841:. Once, king Vishvamitra with his army arrived at the hermitage of the sage Vasishtha. The sage welcomed him and offered a huge banquet – to the army – that was produced by Sabala – as Kamadhenu is called in the text. The astonished king asked the sage to part with Sabala and instead offered thousand of ordinary cows, elephants, horses and jewels in return. However, the sage refused to part with Sabala, who was necessary for the performance of the sacred rituals and charity by the sage. Agitated, Vishvamitra seized Sabala by force, but she returned to her master, fighting the king's men. She hinted Vasishtha to order her to destroy the king's army and the sage followed her wish. Intensely, she produced
801:, Kamadhenu creates a great city by her power to accommodate Kartavirya Arjuna's army, when they visit Jamadagni's hermitage. On returning to his kingdom, Kartavirya Arjuna's minister, Chandragupta, persuades him to capture the divine cow. The minister returns to the hermitage and tries to convince the sage to give away the cow, but to no avail, so he tries to snatch Kamadhenu with force. In the ensuing fight, the sage is killed, but Kamadhenu escapes to the sky and Chandragupta takes her calf with him instead. The Brahmanda Purana narrates this Kamadhenu Sushila was given to Jamadagni by the Kamadhenu-Surabhi, who governs in
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983:(symbol of Shiva)—emerged before them. The decided that whoever among them was able to discover the end of this pillar would be deemed superior. Brahma flew towards the skies to try to find the northern end of the pillar, but failed. So, Brahma forced Surabhi (in some versions, Surabhi instead suggested that Brahma should lie) to falsely testify to Vishnu that Brahma had seen the top of the lingam; Shiva punished Surabhi for her dishonesty by declaringshat her bovine offspring would hconsume uholy substances. This tale appears in the
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690:—once passed by Kamadhenu-Surabhi, but failed to pay respects to her, thus incurring the wrath of the divine cow, who cursed the king to be rendered childless. Since Kamadhenu had gone to Patala, the guru of Dilipa, Vasishtha advised the king to serve Nandini, Kamadhenu's daughter, who was in the hermitage. The king and his wife propitiated Nandini, who neutralized her mother's curse and blessed the king to have a son, who was named
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246:(both ancient sages), and that kings who tried to steal her from the sage ultimately faced dire consequences for their actions. Kamadhenu plays the important role of providing milk and milk products to be used in her sage-master's oblations; she is also capable of producing fierce warriors to protect him. In addition to dwelling in the sage's hermitage, she is also described as dwelling in
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narrates that the celestial cow – called Kapila here – produces various weapons and an army to aid
Jamadagni defeat the king's army, who had come to seize her. When the king himself challenged Jamadagni for battle, Kapila instructed her master in martial arts. Jamadagni led the army created by Kapila
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notes two conflicting descriptions of
Surabhi. In one chapter, it describes Surabhi as the consort of Brahma and their union produced the cow Yogishvari, She is then described as the mother of cows and quadrupeds. In another instance, she is described as a daughter of Daksha, wife of Kashyapa and the
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Apart from Goloka and Patala, Kamadhenu is also described as residing in the hermitages of the sages
Jamadagni and Vasishtha. The scholar Mani explains the contradicting stories of Kamadhenu's birth and presence in the processions of many gods and sages by stating that while there could be more than
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Some temples and houses have images of
Kamadhenu, which are worshipped. However, she has never had a worship cult dedicated to her and does not have any temples where she is worshipped as the chief deity. A recent temple called Kamadhenu Devi Temple, KR Puram, Bangalore is dedicated to her. In
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780:("warrior") race 21 times and his father is resurrected by divine grace. Similar accounts of the abduction of the celestial cow or her calf, the killing of Jamadagni by Kartavirya Arjuna, and the revenge of Parashurama resulting in the death of Kartavirya Arjuna, exist in other texts. The
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as the mother of all cows. She is a miraculous cow of plenty who provides her owner whatever they desire and is often portrayed as the mother of other cattle. In iconography, she is generally depicted as a white cow with a female head and breasts, the wings of a bird, and the tail of a
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were enjoying dalliance, when they thirsted for milk. So, Krishna created a cow called
Surabhi and a calf called Manoratha from the left side of his body, and milked the cow. When drinking the milk, the milk pot fell on the ground and broke, spilling the milk, which became the
629:, the cosmic milk ocean. Numerous cows then emerged from the pores of Surabhi's skin and were presented to the cowherd-companions (gopas) of Krishna by him. Then Krishna worshipped Surabhi and decreed that she—a cow, the giver of milk and prosperity—be worshipped at
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and worshipped Brahma for 10,000 years. The pleased god conferred goddess-hood on the cow and decreed that all people would worship her and her children – cows. He also gave her a world called Goloka, while her daughters would reside on earth among humans.
