Kalmyks - Knowledge

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fire to petrol tanks, and the wind blew an immense pall of smoke across the bay. The waterfront was black with people, begging to be allowed on board the ships. Some of the Kalmuk Cossacks still had their horses and the little tented carts in which they had travelled, and in the water all sorts of rubbish floated – trunks, clothes, furniture, even corpses. Conditions were appalling. The refugees were still starving and the sick and the dead lay where they had collapsed. Masses of them had even tried to rush the evacuation office and the British troops had had to disperse then at bayonet point. Women were offering jewels, everything they possessed – even themselves – for the chance of a passage. But they hadn't a ghost of chance. The rule was only White troops, their dependents and the families of men who had worked with the British were allowed on board.

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Tsaritsyn and Saratov. This was the kind of exchange relationship between nomads and urban craftsmen and traders in which the Kalmyks traditionally engaged. Political contacts consisted of a series of treaty arrangements for the nominal allegiance of the Kalmyk Khans to Russia, and the cessation of mutual raiding by Kalmyks on the one hand and Cossacks and Bashkirs on the other. A few Kalmyk nobles became russified and nominally Christian who went to Moscow in hope of securing Russian help for their political ambitions on the Kalmyk steppe. Russian subsidies to Kalmyk nobles, however, became an effective means of political control only later. Yet gradually the Kalmyk princes came to require Russian support and to abide in Russian policy.

1591:. Because the Don Cossack Host to which they belonged was the main center of the White Movement and of Cossack resistance, the battles were fought on Cossack lands and were disastrous for the Don Cossacks as villages and entire regions changed hands repeatedly in a fratricidal conflict in which both sides committed terrible atrocities. The Don Cossacks, including the Don Kalmyks, experienced heavy military and civilian losses, either from the fighting itself or from starvation and disease induced by the war. Some argue that the Bolsheviks were guilty of the mass extermination of the Don Cossack people, killing an estimated 70 percent (or 700,000 persons) of the Don Cossack population . 2651:, where they were dispersed and not permitted to speak Kalmyk in public places. As a result, the Kalmyk language was not formally taught to the younger generation of Kalmyks. Upon return from exile in 1957, the Kalmyks spoke and published primarily in Russian. Consequently, the younger generation of Kalmyks primarily speak Russian and not their own native language. This is a subject of popular concern. In recent years, the Kalmyk government has made attempts to revive the Kalmyk language. Some laws have been passed regarding the usage of Kalmyk on shop signs; for example, on entrance doors, the words 'Entrance' and 'Push-Pull' appear in Kalmyk. 2618:, have classified Kalmyk Oirat as belonging to the Western branch of the Mongolian language division and thus more distant from Khalkha and Standard Mongolian as spoken in modern Mongolia, since the language group developed separately and is distinct. Poppe also contends that Kalmyk and Oirat are two distinct languages in spite of little phonetic and morphological difference between them, and that the major distinction is in their lexicons. The Kalmyk language, for example, has adopted many words of Russian origin. Consequently, mainly on lexical grounds, Kalmyk is classified as a distinct language . 578: 1334: 1435: 982: 1297: 1122:. The region was lightly populated, from south of Saratov to the Russian garrison at Astrakhan and on both the east and the west banks of the Volga River. The Tsardom of Russia was not ready to colonize the area and was in no position to prevent the Oirats from encamping in the region, but it had a direct political interest in ensuring that the Oirats would not become allied with its Turkic-speaking neighbors. The Kalmyks became Russian allies and a treaty to protect the southern Russian border was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia. 1447: 1407: 2202: 242: 2186: 1717: 2158: 1085:

his leadership. Some scholars, however, believe that the Torghuts sought uncontested pastures as their territory was being encroached upon by the Russians from the north, the Kazakhs from the south and the Dzungars from the east. The encroachments resulted in overcrowding of people and livestock, thereby diminishing the food supply. Lastly, a third theory suggests that the Torghuts grew weary of the militant struggle between the Oirats and the Altan Khanate.

206: 6610: 2166: 168: 1572: 224: 1099: 700: 613: 2218: 866: 2571: 188: 1280:, 1935: v–vi). Such scholars (e.g. Sebastian Muenster) have relied on Muslim sources who traditionally used the word "Kalmyk" to describe western Mongolians in a derogatory manner and the western Mongols of China and Mongolia have regarded that name as a term of abuse . Instead, they use the name Oirat or they go by their respective tribal names, e.g., Khoshut, Dörbet, Choros, Torghut, Khoit, Bayid, Mingat, etc. . 1257: 858: 1499: 2174: 5102: 1831: 492: 484: 50: 1732: 2505:". It is the largest Buddhist temple in Europe. The government of the Republic of Kalmykia sought to build a magnificent temple of a monumental scale in hopes of creating an international learning center for Buddhist scholars and students from all over the world. More significantly, the temple is a monument to the Kalmyk people who died in exile between 1944 and 1957. 1174:). The Code was promulgated in 1640 by them, their brethren in Dzungaria and some of the Khalkha who all gathered near the Tarbagatai Mountains in Dzungaria to resolve their differences and to unite under the banner of the Gelug school. Although the goal of unification was not met, the summit leaders did ratify the Code, which regulated all aspects of nomadic life. 1314:, the great-grandson of Ayuka Khan and the last Kalmyk Khan, decided to return his people to their ancestral homeland, Dzungaria, and restore the Dzungar Khanate and Mongolian independence. As C.D Barkman notes, "It is quite clear that the Torghuts had not intended to surrender the Chinese, but had hoped to lead an independent existence in Dzungaria." 609:. The Four Oirat incorporated neighboring tribes or splinter groups at times, so there was a great deal of fluctuation in the composition of the alliance, with larger tribes dominating or absorbing the smaller ones. Smaller tribes belonging to the confederation included the Khoits, Zakhchin, Bayids and Khangal. 453:= 162,740) include Torguts, Derbets and Buzavas, together with a smaller group called Khoshuts, who live in just two villages of Kalmykia. Up until today the Kalmyks have retained their distinguished sub-ethnic groups, being quite separated from their geographical neighbours in Russia and northeast Caucasus. 2631: 1265:

Dzungar Empire. While the Dzungars (initially Choros, Dörbet and Khoit tribes) were establishing their empire in Central Eurasia, the Khoshuts were establishing the Khoshut Khanate in Tibet, protecting the Gelugpa sect from its enemies, and the Torghuts formed the Kalmyk Khanate in the lower Volga region.

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for two reasons: (1) the loyalty of the Kalmyk people to their traditional leaders (i.e., nobility and clergy) – sources of anti-Communism – was deeply ingrained; and (2) the Bolshevik exploitation of the conflict between the Kalmyks and the local Russian peasants who seized Kalmyk land and livestock .

