1671:
58:
1646:
2367:
312:
1448:
421:
70:
326:
365:
2103:
2194:
2044:
1462:
85:
1962:
1866:. Military innovations included the use of mounted Turkish musketeers, slave musketeers, mailed cavalrymen, footmen and feats of military engineering as seen during the siege of the fortified town of Amsaka. This army was organized into an advance guard and a rear reserve while often using shield wall methods as well. The Bornu army was transported via camel or large boats and fed by free and slave women cooks, and often employed a
783:
1948:
2216:, became Shehu of Borno. As Vincent Hiribarren points out, "By becoming Shehu of the whole of Borno, Sanda Kyarimi reunited under his rule a territory which had been divided since 1902. For 35 years two Shehus had co-existed." In 1961, the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, effectively rejoining the territories of the kingdom of Bornu. The lands of the Bornu state were thus absorbed into the new
1884:. Between 1574 and 1583, the Borno sultan had diplomatic relations with the Ottoman sultan Murad III, as well as with the Moroccan sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, in the context of political tensions in the Sahara. The Borno sultan allied with the Moroccan sultan against the Ottoman imperialism in the Sahara.
1903:
The Lake Chad to
Tripoli route became an active highway in the 17th century, with horses traded for slaves. An intense diplomatic activity has been reported between Borno and the Pachalik of Tripoli at that time. About two million slaves traveled this route to be traded in Tripoli, the largest slave
2002:
During the 17th century and 18th century, Bornu became a centre for
Islamic learning. Borno sultans developed a political legitimacy based on their religious charisma, in the context of the rise of Sufism in Sahel. Islam and the Kanuri language was widely adopted, while slave raiding propelled the
2954:في تأريخ السودان : كتاب غزوات السلطان ادريس ألوما في برنو (1564-1576) = A Sudanic chronicle : the Borno expeditions of Idrīs Alauma (1564-1576) according to the account of Aḥmad B. Furṭū: Arabic text, English translation, commentary and geographical gazetteer
2170:, Rabih's capital, in April 1902, after the British had occupied Borno in March. Yet, based on their 1893 treaty, most of Borno remained under British control, while the Germans occupied eastern Borno, including Dikwa, as 'Deutsch-Bornu'. The French did name
1850:, the former capital. The empire's leaders, however, remained at Ngazargamu because its lands were more productive agriculturally and better suited to the raising of cattle. Ali Gaji was the first ruler of the empire to assume the title of Caliph.
1862:(c. 1564–1596), reaching the limits of its greatest territorial expansion, gaining control over Hausaland, and the people of Ahir and Tuareg. Peace was made with Bulala, when a demarcation of boundaries was agreed upon with a
1974:
The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Aluma sustained the empire until the mid-17th century when its power began to fade. By the late 18th century, Bornu rule extended only westward, into the land of the
1178:. Slaves were imported from the south along this route. In the 16th-century, Turkish musketeers where imported to Bornu, and in the 17th-century, European slaves are noted to have been imported to Bornu from the
2224:, and eventually became part of the independent state of Nigeria. A remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist, in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the
1908:
states, "Wells along the way were surrounded by the skeletons of thousands of slaves, mostly young women and girls, making a last desperate effort to reach water before dying of exhaustion once there."
1159:
that increased the spread of the Sahara made some areas around Lake Chad unlivable, causing nomadic peoples from that area to navigate to the places where the empire would eventually be centralized.
598:
578:
583:
1117:
One scholar, Dierk Lange, has proposed another theory based on a diffusionist ideology. This theory was criticized by the scientific community as it seriously lacks direct and clear evidence.
946:. The Bornu Empire (1380s–1893) was a state in what is now northeastern Nigeria, in time becoming even larger than Kanem, incorporating areas that are today parts of Chad, Niger and Cameroon.
608:
603:
588:
573:
400:
593:
568:
3737:
Dewière, Rémi (2019). "Peace Be upon Those Who Follow the Right Way": Diplomatic
Practices between Mamluk Cairo and the Borno Sultanate at the End of the Eighth/Fourteenth Century".
1991:. The members of his Nokena council included his sons and daughters and other royalty (the Maina) and non-royalty (the Kokenawa, "new men"). The Kokenawa included free men and slave
1823:
But even in Bornu, the
Sayfawa dynasty's troubles persisted. During the first three-quarters of the 15th century, for example, fifteen Mais occupied the throne. Then, around 1460
430:
1781:
1335:
began his reign in 1075, and formed alliances with the Kay, Toubou, Dabir, and Magumi. He became the first Muslim king of Kanem, having been converted by his Muslim tutor
1777:
2531:"Review of Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa-Africa-Centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives: A Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French"
1713:
1699:
1685:
379:
340:
2583:
2178:, until the British convinced him to be the Shehu of the Borno Emirate. The French then named his brother, Sanda, Shehu of Dikwa. Shehu Garbai formed a new capital,
1793:
2404:
The Sahara and the Sudan from the Arab conquest of the
Maghrib to the rise of the Almoravids, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 2, from c. 500 BC to AD 1050
1310:
in the Fezzan, where the slaves were traded for horses and weapons. The annual number of slaves traded increased from 1000 in the 7th century to 5000 in the 15th.
2696:
Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early
Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. p126
6037:
6042:
3704:
Barkindo, Bawuro (1985). "The early states of the
Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.". In Ajayi, J.; Crowder, M. (eds.).
1769:
3186:
Barkindo, Bawuro (1985). "The early states of the
Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 AD.". In Ajayi, J.; Crowder, M. (eds.).
744:
1773:
1417:
and delegated military command amongst his sons. As the
Sayfawa extended control beyond Kanuri tribal lands, fiefs were granted to military commanders, as
1336:
1109:, the Kanembu would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs. War between the two continued up to the late 16th century.
4045:
2066:(in present-day Nigeria). After the creation of his capital at Kukawa, Al-Kanemi quickly amassed a large following within Bornu and adopted the title of
1843:
502:
492:
2289:
3982:
1801:
3821:
1398:
827:
1789:
1198:
3023:"Le Discours historique de l'estat du royaume de Borno, genèse et construction d'une histoire du Borno par un captif de Tripoli au XVIIe siècle"
3771:
3729:
3689:
3666:
3643:
3620:
3563:
3517:
3421:
3398:
3340:
3317:
3247:
3224:
3201:
2035:(holy war) on the irreligious Muslims of the area. His campaign eventually affected Kanem–Bornu and inspired a trend toward Islamic orthodoxy.
6047:
3525:
Lavers, John (1993). "Adventures in the chronology of the states of the Chad basin". In
Barreteau, Daniel; de Graffenried, Charlotte (eds.).
1233:
4277:
1797:
1093:
Tebu-speaking Kanembu. The Kanembu were supposedly forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and
1089:
The origins of Kanem are unclear. The first historical sources tend to show that the kingdom of Kanem began forming around 700 under the
2159:
between 1893 and 1894. The British recognized Rabih as the 'Sultan of Borno', until the French killed Rabih on 22 April 1900 during the
3430:
6052:
1765:
1206:
878:
737:
2629:
The article has a map (page 6) of the ancient Central Sahara and proposes to identify Agisymba of 100 CE with the early Kanem state.
2135:). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant
2277:
The limits of the empire correspond approximately with the boundaries of the Chad Basin, an area of more than 300,000 square miles.
