20:
792:
457:
by default supports both a 1200 baud variation of the standard with the same bit encoding as Acorn's, and a 2400 baud variant which doubles the audio rate — a "0" bit is one cycle of a 2400 Hz wave and a "1" bit is two cycles of a 4800 Hz wave. Unlike Acorn machines, the MSX uses two
462:
can read data at up to 3600 baud from an ideal audio source. The Quick CUTS standard proposed by Bob Cottis and Mike
Blandford and published in the Amateur Computer Club newsletter also operated at 2400 baud, encoding "0" as a half-cycle of 1200 Hz and "1" as a whole cycle of 2400 Hz. The receiver
124:
magazine, who was similarly frustrated by punched tapes. In
September 1975, the two co-authored an article on the HITS (Hobbyists' Interchange Tape System), using two tones to represent 1s and 0s. Soon after, several manufacturers started using similar approaches, all incompatible.
437:
microcomputers, which reduced a "0" bit to one cycle of a 1200 Hz sine wave and a "1" bit to two cycles of a 2400 Hz wave. Standard encoding includes a "0" start bit and "1" stop bit around every 8 bit piece of information, giving an effective data rate of 960
458:"1" stop bits in addition to one "0" start bit, so the effective rate at 1200 baud is approximately 873 bits per second, and the effective rate at 2400 baud is approximately 1,745 bits per second. The machine's
209:
According to
Solomon, the efforts were unsuccessful: "Unfortunately, it didn't last long; before the month ended, everyone went back to his own tape standard and the recording confusion got worse."
118:
for program storage, an expensive option. Computer consultant Jerry Ogdin conceived the use of audio tones on a cassette to replace the paper tapes. He took the idea to Les
Solomon, editor of
844:
on thin vinyl that would hold one song, these were inexpensive and could be bound in a magazine. Bill Turner and Bill
Blomgren of MicroComputerSystems Inc. along with Bob Jones of
202:
has a report on the symposium, and the March issue features two hardware examples by Don
Lancaster and Harold Mauch. The 300 baud rate is reliable, but slow; a typical 8-kilobyte
181:. Each frame starts with one "0" start bit, followed by eight data bits (least significant bit first) followed by two "1" stop bits, so each frame is 11 bits, for a data rate of
694:
450:, each block carrying a sequence number and a CRC checksum, so that it is possible to rewind the tape and retry from the failed block when a read error occurs.
1410:
840:
microprocessor. The idea was to record the program on audio tape in the Kansas City format and then make a master record from the tape. Eva-Tone made
1030:
91:. MSX added a higher 2400 bit/s mode that is otherwise similar. The 1200 bit/s mode of CUTS was used as the standard for cross-platform
1063:
1130:
1111:
135:
magazine, wanted all the manufacturers to collaborate on a single cassette standard. He organized a two-day meeting on 7–8 November 1975 in
508:
268:
261:
251:
238:
1092:
103:
83:, but with an optional 1200 bit/s mode. CUTS is the default encoding used by several later machine families, including those from
1358:
953:
Hübler, Bernd (1987) . "2.6. Kassetteninterface" [2.6. Cassette interface]. In
Erlekampf, Rainer; Mönk, Hans-Joachim (eds.).
378:
The original standard records data as "marks" (one) and "spaces" (zero). A mark bit consists of eight cycles at a frequency of 2400
1403:
689:
1852:
419:
standard for S-100 computers", supported the Kansas City
Standard in addition to the Tarbell "native" mode ("Tarbell standard").
961:] (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Leipzig. pp. 92–99, 164–165.
1368:
870:
RPM record containing about six minutes of Kansas City standard audio. The
September 1978 Floppy ROM Number 5 has two sides:
824:
program to be recorded. This test record did not work and
Processor Technology was unable to devote more time to the effort.
1847:
1363:
1396:
499:
Kim-1, MOS Technology Optional S-100 expansion bus (KIMSI), standard 300 bit/s mode and a hypertype 1200 baud variant.