736:—the cow from whom oblations are drawn. Moreover, the cow also offers the Brahmins—who are prohibited to fight—protection against abusive kings who try to harm them. As a goddess, she becomes a warrior, creating armies to protect her master and herself.
963:. In verse 3.10, Krishna makes a reference to Kamaduh while conveying that for doing one's duty, one would get the milk of one's desires. In verse 10.28, when Krishna declares to the source of the universe, he proclaims that among cows, he is Kamaduh.
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and other foreign warriors. Together, the army of Sabala killed
Vishvamitra's army and all his sons. This event led to a great rivalry between Vasishtha and Vishvamitra, who renounced his kingdom and became a great sage to defeat Vasishtha.
1002:'s words: "It is rather the living animal which is the perpetual object of adoration". Cows are often fed outside temples and worshipped regularly on all Fridays and on special occasions. Every cow to "a pious Hindu" is regarded as an
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is described to have cast a curse on
Surabhi. This curse is interpreted as a reference to the following legend: Once, when the gods Brahma and Vishnu disputed over each other's superiority, a massive, fiery pillar of light— the
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also narrates a similar instance: Surabhi cries about the plight of her son—a bullock, who is overworked and beaten by his peasant-master. Indra, moved by
Surabhi's tears, rains to stop the ploughing of the tormented bullock.
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Sanskrit–English
Dictionary (1899), Surabhi means fragrant, charming, pleasing, as well as cow and earth. It can specifically refer to the divine cow Kamadhenu, the mother of cattle who is also sometimes described as a
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Frederick M. Smith describes
Kamadhenu as a "popular and enduring image in Indian art". All the gods are believed to reside in the body of Kamadhenu—the generic cow. Her four legs are the scriptural
270:, which is also used as a synonym for an ordinary cow. Professor Jacobi considers the name Surabhi—"the fragrant one"—to have originated from the peculiar smell of cows. According to the
553:. Her daughters Rohini and Gandharvi are the mothers of cattle and horses respectively. Still, it is Surabhi who is described as the mother of all cows in the text. However, in the
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mentions that when Kartavirya Arjuna tried to capture her, Kamadhenu, by her own power, defeated him and his army and flew off to heaven; the enraged king then killed Jamadagni.
366:), who is often described as a cow in Sanskrit. The sacred cow denotes "purity and non-erotic fertility, ... sacrificing and motherly nature, sustenance of human life".
467:(ambrosia, elixir of life). As such, she is regarded the offspring of the gods and demons, created when they churned the cosmic milk ocean and then given to the
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and defeated the king and his army several times; each time sparing the life of the king. Finally, with the aid of a divine spear granted to him by the god
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s – the guardian cow goddesses of the heavenly quarters: Saurabhi in the east, Harhsika in the south, Subhadra in the west, and Dhenu in the north.
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or as a white cow containing various deities within her body. Kamadhenu is not worshipped independently as a goddess. Rather, she is honored by the
732:(clarified butter) are integral parts of Vedic fire sacrifices, which are conducted by Brahmin priests; thus she is sometimes also referred to as
701:, Surabhi is described to be distressed by the treatment of her sons—the oxen—in fields. Her tears are considered a bad omen for the gods by
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mentions that the king abducted Kamadhenu as well as her calf and Parashurama defeated the king and returned the kine to his father. The
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In a poster condemning the consumption of beef, the sacred cow Kamadhenu is depicted as containing various deities within her body.
412:, who is portrayed with a horse's body, wings, and a woman's face. Contemporary poster art also portrays Kamadhenu in this form.
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is given the epithet Kamadhenu. In other instances, Nandini is described as the cow-daughter of Surabhi-Kamadhenu. The scholar
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connection of the deity contrasting with the accompanying dogs—symbolizing a non-Brahminical aspect. She also symbolizes the
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also makes a passing reference to Surabhi as the mother of Nandini (literally "daughter") in the context of the birth of
571:, Surabhi is described as the daughter of Daksha and the wife of Kashyapa, as well as the mother of cows and buffaloes.