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In the 1920s and 1930s, Buddhist temples and monasteries were destroyed and almost all of the spiritual leaders were arrested. By 1940 all Kalmyk Buddhist temples were either closed or destroyed and the clergy systematically oppressed. Dr. Loewenthal writes that the policies were so enforced that the

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The Kalmyks migrated to territory annexed by the Tsarist government and were subject to this policy of conversion as long as they remained in this territory, but the efforts of the Tsarist government remained unsuccessful for the most part. However, the policy did contribute to the conversion of some

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Currently, Kalmyks form a majority of the population in Kalmykia. According to the 2021 Russian census, there was a total of 159,138 Kalmyks who resided within Kalmykia. This represented 62.5% of the total population of the republic in 2021. In addition, Kalmyks have a much higher fertility rate than

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region of eastern Kyrgyzstan. They are referred to as "Sart Kalmyks." The origin of this name is unknown. Likewise, it is not known when, why and from where this small group of Kalmyks migrated to eastern Kyrgyzstan. Due to their minority status, the Sart Kalmyks have adopted the Turkic language and

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family). Another important convert was Baksaday-Dorji, the grandson of Ayuka Khan who adopted the Christian name, Peter Taishin. Each conversion was motivated by political ambition to become the Kalmyk Khan. Kalmyk Tayishis, by contrast, were given salaries and towns and settlements were established

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sought to gradually absorb and convert any subject of another creed or nationality. The aim of the policy was to eliminate foreign influence and to entrench newly annexed areas. The baptized indigenous population would then become loyal to the Russian empire and would agree to be governed by Russian

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The Soviet government established the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast in November 1920. It was formed by merging the Stavropol Kalmyk settlements with a majority of the Astrakhan Kalmyks. A small number of Don Kalmyks (Buzava) from the Don Host migrated to this Oblast. The administrative center was Elista,

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Many theories have been advanced to explain the reasons for the migration. One generally accepted theory is that there may have been discontent among the Oirat tribes, which arose from the attempt by Kharkhul, taishi of the Dzungars, to centralize political and military control over the tribes under

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was a political entity formed by the four major Oirat tribes. During the 15–17th centuries, they established under the name "10 tumen Mongols", a cavalry unit of 10,000 horsemen, including four Oirat tumen and six tumen composed of other Mongols. They reestablished their traditional pastoral nomadic

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By population, the major dialects of Kalmyk are Torghut, Dörbet and Buzava . Minor dialects include Khoshut and Olöt. The Kalmyk dialects vary somewhat, but their differences are insignificant. Generally, the Russian language less influenced the dialects of the pastoral nomadic Kalmyk tribes of the

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communities who lived among the Kalmyks and by the end of the 1730s they numbered around 600 tents. Another group of Kalmyk Muslims was known as the Sherets, they consisted of 120 tents and in 1733 they fled from the Derbet tayishi Cheter and settled near Azov. Later they were transferred to Crimea

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Upon completion of training, Kalmyk clergy dispensed not only spiritual guidance but also medical advice. As clergymen, the Kalmyk lamas enjoyed great political influence among the nobility and held a strong influence over the general tribal population. For many commoners, the only path to literacy

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In 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kalmykia chose to remain an autonomous republic of the successor government, the Russian Federation. The dissolution, however, facilitated the collapse of the economy at both the national and the local level, causing widespread economic and social

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We could still hear scattered rifle fire and the sound of naval guns, and the Bolshevik sympathisers were sniping from the rooftops. In places Red infantry had infiltrated into the town, and were going in for murder, rape and every kind of bestiality, while explosions rocked the towns as Whites set

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of the Baga Dörbets and Prince Sereb-Djab Tiumen of the Khoshuts, expressed their anti-Bolshevik sentiments by seeking to integrate the Astrakhan Kalmyks into the military units of the Astrakhan Cossacks. But before a general mobilization of Kalmyk horsemen could occur, the Red Army seized power in

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The second revolution split the Kalmyk people into opposing camps. Many were dissatisfied with the Tsarist government for its historic role in promoting the colonization of the Kalmyk steppe and in encouraging the russification of the Kalmyk people. But others also felt hostility towards Bolshevism

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During the era of Ayuka Khan, the Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of military and political power. The Khanate experienced economic prosperity from free trade with Russian border towns, China, Tibet and with their Muslim neighbors. During this era, Ayuka Khan also kept close contacts with his Oirat

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There were few sustained interrelations between Kalmyks and Russians in the frontier period. Routine contacts consisted in the main of seasonal commodity exchanges of Kalmyk livestock and the products thereof for such nomad necessities as brick tea, grain, textiles and metal articles, at Astrakhan,

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This dry steppe area, west of the lower Volga River, known among the nomads as Itil/Idjil, a basin on the northwest shore of the Caspian Sea, was the most suitable land for nomadic pastures. Itil or Idjil, the ancient name of the Volga River, written in the archaic Oirat script, means exactly that:

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By the 1980s, the Soviet campaign against religion was so successful that a majority of the Kalmyks had never received any formal spiritual guidance. By the late 1980s, however, the Soviet government reversed course and implemented policies favoring the liberalization of religion. As a result, the

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in 1771, sought to gradually weaken the influence of the lamas. For instance, the government limited Kalmyk contact with Tibet. In addition, the Tsar began appointing the Šajin Lama (title of the High Lama of the Kalmyks). Further, the economic crises that resulted from settler encroachment forced

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The genetic results support the historical record in that they indicate a close relationship between Kalmyks and Mongolians. Moreover, the genetic results indicate that the Kalmyk migration involved substantial numbers of individuals, and that Kalmyks have not experienced detectable admixture with

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In June 1941 the German army invaded the Soviet Union, ultimately taking (some) control of the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In December 1942, however, the Red Army in their turn re-invaded the Republic. On 28 December 1943, the Soviet government accused the Kalmyks of collaborating

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was defeated, Catherine the Great transferred the office of the Vice-Khan from the Torghut tribe to the Dörbet, whose princes supposedly remained loyal to the government during the rebellion. Thus, the Torghut were removed from their role as the hereditary leaders of the Kalmyk people. The Khoshut

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The Qing shifted the Kalmyks to five different areas to prevent their revolt and influential leaders of the Kalmyks soon died. The migrant Kalmyks became known as Torghut in Qing China. The Torghut were coerced by the Qing into giving up their nomadic lifestyle and to take up sedentary agriculture

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was contacted to request his blessing and to set the date of departure. After consulting the astrological chart, he set a return date, but at the moment of departure, the weakening of the ice on the Volga River permitted only those Kalmyks (about 200,000 people) on the eastern bank to leave. Those

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The name Kalmyk, however, wasn't immediately accepted by all of the Oirat tribes in the lower Volga region. As late as 1761, the Khoshut and Dzungars (refugees from the Manchu Empire) referred to themselves and the Torghuts exclusively as Oirats. The Torghuts, by contrast, used the name Kalmyk for