404:
developed the popular CUTS (Computer Users' Tape Standard), which works at either 300 or 1200 baud. They provided the
1196:
981:
966:
943:
856:, so a SWTPC AC-30 cassette interface was connected directly to the record cutting equipment. The May 1977 issue of
1717:
1459:
51:
1173:
257:
1321:
Blomgren, William (May 1977). "Platter BASIC: The Search for a Good, Random Access, Record Cutting Juke Box".
852:
worked with Eva-Tone and developed a successful process. The intermediate stage of recording to tape produced
1842:
408:
CUTS Tape I/O interface board, which offers both CUTS and Kansas City standard support to any S-100 system.
98:
KCS originated from the earliest days of the microcomputer revolution, among other prolific protocols. Most
829:
599:
383:
76:
data on inexpensive consumer quality cassettes. The first systems based on the standard appeared in 1976.
1837:
1635:
1571:
1419:
1038:
908:
412:
1788:
1759:
1594:
807:
732:
718:
308:
23:
The SWTPC AC-30 Cassette Interface implements the Kansas City standard. In May 1976, it was sold for
1236:
Acorn System 1 Technical Manual, p.15: "On the keyboard is a Computer Users Tape Standard interface"
853:
1747:
1724:
1542:
1524:
1518:
913:
825:
242:
229:
926:
Feichtinger, Herwig (1987). "1.8.3. Kassettenaufzeichnung" [1.8.3. Cassette recording].
1670:
1588:
553:
Z80 Starter Kit (1977 — Development board by SD Systems — 300 bauds — S-100 bus)
167:
1276:
544:
502:
338:
136:
69:
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8:
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Optional S-100 expansion bus, standard 300 bit/s mode and a 1200 baud variant by default.
422:
357:
288:
120:
1212:
1013:
206:
program takes five minutes to load. Most audio cassette circuits support higher speeds.
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633:
318:
292:
1653:
1388:
1284:
1192:
962:
939:
903:
833:
464:
177:, and a "1" bit as eight cycles of 2400 Hz. This gives a data rate of 300
1530:
1488:
874:, "the automated dress pattern", and IAPS format, "A program for writing letters".
344:
1037:. Vol. 1, no. 6. Altair Users Group, MITS Inc. p. 1. Archived from
1500:
1171:
658:
568:
439:
367:
274:
144:
84:
62:
57:
19:
935:
591:
582:(300 baud standard / 1200 baud with the "fast cos" program from utility pack 1)
573:
493:
488:
434:
328:
225:
1378:
391:
166:. The 1s and 0s from the serial port are converted to audio tones using audio
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1246:
1059:
1026:
837:
812:
776:
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728:
670:
616:
Heathkit ET/ETW-3400 and 3400A Microprocessor Trainers (300, 1200, 2400 baud)
538:
140:
99:
73:
47:
1647:
382:, and a space bit consists of four cycles at a frequency of 1200 Hz. A
79:
One variation on the basic standard is CUTS, which is identical at 300
1494:
1283:. Vol. 91, no. 45. New York: Billboard Publications. p. 88.
817:
810:, Bob Marsh of Processor Technology approached Bob Jones, the publisher of
779:
447:
394:
order, which is least significant bit first. 7-bit words are followed by a
353:
115:
977:
1482:
1264:. Vol. 2, no. 6. McPheters, Wolfe & Jones. pp. 28, 83.
893:
871:
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619:
511:
216:
128:
898:
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174:
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1383:
1373:
1174:
The BBC Microcomputer System. PART II — HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
883:
638:
611:
516:
363:
92:
1340:
Gary Kay (December 1976). "The Designer's Eye View of the AC-30".
1148:
1453:
605:
547:(300 baud CUTS — faster 2400 non-CUTS format also available)
467:. Published in 1978, it predates the 1982 patent for the similar
1559:
1344:. Vol. 1, no. 16. BYTE Publications. pp. 98–108.
652:
563:
525:
324:
170:(AFSK). A "0" bit is represented as four cycles of a 1200
152:
162:
A KCS cassette interface is similar to a modem connected to a
1776:
1741:
1629:
1617:
1302:
Turner, William W. (May 1977). "Robert Uiterwyk's 4K BASIC".