467:
2987:"A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn 'Alī's embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577–1583"
2070:
within Bornuan society and quickly supplanted the rule of the Mais who became figurehead monarchs. In the year of 1846, the last
1340:
1073:
This desiccation of the Sahara resulted in two settlements, those speaking Teda-Daza northeast of Lake Chad, and those speaking
4150:
6027:
5829:
5211:
3482:
3373:
3132:
2936:
2826:
2786:
2655:
2270:
3814:
1236:. Their king was considered divine, believing he could "bring life and death, sickness and health". Wealth was measured in
730:
472:
5735:
2078:, precipitated a civil war, resulting in the death of Mai Ibrahim, the last mai. It was at that point that Kanemi's son,
6072:
6022:
5881:
4881:
2058:
contested the Fulani incursions into Bornu. Al-Kanemi was a Muslim scholar who had put together an alliance of mostly
1409:
against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest with his cavalry of 41,000. He fought the
1232:
gave them military superiority. In the 10th century, al-Muhallabi mentions two towns in the kingdom, one of which was
6017:
4525:
4214:
3755:
3713:
3591:
2961:
2859:
2718:
2461:
2411:
852:
817:
3785:
1876:
were built on frontiers, and trade routes to the north were secure, allowing relations to be established with the
6012:
5507:
4270:
3807:
2019:. By the early 19th century, Kanem–Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered
4669:
507:
69:
57:
3498:
2568:
1999:. The latter "had come to play a very important part in Bornu politics, as eunuchs did in many Muslim courts".
437:
84:
1256:
describes Mānān as the capital of the Kanem kings in the 13th century and Kanem as a powerful Muslim kingdom.
5945:
2217:
1931:, others for their piety. In the eighteenth century, Bornu was affected by several long-lasting famines. The
871:
477:
3500:
The Founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca. 600 BCE: Documentary, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence
6057:
5940:
5824:
1760:
By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. War with the
1220:
in 872. He describes the kingdom of "the Zaghāwa who live in a place called Kānim", which included several
832:
17:
5950:
4987:
3357:
1413:
for seven years, seven months, and seven days. After dominating the Fezzan, he established a governor at
934:. At its height, it encompassed an area covering not only most of Chad but also parts of southern Libya (
409:
1447:
822:
6062:
6032:
4263:
4219:
4209:
3583:
3529:. presented at the Datation et chronologie dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Bondy: Orstom. pp. 255–67.
3101:"La légitimité des sultans face à l'essor de l'islam confrérique au Sahel Central (XVIe -XIXe siècles)"
2213:
2051:
1827:(1473–1507) defeated his rivals and began the consolidation of Bornu. He built a fortified capital at
6067:
5908:
5056:
4620:
2129:), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (
1163:
3007:
1839:
had enjoyed in a century. So successful was the Sayfawa rejuvenation that by the early 16th century
1461:
420:
5866:
5841:
5691:
5350:
5345:
4204:
4185:
4104:
2171:
1253:
864:
762:
512:
497:
482:
2609:
2082:, became Shehu, thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in international history. By then,
1917:
Most of the successors of Idris Alooma are only known from the meagre information provided by the
5933:
5814:
5355:
5308:
5251:
4950:
4894:
4642:
4224:
4175:
2892:
Smith, "Early states", 179; Lange, "Kingdoms and peoples", 238; Barkindo, "Early states", 245–46.
2237:
2156:
487:
2449:
2311:
1421:, or 'master of the frontier'. Civil discord was said to follow his opening of the sacred Mune.
5955:
5856:
5851:
5539:
5487:
5407:
5340:
5244:
5229:
4889:
4843:
4684:
4571:
4342:
837:
2260:
847:
6007:
5886:
5846:
5659:
5534:
4598:
4588:
4547:
4518:
4160:
2994:
2851:
2844:
812:
5774:
2160:
1050:, meaning "south" in the Teda and Kanuri languages, and hence a geographic term. During the
5979:
5809:
5779:
5654:
5585:
5556:
5475:
4809:
4647:
4637:
4367:
4347:
4302:
3939:
3365:
967:, were established around 1900 and still exist today as traditional states within Nigeria.
797:
5759:
8:
5671:
5551:
5517:
5419:
5239:
5234:
5046:
4765:
4701:
4576:
4561:
4332:
4155:
4117:
3957:
2117:
Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem–Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title
1932:
1889:
1863:
1179:
1121:
976:
930:
The Kanem Empire (c. 700–1380) was located in the present countries of Chad, Nigeria and
5387:
5377:
2923:. Bibliothèque historique des pays d'Islam (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne.
5784:
5764:
5747:
5698:
5563:
5372:
5323:
5256:
5174:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5061:
5031:
4923:
4821:
4689:
4664:
3765:
3723:
3683:
3660:
3637:
3614:
3603:
3557:
3511:
3415:
3392:
3334:
3311:
3241:
3218:
3195:
2550:
2511:
2187:
1832:
1249:
1186:
1070:. Kanuri traditions state the Zaghawa dynasty led a group of nomads called the Magumi.
666:
3576:
1276:
gained control of Kanem from the Zaghawa nomads in the 9th century during a period of
5893:
5789:
5725:
5720:
5649:
5546:
5261:
5189:
5184:
5026:
4955:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4728:
4679:
4467:
4322:
4286:
4109:
3789:
3751:
3709:
3587:
3450:
3369:
3128:
3040:
2967:
2957:
2932:
2855:
2822:
2782:
2714:
2651:
2542:
2457:
2407:
2348:
2266:
2256:
1018:
3466:
1252:
described Mānān as "a small town without industry of any sort and little commerce".
5742:
5529:
5524:
5480:
5467:
5397:
5365:
5360:
5224:
5219:
5201:
5162:
5095:
5078:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4945:
4901:
4871:
4831:
4814:
4797:
4760:
4511:
4487:
4452:
4422:
4337:
3962:
3952:
3920:
3879:
3543:
3277:
3030:
2924:
2706:
2503:
2087:
1877:
1761:
1374:
1102:
1074:
1063:
452:
345:
3300:
2928:
5960:
5928:
5801:
5769:
5752:
5708:
5703:
5681:
5676:
5634:
5627:
5602:
5462:
5457:
5298:
5179:
5073:
5068:
5036:
4861:
4851:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4718:
4674:
4556:
4542:
4492:
4447:
4442:
4244:
4165:
4081:
3987:
3947:
3931:
3889:
2920:
Du lac Tchad à la Mecque: Le sultanat du Borno et son monde (xvie - xviie siècle)
2369:موسوعة سفير للتاريخ الاسلامي - المجلد الثالث ج3 المسلمون في إفريقيا جنوبي الصحراء
2201:
2148:
2140:
2024:
1905:
1678:
1531:
1512:
1485:
1339:. They remained nomadic until the 11th century, when they fixed their capital at
1314:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1194:
1156:
1124:
c. 600 BC to the northeast of Lake Chad. He also proposes that the lost state of
1120:
Lange connects the creation of Kanem–Bornu with the departure from the collapsed
802:
771:
686:
626:
150:
119:
115:
5382:
3290:
3022:
1284:. The new dynasty controlled the Zaghawa trade links in the central Sahara with
5903:
5898:
5861:
5836:
5819:
5730:
5715:
5686:
5644:
5492:
5452:
5447:
5402:
5328:
5288:
5278:
5268:
5083:
4962:
4856:
4723:
4605:
4472:
4457:
4437:
4417:
4412:
4372:
4170:
3967:
3909:
3839:
3291:
Du lac Tchad à La Mecque. Le sultanat du Borno et son monde (xvi - xvii siècle)
2918:
2456:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 168–172, 199–201.
2221:
2152:
2107:
2083:
2075:
1976:
1881:
1870:
policy if necessary for the conquest of fortified towns and other strongholds.
