the 18th-century actor and musician Joachim Daniel Preisler heard the famous soprano
874:
who is fully aware of the historical usage of the term, would himself prefer to be called a "Kapellmeister": "it implies such virtues as knowledge of a work, great ability, and dedication to the cause of music".
122:
296:
In April 1791, Mozart applied to become the
Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's Cathedral and was designated by the City Council to take over this job following the death of the then-ailing incumbent,
1339:
293:. It seems that Mozart's prestige, along with the fact that he frequently appeared in public directing other musicians, led to the use of "Kapellmeister" as a term of respect.
243:
By the end of the 18th century, many of the nobility had declined in their economic power relative to the newly prosperous middle class. Eventually, the maintenance of a
946:
249:
became too expensive for most nobles, which led to a decline in the number of
Kapellmeister positions. A well-known instance occurred in 1790, when Prince
262:(1770–1827) never worked as a Kapellmeister but was supported by a somewhat unreliable combination of noble patronage, publication, and concert income.
158:) largely referred to directors of music assigned to cathedrals and sacred institutions rather than those under royal or aristocratic patronage.
1025:
Haydn himself was retained in an essentially honorary role, but was free to pursue independent plans, his journeys to
England; for details see
877:
The term "Kapellmeister
Tradition" is commonly used to describe these qualities, as exemplified by such historically important conductors as
968:
1016:, p. 324. Preisler's assumption that Weber's skills came from Mozart's training is not specifically supported by modern scholarship.
789:(1786–1826) was Kapellmeister at the Bresault theater (1804–1807) and Kapellmeister at Dresden for Count Heinrich Vitzthum (1816–1826).
1644:
215:
Becoming a
Kapellmeister was a mark of success for professional musicians. For instance, Joseph Haydn once remarked that he was glad
770:
472:
273:
never was a
Kapellmeister in the sense given above. In 1787, he was given a paid position in the court of the Austrian Emperor
632:
316:, to refer to the orchestra or choir, are sometimes encountered in English language works about composers who held the title.
239:
is her brother-in-law and has taught her so well that she accompanies from a score and plays interludes like a
Kapellmeister.
1445:
1407:
1189:
1161:
1118:
1088:
973:
1476:
604:
562:
512:
166:
846:(general music director, usually also the chief conductor). An opera company may have several Kapellmeister, ranked as
690:
201:
1673:
1177:
105:
70:
418:
796:
505:(1683–1729) held the position of Kapellmeister at the electoral Saxon court in Dresden from 1717 until his death.
468:
364:
340:
Equivalent positions existed in other
European countries and were referred to with equivalent names. In Finnish
254:
1668:
1663:
916:
730:
492:
274:
1282:
829:
780:
706:
686:
1026:
258:
This was a difficult time for musicians, who needed to find new ways to support themselves. For instance,
250:
1387:
736:
438:
1240:
618:
190:
1340:"Otmar Suitner: Conductor who was the last surviving product of Germany's 'Kapellmeister' tradition"
783:(1759–1845), grandson of Johann Sebastian, was also Kapellmeister of the Prussian Queen (1805–1811).
1469:
710:
115:
1212:
1565:
1395:
984:
838:. In other German opera houses, the term generally refers to a deputy conductor reporting to the
642:
270:
228:
941:
540:
518:
502:
488:
182:
1153:
1108:
898:
766:
508:
283:(chamber composer), but authority in matters musical at the court was exercised primarily by
162:
1278:
1578:
1429:
1303:
862:
841:
786:
769:(1755–1806) was Kapellmeister of the Prussian Queen (1789) and after 1790 Kapellmeister of
608:
374:
259:
197:
1628:
231:'s sister-in-law) perform in her home, he paid her the following compliment in his diary:
8:
1462:
750:
740:
662:
582:
572:
568:
370:
1206:
628:
1596:
1520:
1371:
534:
524:
478:
404:
186:
161:
A Kapellmeister position was a senior one and involved supervision of other musicians.
414:
300:. This never took place, since Mozart died (December 1791) before Hofmann did (1793).
1441:
1403:
1185:
1157:
1146:
1114:
1084:
903:
675:(1732–1809) had two Kapellmeister positions: first, from (probably) 1757 to 1761 for
521:(1685–1759) served as Kapellmeister from 1710 to 1712 for George, Elector of Hanover.