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To encourage the release of Oirat cavalrymen in support of its military campaigns, the Russian Empire increasingly relied on the provision of monetary payments and dry goods to the Oirat Khan and the Oirat nobility. In that respect, the Russian Empire treated the Oirats as it did the Cossacks. The

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In spite of the setbacks, the Oirats would continue their campaigns against the Altan Khanate, trying to unseat Sholoi Ubashi Khuntaiji from Dzungaria. The continuous, back-and-forth nature of the struggle, which defined this period, is captured in the Oirat epic song "The Rout of Mongolian Sholoi

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To discourage the monastic lifestyle, the government required the building of permanent structures at government determined construction sites while imposing Russian architects . This policy resulted in the suspension of Lamaist canonical regulations governing monastery construction and in Kalmyk

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Historically, Kalmyk clergy received their training either on the steppe or in Tibet. The pupils who received their religious training on the steppe joined Kalmyk monasteries, which were active centers of learning. Many of these monasteries operated out of felt tents, which accompanied the Kalmyk

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The local Supreme Soviet decided in 1992 to change the name of the republic to Khalmg Tangch. In June 1993, the Kalmyk authorities laid claim to the 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi) of the Volga delta that were not returned to Kalmyks when the Kalmyk ASSR was recreated in 1957. The

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After the capture of Astrakhan, the Bolsheviks engaged in savage reprisals against the Kalmyk people, especially against Buddhist temples and the Buddhist clergy . Eventually the Bolsheviks would draft as many as 18,000 Kalmyk horsemen in the Red Army to prevent them from joining the White Army .

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The disruptions to Kalmyk society caused by the exodus and the Torghut participation in the Pugachev Rebellion precipitated a major realignment in Kalmyk tribal structure. The government divided the Kalmyks into three administrative units attached, according to their respective locations, to the

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Balinova, Natalia; Post, Helen; Kushniarevich, Alena; Flores, Rodrigo; Karmin, Monika; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Litvinov, Sergey; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Akhmetova, Vita; Khusainova, Rita; Endicott, Phillip; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Orlova, Keemya; Bakaeva, Elza; Khomyakova,

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were attached to the Astrakhan district government. They were called Baga (Lesser) Dörbet. By contrast, the Dörbets who moved to the northern part of the Stavropol province were called Ike (Greater) Dörbet even though their population was smaller. Finally, the Kalmyks of the Don became known as

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district governments of Astrakhan, Stavropol and the Don and appointed a special Russian official bearing the title of "Guardian of the Kalmyk People" for purposes of administration. The government also resettled some small groups of Kalmyks along the Ural, Terek and Kuma rivers and in Siberia.

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After encamping, the Oirats began to identify themselves as "Kalmyk." This named was supposedly given to them by their Muslim neighbors and later used by the Russians to describe them. The Oirats used this name in their dealings with outsiders, viz., their Russian and Muslim neighbors. But they

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Historically, Oirat identified themselves by their respective sub-group names. In the 15th century, the three major groups of Oirat formed an alliance, adopting "Dörben Oirat" as their collective name. In the early 17th century, a second great Oirat Confederation emerged, which later became the

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Another significant incentive the Russian Empire provided to the Oirats was tariff-free access to the markets of Russian border towns, where the Oirats were permitted to barter their herds and the items they obtained from Asia and their Muslim neighbors in exchange for Russian goods. Trade also

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The attempted unification of the Oirat caused dissension among the tribes and their Chief Tayishis who were independent minded but also highly regarded leaders themselves. This dissension reputedly caused Kho Orluk to move the Torghut tribe and elements of the Dörbet tribe westward to the Volga

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The Oirat language belongs to the western branch of the Mongolic language family, whose speakers include numerous sub-ethnic groups (Derbet, Torgut, Khoshut, Olot, Dzungar (Zunghar), Bayad, Zakhchin, Khoton, Myangad, Buzava) across a wide geographical area of Uvs and Khovd provinces (aimags) of

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The Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was quickly dissolved. Its territory was divided and transferred to the adjacent regions, viz., the Astrakhan and Stalingrad Oblasts and Stavropol Krai. Since no Kalmyks lived there any longer the Soviet authorities changed the names of towns and

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Under the leadership of Esen, Chief Taishi of the Choros, the Four Oirat unified Mongolia for a short period. After Esen's death in 1455, the political union of the Dörben Oirat dissolved quickly, resulting in two decades of Oirat-Eastern Mongol conflict. The deadlock ended during the reign of

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The Oirat alliance was decentralized, informal and unstable. For instance, the Four Oirat did not have a central location from which it was governed, and it was not governed by a central figure for most of its existence. The four Oirats did not establish a single military or a unified monastic

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Later on, the Tsarist government policy of encouraging Russian and German settlements along the Volga indirectly pressured Kalmyks to convert for economic reasons. The settlers took the most fertile land along the river, leaving barren lands for the Kalmyks to graze their herds. The resulting

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The Oirats would later regroup south of the Altai Mountains in Dzungaria. But Geresenz's grandson, Sholoi Ubashi Khuntaiji, pushed the Oirats further northwest, along the steppes of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. Afterwards, he established a Khalkha Khanate under the name, Altan Khan, in the Oirat

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to stop all migrants. Beset by Kazakh raids, thirst and starvation, approximately 85,000 Kalmyks died on their way to Dzungaria. After failing to stop the flight, Catherine abolished the Kalmyk Khanate, transferring all governmental powers to the governor of Astrakhan. The title of Khan was

2076: 1623:), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and France where its leaders remained active in the White movement. In 1922, several hundred Don Kalmyks returned home under a general amnesty. Some returnees, including Prince Dmitri Tundutov, were imprisoned and then executed soon after their return. 1703:

According to N. F. Bugai, the leading Russian expert on deportations, 4.9% of the Kalmyk population died during the first three months of 1944; 1.5% in the first three months of 1945; and 0.7% in the same period of 1946. From 1945 to 1950, 15,206 Kalmyks died and 7843 were born.

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to the west. In the spring, they moved along the Don River and the Sarpa lake system, attaining the higher grounds along the Don in the summer, passing the autumn in the Sarpa and Volga lowlands. In October and November they returned to their winter camps and pastures .

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tribes as they migrated. The Oirats maintained tent monasteries throughout present-day eastern Kazakhstan and along the migratory route they took across southern Siberia to the Volga. They also maintained tent monasteries around Lake Issyk Kul in present-day Kyrgyzstan.

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Despite their great loss in population, the Torghut still remained numerically superior, dominating the Kalmyks. The other Kalmyks in Russia included Dörbet Oirats and Khoshut. Elements of the Choros and Khoit also were present but were too few in number to retain their

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occurred with neighboring Turkic tribes under Russian control, such as the Tatars and the Bashkirs. Intermarriage became common with such tribes. This trading arrangement provided substantial benefits, monetary and otherwise, to the Oirat tayishis, noyons and zaisangs.