1867:
1813:
1390:
1213:
1167:
1150:
1106:
1066:
migrated to Kanem in the south. This group contributed to the formation of the
1051:
1022:
980:
956:
442:
331:
317:
3739:
Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies: Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics
3086:
A Thousand Years of West African History: A Handbook for Teachers and Students
6001:
5984:
5871:
5666:
5639:
5612:
5590:
5568:
5335:
5318:
5303:
5147:
5100:
5088:
5014:
4906:
4780:
4775:
4750:
4632:
4402:
4307:
4145:
3571:
3044:
2971:
2546:
2352:
2225:
2175:
2102:
2079:
2028:
2015:
invading from the west were able to make major inroads into Bornu during the
1706:
1692:
1224:. "Their dwellings are huts made of reeds and they have no towns." Living as
1202:
1067:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
964:
960:
949:
The early history of the empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle, or
716:
696:
671:
540:
209:
5412:
5392:
2193:
5876:
5617:
5607:
5573:
5502:
5497:
5424:
5214:
5196:
5157:
5152:
5132:
5127:
4999:
4992:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4866:
4804:
4785:
4770:
4706:
4482:
4377:
4357:
4327:
4067:
2136:
2091:
1983:. The empire was still ruled by the Mai who was advised by his councilors (
1859:
1651:
1382:
1221:
1034:
1026:
706:
701:
656:
651:
631:
530:
462:
457:
358:
251:
3350:
A History of Borno: Trans-Saharan African Empire to Failing Nigerian State
3125:
A History of Borno: Trans-Saharan African Empire to Failing Nigerian State
3035:
2212:
became Shehu of Borno. Upon his death in 1937, his cousin, Shehu of Dikwa
2062:, and Kanembu within the region. He eventually built in 1814 a capital at
5595:
5580:
5429:
5142:
5051:
5041:
4967:
4615:
4610:
4407:
4397:
3281:
2183:
2043:
2012:
1817:
1664:
1545:
1358:. At this time, the army included 100,000 horsemen and 120,000 soldiers.
1289:
1190:
1133:
1094:
1059:
1030:
1025:
to describe the Teda-Tubu group, in the earliest use of the ethnic name.
1014:
807:
691:
681:
646:
641:
636:
545:
223:
133:
3799:
3490:
An Introduction to the History of Kanem-Borno: The Prologue of the Dīwān
2610:"The 'Mune'-Symbol as the Ark of the Covenant between Duguwa and Sefuwa"
2554:
2530:
919:
from the 8th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of
5622:
5439:
5313:
5273:
5206:
4352:
4199:
4062:
2650:. Rough Guides (2nd ed.). London: The Rough Guides. p. 1112.
2209:
2197:
2020:
2016:
1897:
1828:
1788:
resulted in the death of four Mai in succession between 1377 and 1387:
1475:
1317:, it was customary to have "the Mai sitting in a curtained cage called
1217:
1098:
1039:
842:
711:
676:
661:
3794:
3408:
A Sudanic Chronicle: The Borno Expeditions of Idris Alauma (1564–1576)
3256:
2515:
2139:
Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893,
1097:
in their former range. The area already possessed independent, walled
5512:
5283:
5167:
5137:
4918:
4792:
4583:
3977:
1885:
1297:
1293:
1237:
1078:
984:
447:
4255:
3268:
Dewière, Rémi (2013). "Regards croisés entre deux ports de désert".
3100:
2986:
1155:
Climate change ensured the rise of the early Kanem–Bornu Empire, as
4913:
4876:
4696:
4654:
4593:
4040:
3972:
3904:
3547:
2507:
2336:
1824:
1749:
1505:
1347:
1241:
1125:
943:
904:
372:
197:
143:
1405:
to facilitate pilgrimages to Mecca. During his reign, he declared
782:
4826:
4755:
4711:
4566:
4189:
2147:
and conquered Bornu. Rabih's invasion led to the deaths of Shehu
2106:
Kanembu warriors and their mounted chief in an illustration from
2059:
1980:
1947:
1734:
1424:
1414:
1394:
1386:
1273:
1229:
1129:
1008:
896:
550:
129:
4627:
2406:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 667, 680–683.
1328:... a large cage for a wild animal, with vertical wooden bars."
4659:
4534:
4462:
4432:
4382:
4297:
3899:
2131:
2067:
2063:
2055:
1992:
1961:
1918:
1893:
1785:
1410:
1378:
1332:
1307:
1055:
951:
935:
535:
282:
185:
5293:
4477:
4427:
4387:
4362:
4317:
3653:
Contribution à l'histoire des populations du sud-est nigérien
2179:
2167:
2144:
2032:
1936:
1928:
1871:
1847:
1809:
1744:
1495:
1406:
1402:
1367:
1355:
1302:
1285:
1225:
1175:
1171:
1090:
992:
939:
931:
908:
900:
102:
4312:
2901:
1924:
1739:
1377:(1210–1259). Dabbalemi initiated diplomatic exchanges with
1351:
1280:. Kanuri legend states that Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan founded the
1244:
in the 11th century onwards, the kingdom is referred to as
1084:
912:
4503:
3552:. Translated by Fisher, Humphrey (Reprint ed.). Graz.
2584:"Reviews of Dierk Lange – Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa"
250:• Invaded and forced to move, thus establishing new
3708:. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Harlow. pp. 225–254.
3088:. Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press. p. 296.
2781:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 71, 78–79, 159–160.
1939:
salt mines by 1750, having been a tributary since 1532.
1212:
Kanem is mentioned as one of three great empires in the
1144:
3536:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
3190:. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Harlow. pp. 225–254.
2535:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
2496:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
2054:, who was of mixed Kanuri and Shuwa Arab heritage from
1366:
Kanem's expansion peaked during the long and energetic
959:. Remnant successor regimes of the empire, in form of
1846:(1507–1529) was able to defeat the Bulala and retake
1189:
established dynastic rule over the nomads around the
2682:
Urvoy, Y. (1949). "Histoire de l'empire du Bornou".
2494:
Bjorkelo, Anders (1979). "Response to Dierk Lange".
1923:. Some of them are noted for having undertaken the
3602:
3575:
3460:. Vol. III. London: UNESCO. pp. 436–460.
3299:
3213:. Vol. II. New York. pp. 15–29, 581–602.
3211:Travel and Discoveries in North and Central Africa
2843:
1209:, Kangu, Kayi, Kuburi, Kaguwa, Tomagra, and Tubu.
970:
3476:. Vol. IV. London: UNESCO. pp. 238–265.
3027:Afriques. Débats, Méthodes et Terrains d'Histoire
915:. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the
5999:
2951:
2452:. In Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (eds.).
2290:"Empire of Kanem-Bornu (ca. 9th century-1900) •"
3533:
3127:. London: Hurst & Company. pp. 19–20.
2850:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp.
2684:Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire
2646:Trillo, Richard; Hudgens, Jim (November 1995).
6038:States and territories established in the 700s
3627:
3352:. London: Hurst & Oxford University Press.
3263:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.
2757:. London: John Murray. pp. 166, 195, 223.
1425:Shift of the Sayfuwa court from Kanem to Bornu
987:. Besides its urban elite, it also included a
6043:States and territories disestablished in 1893
4519:
4271:
3815:
2713:. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 3.
2645:
1259:
975:Kanem was located at the southern end of the
955:, discovered in 1851 by the German traveller
872:
738:
5976:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3570:
3527:Dating and chronology in the lake Chad basin
3179:Studies in the History of Pre-Colonial Borno
2402:Levtzion, Nehemia (1978). Fage, J.D. (ed.).