709:
534:
415:, which, according to early PC retailer Stan Veit, "became a
379:
314:
234:
Richard Smith, The Computer Hobbyist, Raleigh, North Carolina
212:
The participants of the Kansas City symposium include these:
203:
171:
80:
1090:
1314:
459:
387:
178:
1260:
Jones, Robert S. (May 1977). "The Floppy ROM Experiment".
1172:
R. T. Russell, BBC Engineering Designs Department (1981).
505:
1, 2 (which also supports a 1200 bit/s variant, see below)
1794:
1295:
646:
628: — also sold as the Heathkit H89 (300 and 1200 baud)
454:
88:
1253:
832:(SWTPC) arranged for Robert Uiterwyk to provide his 4K
1418:
1247:"Cassette replacement for a Heathkit ET-3400A trainer"
531:
Processor Tech CUTS S-100 bus Tape I/O interface board
349:
Paul Tucker, HAL Communications Corp, Urbana, Illinois
798:
magazine May 1977 issue, with a Kansas City standard
1369:
SWTPC.com's article on the AC-30 cassette interface
1093:"Report: BYTE's Audio Cassette Standards Symposium"
1268:
934:] (in German) (2 ed.). Munich, Germany:
806:In August 1976 at the Personal Computing show in
72:to develop a standard for the storage of digital
1829:
1137:. No. 7. BYTE Publications. pp. 40–45.
1118:. No. 7. BYTE Publications. pp. 30–39.
1099:. No. 6. BYTE Publications. pp. 72–73.
139:. The participants settled on a system based on
1384:Kansas City Tape Decoder (Modern win32 version)
1176:(Report). The British Broadcasting Corporation.
1128:
442:. Also, these machines record data in 256-byte
1374:Percom Data CIS-30 Cassette Interface Brochure
1091:Manfred and Virginia Peschke (February 1976).
1404:
1333:
1109:
752:Casio FX-750P with FA-20 interface (300 baud)
155:) wrote the standard, which was published in
1086:
1084:
755:Casio PB-700 with FA-11 interface (300 baud)
683:Z80NE Nova Elettronica with LX.385 interface
61:. It originated in a symposium sponsored by
959:Micro-electronics for the practical amateur
925:
703:
1411:
1397:
1274:
1070:. No. 1. Green Publishing. p. 22
46:, is a data storage protocol for standard
1329:(6). McPheters, Wolfe & Jones: 29–36.
1310:(6). McPheters, Wolfe & Jones: 40–54.
1081:
1058:
343:George Perrine, HAL Communications Corp,
27: (equivalent to about $ 400 in 2023).
1364:2-second sound sample of stored KCS file
1339:
1320:
975:
790:
18:
1025:
816:magazine, about pressing software onto
661:C1P/Superboard II, C2-4P/C4P, C2-8P/C8P
479:
1830:
1301:
1275:Penchansky, Alan (November 10, 1979).
952:
786:
1392:
1277:"New Building for 'Soundsheets' Firm"
1259:
1031:"BYTE Sponsors ACR Standards Meeting"
1008:
1006:
860:contains the first "Floppy ROM", a 33
699:(1200 baud, 2 stop bits, same as MSX)
667:A slightly different 600 baud variant
557:
425:implemented a 1200-baud variation of
106:that are incompatible with anything.
1205:
1131:"Digital Data on Cassette Recorders"
955:Mikroelektronik in der Amateurpraxis
1019:
820:. Processor Technology provided an
114:Early microcomputers generally use
13:
1359:The original Byte Magazine article
1213:"Amateur Computer Club Newsletter"
1003:
919:
474:
14:
1864:
1352:
315:Southwest Technical Products Corp
773:with TA-1 tape interface module.
761:
550:Eltec (German Company) Eurocom 1
1239:
1230:
984:from the original on 2017-03-14
976:von Cube, Marcus (2015-03-15).