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In response to the Western Mongols' self-designation as the Four Oirat, the Eastern Mongols began to refer to themselves as the "Forty Mongols", or the "Forty and Four". This means that the Khalkha Mongols claimed to have forty tümen to the four tümen maintained by the

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Over time, the descendants of the Oirat migrants in the lower Volga region embraced the name "Kalmyk" irrespective of their locations, viz., Astrakhan, the Don Cossack region, Orenburg, Stavropol, the Terek and the Ural Mountains. Another generally accepted name is

1167:, Muslim vassals of the Russians, of Oirat encampments was commonplace. Numerous oaths and treaties were signed to ensure Oirat loyalty and military assistance. Although the Oirats became subjects of the Tsar, such allegiance by the Oirats was deemed to be nominal. 1635:

In October 1935, the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was reorganized into the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The chief occupations of the Republic were cattle breeding, agriculture, including the growing of cotton and fishing. There was no industry.

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ordered the forced collectivization of agriculture, forcing the Astrakhan Kalmyks to abandon their traditional nomadic pastoralist lifestyle and to settle in villages. All Kalmyk herdsmen owning more than 500 sheep were deported to labor camps in Siberia.

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with the Germans and deported the entire population, including Kalmyk Red Army soldiers, to various locations in Central Asia and Siberia. Within 24 hours the population transfer occurred at night during winter without notice in unheated cattle cars.

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during the deportation. The Kalmyks' main purpose was to migrate to Mongolia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991, "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples", repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of

764:, all Mongol tribes recognized this claim and the political prestige attached to it. Although the Oirats could not assert this claim prior to the mid-17th century, they did in fact have a close connection to Genghis Khan by virtue of the fact that 2984: 978:", who were slowly rebuilding the base of power they enjoyed under the Four Oirat. The Choros were the dominant Oirat tribe of that era. Their leader, Erdeni Batur, attempted to follow Esen Khan in unifying the Oirats to challenge the Khalkha. 1648:

proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during famine in Kalmykia but Russia refused; 71–72,000 Kalmyks died during the famine. The Kalmyks revolted against Russia in 1926, 1930 and 1942–1943. In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia,

1805:," for example. Thus far, genetic analysis of the Kalmyks supports their Mongol roots that also shows that entire families of Kalmyks moved to the Volga region and not simply males as is generally the case with most nomadic tribal groups: 1739: 1073:. They were the largest Oirat tribe to migrate, bringing along nearly the entire tribe. The second-largest group was the Dörbet Oirats under their taishi, Dalai Batur. Together they moved west through southern Siberia and the southern 951:. The Khoshut were adjacent to the Khalkha khanates of Altan Khan and Dzasagtu Khan. Both khanates prevented the Khoshut and the other Oirat from trading with Chinese border towns. The Khoshut were ruled by Baibagas Khan and then 1389:

After the 1771 exodus, the Kalmyks that remained part of the Russian Empire continued their nomadic pastoral lifestyle, ranging the pastures between the Don and the Volga Rivers, wintering in the lowlands along the shores of the

1213:. These campaigns highlighted the strategic importance of the Kalmyk Khanate which functioned as a buffer zone, separating Russia and the Muslim world, as Russia fought wars in Europe to establish itself as a European power. 798:) and were politically and economically independent of the chief tayishi. Chief taishis sought to influence and dominate the chief taishis of the other tribes, causing intertribal rivalry, dissension and periodic skirmishes. 4834:

Loewenthal, Rudolf (September 5, 1952). THE KALMUKS AND OF THE KALMUK ASSR: A Case in the Treatment of Minorities in the Soviet Union (Report). External Research Paper No. 101. Office of Intelligence Research, Department of

1013:. During his attempt to build a nation, Erdeni Batur encouraged diplomacy, commerce and farming. He also sought to acquire modern weaponry and build small industry, such as metal works, to supply his military with weapons. 1794:, the lands, currently in the Astrakhan Oblast and Dagestan, would formally belong to Kalmykia with effect from July 1, 1993. The long-standing dispute over the delineation of Kalmykia's borders with Astrakhan oblast and 814:

After the death of Dayan in 1543, the Oirats and the Khalkhas resumed their conflict. The Oirat forces thrust eastward, but Dayan's youngest son, Geresenz, was given command of the Khalkha forces and drove the Oirats to

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were destroyed and property confiscated; the clergy and many believers were harassed, killed, or sent to labor camps; religious artifacts and books were destroyed; and young men were prohibited from religious training.

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Approximately five-sixths of the Torghut followed Ubashi Khan. Most of the Khoshut, Choros, and Khoid also accompanied the Torghut on their journey to Dzungaria. The Dörbet Oirat, in contrast, elected not to go at all.

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Buzava. Although they were composed of elements of all the Kalmyk tribes, the Buzava claimed descent from the Torghut tribe. Their name is derived from two tributaries of the Don River: Busgai and Busuluk. In 1798,

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and Dayan Khan took advantage of Oirat disunity and weakness and brought Oirats back under Mongolian rule. In doing so, he regained control of the Mongol homeland and restored the hegemony of the Eastern Mongols.

2197:. Under Soviet rule, the khurul was repurposed and partially deconstructed. After the fall of the USSR, the remaining part was restored and is now a designated cultural heritage site of federal significance. 3559: 2143:

Russians and the other Slavic peoples, while the median age of the Kalmyk population is much lower than Russians. This ensures that the Kalmyk population will continue to grow for the foreseeable future.

1185:, the Oirats rose to political and military prominence as the Russian Empire sought the increased use of Oirat cavalry in support of its military campaigns against the Muslim powers in the south, such as 1663:

on March 22, 1930. The Oirat's state had a small army and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated 1,700 Soviet soldiers in Durvud province of Kalmykia but the Oirat's state was destroyed by the Soviet Army in 1930.

1358:, who also was recognized by the government as the highest ranking Kalmyk prince. By appointing the Vice-Khan, the Russian Empire was now permanently the decisive force in Kalmyk government and affairs. 1463:

recognized the Don Kalmyks as Don Cossacks. As such, they received the same rights and benefits as their Russian counterparts in exchange for providing national military services . At the end of the

2544:, as the supreme lama of the Kalmyk people. The Dalai Lama has visited Elista on a number of occasions. Buddhism and Christianity have been given the status of state religions. In November 2004 the 4479: 1529:, which replaced the Tsarist government, would allow greater autonomy and freedom with respect to their culture, religion and economy. This enthusiasm, however, would soon dissolve after the 2474:

Kalmyk clergy and Buddhism were not mentioned in the work by B. Dzhimbinov, "Sovetskaya Kalmykiya," published in 1940. In 1944, the Soviet government exiled all Kalmyks not fighting in the

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In January 1771 the oppression of Tsarist administration forced the larger part of Kalmyks (33 thousand households, or approximately 170,000–200,000 people) to migrate to Dzungaria.