2262:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
2090:, while the east and north were lost to the
27:Empire around Lake Chad, Africa, c. 700–1380
3431:"Ethnogenesis from within the Chadic state"
3176:
3084:Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Espie, Ian, eds. (1965).
2816:
2255:
1831:, to the west of Lake Chad (in present-day
4526:
4512:
4278:
4264:
3822:
3808:
3770:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3688:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3665:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3642:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3619:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3600:
3562:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3420:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3397:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3347:
3339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3316:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3223:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3200:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3122:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3083:
1460:
1136:) was the antecedent of the Kanem Empire.
879:
865:
745:
731:
83:
3829:
3542:
3534:Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John (1981).
3034:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
1804:. Finally, around 1387 the Bulala forced
1454:Flag of Bornu from Vallseca atlas of 1439
1240:, sheep, cattle, camels and horses. From
273:777,000 km (300,000 sq mi)
3703:
3676:Pages d'histoire du Kanem, pays tchadien
3185:
2821:. Palgrave Macnikkan. pp. 94, 189.
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2776:
2705:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2493:
2443:
2401:
2192:
2101:
2047:Young woman from Bornu, mid-19th century
2042:
1596:129,499 km (50,000 sq mi)
1393:and arranged for the establishment of a
1112:
1085:Founding by local Kanembu (Dugua) c. 700
89:Influence of Kanem Empire around 1200 AD
5800:
3736:
3673:
3267:
3254:
3231:
3177:Alkali, Nur; Usman, Bala, eds. (1983).
3111:
3098:
3020:
2916:
2528:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
1588:50,000 km (19,000 sq mi)
1361:
895:existed in areas which are now part of
14:
6000:
3650:
3524:
3356:
3327:The life and Times of Rabih Fadl Allah
3324:
3181:. Zaria: Northern Nigerian Publishing.
2841:
2835:
2761:
2752:
2727:
2388:
1835:), the first permanent home a Sayfawa
4507:
4285:
4259:
3803:
3745:
3496:
3480:
3464:
3448:
3428:
3405:
3382:
3364:(Paperback ed.). Whitefish, MT:
3297:
3208:
2795:
2681:
2664:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2607:
2447:
2208:Upon Shehu Abubakar's death in 1922,
2038:
1858:Bornu peaked during the reign of Mai
1145:Duguwa or Dougouwa dynasty (700–1086)
6048:8th-century establishments in Africa
2906:. Ohio University Press. p. 81.
2846:Kanem-Borno: 1,000 Years of Splendor
2619:(66–67). Borno Museum Society: 15–25
2420:
2372:(in Arabic). شركة سفير. p. 613.
942:, northeastern Nigeria and northern
3748:Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu
3385:Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu
2984:
2902:Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels.
2450:"The early states of Central Sudan"
2186:, Deutsch-Bornu became the British
1853:
1296:was slaves. Tribes to the south of
995:peoples who spoke languages of the
24:
3697:
3630:A History of the Ancient Near East
3467:"The kingdoms and peoples of Chad"
2632:
2143:led an invading army from eastern
1820:on the western edge of Lake Chad.
25:
6084:
3779:
3605:A History of Islam in West Africa
3483:"Borno Museum Society Newsletter"
3451:"The Chad region as a crossroads"
3294:. Paris: Editions de la Sorbonne.
2917:Dewière, Rémi (8 November 2019).
2686:(7). Paris: Librairie Larose: 21.
2097:
1029:also mentions the Zaghawa in the
6053:1893 disestablishments in Africa
3786:The Story of Africa: Kanem-Borno
3362:A Class-Book of Modern Geography
3105:Journal of the History of Sufism
2365:
1960:
1946:
1935:was independently operating the
1904:market in the Mediterranean. As
1711:
1697:
1683:
1669:
1644:
1446:
781:
569:Pacification of Northern Nigeria
419:
377:
363:
338:
324:
310:
68:
56:
3170:
3154:
3141:
3092:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3021:Dewière, Rémi (16 April 2013).
3014:
2978:
2945:
2910:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2699:
2690:
2601:
2576:
2561:
2529:Barrows, Leland conley (2006).
2522:
2487:
2006:
1764:brought the death of four Mai:
1354:three times before drowning at
1197:. For the next millennium, the
971:Theories on the origin of Kanem
99:Manan (until the 12th-century)
3099:Dewière, Rémi (January 2018).
2904:The History of Islam in Africa
2470:
2376:
2359:
2329:
2304:
2282:
2249:
1105:. Under the leadership of the
1077:west of the lake in Bornu and
13:
1:
3674:Zeltner, Jean-Claude (1980).
3628:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2007).
3582:(Fifth ed.). Cambridge:
3255:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1988).
2929:10.4000/books.psorbonne.30097
2243:
2218:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2086:in the west, was lost to the
1912:
239:
166:
42:
6028:Countries in medieval Africa
3601:Trimingham, Spencer (1962).
3348:Hiribarren, Vincent (2017).
3123:Hiribarren, Vincent (2017).
2648:West Africa: The Rough Guide
2337:"The Encyclopedia of empire"
2121:for the simpler designation
7:
4533:
2817:Shillington, Kevin (2012).
2627:– via dierklange.com.
2231:
2182:, on 9 January 1907. After
1350:(1098–1151), performed the
1292:. Yet, the principal trade
10:
6089:
3741:. Brill. pp. 658–684.
3651:Zakari, Maikorema (1985).
3584:Cambridge University Press
3574:; Atmore, Anthony (2005).
2755:The Bornu Sahara and Sudan
2265:. Routledge. p. 733.
2052:Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi
1987:) in the state council or
1466:Bornu Empire extent c.1750
1306:, and then transported to
1263:
1260:Saifawa dynasty (850–1846)
1162:Kanem was connected via a
1148:
1139:
6073:Medieval history of Libya
6023:Former Islamic monarchies
5969:
5921:
5438:
4842:
4541:
4293:
4237:
4184:
4136:
4129:
3888:
3838:
3474:General History of Africa
3472:. In Niane, D. T. (ed.).
3458:General History of Africa
2952:Ibn Furṭū, Aḥmad (1987).
2777:Meredith, Martin (2014).
2753:Palmer, Richmond (1936).
2448:Smith, Abdullahi (1972).
2166:The French then occupied
1808:Umar b. Idris to abandon
1727:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1459:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1164:trans-Saharan slave trade
289:
277:
270:
265:
261:
248:
233:
229:
219:
215:
203:
191:
179:
163:
159:
149:
139:
125:
111:
94:
82:
52:
41:
34:
6018:Former empires in Africa
3209:Barth, Heinrich (1858).
2031:thrust and proclaimed a
1896:, and relied upon large
1185:Kanuri tradition states
3632:(2nd ed.). Oxford.
3497:—— (2011).
3481:—— (2010).
3465:—— (1984).
3456:. In Elfasi, M. (ed.).
3449:—— (1988).
3429:—— (1993).
3406:—— (1987).
3232:Brenner, Louis (1973).
2842:Koslow, Philip (1995).
2316:Encyclopædia Britannica
2238:List of Sunni dynasties
2220:, in the sphere of the
2111:Travels and Discoveries
1953:Bornu territory by 1500
1892:, after he implemented
828:Transitional Government
3706:History of West Africa
3298:Cohen, Ronald (1967).
3288:Dewière, Rémi (2017).