491:(1681–1767) served as Kapellmeister for 16 years, starting in 1705, for the court of
458:
384:
178:
1110:
The Cello Suites: J. S. Bach, Pablo Casals, and the Search for a Baroque Masterpiece
889:, in the sense that they have "paid their dues" on their way to international fame.
1623:
1611:
1606:
1542:
1383:
356:
88:
82:
29:
1592:
1547:
1417:
1345:
1141:
988:
726:
666:
297:
284:
1304:"The Gewandhausorchester: from town band to institution of international renown"
408:
1527:
1489:
1244:
1076:
1050:
For extensive discussion of the use of "Kapellmeister" to describe Mozart, see
882:
878:
792:
716:
578:
558:
424:
147:
In German-speaking countries during the approximate period 1500–1800, the word
700:
1657:
1587:
1510:
886:
818:
In contemporary German, the term "Kapellmeister" has become less common than
696:
656:
622:
588:
394:
224:
216:
209:
680:
1583:
1454:
911:
676:
672:
448:
287:. In reviews, diaries, and advertising, Mozart was commonly referred to as
205:
170:
1402:. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press.
174:
1437:
1104:
806:
432:
220:
196:
A Kapellmeister might also be the director of music for a church. Thus,
1560:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1485:
825:
802:
774:
760:
550:
1379:
636:
482:
398:
1601:
554:
442:
428:
652:
598:
1537:
719:(1741–1801) was the last Kapellmeister in the Electoral court of
496:
481:(1677–1731), a second cousin of J. S. Bach, was Kapellmeister at
462:
378:
461:(1653–1728) was Kapellmeister from 1688 to 1698 at the court of
978:
744:
544:
452:
388:
347:
325:
specified that the Kapellmeister worked at a nobleman's court (
387:(1517–1580) was Kapellmeister at the court of the Electors of
62:
1616:
1318:
94:
623:
Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Holy Roman Empress
720:
612:
53:
44:
35:
1081:
A history of orchestral conducting: in theory and practice
511:(1685–1750) worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for
1057:
947:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1398:(1963) . "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn".
995:
683:
family. (He was Vice-Kapellmeister from 1761 to 1766.)
373:(c. 1505–1577) was Kapellmeister at the court of the
106:
91:
71:
56:
32:
919:, approximate British equivalent to royal and noble
729:(1750–1825) was Royal and Imperial Kapellmeister to
611:, served as Kapellmeister in the Electoral court of
59:
47:
41:
1032:
571:(1704–1759) was Kapellmeister starting in 1740 for
97:
50:
38:
1390:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1338:
1227:Collins German–English, English–German Dictionary.
1145:
1266:Collins German–English, English–German Dictionary
553:(c. 1700–1773) was Kapellmeister at the court of
365:Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia
1655:
940:
621:(1714–1787) was Kapellmeister starting 1754 for
303:
1420:(2009). "Reception". In David Wyn Jones (ed.).
1336:
581:(1711–1788) was Kapellmeister to the Prince of
451:(1653–1704) was Kapellmeister to the bishop of
173:worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the
1238:
344:is still the primary word used of conductors.
165:worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for
1470:
1184:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 11, et seq.
754:
646:
592:
528:
1484:
853:
847:
839:
833:
832:traditionally holds the old-fashioned title
819:
665:(1731–1798), Kapellmeister of the legendary
348:Composers who held the post of Kapellmeister
332:
326:
320:
288:
278:
244:
148:
134:
128:
20:
1148:Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician
543:(1688–1758) was Kapellmeister from 1722 at
363:1500–1554) was Kapellmeister in Vienna for
204:, where his young choristers included both
177:family, a high-ranking noble family of the
1640:
1477:
1463:
1428:
1394:
1324:
1001:
352:(listed chronologically by date of birth)
1645:List of principal conductors by orchestra
1370:
1204:
1063:
1051:
1013:
607:(Lodewijk) (1712–1773), grandfather of
1656:
1103:
1075:
633:Charles II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
473:Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
337:held a somewhat less senior position.