429:(the five classical elements) in the icon. Dattatreya is sometimes depicted holding the divine cow in one of his hands.
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1463:. The Sacred books of the Hindus. Vol. 2. Cosmo Publications for Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. pp. 52, 137.
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Donaldson, Thomas Eugene (1995). "The Cult of Parasurama and its Popularity in Orrisa". In Vyas, R. T. (ed.).
728:(the priesthood class, especially sages), whose wealth she symbolises. Cow's milk and its derivatives such as
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Hindu scriptures provide diverse accounts of the birth of Kamadhenu. While some narrate that she emerged from
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770:, destroyed Jamadagni's hermitage and captured the calf of Kamadhenu. To retrieve the calf, Jamadagni's son
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1881:
Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature
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924:, this milk is said to be of six flavours and has the essence of all the best things of the earth. The
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1641:. The Director, Oriental Institute on behalf of Registar, MS, University of Baroda. pp. 163–7.
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358:, who is regarded as the source of all prosperity in Hinduism. Kamadhenu is regarded as a form of
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672:. Nandini is stolen by the divine Vasus and thus cursed by the sage to be born on the earth. The
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that rose from the Samudra Manthana. Further, Surabhi gave birth to many golden cows called
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one Kamadhenu, all of them are incarnations of the original Kamadhenu, the mother of cows.
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Various other scriptural references describe Surabhi as the mother of the Rudras including
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The self possessed: Deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature and civilization
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cow, crowned woman's head, colourful eagle wings and a peacock's tail. According to the
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1175:(1993). "Kamadhenu: The Religious Cow, Symbol of Prosperity". In Yves Bonnefoy (ed.).
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Kamadhenu (left, 2nd from top) depicted in a scene of the Churning of the Cosmic Ocean
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slew the king, whose sons in turn killed Jamadagni. Parashurama then destroyed the
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Barvaras, from her hind Yavanas and Shakas, and from pores on her skin, Haritas,
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book of the epic narrates that Surabhi was born from the belch of "the creator" (
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419:. In relation to the deity's iconography, she denotes the Brahminical aspect and
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238:. Still other scriptures narrate that Kamadhenu was in the possession of either
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1439:"Bhagavata Purana: Canto 6: Chapter 6: The Progeny of the Daughters of Daksha"
362:(the Hindu Divine Mother) and is closely related to the fertile Mother Earth (
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The Mahabharata: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest
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455:) records that Kamadhenu-Surabhi rose from the churning of the cosmic ocean (
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Kamadhenu-Surabhi's residence varies depending on different scriptures. The
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warriors, who were slain by Vishvamitra's army. So she produced warriors of
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A cow, identified with Kamadhenu, is often depicted accompanying the god
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Another representation of Kamadhenu shows her with the body of a white
385:(base); her eyes are the sun and moon gods, her shoulders the fire-god
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presents a similar account about Kamadhenu, however, here the sage is
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Parshurama slaying Kartavirya Arjuna as Kamadhenu and her calf flee
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281:("mother") goddess. Other proper names attributed to Kamadhenu are
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A legend narrates that the sacred cow Kamadhenu resided with sage
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756:. The earliest version of the legend, which appears in the epic
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1861:. Vol. 1: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House. p. 13.
902:– the odof othe ceans – which is situated below the earth in
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Kiss of the yoginī: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian contexts
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471:, the seven great seers. She was ordered by the creator-god
408:, this form is influenced by the iconography of the Islamic
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2014:
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White, David Gordon (2003). "Surabhi, The Mother of Cows".
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Brahmanism and Hinduism:Religious Thought and Life in India
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considers Nandini and Surabhi to be synonyms of Kamadhenu.
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906:(the netherworld). Her flowing sweet milk is said to form
397:. Kamadhenu is often depicted in this form in poster art.
1607:. Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press. p. 237.
1495:"The S'rîmad Devî Bhâgawatam: On the anecdote of Surabhi"
230:, others describe her as the daughter of the creator god
1639:
Studies in Jaina art and iconography and allied subjects
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that he vomited some of it, from which emerged Surabhi.
719:
1720:. Univ of California Press. 2023-07-28. p. 119.
1553:. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1582:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. xv, xvi, 1–27.