3188:History of West Africa
3002:Cite journal requires
2779:The Fortunes of Africa
2711:Ancient Ghana and Mali
2454:History of West Africa
2205:
2114:
2048:
1567:• Disestablished
1248:. In the 12th century
808:French colonial period
5946:Medieval great powers
4007:Abdullah III Dakumuni
3746:Lange, Dierk (1977).
3383:Lange, Dierk (1977).
3368:. p. 390 Pages.
3261:Chad: A Country Study
3036:10.4000/afriques.1170
2608:Lange, Dierk (2006).
2341:Choice Reviews Online
2200:after the killing of
2196:
2105:
2074:, in league with the
2046:
1784:. Then, war with the
1482:Common languages
1254:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
1205:, which included the
1182:in Tripoli in Libya.
1132:in the middle of the
1113:Diffusionist theories
1043:in the 10th century.
853:Civil War (2005–2010)
818:Civil War (1965–1979)
813:Tombalbaye government
448:Kwararafa Confederacy
112:Common languages
5956:European colonialism
5941:Ancient great powers
4072:Muhammad Bukalmarami
4001:Uthman III Kalinwama
3366:Kessinger Publishing
3282:10.3917/hyp.121.0383
3234:The Shehus of Kukawa
2480:, 3–35; Trimingham,
1770:Kure Ghana es-Saghir
1362:Mai Dunama Dabbalemi
798:Sultanate of Bagirmi
6058:History of Cameroon
5951:Modern great powers
4056:Dunama V Ngumaramma
3948:Kure Gana as-Saghir
3325:Hallam, W. (1977).
3302:The Kanuri of Bornu
2385:, Book I, pp. 35–36
1933:Sultanate of Agadez
1900:to ensure justice.
1864:non-aggression pact
1557:• Established
1346:Humai's successor,
1180:Barbary slave trade
1122:Neo-Assyrian Empire
977:trans-Saharan trade
838:Conflict with Libya
478:Protectorate Period
6013:Kanem–Bornu Empire
4403:Mahdiyya caliphate
4050:Muhammad V Aminami
3953:Kure Kura al-Kabir
3795:Timeline of rulers
2292:. 29 December 2008
2257:Shillington, Kevin
2206:
2188:Northern Cameroons
2161:Battle of Kousséri
2115:
2049:
2039:Muhammad al-Kanemi
2011:Around this time,
1782:'Abdullāh b. Kadai
1774:Kure Kura al-Kabir
1250:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1187:Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan
1062:, people speaking
983:and the region of
893:Kanem–Bornu Empire
823:Malloum government
793:Kanem–Bornu Empire
6063:History of Fezzan
6033:Sahelian kingdoms
5995:
5994:
5917:
5916:
5882:Polish–Lithuanian
5057:Gurjara-Pratihara
4501:
4500:
4287:Sahelian kingdoms
4253:
4252:
4233:
4232:
4130:Al Kanemi dynasty
4110:Dunama IX Lefiami
4046:Idris Katakarmabe
3867:Yayoladh (Yiyoma)
3790:BBC World Service
3578:Africa Since 1800
3544:Nachtigal, Gustav
3375:978-1-4326-8180-7
3134:978-1-84904-474-5
3029:(in French) (4).
2938:979-10-351-0101-5
2828:978-0-230-30847-3
2819:History of Africa
2788:978-1-61039-635-6
2707:Levtzion, Nehemia
2657:978-1-85828-101-8
2570:Founding of Kanem
2272:978-1-135-45670-2
2125:(from the Arabic
1844:Idris Katakarmabe
1758:
1757:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1657:
1656:
1527:• 1381–1382
1101:belonging to the
1046:Kanem comes from
1019:Wahb ibn Munabbih
889:
888:
755:
754:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
351:
350:
205:• 1382–1387
193:• 1097-1150
181:• 1085-1097
16:(Redirected from
6080:
6068:History of Niger
5798:
5797:
5463:Austro-Hungarian
5163:Chagatai Khanate
4528:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4134:
4133:
3963:Idris I Nigalemi
3921:Dunama Dabbalemi
3824:
3817:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3597:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3549:Sahara und Sudan
3539:
3530:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3493:
3492:. 76–84: 79–103.
3487:
3477:
3471:
3461:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3285:
3264:
3251:
3245:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3182:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2883:Hughes, page 281
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2725:
2724:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2491:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2445:
2418:
2417:
2399:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2347:(12): 53. 2016.
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2253:
2198:Shehu Sanda Kura
2113:, Vol. III, 1857
2108:Heinrich Barth's
2088:Sokoto Caliphate
1964:
1950:
1890:Amir al-Mu'minin
1878:Pasha of Tripoli
1854:Mai Idris Alooma
1715:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1625:
1624:
1464:
1450:
1429:
1428:
1375:Dunama Dabbalemi
1103:Sao civilisation
1075:Chadic languages
1052:first millennium
881:
874:
867:
785:
775:
757:
756:
747:
740:
733:
423:
413:
412:Northern Nigeria
395:
394:
381:
380:
367:
366:
355:
354:
346:Sao civilisation
342:
341:
328:
327:
314:
313:
307:
306:
291:
290:
244:
241:
171:
168:
87:
72:
60:
47:
44:
32:
31:
21:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6077:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5980:American Empire
5965:
5961:African empires
5913:
5796:
5488:Central African
5434:
5252:Romano-Germanic
4838:
4572:Middle Assyrian
4545:
4537:
4532:
4502:
4497:
4289:
4284:
4254:
4249:
4245:Rabih az-Zubayr
4229:
4205:Abubakar Garbai
4192:
4180:
4138:
4125:
4098:Dunama VII Gana
4016:Ahmad Dunama IV
3983:Abu Bakr Liyatu
3932:Biri II Ibrahim
3892:
3890:Sayfawa dynasty
3884:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3782:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3700:
3698:Further reading
3681:
3680:
3658:
3657:
3635:
3634:
3612:
3611:
3594:
3555:
3554:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3485:
3469:
3453:
3433:
3413:
3412:
3390:
3389:
3376:
3358:Hughes, William
3332:
3331:
3309:
3308:
3239:
3238:
3216:
3215:
3193:
3192:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3121:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3019:
3015:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2985:Dewière, Rémi.
2983:
2979:
2964:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:Oliver, page 12
2873:
2869:
2862:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2815:
2796:
2789:
2775:
2762:
2751:
2728:
2721:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2680:
2665:
2658:
2644:
2633:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2566:
2562:
2527:
2523:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2446:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2259:(4 July 2013).
2254:
2250:
2246:
2234:
2202:Rabih az-Zubayr
2174:, the Shehu of
2141:Rabih az-Zubayr
2100:
2041:
2025:Usman dan Fodio
2009:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1915:
1906:Martin Meredith
1856:
1802:Abu Bakr Liyatu
1798:Uthmān b. Idris
1794:Uthmān b. Dawūd
1754:
1712:
1698:
1684:
1679:Rabih az-Zubayr
1670:
1645:
1612:
1568:
1558:
1528:
1467:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1364:
1315:Richmond Palmer
1300:were raided as
1282:Sayfawa dynasty
1278:ethnic conflict
1271:Kanuri-speaking
1268:
1266:Sayfawa dynasty
1262:
1195:divine kingship
1157:desertification
1153:
1147:
1142:
1115:
1087:
973:
885:
803:Wadai Sultanate
773:
766:
751:
722:
721:
622:
614:
613:
564:
556:
555:
526:
518:
517:
473:Colonial Period
433:
411:
404:
378:
364:
339:
325:
311:
254:
242:
236:
206:
194:
182:
172:
169:
107:
90:
78:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
61:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6086:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4844:Post-classical
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4643:Middle Kingdom
4640:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:Neo-Babylonian
4596:
4591:
4589:Old Babylonian
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Mossi kingdoms
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Hausa kingdoms
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4176:Sanda Wuduroma
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:'Abd ar-Rahman
4148:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4053:Ali II Zainami
4051:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:Umar ibn Idris
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3840:Duguwa dynasty
3836:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3781:
3780:External links
3778:
3777:
3776:
3756:
3743:
3734:
3714:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3671:
3648:
3625:
3598:
3592:
3572:Oliver, Roland
3568:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3494:
3478:
3462:
3446:
3426:
3403:
3380:
3374:
3354:
3345:
3322:
3295:
3286:
3265:
3252:
3229:
3206:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3133:
3110:
3091:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3013:
3004:|journal=
2977:
2962:
2956:. F. Steiner.