1458:
1440:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1416:
1176:
1140:
1038:
865:has offered a nuanced account of the
813:
805:(1851–1915) was Kapellmeister at the
709:(1739–1799) was Kapellmeister to the
427:(1587–1653) was Kapellmeister to the
265:
114:
1337:Martin Anderson (19 February 2010).
1241:"Richard Wagner's legacy in Dresden"
1113:. Grove Press. pp. 61, et seq.
759:) in Stockholm at the court of king
185:served as Kapellmeister for George,
142:
13:
1424:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1279:"History – The three Gewandhauses"
1208:Richard Wagner: His Life and Works
397:(1540s–1599) was Kapellmeister at
14:
1685:
1422:Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn
1400:Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits
795:(1813–1883) was Kapellmeister to
739:(1752–1814) was Kapellmeister to
699:(1737–1806) was Kapellmeister at
689:(1736–1809) was Kapellmeister at
471:(died 1746) was Kapellmeister to
441:(1644–1704) was Kapellmeister in
417:(1585–1673) was Kapellmeister to
407:(1571–1621) was Kapellmeister at
1639:
1083:. Pendragon Press. p. 218.
513:Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen
419:John George I, Elector of Saxony
87:
28:
16:Person in charge of music-making
1376:Mozart: A Documentary Biography
1330:
1296:
1271:
1258:
1239:Silke Dartlick (27 June 2013).
1232:
1219:
1198:
1170:
1134:
1097:
797:Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
753:(1756–1792) was Kapellmeister (
691:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
469:Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer
202:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
167:Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen
1306:. Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
1069:
1044:
1019:
1007:
962:
934:
1:
950:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
927:
731:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
493:Erdmann II, Count of Promnitz
360:
304:Similar terms and equivalents
1283:Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
830:Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
828:. The music director of the
781:Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach
707:Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
687:Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
679:, then from 1761 on for the
655:, in Italy: from 1780, with
589:Giacomo Matteo Ignazio Cirri
189:(who eventually became King
7:
892:
290:(Herr) Kapellmeister Mozart
10:
1690:
1364:
1229:2nd edition, pp. 356, 405.
917:Master of the King's Music
737:Johann Friedrich Reichardt
537:in Rome from 1715 to 1719.
439:Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber
1637:
1574:
1556:
1496:
1211:. J. B. Millet. pp.
1205:Jullien, Adolphe (1892).
1152:. W. W. Norton. pp.
1027:Anton I, Prince Esterházy
659:; after his death, alone.
619:Christoph Willibald Gluck
575:(Frederick II of Prussia)
200:was the Kapellmeister at
191:George I of Great Britain
1674:German words and phrases
1396:Griesinger, Georg August
711:Prince-Bishop of Breslau
667:Mannheim court orchestra
401:from 1585 to about 1596.
1566:Conductorless orchestra
985:Oxford University Press
835:Gewandhauskapellmeister
771:Prince Henry of Prussia
756:Ordinarie Capellmästere
643:Giovanni Battista Cirri
585:in the 1750s and 1760s.
455:from 1690 to his death.
116:[kaˈpɛlˌmaɪstɐ]
1268:. 2nd edition, p. 380.
1178:Terry, Charles Sanford
854:
848:
840:
834:
820:
755:
647:
601:, in Italy, from 1759.
593:
541:Johann Friedrich Fasch
529:
519:George Frideric Handel
503:Johann David Heinichen
489:Georg Philipp Telemann
333:
327:
321:
289:
279:
245:
241:
183:George Frideric Handel
149:
135:
129:
21:
1430:Thielemann, Christian
981:UK English Dictionary
899:Cantor (Christianity)
807:Church of Saint-Merri
767:Christian Kalkbrenner
535:St. Peter's Cathedral
509:Johann Sebastian Bach
475:, from at least 1695.
391:in Dresden from 1568.
253:succeeded his father
233:
163:Johann Sebastian Bach
1669:German music history
1664:Occupations in music
863:Christian Thielemann
855:Zweite Kapellmeister
842:Generalmusikdirektor
787:Carl Maria von Weber
651:in the cathedral of
609:Ludwig van Beethoven
605:Ludwig van Beethoven
597:in the Cathedral of
260:Ludwig van Beethoven
1434:My Life with Wagner
1372:Deutsch, Otto Erich
1327:, pp. 102–105.