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lifestyle during the end of the Yuan dynasty. The Oirats formed this alliance to defend themselves against the Khalkha Mongols and to pursue the greater objective of reunifying Mongolia.

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many monasteries and temples to close and lamas to adopt a secularized lifestyle. The success of this policy is borne out by the decrease in the number of Kalmyk monasteries in the

1077:, avoiding the more direct route that would have taken them through the heart of the territory of their enemy, the Kazakhs. En route, they raided Russian settlements and Kazakh and 5117:

Kalmyk (Kalmyk/Oirat) collection at the "Vanishing Languages and Heritage" Commission, Austrian Academy of Sciences, with recordings by Chingis Azydov, Thede Kahl and Ioana Nechiti

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The Kalmyks' ability to maintain a mostly homogeneous existence contrasts with the Russian admixture with other similar people, "as there is evidence for Russian admixture with

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hardship. The resulting upheaval caused many young Kalmyks to leave Kalmykia, especially in the rural areas, for economic opportunities in and outside the Russian Federation.

5106:// Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 286–289. 8974: 4027: 2647:

In 1938, the Kalmyk literary language started using Cyrillic script. During World War II, all Kalmyks not fighting in the Soviet Army were forcibly exiled to Siberia and

1260:

Map of the Russian Empire created in 1720–1725; this fragment shows Dzungar Empire (highlighted in green), which is referred to by Western scholars as Dzungarian Khanate.

924:

river. As a result, the Torghuts established a trading relationship with the newly established outposts of the Tsarist government whose expansion into and exploration of

8451: 7234: 2640:

took the name Buzava (or Don Kalmyks). The Buzava dialect developed from their close interaction with Russians. In 1798 the Tsarist government recognized the Buzava as

2532:. In Kalmykia, for example, the Gelugpa Order with the assistance of the government has constructed numerous Buddhist temples. In addition, the Kalmyk people recognize 5259: 4283: 8610: 2490:. Upon rehabilitation in 1957, the Kalmyks were permitted to return home from exile, but all attempts by them to restore their religion and to build a temple failed. 4138: 1747:

Around half of (97–98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching

6151: 2457:

Like the Tsarist government, the Communist regime was aware of the influence the Kalmyk clergy held over the general population. In the 1920s and the 1930s, the

9156: 8605: 1560: 1536:

After the Bolsheviks took control, various political and ethnic groups opposed to Communism organized in a loose political and military coalition known as the

2702:. In the later part of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries, Clear Script fell into disuse until the Kalmyks abandoned it in 1923 and introduced the 1544:, the military arm of the Bolshevik government. Initially, this army was composed primarily of volunteers and Tsarist supporters but were later joined by the 8809: 7322: 794:"chieftain". The chief taishi governed with the support of lesser noyons, who were also called taishi. These minor noyons controlled divisions of the tribe ( 1771:, many of whom chose to remain. On January 9, 1957, Kalmykia once again became an autonomous oblast, and on 29 July 1958, an autonomous republic within the 1422:

The factors that caused the 1771 exodus continued to trouble the remaining Kalmyks. In the wake of the exodus, the Torghuts joined the Cossack rebellion of

1224:

Fred Adelman described this era as the "Frontier Period", lasting from the advent of the Torghut under Kho Orluk in 1630 to the end of the great khanate of

1217:

provision of monetary payments and dry goods, however, did not stop the mutual raiding, and, in some instances, both sides failed to fulfill its promises .

2838: 2644:, both militarily and administratively. As a result of their integration into the Don Host, the Buzava dialect incorporated many words of Russian origin. 2626: 6171: 2307:

who were more numerous. One group of Kalmyk Muslims were known as the Tomuts who were formed as the offspring of mixed marriages between Kalmyk women and

2272:(seven palaces), which derives its name from that seven-halled Buddhist temple. Further, remains of Buddhist monasteries have been found at Ablaiket near 2864: 2264:

The Oirats also built stone monasteries in the regions of eastern Kazakhstan. For instance, the remains of stone Buddhist monasteries have been found at

4914:

Ulanov, Mergen S.; Badmaev, Valeriy N.; Holland, Edward C. (2017-10-18). "Buddhism and Kalmyk Secular Law in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries".

2851: 7341: 7086: 2806: 1862:

applied the name to Oirats in the fifteenth century . Russian written sources mentioned the name "Kolmak Tatars" as early as 1530, and cartographer

129: 4650:

Anonymous (1914). "Donskaia Oblast, Donskoi Pervyi Okrug, Donskoi Vtoroi Okrug" [The Don Region, First Don District, Second Don District].

7540: 7336: 5121: 2181:

that was used by Tibetan Buddhists in Siberia at the start of the 20th century. The Kalmyks would have used a similar device prior to the 1840s.

5371: 4998:О Происхождении этнонима торгут и народа, носившего это название // Монголо-бурятские этнонимы: cб. ст. – Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 1996. C. 31–50. 4668:

Arbakov, Dorzha (1958). "Chapter II, Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups, The Kalmyks". In Nikolai Dekker; Andrei Lebed (eds.).

8114: 4480:"Russian Justice Ministry names new 'foreign agents,' including Dalai Lama's envoy Telo Tulku Rinpoche and Little Big frontman Ilya Prusikin" 3313:

Haines, R Spencer (2018). "Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century".

3160:"Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia" 1159:

At first, an uneasy relationship existed between the Russians and the Oirats. Mutual raiding by the Oirats of Russian settlements and by the

2959: 4137:Омакаева, Эллара Уляевна; Сампилдондов, Чулуун; Бадгаев, Николай Боктаевич; Горяева, Полина Борисовна; Бадгаева, Дарина Николаевна (2020). 1772: 5186: 4756:. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 148. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University. 3294:

Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)".

1906:. The Torghuts and Dörbets are numerically dominant. The Buzavs are a small minority and are considered to be the most russified Kalmyks. 9068: 7103: 6144: 1483: 3209: 2843: 2139:. The move was precipitated by the desire of these Kalmyks to pursue better educational and economic opportunities and continues today. 7529: 2363:

reduction of herds led to impoverishment for Kalmyk Tayishis, some of whom led their ulus to Christianity to obtain economic benefits.

1791: 5289: 4220: 1850:

origin that means "remnant" or "to remain". Turkic tribes may have used this name as early as the thirteenth century. Arab geographer

8802: 2819: 1632:

a small village in the western part of the Oblast that was expanded in the 1920s to reflect its status as the capital of the Oblast.