2944:
2937:
2909:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2860:
2834:
2827:
2794:
2787:
2760:
2726:
2719:
2698:
2689:
2663:
2656:
2631:
2600:
2588:dierklange.com
2575:
2560:
2541:(1): 171–173.
2521:
2508:10.2307/218839
2502:(2): 286–289.
2486:
2469:
2462:
2419:
2412:
2387:
2375:
2358:
2328:
2303:
2281:
2271:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2222:British Empire
2157:Sanda Wuduroma
2099:
2098:Shehu of Borno
2096:
2076:Ouaddai Empire
2040:
2037:
2008:
2005:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1914:
1911:
1888:called Alooma
1882:Turkish empire
1868:scorched earth
1855:
1852:
1814:Kanembu people
1780:, all sons of
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:Historical era
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1391:Hafsid monarch
1363:
1360:
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1151:Duguwa dynasty
1149:Main article:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1128:(mentioned by
1114:
1111:
1107:Duguwa dynasty
1086:
1083:
979:route between
972:
969:
957:Heinrich Barth
938:) and eastern
927:) until 1900.
887:
886:
884:
883:
876:
869:
861:
858:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
787:
786:
778:
777:
768:
767:
760:
753:
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Historiography
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
551:Igbirra People
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
429:
428:
425:
424:
416:
415:
406:
405:
398:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
361:
352:
349:
348:
343:
335:
334:
332:Kanuri culture
329:
321:
320:
318:Toubou culture
315:
303:
302:
297:
287:
286:
285:shells, copper
279:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
249:
246:
245:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
220:Historical era
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:
204:
201:
200:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
113:
109:
108:
106:
105:
98:
96:
92:
91:
88:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
62:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6085:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5986:
5985:Soviet empire
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:Miscellaneous
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:German Empire
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:Turco-Persian
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
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4213:
4211:
4210:Sanda Kyarimi
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:Post-colonial
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Umar of Borno
4144:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:Muhammad VIII
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
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4024:
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4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Daud Nigalemi
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
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3806:
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3783:
3773:
3767:
3759:
3757:3-515-02392-5
3753:
3750:. Wiesbaden.
3749:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3717:
3715:0-582-64683-9
3711:
3707:
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3606:
3599:
3595:
3593:0-521-83615-8
3589:
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3296:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:"Kanem-Borno"
3253:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3184:
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3163:
3157:
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3126:
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3102:
3095:
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3073:
3067:
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3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:3-515-04926-6
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2863:
2861:0-7910-3129-2
2857:
2853:
2852:14, 20–21, 23
2848:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
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2749:
2747:
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2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2720:0-8419-0431-6
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2463:0-231-03628-0
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2413:0-521-21592-7
2409:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2312:"Kanem-Bornu"
2307:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2226:Borno Emirate
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:Sanda Kyarimi
2211:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:Dikwa Emirate
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:Fulani people
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1967:Borno in 1810
1963:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:and move the
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:Daud Nigalemi
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:Today part of
1726:
1710:
1708:
1707:Dikwa Emirate
1705:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1693:Borno Emirate
1691:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
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1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:Said of Bornu
1530:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
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1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1422:
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1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:Muhammad Mānī
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:According to
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:vassal states
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:Berber people
1006:
1005:Toubou people
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:confederation
986:
982:
978:
968:
966:
965:Dikwa Emirate
962:
961:Borno Emirate
958:
954:
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
788:
784:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
764:
759:
758:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
726:
725:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:Kanuri People
539:
537:
536:Fulani People
534:
532:
529:
528:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:Sokoto Period
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
427:
426:
422:
418:
417:
414:
408:
407:
402:
397:
396:
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
330:
323:
322:
319:
316:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
260:
256:
253:
247:
238:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
202:
199:
196:
190:
187:
184:
178:
174:
162:
158:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
93:
86:
81:
71:
59:
51:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6008:Kanem Empire
5736:Contemporary
5586:Indo-Persian
5574:Nazi Germany
5518:Contemporary
5420:Vijayanagara
5319:Great Seljuk
5230:Thessalonica
5158:Golden Horde
5122:
4798:Carthaginian
4577:Neo-Assyrian
4562:Neo-Sumerian
4392:
4161:Ibrahim Kura
4137:Pre–colonial
4122:Ali Delatumi
4095:Muhammad VII
4068:Idris Alooma
4025:Muhammad III
3880:Abd al-Jalil
3831:
3747:
3738:
3705:
3675:
3652:
3629:
3604:
3577:
3548:
3538:. Cambridge.
3535:
3526:
3499:
3489:
3473:
3457:
3441:
3437:
3410:. Stuttgart.
3407:
3387:. Wiesbaden.
3384:
3361:
3349:
3326:
3301:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3233:
3210:
3187:
3178:
3171:Bibliography
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3124:
3104:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3074:, 46, 104–7.
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3026:
3016:
2995:cite journal
2980:
2953:
2947:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2845:
2837:
2818:
2778:
2754:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2647:
2621:. Retrieved
2616:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2453:
2403:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2321:24 September
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2284:
2276:
2261:
2251:
2207:
2165:
2155:, and Shehu
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2092:Wadai Empire
2071:
2050:
2010:
2007:Fulani Jihad
2001:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1919:
1916:
1902:
1872:
1860:Idris Alooma
1857:
1840:
1836:
1822:
1805:
1759:
1652:Kanem Empire
1634:Succeeded by
1633:
1628:
1611:• 1892
1433:Bornu Empire
1418:
1385:, sending a
1383:North Africa
1371:
1365:
1345:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1269:
1245:
1214:Sudan region
1211:
1184:
1161:
1154:
1119:
1116:
1088:
1072:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1035:ibn al-Nadim
1027:Al-Khwarizmi
1012:
974:
950:
948:
929:
925:Bornu Empire
924:
920:
917:Kanem Empire
916:
892:
890:
792:
579:Demographics
531:Hausa People
525:By ethnicity
513:1999–present
468:Pre-colonial
443:Hausa States
359:Bornu Empire
300:Succeeded by
299:
294:
252:Bornu Empire
75:Coat of arms
36:Kanem Empire
29:
18:Kanem Empire
5324:Khwarezmian
5257:Carolingian
5062:Rashtrakuta
4766:Shaishunaga
4665:Hellenistic
4648:New Kingdom
4638:Old Kingdom
4393:Kanem–Bornu
4343:Futa Jallon
4075:Ibrahim III
4037:Muhammad IV
4019:Muhammad II
3940:Abdullah II
3936:Haj Ibrahim
3928:Kashim Biri
3917:Abdul Jalil
3832:Kanem–Bornu
3306:. New York.