1264:Peter Terrell, ed.
1225:Peter Terrell, ed.
1066:, pp. 393–395.
849:Erste Kapellmeister
751:Joseph Martin Kraus
741:Frederick the Great
663:Christian Cannabich
648:maestro di cappella
631:(1714–1774) served
594:maestro di cappella
583:Saxe-Hildburghausen
573:Frederick the Great
569:Carl Heinrich Graun
530:maestro di cappella
371:Mattheus Le Maistre
1107:(4 January 2011).
1077:Galkin, Elliott W.
1054:, pp. 306–307
858:(Second...), etc.
814:Contemporary usage
799:from 1843 to 1849.
733:from 1788 to 1824.
723:from 1774 to 1794.
713:from 1770 to 1795.
703:from 1760 to 1761.
639:from 1753 to 1768.
563:Charles III Philip
525:Domenico Scarlatti
479:Johann Ludwig Bach
405:Michael Praetorius
381:from 1554 to 1568.
375:Electors of Saxony
367:from 1527 to 1545.
308:Variant spellings
266:The case of Mozart
187:Elector of Hanover
156:maestro di capella
1651:
1650:
1447:978-1-780-22837-2
1409:978-0-299-02794-0
1325:Thielemann (2015)
1191:978-0-7661-4677-8
1182:Bach: A Biography
1163:978-0-393-32256-9
1120:978-0-8021-4524-6
1090:978-0-918728-47-0
1002:Griesinger (1963)
991:on 10 March 2021.
904:Collegium Musicum
809:in Paris, France.
459:Agostino Steffani
385:Antonio Scandello
280:Kammercompositeur
179:Habsburg monarchy
1681:
1643:
1642:
1629:Women conductors
1624:Black conductors
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1436:. Translated by
1425:
1418:Jones, David Wyn
1413:
1391:
1384:Peter Branscombe
1378:. Translated by
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1142:Wolff, Christoph
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
992:
987:. Archived from
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
938:
857:
851:
845:
837:
823:
758:
650:
645:(1724–1808) was
629:Niccolò Jommelli
596:
591:(1711–1787) was
532:
527:(1685–1757) was
362:
357:Arnold von Bruck
336:
330:
324:
322:Hofkapellmeister
292:
282:
248:
152:
143:Historical usage
138:
132:
126:
125:
124:
118:
113:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
86:
75:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
34:
24:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1633:
1570:
1552:
1492:
1483:
1448:
1410:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1346:The Independent
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
974:"kapellmeister"
972:
969:"kapellmeister"
967:
963:
953:
951:
942:"Kapellmeister"
939:
935:
930:
895:
816:
727:Antonio Salieri
415:Heinrich Schütz
350:
306:
298:Leopold Hofmann
285:Antonio Salieri
268:
251:Anton Esterházy
235:The well-known
145:
127:), from German
120:
119:
111:
90:
81:
80:
73:
31:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1392:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1329:
1317:
1295:
1270:
1257:
1245:Deutsche Welle
1231:
1218:
1197:
1190:
1180:(April 2003).
1169:
1162:
1133:
1119:
1096:
1089:
1068:
1064:Deutsch (1965)
1056:
1052:Deutsch (1965)
1043:
1041:, p. 324.
1031:
1018:
1014:Deutsch (1965)
1006:
994:
961:
932:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:Kapellmeisters
914:
909:
906:
901:
894:
891:
883:Clemens Krauss
879:Otto Klemperer
861:The conductor
815:
812:
811:
810:
800:
793:Richard Wagner
790:
784:
778:
764:
748:
734:
724:
717:Andrea Luchesi
714:
704:
694:
684:
670:
660:
640:
626:
616:
602:
586:
579:Giuseppe Bonno
576:
566:
548:
538:
522:
516:
506:
500:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
436:
425:Samuel Scheidt
422:
412:
402:
392:
382:
368:
349:
346:
342:kapellimestari
334:Konzertmeister
305:
302:
267:
264:
144:
141:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1686:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Kapellmeister
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Concertmaster
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
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1401:
1397:
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1348:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1326:
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1053:
1047:
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1015:
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1004:, p. 16.