464:. Through emigration, small Kalmyk communities have been established in the United States, France, Germany, and the Czech Republic. 5604: 5443: 861:

An image of an early 20th-century Oirat caravan, taken in either China or Mongolia, traveling on horseback, possibly to trade goods

3102: 1763:

permitted the Kalmyk people to return to their home. Upon return, however, the Kalmyks found their homeland had become settled by

1606:, Turkey. A small group of Don Kalmyks managed to escape on the British and French vessels. The chaos at the Russian port city of 4738:

Grin, François (2000). Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Assertion (Report). ECMI Working Paper #10. European Center or Minority Issues.

2869: 2856: 4461: 4371:

Buddhist Modernities: Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World. Part 2: Revivals and Neo-Traditionalist Inventions

1579:

The majority of the Don Kalmyks also sided with the White Movement to preserve their Cossack lifestyle and proud traditions. As

9267: 9138: 7048: 6137: 3925: 2665: 2096:. Kalmykia is located in the southeast European part of Russia, between the Volga and the Don rivers. It has borders with the 9384: 9166: 9161: 7079: 4986: 3745: 3700: 9364: 9292: 9262: 8795: 1276:

Generally, European scholars have identified all western Mongolians collectively as Kalmyks, regardless of their location (

2494:

first Buddhist community was organized in 1988. By 1995, there were 21 Buddhist temples, 17 places of worship for various

4605: 4550: 1474:

Over time, the Kalmyks gradually created fixed settlements with houses and temples, in place of transportable round felt

1419:(tribal division) as independent administrative units. As a result, they were absorbed by the ulus of the larger tribes. 658:. He wrote that the Torghuts owed their name either to the memory of the guard of Genghis Khan or, as descendants of the 8040: 5196:

Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Cordaux, Richard; Kokshunova, Lyudmila; Stoneking, Mark (2005).

4141:[Geographical characteristics of the formation of the Khosheutovsky khurul as a heritage of the Kalmyk people]. 3977:

Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Cordaux, Richard; Kokshunova, Lyudmila; Stoneking, Mark (2005).

3665: 2213:. Note the influence of Russian architecture. A new khurul of Tibetan design was built at Tsagan Aman several years ago. 9379: 9128: 5364: 3616: 1454:

The redistricting divided the now dominant Dörbet tribe into three separate administrative units. Those in the western

5244: 5136: 5065:[Genetic Structure of European Oyrat groups based on loci ABO, RH, HP, TF, GC, ACP1, PGM1, ESD, GLO1, SOD-A]. 3423:

Haines, R Spencer (2016). "The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field".

3332: 1691: 7008: 5566: 4615: 4560: 4378: 4316: 3643: 3583: 3522: 3383: 3122:"The Yelu Language of War and Peace: A Revised Oirad Translation of the Altai Runic Inscriptions (6th–9th centuries)" 3056: 2245:(Virtuous Way). The Gelugpa are commonly referred to as the Yellow Hat sect. The religion is derived from the Indian 739: 668: 89: 2501:

On December 27, 2005, a new khurul opened in Elista, the capital of the Republic of Kalmykia. The khurul was named "

2359:

for them and their ulus. Kalmyk converts, however, often continued to follow Buddhist law instead of Christian law.

9389: 9302: 7072: 3834: 3819: 3425:

Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia

2660: 1053:(200,000–250,000 people) chose to migrate from the upper Irtysh River region to the grazing pastures of the lower 8991: 8960: 7043: 6998: 5063:"Генетическая структура европейских ойратских групп по локусам ABO, RH, HP, TF, GC, ACP1, PGM1, ESD, GLO1, SOD-A" 2368: 1318: 1037:

and the Gelug from both internal and external enemies. Erdeni Batur and his descendants, by contrast, formed the

2461:

government implemented policies to eliminate religion through control and suppression. Towards that end, Kalmyk

1782:. In addition, industrial plants were constructed without an analysis of the economic viability of such plants. 605:. Collectively, the Four Oirat sought power as an alternative to the Mongols, who were the patrilineal heirs to 9073: 8330: 7003: 4851: 4715: 3903: 2533: 1526: 823:

swept up from Inner Mongolia with Tümed and Ordos cavalry units, pushing elements of various Oirat tribes from

721: 1005:

banner. In furtherance of such plans, Erdeni Batur designed and built a capital city called Kubak-sari on the

9080: 8667: 8400: 7793: 7721: 6516: 6270: 6160: 5396: 5357: 5174: 4952:"Anthropological survey on the Mongolian Tuerhute Tribe in He Shuo County, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region" 3486: 3229: 3143: 1854:

is documented as the first person to use the term in referring to the Oirats in the fourteenth century . The

284: 5335: 9394: 9148: 9123: 8356: 7038: 5305: 5137:"Carte de Tartarie," by Guillaume de L'Isle (1675–1726). From the Map Collection of the Library of Congress 4246: 4224: 1660: 1568:

This objective, however, failed to prevent many Red Army Kalmyk horsemen from defecting to the White side.

1170:

In reality, the Oirats governed themselves pursuant to a document known as the "Great Code of the Nomads" (

5310: 3950: 2127:, a large number of Kalmyks, primarily the young, moved from Kalmykia to larger cities in Russia, such as 9374: 9106: 9063: 9023: 8999: 8906: 8640: 6114: 5448: 2549: 2367:

temples resembling Russian Orthodox churches. For example, the Khosheutovsky khurul is modeled after the

2342:

A small percentage of Kalmyk-Cossack families in Belarus converted to Judaism in the early 19th century.

1815: 1814:

In modern times, Kalmykia has friendly diplomatic and cultural ties with Mongolia. In the context of the

1686: 1610:

was described by Major H.N.H. Williamson of the British Military Mission to the Don Cossacks as follows:

2706:. In 1930, Kalmyk language scholars introduced a modified Latin alphabet, but it was not used for long. 2161:

Portrait painting of Lama Mönke Bormanshinov wearing the traditional yellow hat by Alexander Burtschinow

1125:

The Oirats quickly consolidated their position by expelling the majority of the native inhabitants, the

9004: 8911: 8896: 5323: 5300: 5146: 4870:

Sammlungen historischer Nachrichten über die mongolischen Völkerschaften in einem asuführlichen Auszuge

4104: 2502: 2222: 1595: 1588: 6122:

Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

5097:. Элиста, 2015. 199 с. (Khoyt S.K. Ethnic history of oyirad groups. Elista, 2015. 199 p). (in Russian) 1133:

fled southeast to the northern Caucasian plain and west to the Black Sea steppe, lands claimed by the

1114:

Upon arrival to the lower Volga region in 1630, the Oirats encamped on land that was once part of the

786:

As pastoralist nomads, the Oirats were organized at the tribal level, where each tribe was ruled by a

8901: 8542: 8395: 5475: 2553: 2194: 1870:, which was published in 1544. The Oirats themselves, however, did not accept the name as their own. 986: 840: 353: 60: 5245:

Official Web Site of the Embassy of Republic of Kalmykia at the President of the Russian Federation.