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928:
specifies that Surabhi inhabits the lowest realm of
664:. Nandini, like her mother, is a "cow of plenty" or
1748:. Blackie & Son (India) Ltd. pp. 135, 264.
528:narrates that the creator-god Brahma drank so much
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1761:The Mahabharata: Book 13: Anusasana Parva archive
1492:
1251:Dattātreya: the immortal guru, yogin, and avatāra
1218:
481:("clarified butter") for ritual fire-sacrifices.
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1221:"The S'rîmad Devî Bhâgawatam: Book 2: Chapter 3"
508:, who were called the mothers of the world. The
262:Kamadhenu is often addressed by the proper name
1803:
1199:
1140:
223:, who are regarded as her earthly embodiments.
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1006:(earthly embodiment) of the divine Kamadhenu.
898:, Surabhi is described to live in the city of
354:, Kamadhenu or Kamaduh is the generic name of
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299:
293:
199:
187:
26:"Surabhi" redirects here. For other uses, see
1957:
1414:Socio-Political Study of the Valmiki Ramayana
1202:"Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary"
1146:"Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary"
1874:
1740:
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1387:
1363:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1069:Sanskrit Heritage Dictionary - सुरभि surabhi
337:
1971:
1522:. Inner Traditions International. pp.
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1179:. University of Chicago Press. p. 99.
1115:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
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210:), is a divine bovine-goddess described in
1964:
1950:
1550:The Mahabharata: The book of the beginning
1317:Venugopalam, R. (2003). "Animal Deities".
1248:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
55:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1693:The Mahabharata: Book 13: Anusasana Parva
1636:
1416:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 220.
1407:
1405:
1403:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:The Mahabharata: Book 13: Anusasana Parva
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882:tells how she was given the ownership of
1655:
1580:The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa: Cantos I – V
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1321:. B. Jain Publishers. pp. 119–120.
1171:
1074:
955:, a discourse by the god Krishna in the
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601:
436:
341:
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1832:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1759:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan. "SECTION XVII".
1632:
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1628:
1626:
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1578:Kale, M. R. (1991). "Cantos I and II".
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1274:
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1100:
724:Kamadhenu is often associated with the
2460:
1792:
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1400:
1376:
1289:. Columbia University Press. pp.
1253:. SUNY Press. pp. 231, 233, 243.
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
591:, calls Surabhi the mother of amrita,
153:Nandini, Dhenu, Harschika and Subhadra
1945:
1823:
1394:The Mahabharata: Book 5: Udyoga Parva
1280:
644:(Kashyapa being the father), the cow
518:created Surabhi from his breath. The
432:
171:
16:Hindu goddess; Divine cow in Hinduism
1621:
1577:
1307:
1267:
1127:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
853:lineage. From her mouth emerged the
720:Wealth and protector of the Brahmins
461:) by the gods and demons to acquire
1856:
1773:
1758:
1687:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (1883–1896).
1388:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (1883–1896).
1364:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (1883–1896).
1156:
760:, narrates that the thousand-armed
13:
1436:
1345:. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 2010
1343:"Kamadhenu, The Wish-Granting Cow"
822:
739:
541:, Surabhi is the daughter of Sage
14:
2509:
1923:
1493:Vijñanananda, Swami (1921–1922).
1219:Vijñanananda, Swami (1921–1922).
1200:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008) .
322:, in the context of the birth of
2115:
1929:
1030:
1016:
914:, the cosmic milk ocean. In the
606:Kamadhenu pictured with her calf
475:to give milk, and supply it and
373:; her horns are the triune gods
228:the churning of the cosmic ocean
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1817:
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1752:
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1708:
1699:
1680:
1664:The concise Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki
1596:
1571:
1540:
1509:
1486:
1477:
1452:
1430:
1357:
1335:
959:, twice refers to Kamadhenu as
936:, and has four daughters – the
1884:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1744:(1977). "Verses 3.10, 10.28".
1662:Venkatesananda, Swami (1988).
1212:
1193:
1134:
1130:. Vol. 4. pp. 225–6.
1062:
705:, the god-king of heaven. The
234:, and as the wife of the sage
61:Sculpture of Kamadhenu at the
1:
1868:
1859:Elements of Hindu iconography
1666:. SUNY Press. pp. 31–2.
819:, the king killed Jamadagni.
1857:Rao, T.A. Gopinatha (1916).
1778:. Verso Books. p. 137.