1003:
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986:
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975:
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965:
949:
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933:
922:
918:
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907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
890:
888:
887:Erich Kleiber
884:
880:
875:
872:
871:Kapellmeister
868:
864:
859:
856:
850:
844:
843:
836:
831:
827:
822:
808:
804:
801:
798:
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791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
768:
765:
762:
757:
752:
749:
746:
743:at the royal
742:
738:
735:
732:
728:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
705:
702:
698:
697:Michael Haydn
695:
692:
688:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
657:Ignazio Cirri
654:
649:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
617:
614:
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606:
603:
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584:
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531:
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430:
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423:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:Jacob Regnart
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:
366:
358:
355:
354:
353:
345:
343:
338:
335:
329:
323:
317:
315:
311:
310:capellmeister
301:
299:
294:
291:
286:
281:
276:
272:
263:
261:
256:
252:
247:
240:
238:
232:
230:
226:
225:Aloysia Weber
222:
218:
213:
211:
210:Michael Haydn
207:
203:
199:
198:Georg Reutter
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
151:
150:Kapellmeister
140:
137:
133:(chapel) and
131:
123:
117:
109:
108:
102:
84:
78:
77:
67:
25:
23:
22:Kapellmeister
1595: /
1586: /
1579:Articulation
1532:
1433:
1421:
1399:
1388:Jeremy Noble
1375:
1350:. Retrieved
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1273:
1265:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1234:
1226:
1221:
1207:
1200:
1181:
1172:
1147:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1109:
1105:Siblin, Eric
1099:
1080:
1071:
1059:
1046:
1039:Jones (2009)
1034:
1021:
1009:
997:
989:the original
977:
964:
952:. Retrieved
945:
936:
920:
912:Music Bureau
876:
870:
866:
860:
852:(First...),
817:
677:Count Morzin
673:Joseph Haydn
449:Georg Muffat
409:Wolfenbüttel
351:
341:
339:
318:
313:
309:
307:
295:
269:
242:
236:
234:
214:
195:
171:Joseph Haydn
160:
155:
146:
19:
18:
1438:Anthea Bell
701:Großwardein
559:Electorship
433:Brandenburg
221:wheelwright
1658:Categories
1597:Resolution
1561:Cheironomy
1548:Répétiteur
1506:Bandmaster
1501:Bandleader
1486:Conducting
1156:, et seq.
1126:15 January
928:References
923:of Germany
826:bandmaster
803:Paul Wachs
775:Rheinsberg
763:of Sweden.
761:Gustav III
681:Eszterházy
669:from 1774.
625:in Vienna.
557:under the
551:Carlo Grua
445:from 1684.
421:from 1619.
411:from 1604.
217:his father
154:(Italian:
1516:Conductor
1490:directing
1380:Eric Blom
971:(US) and
637:Stuttgart
483:Meiningen
399:Innsbruck
319:The word
275:Joseph II
175:Esterházy
1612:Phrasing
1607:Dynamics
1543:Prompter
1528:Director
1432:(2015).
1374:(1965).
1215:, et al.
1144:(2000).
1079:(1988).
954:13 March
908:Composer
893:See also
867:Dirigent
821:Dirigent
555:Mannheim
443:Salzburg
429:Margrave
255:Nikolaus
76:-my-stər
1593:Cadence
1538:Maestro
1365:Sources
1352:11 June
1310:11 June
1288:11 June
1250:11 June
777:castle.
497:Hamburg
463:Hanover
379:Dresden
314:capelle
246:Kapelle
237:Mozardt
136:Meister
130:Kapelle
112:German:
1444:
1406:
1188:
1160:
1117:
1087:
979:Lexico
885:, and
747:opera.
745:Berlin
545:Zerbst
453:Passau
389:Saxony
271:Mozart
229:Mozart
206:Joseph
1617:Tempo
1588:Meter
1521:baton
653:Forlì
599:Forlì
495:, in
331:); a
85:also
1584:Beat
1488:and
1442:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1354:2022
1312:2022
1290:2022
1252:2022
1186:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1128:2012
1115:ISBN
1085:ISBN
956:2019
721:Bonn
613:Bonn
312:and
208:and
107:kah-
1602:Cue
773:at
635:in
561:of
533:at
431:of
377:in
328:Hof
277:as
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74:PEL
72:kə-
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