608:Magazine National SC/MP Project
373:
1853:Standards of the United States
1611:"Eighth" (0.15) inch (3.81 mm)
1180:
1165:
1141:
1129:Harold A. Mauch (March 1976).
1122:
1103:
1052:
588:(300 and 1200 baud variations)
390:(8 bits) long, is recorded in
143:'s design. After the meeting,
1:
1624:KC standard, Compact Cassette
996:
749:interface (300 and 1200 baud)
1110:Don Lancaster (March 1976).
830:Southwest Technical Products
782:and other musical equipment.
7:
1848:Tape-based computer storage
877:
484:Several use the S-100 bus.
198:The February 1976 issue of
10:
1869:
1710:Three quarter inch (19 mm)
1636:Tarbell Cassette Interface
1420:Magnetic-tape data storage
909:Tarbell Cassette Interface
463:was self-clocking using a
446:interspersed with gaps of
413:Tarbell Cassette Interface
323:Harold A Mauch, Pronetics/
109:
1805:Four millimeter (3.81 mm)
1804:
1769:
1734:
1709:
1702:
1663:
1610:
1581:
1552:
1469:
1434:
1427:
928:Arbeitsbuch Mikrocomputer
808:Atlantic City, New Jersey
309:Bellingham, Massachusetts
271:, Albuquerque, New Mexico
264:, Albuquerque, New Mexico
254:, Albuquerque, New Mexico
228:, The Computer Hobbyist,
1379:Kansas City Tape Decoder
1191:. Kuma Computers. 1985.
704:Programmable calculators
159:magazine's first issue.
1770:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
1553:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
978:"CASsette IO Utilities"
932:Microcomputer work book
914:Unified Emulator Format
848:and Bud Schamburger of
686:Chaos Homebrew Computer
307:Joe Frappier, Mikra-D,
243:Albuquerque, New Mexico
230:Raleigh, North Carolina
151:) and Harold Mauch (of
131:, who had just started
1671:Exatron Stringy Floppy
1582:Quarter inch (6.35 mm)
1112:"Build the Bit Boffer"
803:
168:frequency-shift keying
28:
1664:Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm)
794:
545:Tangerine Microtan 65
339:San Ramon, California
137:Kansas City, Missouri
70:Kansas City, Missouri
22:
16:Data storage standard
1843:Early microcomputers
1016:, Digital Deli, 1984
938:. pp. 230–235.
735:interface (300 baud)
721:interface (300 baud)
649:(1200 and 2400 baud)
480:Early microcomputers
469:coded mark inversion
402:Processor Technology
335:Pacific Cyber/Metrix
303:Berkeley, California
299:Processor Technology
283:Berkeley, California
279:Processor Technology
277:, LGC Engineering /
221:Bloomington, Indiana
149:Processor Technology
68:in November 1975 in
33:Kansas City standard
1735:Half inch (12.7 mm)
1689:Rotronics Wafadrive
1642:Commodore Datasette
1470:Half inch (12.7 mm)
936:Franzis-Verlag GmbH
889:Commodore Datasette
787:Alternative formats
771:electronic keyboard
641:(300 and 1200 baud)
622:(300 and 1200 baud)
600:Dick Smith Super-80
569:Acorn Computers Ltd
423:Acorn Computers Ltd
358:Oakland, California
354:Godbout Electronics
352:Michael Stolowitz,
289:Popular Electronics
121:Popular Electronics
1838:Computer standards
1064:"Serial Interface"
1062:(September 1975).
1014:"Solomon's Memory"
804:
558:Personal computers
364:Sphere Corporation
319:San Antonio, Texas
293:New York, New York
195:bytes per second.
29:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1698:
1697:
1435:Wide (19–25.4 mm)
1029:(December 1975).