1603:Van Buitenen, J. A. (1975).
1547:Van Buitenen, J. A. (1975).
1319:Rituals and Culture of India
1281:Smith, Frederick M. (2006).
1249:Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998).
648:and even the serpent-people
257:
123:or the hermitages of sages,
7:
1908:. Strassburg K.J. Trübner.
1519:The histories of gods India
1459:A Taluqdar of Oudh (2008).
1412:Sharma, Ramashraya (1971).
1009:
514:also tells a similar tale:
250:—the realm of the cows—and
206:
194:
178:
10:
2514:
992:
406:Philadelphia Museum of Art
292:The epithets "Kamadhenu" (
25:
21:Kamadhenu (disambiguation)
18:
2468:Hindu legendary creatures
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1983:
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338:Iconography and symbolism
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2421:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1900:Hopkins, Edward Washburn
1776:The Myth of the Holy Cow
1516:Daniélou, Alain (1991).
1116:Jacobi, H. (1908–1927).
1056:
668:, and resides with sage
350:According to Indologist
285:("the spotted one") and
221:Hindu veneration of cows
28:Surabhi (disambiguation)
1805:Monier-Williams, Monier
1695:. Sacred texts archive.
1396:. Sacred texts archive.
1372:. Sacred texts archive.
1142:Monier-Williams, Monier
894:In one instance in the
682:mentions that the king
2498:Agricultural goddesses
1497:. Sacred texts archive
1223:. Sacred texts archive
811:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
749:
660:, an incarnation of a
607:
442:
347:
173:[kaːmɐˈdʱeːnʊ]
747:
613:Devi Bhagavata Purana
605:
587:, an appendix of the
440:
345:
319:Devi Bhagavata Purana
2493:Hindu animal worship
1938:at Wikimedia Commons
686:—an ancestor of god
581:mother of cows. The
19:For other uses, see
2483:Hinduism and cattle
1774:Jha, D. N. (2004).
1705:Hopkins pp. 16, 119
1206:Universität zu Köln
1173:Biardeau, Madeleine
1150:Universität zu Köln
500:after he drank the
254:, the netherworld.
1524:102, 127, 308, 320
1461:The Matsya Puranam
1046:Cattle in religion
750:
608:
511:Satapatha Brahmana
443:
433:Birth and children
352:Madeleine Biardeau
348:
304:) and "Kamaduha" (
2455:
2454:
1934:Media related to
1915:978-0-8426-0560-1
1891:978-0-8426-0822-0
1843:978-0-226-89483-6
1785:978-1-85984-424-3
1727:978-0-520-33086-3
1689:"SECTION LXXXIII"
1673:978-0-88706-862-1
1648:978-81-7017-316-8
1614:978-0-226-84664-4
1589:978-81-208-0861-4
1564:978-0-226-84663-7
1533:978-0-89281-354-4
1470:978-81-307-0533-0
1423:978-81-208-0078-6
1328:978-81-8056-373-7
1300:978-0-231-13748-5
1260:978-0-7914-3695-0
1186:978-0-226-06456-7
1177:Asian mythologies
768:Kartavirya Arjuna
535:According to the
393:and her legs the
389:and the wind-god
289:("the red one").
182:), also known as
157:
156:
2505:
2478:Animal goddesses
2119:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1919:
1895:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1813:. London Murray.
1801:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:The Bhagavadgita
1742:Radhakrishan, S.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1717:The Bhagavadgita
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1366:"SECTION LXXVII"
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1288:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1113:
1098:
1095:
1072:
1066:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
968:Anushasana Parva
876:Anushasana Parva
837:and the king is
798:Brahmanda Purana
783:Bhagavata Purana
595:, cows, and the
568:Bhagavata Purana
549:, a daughter of
487:Anushasana Parva
458:Samudra Manthana
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
181:
175:
169:
59:
35:
34:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2488:Hindu goddesses
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2447:Hindu mythology
2433:
2344:
2262:
2120:
2111:
1979:
1970:
1926:
1916:
1892:
1871:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1635:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1437:Aadhar, Anand.
1435:
1431:
1424:
1410:
1401:
1386:
1377:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1279:
1268:
1261:
1247:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1170:
1157:
1152:. p. 1232.