2184:World War I
2060:Shuwa Arabs
1898:fiefholders
1665:French Chad
1629:Preceded by
1546:Middle Ages
1191:9th century
1166:route with
1134:2nd century
1099:city-states
1095:desiccation
1060:desiccation
1031:9th century
1015:8th century
1003:group, the
772:History of
546:Nupe People
410:History of
295:Preceded by
235:• 700
224:Middle Ages
134:Sunni Islam
6002:Categories
5894:Portuguese
5775:Revival Le
5765:Vietnamese
5408:Later Tran
5378:Vietnamese
5274:Singhasari
5262:Holy Roman
4886:Bulgarian
4822:Satavahana
4793:Phoenician
4729:Achaemenid
4690:Indo-Greek
4670:Macedonian
4584:Babylonian
4468:Toucouleur
4368:Great Fulo
4200:Sanda Kura
4156:Bukar Kura
4118:Ibrahim IV
4063:Aissa Koli
4010:Ibrahim II
4004:Dunama III
3995:Kade Afunu
3958:Muhammad I
3876:Shahin-bey
3830:Rulers of
3444:: 261–277.
3276:: 383–93.
3270:Hypothèses
3164:, 257–275.
2617:Newsletter
2484:, 104–111.
2383:Al-Fiḥrist
2244:References
2210:Sanda Kura
2021:Ngazargamu
2017:Fulani War
1979:of modern
1925:pilgrimage
1913:Successors
1829:Ngazargamu
1778:Muhammad I
1601:Population
1513:King (Mai)
1502:Government
1476:Ngazargamu
1439:1380s–1893
1290:salt mines
1288:and other
1201:ruled the
1058:underwent
1040:Al-Fihrist
843:Toyota War
438:Prehistory
243: 700
170: 700
151:King (Mai)
140:Government
46: 700
5887:Couronian
5525:Ethiopian
5513:Manchukuo
5468:Brazilian
5314:Ghaznavid
5284:Srivijaya
5235:Trebizond
5220:Byzantine
5202:North Sea
5197:Norwegian
5185:Almoravid
5168:Ilkhanate
5138:Majapahit
5111:Muromachi
5020:Solomonic
5005:Ethiopian
4919:Caliphate
4852:Aragonese
4680:Ptolemaic
4488:Wassoulou
4348:Futa Toro
4238:1894–1900
4139:1846–1894
4089:Dunama VI
4059:Abd Allah
4041:Ali Ghaji
4031:Uthman IV
3978:Uthman II
3893:1085–1846
3766:cite book
3724:cite book
3684:cite book
3661:cite book
3655:. Niamey.
3638:cite book
3615:cite book
3609:. Oxford.
3558:cite book
3512:cite book
3506:. Boston.
3416:cite book
3393:cite book
3335:cite book
3312:cite book
3242:cite book
3236:. Oxford.
3219:cite book
3196:cite book
3147:Brenner,
3070:Brenner,
3045:2108-6796
2972:496104059
2547:0361-7882
2353:0009-4978
2084:Hausaland
2003:economy.
1995:known as
1886:Ibn Furtu
1615:5,000,000
1492:Religion
1399:al-Rashid
1298:Lake Chad
1294:commodity
1238:livestock
1079:Hausaland
1054:, as the
1033:, as did
985:Lake Chad
833:Habré Era
687:Nassarawa
589:Economics
584:Diplomacy
508:1993–1999
503:1983–1993
498:1979–1983
493:1966–1979
488:1963–1966
483:1953–1960
126:Religion
5867:Japanese
5830:Scottish
5810:American
5802:Colonial
5731:Imperial
5699:Moroccan
5635:Japanese
5613:Afsharid
5472:Burmese
5458:Austrian
5413:Later Le
5388:Early Le
5373:Venetian
5299:Tiwanaku
5212:Hellenic
5175:Moroccan
5106:Kamakura
5096:Japanese
5079:Saffarid
5032:Georgian
4946:Chalukya
4924:Rashidun
4914:Calakmul
4882:Bruneian
4761:Haryanka
4739:Sasanian
4734:Parthian
4685:Bactrian
4675:Seleucid
4655:Goguryeo
4633:Egyptian
4567:Assyrian
4557:Akkadian
4548:Colonies
4225:Abubakar
4186:Colonial
4086:Idris IV
4078:Umar III
3998:Biri III
3973:Uthman I
3905:Dunama I
3843:692–1085
3678:. Paris.
3546:(1967).
3438:Paideuma
3360:(2007).
3329:. Devon.
3160:Hallam,
3151:, 64–66.
3061:, 81–82.
2709:(1973).
2573:, 31–38.
2555:40034020
2232:See also
2172:Abubakar
2151:, Shehu
2027:led the
1985:kokenawa
1880:and the
1825:Ali Gazi
1750:Cameroon
1506:Monarchy
1348:Dunama I
1326:tatatuna
1319:fanadir,
1242:al-Bakri
1228:, their
1193:through
1126:Agisymba
944:Cameroon
905:Cameroon
848:Déby era
763:a series
761:Part of
621:By state
604:Military
599:Medicine
563:By topic
431:Timeline
401:a series
399:Part of
373:Khormans
278:Currency
198:Dunama I
144:Monarchy
132:, later
5934:largest
5929:Empires
5909:Swedish
5904:Spanish
5899:Russian
5862:Italian
5837:Chinese
5825:English
5820:British
5815:Belgian
5790:Vietnam
5780:Tay son
5726:Tsarist
5721:Russian
5716:Ottoman
5682:Dzungar
5677:Khoshut
5650:Mexican
5645:Maratha
5628:Pahlavi
5608:Safavid
5603:Iranian
5530:Haitian
5493:Chinese
5453:Ashanti
5425:Wagadou
5351:Eastern
5346:Western
5329:Timurid
5289:Tibetan
5279:Songhai
5269:Serbian
5190:Almohad
5180:Idrisid
5084:Samanid
5074:Tahirid
5069:Iranian
5047:Kannauj
5027:Genoese
4963:Chinese
4956:Eastern
4951:Western
4939:Fatimid
4934:Abbasid
4929:Umayyad
4902:Burmese
4862:Ayyubid
4857:Angevin
4827:Xianbei
4815:Eastern
4810:Western
4756:Magadha
4719:Iranian
4712:Xiongnu
4697:Hittite
4606:Chinese
4594:Kassite
4543:Ancient
4535:Empires
4458:Songhai
4443:Shilluk
4413:Massina
4303:Bagirmi
4220:Mustafa
4082:Ali III
4034:Umar II
3914:Bikorom
3873:Bozaxhi
3870:Dalabou
3057:Lange,
2567:Lange,
2482:History
2476:Urvoy,
2296:23 July
1997:kachela
1993:eunuchs
1981:Nigeria
1833:Nigeria
1766:Selemma
1735:Nigeria
1472:Capital
1415:Traghan
1395:madrasa
1389:to the
1387:giraffe
1379:sultans
1303:kafirun
1274:Muslims
1230:cavalry
1218:Ya'qubi
1207:Ngalaga
1174:in the
1168:Tripoli
1140:History
1130:Ptolemy
1091:nomadic
1064:Kanembu
1037:in his
1023:Zaghawa
1013:In the
993:nomadic
981:Tripoli
897:Nigeria
717:Zamfara
697:Plateau
667:Katsina
627:Adamawa
574:Culture
281:cloth,
165:•
130:Animism
95:Capital
5872:Mongol
5857:German
5852:French
5842:Danish
5785:Dainam
5760:Tongan
5748:Somali
5743:Sokoto
5709:'Alawi
5687:Kalmyk
5667:Mongol
5660:Second
5640:Korean
5591:Mughal
5581:Indian
5564:German
5557:Second
5547:French
5540:Second
5476:Second
5448:Afghan
5440:Modern
5366:Kyrgyz
5361:Uighur
5356:Second
5336:Turkic
5304:Toltec
5240:Epirus
5225:Nicaea
5148:Mongol
5101:Yamato
5037:Huetar
4895:Second
4832:Rouran
4781:Shunga
4776:Maurya
4751:Kushan
4724:Median
4702:Hunnic
4660:Harsha
4473:Tunjur
4463:Takrur
4453:Sokoto
4438:Sennar
4433:Saloum
4383:Kaarta
4333:Darfur
4323:Dagbon
4308:Bamana
4298:Alodia
4166:Ashimi
4092:Hamdan
3910:Biri I
3855:Duganj
3852:Jashar
3754:
3712:
3590:
3372:
3149:Shehus
3131:
3072:Shehus
3043:
2970:
2960:
2935:
2858:
2825:
2785:
2717:
2654:
2623:16 May
2593:16 May
2553:
2545:
2516:218839
2514:
2478:Empire
2460:
2410:
2366:سفير.