904:IBM cassette tape
834:BASIC interpreter
528:Terminal Computer
519:MEK D1 6800 board
465:phase-locked loop
1860:
1707:
1706:
1489:TX-2 Tape System
1432:
1431:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
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1234:
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1209:
1203:
1202:
1189:The MSX Red Book
1184:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1149:"The IMSAI 8800"
1145:
1139:
1138:
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989:
972:
949:
869:
868:
864:
836:program for the
828:and Gary Kay of
698:
678:Alphatronic PC16
634:MicroBee Systems
594:(1200 baud only)
541:-based computers
345:Urbana, Illinois
194:
193:
189:
186:
102:of the era have
60:
26:
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1867:
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1654:IBM PC Cassette
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1199:
1187:"4, ROM BIOS".
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922:
920:Further reading
880:
866:
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861:
789:
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706:
692:
659:Ohio Scientific
602:(300 baud only)
576:(300 baud only)
560:
482:
477:
475:Implementations
440:bits per second
376:
368:Bountiful, Utah
275:Lee Felsenstein
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187:
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182:
145:Lee Felsenstein
112:
58:bits per second
55:
52:audio recording
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1353:External links
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1179:
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1153:pc-history.org
1140:
1121:
1102:
1080:
1060:Lancaster, Don
1051:
1035:Computer Notes
1027:Bunnell, David
1018:
1001:
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675:Alphatronic PC
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655:(300 and 1200)
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592:Acorn Electron
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574:Acorn System 1
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523:Processor Tech
520:
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506:
500:
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494:Exidy Sorcerer
491:
489:Compukit UK101
481:
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435:Acorn Electron
386:, usually one
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341:
331:
329:Garland, Texas
321:
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305:
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255:
245:
235:
232:
226:Hal Chamberlin
223:
111:
108:
104:unique formats
100:home computers
95:distribution.
48:cassette tapes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1683:QL Microdrive
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1677:ZX Microdrive
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1615:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
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1584:
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1573:
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1564:
1561:
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1557:
1555:
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1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
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1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
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1490:
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1481:
1478:
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1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
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1443:
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1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
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1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
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1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1323:Interface Age
1317:
1309:
1305:
1304:Interface Age
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1262:Interface Age
1256:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1222:September 29,
1218:. August 1978
1214:
1208:
1200:
1198:0-7457-0178-7
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1041:on 2012-03-23
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1012:Les Solomon,
1009:
1007:
1002:
983:
979:
974:
970:
968:3-327-00357-2
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
945:3-7723-8022-0
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
923:
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907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
875:
873:
859:
858:Interface Age
855:
851:
847:
846:Interface Age
843:
839:
838:Motorola 6800
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:vinyl records
815:
814:
813:Interface Age
809:
801:
797:
796:Interface Age
793:
781:
778:
777:Roland TR-707
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
762:Other devices
754:
751:
748:
744:
743:Casio FX-850P
740:
739:Casio FX-603P
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
720:
716:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:
696:
691:
688:
685:
682:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:Triumph-Adler
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:Motorola 6800
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
472:
470:
466:
461:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
392:little endian
389:
385:
381:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
348:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
287:Les Solomon,
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
246:
244:
240:
237:Tom Durston,
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
207:
205:
201:
196:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Don Lancaster
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
122:
117:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
74:microcomputer
71:
67:
65:
59:
53:
49:
45:
43:
38:
34:
21:
1748:Redwood SD-3
1623:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1207:
1188:
1182:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1072:. Retrieved
1067:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1034:
1021:
986:. Retrieved
958:
954:
931:
927:
857:
845:
826:Daniel Meyer
811:
805:
795:
780:drum machine
665:Sega SC-3000
503:Lucas Nascom
483:
452:
448:carrier tone
426:
421:
416:
410:
400:
377:
374:Enhancements
333:Bob Nelson,
267:Bob Zaller,
211:
208:
199:
197:
161:
156:
132:
127:
119:
116:punched tape
113:
97:
78:
63:
41:
40:
36:
32:
30:
1566:IBM 3570 MP
1531:LTO Ultrium
1483:IBM 7-track
894:Fast loader
872:Apple BASIC
850:Holiday Inn
842:Soundsheets
768:Casio PT-50
693: [
626:Zenith Z-89
620:Heathkit H8
512:Altair 8800
362:Mike Wise,
325:Percom Data
297:Bob Marsh,
217:Ray Borrill
164:serial port
129:Wayne Green
1832:Categories
1648:DECtape II
1158:2018-09-24
1074:2018-04-10
1045:2007-05-04
997:References
988:2017-03-14
971:. 7469332.