1139:
1135:
1114:
1101:
1097:Mani pp. 379–81
1096:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1038:Hinduism portal
1036:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1000:Monier-Williams
995:
872:
825:
823:Vasishtha's cow
742:
740:Jamadagni's cow
722:
435:
340:
272:Monier Williams
260:
95:transliteration
69:
50:
45:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Cattle deities
2470:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1924:External links
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1905:Epic mythology
1896:
1890:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1849:
1842:
1816:
1791:
1784:
1766:
1751:
1733:
1726:
1707:
1698:
1679:
1672:
1654:
1647:
1620:
1613:
1595:
1588:
1570:
1563:
1539:
1532:
1508:
1485:
1483:Hopkins p. 173
1476:
1469:
1451:
1429:
1422:
1399:
1375:
1356:
1334:
1327:
1306:
1299:
1266:
1259:
1234:
1211:
1208:. p. 272.
1192:
1185:
1155:
1133:
1122:James Hastings
1099:
1073:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1011:
1008:
994:
991:
871:
868:
824:
821:
741:
738:
721:
718:
635:Bali Pratipada
620:and his lover
616:narrates that
434:
431:
356:the sacred cow
339:
336:
298:), "Kamaduh" (
259:
256:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
132:
131:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
60:
52:
51:
44:The Cow Mother
43:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2510:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2412:Bhagavad Gita
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:Other deities
2265:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:Hindu deities
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1390:"SECTION CII"
1384:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1118:"Cow (Hindu)"
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
990:
988:
987:
986:Skanda Purana
982:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:
952:Bhagavad Gita
947:
943:
941:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:Kshira Sagara
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
888:Mount Kailash
885:
881:
877:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
820:
818:
813:
812:
806:
804:
800:
799:
793:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
717:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Kshira Sagara
623:
619:
615:
614:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
579:
578:
577:Matsya Purana
572:
570:
569:
564:
563:
562:Vishnu Purana
558:
557:
552:
548:
545:and his wife
544:
540:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
488:
482:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
439:
430:
428:
427:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:(middle) and
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
344:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
314:
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
213:
208:
196:
185:
180:
174:
165:
161:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
49:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2321:Gramadevatas
2255:
2104:
1904:
1880:
1876:Mani, Vettam
1858:
1852:
1827:
1819:
1809:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1638:
1604:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1549:
1542:
1518:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1488:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1432:
1413:
1393:
1369:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1318:
1284:
1250:
1225:. Retrieved
1214:
1195:
1176:
1136:
1126:
1064:
1051:Nandi (bull)
1024:India portal
996:
984:
971:
967:
965:
960:
956:
950:
948:
944:
937:
926:Udyoga Parva
925:
921:
920:book of the
917:Udyoga Parva
915:
907:
895:
893:
879:
875:
873:
828:
826:
809:
807:
796:
794:
789:Padma Purana
787:
781:
775:
761:
751:
733:
723:
712:
711:book of the
706:
698:
696:
673:
665:
653:
639:
611:
609:
588:
582:
575:
573:
566:
560:
554:
536:
534:
529:
525:
524:book of the
521:Udyoga Parva
519:
515:
509:
505:
501:
491:
485:
483:
476:
462:
456:
446:
444:
424:
414:
399:
368:
349:
317:
311:
291:
286:
282:
276:
267:
263:
261:
225:
183:
159:
158:
32:
2405:Mahabharata
2316:Kuladevatas
2095:Vishvakarma
1501:13 November
1349:14 November
1227:13 November
1071:(in French)
972:Mahabharata
957:Mahabharata
932:, known as
922:Mahabharata
880:Mahabharata
857:, from her
839:Vishvamitra
772:Parashurama
758:Mahabharata
713:Mahabharata
654:Mahabharata
589:Mahabharata
547:Krodhavasha
526:Mahabharata
506:Kapila cows
448:Mahabharata
426:Panch Bhuta
332:Vettam Mani
313:Mahabharata
103:Affiliation
74:Other names
46:Goddess of
2462:Categories
2387:Upanishads
2306:Gandharvas
2030:Dattatreya
1869:References
1444:7 November
974:, the god
817:Dattatreya
708:Vana Parva
675:Raghuvamsa
559:, such as
469:Saptarishi
417:Dattatreya
326:, the cow
83:Devanagari
63:Batu Caves
2326:Rakshasas
2196:Mahavidya
2139:Saraswati
2126:Goddesses
2055:Kartikeya
1936:Kamadhenu
1144:(2008) .
