204:
99:
441:
Latinization from
Cyrillic as part of the attempt to unify all alphabets within the Soviet Union (Reznik, 68). Although this correlated with the increased amount of published Kalmyk language works and a literacy rate of 70.8% among Kalmyk population aged over nine. This is to be seen as a part of larger "campaign in 1931 that became the main driving behind the growth of literacy numbers in Kalmykia," in which the driving force was the actual number, and aggressiveness of educators attempting to spread literacy, rather than the campaign itself. (Reznik, 70).
84:
229:
72:
424:"On May 6, 1927, the Council of People's Commissars decreed the transfer of the administrative center of Kalmykia from Astrakhan to Elista. In October 1935 the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was transformed into an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1937 the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk ASSR adopted a constitution for the republic that reflected the victory of socialist relations. The Kalmyk people were consolidated into a socialist nation."
416:. Kalmykia officially became an Autonomous Oblast on November 4, 1920 "by a decree of the All Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars." What entailed was a resettlement of Kalmyks to the newly formed autonomous oblast with the goal of the native population being incorporated "in a single administrative unit" from 1922 to 1925.
432:
Resulting from the First All-Kalmyk
Congress of Soviets, the Congress discussed the creation and organization of primary and secondary education within the newly formed Autonomous Oblast (Reznik, 64). From 1924 to 1939, the Kalmyk writing system incurred various changes (Reznik, 64). School textbooks
440:
Despite this, according to the 1926 All-Union census, the Kalmyk
Autonomous Oblast had a total literacy rate of only 17.3% (Reznik, 67). Ultimately, the process of eliminating literacy was to be conducted through Russian as opposed to native Kalmyk (Reznik, 66). In the 1930s, the alphabet underwent
336:
The Kalmyk ASSR was re-established when the newly formed Kalmyk
Autonomous Oblast (re-established following the rehabilitation of the Kalmyks in January 1957) had its status increased on 29 July 1958. On 18 October 1990, the declaration of the sovereignty and transformation of
444:
In conjunction with the 1943 deportations of
Kalmyks, Reznik suggests that the alterations to the Kalmyk alphabet "broke the intergenerational continuity of language transmission (70)." There were ultimately few native Kalmyk speakers to teach Kalmyk (70).
413:
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1095:
1057:
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1037:
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346:
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were to be initially published in Kalmyk, but were instead published in
Russian in the haste to combat the high rate of illiteracy in 1923 (Reznik, 64). The
1032:
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350:
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409:, after which Lenin issued a proclamation “to the Kalmyk people to fight against the White guards”. Control reverted to the Bolsheviks in 1920.
977:
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1007:
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772:
405:. The "First Kalmyk Congress of Soviets was held" in Astrakhan from July 1 to 3, 1918. In 1919, control of Kalmykia reverted to the
437:
alphabet was adapted to create a
Russian transcription, which was then disregarded in favour of Cyrillic in 1924 (Reznik, 64–65).
412:
The creation of
Kalmykia as an autonomous oblast emerged from the First All-Kalmyk Congress of Soviets from July 2 to 9, 1920 in
163:
671:
56:
291:
1152:
524:
491:
309:(established 4 November 1920) had its status increased on 22 October 1935. On 27 December 1943 in conjunction with
83:
486:. Rossiia. XX vek. Dokumenty (in Russian). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi fond "Demokratiia"; Maternik. pp. 410–34.
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on 24 May 1991. It existed until 31 March 1992, when its status was changed to a
268:
621:
419:
330:
32:
1136:
670:
369:
322:
317:, the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent
501:
479:
434:
373:
365:
295:
105:
1143:
Autonomous republics of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
384:
The
Russian revolution and the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
406:
333:. Soviet authorities renamed the former republic's towns and villages.
16:
Autonomous republic of the Soviet Union (1935-91); now Kalmykia, Russia
287:[xalʲˈməkaftɐˈnomnəsɐˈvʲɛt͡sksɐt͡sialʲɪsˈtit͡ʃəskrʲɪsˈpublʲɪk]
394:
460:
Kalmyk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
398:
338:
298:
that existed at two periods of time. Its administrative center was
286:
222:
605:"A Broken Promise: A Hundred Years of Language Policy in Kalmykia"
314:
358:
299:
247:
116:
609:
Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage
420:
Formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
427:
265:Калмыцкая Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
672:
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
519:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 186.
478:
566:
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)
547:
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)
401:
to fall to Soviet power on Jan 25, 1918, during the
279:
351:Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR
1134:
273:Хальмг Автономн Советск Социалистическ Республик
305:The Kalmyk ASSR was first established when the
281:Xaľmg Avtonomn Sovetsk Soțialistiçesk Respublik
656:
38:
257:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
24:
22:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1163:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1148:States and territories established in 1935
663:
649:
97:
620:
313:to various locations in Central Asia and
514:
1158:1935 establishments in the Soviet Union
428:Kalmyk language, literacy and education
1135:
602:
311:the deportation of over 93,000 Kalmyks
285:
644:
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590:
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586:
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13:
380:, is named after the Kalmyk ASSR.
14:
1174:
573:
554:
533:
517:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
484:Stalinskie deportatsii 1928–1953
397:was the first settlement within
227:
202:
82:
70:
104:Location of Kalmyk ASSR within
1119:Autonomous Republic since 1934
1114:Autonomous Republic since 1925
1109:Autonomous Republic since 1923
1104:Autonomous Republic since 1920
508:
482:; Pobol', N. L., eds. (2005).