4332: 2193:

was built by Prince Tyumen of the Khoshut tribe to honor the participation of Kalmyk cavalry in the

1177:

In securing their position, the Oirats became a borderland power, often allying themselves with the

8705: 8370: 7350: 6281: 5249: 5172:

History of Kalmykia. Retrieved from Official Web Site of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia

5079:// Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. No. 1. Элиста: Изд-во КГУ, 2008. с. 220–243. 2946: 2824: 2811: 2517:

culture of the majority Kyrgyz population. As a result, nearly all now belong to the Muslim faith.

1778:

In the following years bad planning of agricultural and irrigation projects resulted in widespread

717: 4367:"Buddhism in Contemporary Kalmykia. 'Pure' Monasticism versus Challenges of Post-Soviet Modernity" 3606: 9399: 9282: 9092: 8891: 8425: 7095: 6618: 5436: 4944:

H.N.H. FAREWELL TO THE DON: The Russian Revolution in the Journals of Brigadier H.N.H. Williamson

3882: 3861: 2963: 2487: 2346:

of the Kalmyk nobility. One of the earliest converts were the children of Donduk-Ombo, the sixth

2292: 2268:

and at Kyzyl-Kent (See image to the right). In addition, there was a great Buddhist monastery in

1427: 710: 624:, is a round, portable, self-supporting structure composed of lattice walls, rafters, roof ring, 373: 17: 4266: 2998: 2548:

visited Kalmykia. In October 2022, Erdne Ombadykow, the Supreme Lama of Kalmykia, condemned the

577: 9369: 9201: 8932: 8872: 8186: 8022: 7053: 6699: 5463: 5183: 4242: 3206: 1819: 473: 5255:

Tibetan Buddhism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. Retrieved March 6, 2006.

5093: 3121: 2316:

where they converted to Islam. In 1744, 233 Kalmyk men and 413 Kalmyk women were converted to

1619:

From there, this group resettled in Europe, primarily in Belgrade (where they established the

993:

Under the dynamic leadership of Erdeni Batur, the Dzungars stopped the expansion of the first

8478: 8191: 8162: 8099: 6773: 6118: 5416: 5411: 4366: 4306: 4198:[Khosheutovsky khurul as a memory of fallen warriors and the best people of Russia]. 3373: 2779: 1506: 981: 571: 5264: 4369:. In Havnevik, Hanna; Hüsken, Ute; Teeuwen, Mark; Tikhonov, Vladimir; Wellens, Koen (eds.). 4139:"Географические особенности становления Хошеутовского хурула как наследия калмыцкого народа" 3158:

Irina; Spitsina, Nailya; Zinchenko, Rena; Villems, Richard; Rootsi, Siiri (September 2019).

2625:

In contrast, the Dörbets (and later on, Torghuts) who migrated from the Volga region to the

9143: 9085: 9041: 8937: 8818: 8625: 8236: 7427: 6986: 6981: 6708: 6184: 5485: 4228: 4170:[Khosheutovsky khurul: the oldest Buddhist temple in Europe. And its second life]. 2190: 2152: 2097: 2089: 2067: 1434: 1277: 1206: 1153: 890: 437:; and finally, in early modern times, establishing the Kalmyk Khanate in the 17th century. 279: 5269: 4028:"2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" 783:

system. Lastly, it was not until 1640 that the Four Oirat adopted uniform customary laws.

8: 8831: 8493: 8483: 8470: 8288: 8181: 8167: 6839: 6810: 6721: 5733: 5388: 1522: 1327: 998: 777: 292: 5866: 5067:Проблемы этнической истории и культуры тюрко-монгольских народов. Сборник научных трудов 2724:, Russian human rights activist who founded the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia 1333: 1269:

continued to refer to themselves by their tribal, clan, or other internal affiliations.

9237: 9058: 9028: 8942: 8835: 8776: 8700: 8645: 8537: 8464: 8380: 7864: 6761: 6669: 5470: 5431: 5421: 5116: 5041: 3184: 3159: 3018: 2985:

State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census

2756:(Possibly up to 1/4 Kalmyk) - Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist 2740: 2604: 2600: 2583: 1921:

Demographics of the Kalmyks in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russian Federation

1863: 1835: 1725: 1564:

Astrakhan and in the Kalmyk steppe thereby preventing the mobilization from occurring.

1533:

took control of the national government during the second revolution in November 1917.

1487: 1399: 632:

Together, these nomadic tribes roamed the grassy plains of western Inner Asia, between

457: 395: 344: 4583: 4083: 760:

Until the mid-17th century, when bestowal of the title of Khan was transferred to the

433:; in medieval times, establishing the Ulus of Juchi and Il-Kanate as Khuda-in-laws of 9323: 9133: 8411: 8405: 8385: 8341: 8152: 7871: 6817: 6731: 6629: 5773: 5401: 5306:

Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization "The Leaders of Kalmykia"

5228: 5220: 5049: 5033: 4982: 4963: 4931: 4847: 4822: 4771: 4711: 4611: 4556: 4374: 4312: 4009: 4001: 3696: 3639: 3612: 3579: 3518: 3379: 3189: 3052: 3022: 2928: 2905: 2698:, based on the classical vertical Mongol script in order to phonetically capture the 2608: 2300: 2265: 1883: 1855: 1760: 1669:

that they were not Mongols during the 20th century under the demongolization policy.

1514: 1446: 1431:

could not challenge this political arrangement due to their smaller population size.

1423: 1374: 1119: 1115: 1107: 947:

region along the lower portions of the Irtysh River, where they built several steppe

920:

from sending its trading caravans to the Muslim towns and villages located along the

3929: 1822:

groups suffering from a disproportionally large casualty rate among Russian forces.

1361:

After seven months of travel, only one-third (66,073) of the original group reached

819:

in northwest Mongolia. In 1552, after the Oirats once again challenged the Khalkha,

585:

At the start of this 400-year era, the Western Mongols designated themselves as the

9096: 9013: 8630: 8488: 8432: 8216: 8089: 7917: 7683: 7490: 6956: 6855: 6805: 6792: 6442: 6382: 6339: 6299: 6051: 5836: 5831: 5803: 5518: 5406: 5380: 5290:

Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI)'s Centre for Russian Studies Kalmykiya page

5212: 5023: 5015: 4951: 4923: 4814: 4436: 4146: 4032: 3993: 3179: 3171: 3010: 2900: 2529: 2321: 2113: 2109: 1602:, forcing the evacuation of some 150,000 White army soldiers and their families to 1549: 1460: 960: 807: 422: 364: 316: 266: 4150: 3690: 9101: 8771: 8720: 8695: 8615: 8571: 8519: 8445: 8053: 8000: 7972: 7965: 7944: 7894: 7830: 7668: 7653: 7434: 6976: 6677: 6502: 6497: 6466: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6082: 5888: 5783: 5339: 5327: 5239: 5197: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5161: 5088:. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. No. 3, 2012. с. 215–245. 4976: 4868: 4841: 4705: 3978: 3635:

Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System

3633: 3573: 3512: 3233: 3213: 3046: 2916: 2765: 2721: 2703: 2637: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2273: 2237:. They embraced Buddhism in the early part of the 17th century and belong to the 2071: 1847: 1779: 1708:

villages from Kalmyk names to Russian names. For example, Elista became Stepnoi.