2351:
2269:
2204:(1900)
2149:Ashimi
2137:Waddai
2132:wazirs
2127:shaykh
2064:Kukawa
2056:Fezzan
2029:Fulani
1989:nokena
1894:Sharia
1873:Ribāts
1800:, and
1786:Bulala
1776:, and
1517:
1486:Kanuri
1411:Bulala
1333:Hummay
1322:dagil,
1308:Zawila
1226:nomads
1203:Kanuri
1068:Kanuri
1056:Sahara
952:Girgam
936:Fezzan
765:on the
707:Taraba
702:Sokoto
657:Kaduna
652:Jigawa
632:Bauchi
403:on the
283:cowrie
210:Omar I
186:Hummay
155:
116:Kanuri
5922:Lists
5877:Omani
5847:Dutch
5753:Isaaq
5704:Saadi
5672:Oirat
5655:First
5623:Qajar
5552:First
5535:First
5508:China
5481:Third
5341:First
5294:Tikal
5245:Morea
5215:Roman
5133:Latin
5128:Khmer
5123:Kanem
5089:Buyid
5015:Zagwe
5010:Aksum
5000:Chola
4907:First
4890:First
4877:Bornu
4872:Benin
4867:Aztec
4805:Roman
4786:Gupta
4771:Nanda
4707:White
4483:Wadai
4478:Waalo
4428:Niumi
4423:Niani
4388:Kaabu
4378:Jolof
4363:Gobir
4358:Ghana
4338:Dendi
4318:Cayor
4193:1900–
4171:Kyari
4105:Ahmad
4101:Ali I
4028:Ghaji
4013:Kadai
3992:Sa'id
3944:Selma
3864:Kâtun
3849:Susam
3504:(PDF)
3486:(PDF)
3470:(PDF)
3454:(PDF)
3434:(PDF)
3059:Diwan
2613:(PDF)
2551:JSTOR
2512:JSTOR
2180:Yerwa
2168:Dikwa
2153:Kyari
2145:Sudan
2123:shehu
2068:Shehu
2033:jihad
1977:Hausa
1937:Bilma
1929:Mecca
1920:Diwan
1848:Njimi
1818:Bornu
1810:Njimi
1745:Niger
1561:1380s
1496:Islam
1407:jihad
1403:Cairo
1368:reign
1356:Aidab
1341:Nijmi
1286:Bilma
1246:Kanem
1234:Mānān
1216:, by
1176:Kawar
1172:Bilma
1021:used
940:Niger
932:Libya
923:(the
921:Bornu
909:Libya
901:Niger
692:Niger
682:Kwara
672:Kebbi
647:Gombe
642:Borno
637:Benue
609:Women
463:Bornu
458:Kanem
103:Njimi
48:–1380
5692:Bogd
5618:Zand
5596:Sikh
5503:Qing
5498:Ming
5430:Wari
5398:Tran
5383:Dinh
5153:Yuan
5143:Mali
5052:Pala
5042:Inca
4993:Yuan
4983:Song
4978:Liao
4973:Tang
4746:Kush
4628:Dʿmt
4493:Wuli
4448:Sine
4408:Mali
4398:Kong
4328:Daju
4313:Baol
4215:Umar
4188:and
3925:Kade
3900:Hume
3861:Arso
3858:Mune
3772:link
3752:ISBN
3730:link
3710:ISBN
3690:link
3667:link
3644:link
3621:link
3588:ISBN
3564:link
3518:link
3422:link
3399:link
3370:ISBN
3341:link
3318:link
3248:link
3225:link
3202:link
3162:Life
3129:ISBN
3041:ISSN
3008:help
2968:OCLC
2958:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2625:2019
2595:2019
2543:ISSN
2458:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2349:ISSN
2323:2014
2298:2022
2267:ISBN
2080:Umar
1740:Chad
1593:1892
1585:1800
1580:Area
1571:1893
1419:cima
1352:Hajj
1331:Mai
1199:Mais
1170:via
1048:anem
1001:Daza
997:Teda
963:and
913:Chad
911:and
891:The
774:Chad
712:Yobe
677:Kogi
662:Kano
266:Area
257:1380
120:Teda
63:Flag
5770:Mac
5207:Oyo
5116:Edo
4988:Jīn
4968:Sui
4621:Jin
4616:Han
4611:Qin
4353:Gao
4022:Amr
3278:doi
3031:doi
2925:doi
2504:doi
2119:mai
2072:mai
1927:to
1841:Mai
1837:mai
1816:to
1806:Mai
1762:Sao
1401:in
1397:of
1381:in
1372:Mai
1370:of
1324:or
1007:or
991:of
175:Sef
6004::
5403:Ho
5393:Ly
3788:—
3768:}}
3764:{{
3726:}}
3722:{{
3686:}}
3682:{{
3663:}}
3659:{{
3640:}}
3636:{{
3617:}}
3613:{{
3586:.
3560:}}
3556:{{
3514:}}
3510:{{
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3442:39
3440:.
3436:.
3418:}}
3414:{{
3395:}}
3391:{{
3337:}}
3333:{{
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3310:{{
3274:16
3272:.
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3240:{{
3221:}}
3217:{{
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3194:{{
3113:^
3103:.
3039:.
3025:.
2999::
2997:}}
2993:{{
2966:.
2931:.
2854:.
2797:^
2763:^
2729:^
2666:^
2634:^
2615:.
2586:.
2549:.
2539:39
2537:.
2533:.
2510:.
2500:12
2498:.
2422:^
2390:^
2345:53
2343:.
2339:.
2314:.
2275:.
2228:.
2190:.
2163:.
2094:.
2023:.
1796:,
1792:,
1772:,
1768:,
1343:.
1081:.
1017:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
240:c.
167:c.
118:,
43:c.
4550:)
4546:(
4527:e
4520:t
4513:v
4279:e
4272:t
4265:v
3823:e
3816:t
3809:v
3774:)
3760:.
3732:)
3718:.
3692:)
3669:)
3646:)
3623:)
3596:.
3566:)
3520:)
3424:)
3401:)
3378:.
3343:)
3320:)
3284:.
3280::
3250:)
3227:)
3204:)
3137:.
3107:.
3047:.
3033::
3010:)
3006:(
2989:.
2974:.
2941:.
2927::
2864:.
2831:.
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2723:.
2660:.
2597:.
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2466:.
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2355:.
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