899:Flexi disc
822:Intel 8080
802:floppy ROM
800:flexi disc
580:Acorn Atom
471:proposal.
396:parity bit
313:Gary Kay,
291:Magazine,
258:Ed Roberts
248:Bill Gates
1289:0006-2510
1281:Billboard
586:BBC Micro
431:BBC Micro
406:S-100 bus
175:sine wave
56:300
54:media at
50:or other
1537:IBM 3592
1513:IBM 3590
1501:IBM 3480
1477:UNISERVO
1448:LINCtape
1442:IBM 7340
982:Archived
884:BASICODE
878:See also
854:dropouts
639:MicroBee
612:Heathkit
517:Motorola
417:de facto
93:BASICODE
87:and the
66:magazine
44:standard
1812:DDS/DAT
1783:Mammoth
1703:Helical
1495:9-track
1460:CDC 626
1454:DECtape
1422:formats
865:⁄
729:FX-702P
606:Elektor
429:in its
190:⁄
110:History
39:), or
1814:(1989)
1797:(1999)
1791:(1996)
1785:(1994)
1779:(1987)
1762:(2003)
1756:(19xx)
1750:(1995)
1744:(1992)
1727:(1992)
1723:Ampex
1720:(19xx)
1691:(1984)
1685:(1984)
1679:(1983)
1673:(1979)
1656:(1981)
1650:(1979)
1644:(1977)
1638:(1976)
1632:(1976)
1626:(1975)
1620:(1971)
1603:(1992)
1597:(1986)
1591:(1972)
1574:(1999)
1568:(1997)
1562:(1995)
1560:Travan
1545:(2006)
1543:T10000
1539:(2003)
1533:(2000)
1527:(2000)
1521:(1998)
1515:(1995)
1509:(1984)
1503:(1984)
1497:(1964)
1491:(1958)
1485:(1952)
1479:(1951)
1462:(1966)
1456:(1963)
1450:(1962)
1444:(1961)
1428:Linear
1287:
1195:
965:
942:
690:Irisha
653:Nascom
564:ABC 80
526:Sol-20
444:blocks
153:Percom
25:US$ 80
1777:Data8
1742:ArVid
1716:Sony
1630:DC100
1618:D/CAS
1601:Ditto
1525:T9940
1519:T9840
1216:(PDF)
957:[
930:[
745:with
731:with
717:with
710:Casio
697:]
535:SWTPC
204:BASIC
85:Acorn
81:bit/s
1760:SAIT
1342:BYTE
1285:ISSN
1224:2022
1193:ISBN
1135:BYTE
1116:BYTE
1097:BYTE
1068:BYTE
963:ISBN
940:ISBN
747:FA-6
741:and
733:FA-2
727:and
719:FA-1
509:MITS
460:BIOS
453:The
433:and
427:CUTS
411:The
388:byte
384:word
269:MITS
262:MITS
252:MITS
239:MITS
200:Byte
179:baud
157:Byte
147:(of
133:Byte
64:Byte
42:Byte
31:The
1795:VXA
1789:AIT
1754:DTF
1725:DST
1718:DIR
1595:SLR
1589:QIC
1572:ADR
1507:DLT
647:MSX
537:'s
455:MSX
89:MSX
37:KCS
1834::
1325:.
1306:.
1279:.
1151:.
1133:.
1114:.
1095:.
1083:^
1066:.
1033:.
1005:^
980:.
695:ru
398:.
380:Hz
366:,
356:,
337:,
327:,
317:,
301:,
281:,
260:,
250:,
241:,
219:,
192:11
183:27
172:Hz
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1327:2
1308:2
1291:.
1249:.
1226:.
1201:.
1161:.
1077:.
1048:.
991:.
948:.
867:3
863:1
188:3
185:+
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