472:
1:
465:
272:
378:Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
280:
7:
622:10.26034/la.cdclsl.2013.763
603:Reznik, Vladislava (2013).
448:
10:
1179:
1153:Former socialist republics
515:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
455:Deportation of the Kalmyks
387:
25:
1074:
855:
846:
678:
343:Soviet Socialist Republic
264:
243:
181:
177:
173:
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157:
153:
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139:
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122:
112:
96:
66:
55:
39:
21:
390:Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
372:, discovered in 1977 by
307:Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
569:. The Gale Group. 2010.
550:. The Gale Group. 2010.
141: • Abolished
388:Further information:
347:Kalmyk Supreme Soviet
1056:1991–92
1051:1990–91
1046:1961–92
1041:1958–90
1036:1957–91
1031:1957–92
1026:1956–91
1021:1944–57
1016:1936–90
1006:1936–90
1001:1936–90
996:1936–44
991:1936–44
986:1935–43
981:1934–90
976:1934–90
971:1932–92
966:1931–92
956:1926–36
951:1925–36
946:1925–92
941:1924–29
936:1924–40
931:1923–40
926:1923–90
921:1922–91
916:1921–90
906:1921–24
901:1921–91
896:1921–45
891:1921–91
886:1920–90
881:1920–25
876:1919–90
871:1918–41
866:1918–24
349:was accepted by the
131: • Created
1038:Kabardino-Balkarian
998:Kabardino-Balkarian
736:Kabardino-Balkarian
292:autonomous republic
861:
359:Russian Federation
327:Stalingrad Oblasts
1128:
1127:
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1069:
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1064:
403:Russian Civil War
278:
253:
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159: • Type
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993:Checheno-Ingush
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706:Checheno-Ingush
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164:Soviet republic
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1018:North Ossetian
1014:
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856:
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803:North Ossetian
800:
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331:Stavropol Krai
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40:Калмыцкая АССР
23:
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1081:Buryat–Mongol
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623:
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615:(35): 59–76.
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526:3-540-00238-3
522:
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511:
503:
499:
495:
493:5-85646-143-6
489:
485:
481:
480:Polian, P. M.
475:
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436:
425:
417:
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410:
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371:
370:2287 Kalmykia
367:
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244:Today part of
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73:
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62:
58:
54:
48:
34:
20:
1130:
1096:Kirghiz ASSR
1094:
1088:
1080:
1042:
1015:
987:
965:
915:
873:Volga German
865:
849:of existence
833:Volga German
740:
612:
608:
565:
546:
516:
510:
483:
474:
443:
439:
435:Zaya Pandita
431:
423:
411:
393:
366:minor planet
363:
335:
304:
296:Russian SFSR
256:
254:
192:Succeeded by
191:
186:
106:Russian SFSR
89:Coat of arms
61:Russian SFSR
1093:was called
1090:Kazakh ASSR
1083:until 1958.
1053:Gorno-Altai
918:Nakhichevan
798:Nakhichevan
726:Gorno-Altai
376:astronomer
357:within the
187:Preceded by
26:Хальмг ACCP
1137:Categories
1099:until 1925
973:Karakalpak
746:Karakalpak
466:References
407:White army
978:Mordovian
938:Moldavian
868:Turkestan
818:Turkestan
788:Mordovian
783:Moldavian
631:250472051
395:Astrakhan
319:Astrakhan
290:) was an
210:Kalmyk AO
145:1943/1991
135:1935/1957
1028:Karelian
1023:Kabardin
933:Karelian
908:Mountain
903:Dagestan
893:Adjarian
847:By years
793:Mountain
751:Karelian
731:Kabardin
721:Dagestan
691:Adjarian
502:65289542
449:See also
399:Kalmykia
355:republic
339:Kalmykia
223:Kalmykia
1058:Crimean
958:Kirghiz
948:Chuvash
898:Crimean
883:Kirghiz
878:Bashkir
768:Kirghiz
761:Kirghiz
716:Crimean
711:Chuvash
696:Bashkir
679:By name
414:Chilgir
345:by the
341:into a
315:Siberia
294:of the
261:Russian
123:History
113:Capital
59:of the
47:Russian
1043:Kalmyk
988:Kalmyk
983:Udmurt
968:Abkhaz
953:Kazakh
928:Buryat
828:Udmurt
756:Kazakh
741:Kalmyk
701:Buryat
686:Abkhaz
629:
523:
500:
490:
374:Soviet
323:Rostov
300:Elista
269:Kalmyk
248:Russia
117:Elista
43:
29:
1048:Tuvan
943:Tajik
923:Yakut
888:Tatar
838:Yakut
823:Tuvan
813:Tatar
808:Tajik
627:S2CID
33:Oirat
1008:Mari
1003:Komi
778:Mari
773:Komi
521:ISBN
498:OCLC
488:ISBN
329:and
325:and
255:The
77:Flag
57:ASSR
617:doi
1139::
625:.
613:35
611:.
607:.
575:^
556:^
535:^
496:.
368:,
364:A
361:.
321:,
302:.
284:,
275:,
271::
267:;
263::
664:e
657:t
650:v
633:.
619::
529:.
504:.
259:(
49:)
45:(
35:)
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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