835:Vasishtha
777:kshatriya
754:Jamadagni
734:Homadhenu
670:Vashistha
666:Kamadhenu
584:Harivamsa
516:Prajapati
493:Prajapati
453:Adi Parva
421:Vaishnava
395:Himalayas
258:Etymology
240:Jamadagni
179:Kāmadhenu
160:Kamadhenu
135:Genealogy
125:Jamadagni
98:Kāmadhenu
38:Kamadhenu
2442:Hinduism
2398:Ramayana
2340:Yakshini
2246:Shashthi
2206:Matrikas
2191:Mahadevi
1993:Trimurti
1902:(1915).
1878:(1975).
1807:(1887).
1010:See also
934:Rasatala
908:Kshiroda
896:Ramayana
855:Kambojas
830:Ramayana
726:Brahmins
699:Ramayana
680:Kalidasa
593:Brahmins
543:Kashyapa
538:Ramayana
244:Vashista
236:Kashyapa
212:Hinduism
164:Sanskrit
150:Children
144:Kashyapa
129:Vashista
93:Sanskrit
67:Malaysia
2392:Puranas
2380:Atharva
2349:Texts (
2336:Yakshas
2331:Vahanas
2301:Dikpāla
2274:Apsaras
2226:Rukmini
2201:Matangi
2149:Parvati
2144:Lakshmi
2134:Tridevi
2060:Krishna
2040:Hanuman
2035:Ganesha
2025:Chandra
2020:Ashvins
1124:(ed.).
993:Worship
970:of the
966:In the
961:Kamaduh
939:Dikpali
910:or the
878:of the
863:Kiratas
843:Pahlava
795:In the
763:Haihaya
697:In the
658:Bhishma
646:Nandini
618:Krishna
556:Puranas
377:(tip),
364:Prithvi
328:Nandini
324:Bhishma
307:कामदुहा
301:कामदुह्
295:कामधेनु
278:Matrika
268:Shurbhi
264:Surabhi
217:peafowl
207:Surabhī
195:Surabhi
184:Surabhi
168:कामधेनु
140:Consort
87:कामधेनु
77:Surabhi
2296:Devata
2289:Danava
2284:Daitya
2279:Asuras
2241:Shakti
2231:Sanjna
2221:Rohini
2181:Shachi
2166:Chhaya
2085:Varuna
2075:Shasta
2065:Kubera
2003:Vishnu
1998:Brahma
1912:
1888:
1840:
1782:
1724:
1670:
1645:
1611:
1586:
1561:
1530:
1467:
1420:
1325:
1297:
1257:
1183:
1004:avatar
981:lingam
930:Patala
904:Patala
900:Varuna
884:Goloka
870:Abodes
851:Yavana
803:Goloka
766:king,
684:Dilipa
652:. The
642:Nirrti
631:Diwali
597:Rudras
551:Daksha
530:amrita
502:amrita
498:Daksha
473:Brahma
464:amrita
379:Vishnu
375:Brahma
287:Kapila
283:Sabala
252:Patala
248:Goloka
232:Daksha
121:Patala
117:Goloka
2375:Yajur
2360:Vedas
2211:Radha
2176:Ganga
2171:Durga
2161:Bhumi
2156:Aditi
2080:Surya
2045:Indra
2008:Shiva
1977:texts
1555:220–1
1120:. In
1057:Notes
976:Shiva
859:udder
847:Shaka
703:Indra
692:Raghu
650:nāgas
637:day.
622:Radha
410:Buraq
383:Shiva
371:Vedas
201:सुरभी
189:सुरभि
113:Abode
2428:more
2370:Sama
2351:list
2311:Gana
2257:more
2251:Sita
2236:Sati
2216:Rati
2186:Kali
2106:more
2100:Yama
2090:Vayu
2070:Rama
2050:Kama
2015:Agni
1985:Gods
1975:and
1910:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1503:2010
1465:ISBN
1446:2010
1418:ISBN
1351:2010
1323:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1229:2010
1181:ISBN
949:The
827:The
808:The
730:ghee
688:Rama
662:Vasu
610:The
574:The
565:and
484:The
478:ghee
445:The
402:Zebu
391:Vayu
387:Agni
360:Devi
316:and
127:and
107:Devi
48:Cows
2365:Rig
1291:404
678:of
633:on
266:or
242:or
198:or
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