1620: 1464: 1296: 1198: 1186: 1134: 1103: 1038: 1030: 1026: 594: 563: 531: 449:= 194,891). Ethnic groups of Oirat speakers in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia ( 430: 139: 71: 9297: 7696: 6129: 5914: 5524: 5076:Антропологические характеристики калмыков по данным исследователей XVIII–XIX вв. 1915: 1050: 967: 602: 429:

three times: in early medieval times, establishing in the 6th–8th centuries the

9328: 9186: 8843: 8685: 8675: 8375: 8335: 8301: 8270: 8263: 8201: 8127: 8104: 7958: 7923: 7673: 7553: 7441: 7229: 7203: 7198: 6951: 6869: 6387: 6309: 6294: 6217: 6067: 5919: 5826: 5657: 5480: 5453: 4843:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864

4704:

Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).

2910: 2890: 2795: 2783: 2753: 2715: 2699: 2615: 2552:

and fled Russia to Mongolia. In January 2023, he was recognized in Russia as a

2375: 2132: 2101: 1603: 1537: 1510: 1406: 1350: 1322: 1210: 1178: 1138: 1074: 1002: 975: 852: 828: 559: 555: 426: 414: 403: 31: 5254: 4927: 4607:

Balanchine & the Lost Muse: Revolution & the Making of a Choreographer

4333:"The Kalmyk Subbotniki: "The Khan's Warriors" convert while living in Belarus" 3175: 3014: 9358: 9196: 9191: 8952: 8927: 8827: 8710: 8661: 8547: 8508: 8503: 8459: 8348: 8283: 8278: 8256: 8231: 8211: 8094: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7951: 7857: 7850: 7836: 7658: 7639: 7634: 7621: 7511: 7504: 7379: 7270: 7239: 7018: 7013: 6941: 6800: 6768: 6689: 6553: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6432: 6357: 6324: 6062: 6056: 5996: 5973: 5909: 5851: 5622: 5612: 5581: 5571: 5503: 5495: 5458: 5426: 5224: 5126: 5037: 4967: 4935: 4005: 3672: 3257: 2922: 2895: 2775: 2575: 2374:

Other policies the Tsarist government implemented after the abolition of the

2269: 2136: 2105: 1673: 1584: 1502: 1455: 1362: 806:, a five-year-old boy in whose name the loyal Eastern Mongol forces rallied. 633: 543: 247: 5156: 5151: 5141: 4496: 4165: 2201: 1141:. Smaller groups of Nogais sought the protection of the Russian garrison at 1018: 952: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9046: 9036: 9009: 8983: 8847: 8761: 8498: 8084: 8007: 7937: 7907: 7778: 7763: 7758: 7748: 7629: 7573: 7477: 7464: 7399: 7311: 7306: 7292: 7141: 6919: 6744: 6652: 6593: 6402: 6377: 6367: 6352: 6347: 6329: 6212: 6030: 6024: 5963: 5861: 5718: 5642: 5344: 5232: 5084: 5075: 5053: 4826: 4707:

New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde

4013: 3351: 3193: 2759: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2648: 2641: 2596: 2565: 2495: 2479: 2458: 2347: 2325: 2185: 2124: 1851: 1748: 1607: 1580: 1366: 1355: 1338: 1232:, in 1724, a phase accompanied by little discernible acculturative change: 1054: 913: 894: 765: 651: 606: 547: 539: 523: 434: 328: 262: 135: 7064: 6207: 5131: 5019: 4787:. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 20. Indiana University Publications. 4116: 2303:, however their numbers were insignificant compared to Kalmyk converts to 2157: 1866:(1488–1552) circumscribed the territory of the "Kalmuchi" on a map in his 1716: 1326:

100,000–150,000 people on the western bank were forced to stay behind and

831:

region in northwest Mongolia, reuniting most of Mongolia in the process .

9333: 9307: 8859: 8851: 8839: 8751: 8741: 8680: 8597: 8419: 8315: 8173: 8014: 7930: 7843: 7783: 7768: 7663: 7406: 7316: 7208: 7113: 6946: 6911: 6749: 6647: 6642: 6543: 6471: 6420: 6410: 6289: 6253: 6232: 6035: 5958: 5713: 5561: 5284: 4818: 4803:"Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels" 4776:

Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present

4688:

The Kalmyks: Their Ethnic, Historical, Religious, and Cultural Background

3904:"Kalmyk: An ostracized language in Russia - Language webzine by Freelang" 2877: 2475: 2466: 2351: 2206: 2117: 1391: 1311: 1149: 1126: 1066: 1062: 940: 902: 898: 689: 641: 567: 535: 5315: 5045: 4308:

Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771

4167:Хошеутовский хурул: старейший буддийский храм Европы. И его вторая жизнь 3838: 3514:

Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600-1771

3375:

Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600-1771

2603:: "Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat". This places 9343: 9338: 9277: 9206: 9116: 9051: 8787: 8620: 8553: 8527: 8513: 8308: 8206: 8147: 7817: 7773: 7593: 7583: 7298: 7244: 6929: 6827: 6716: 6659: 6578: 6568: 6531: 6392: 6362: 6248: 6227: 6222: 6087: 6040: 5531: 5216: 5003: 4794:

Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads 1600–1771

3997: 3835:"XX зууны 20, 30-аад онд халимагуудын 98 хувь аймшигт өлсгөлөнд автсан" 2832: 2591: 2509: 2329: 2112:

in the west and the northwest, respectively. Its eastern border is the

1768: 1548:, including Don Kalmyks, many of whom resisted the Bolshevik policy of 1530: 1395: 1229: 1182: 1006: 994: 878: 820: 803: 761: 724: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 685: 648:

and kept herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, horses, donkeys and camels.

637: 586: 574:; they were the last of the Mongol groups to resist vassalage to Qing. 507: 418: 211: 5250:

Dge-lugs-pa. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2006.

5028: 4052: 3692:

Russia's steppe frontier: the making of a colonial empire, 1500 - 1800

3048:Культурное наследие народов Центральной Азии. Выпуск 3: сборник статей 2165: 1426:

in hopes that he would restore the independence of the Kalmyks. After

1354:

abolished. The highest native governing office remaining was the Vice-

9287: 9227: 8756: 8586: 8561: 8440: 8294: 8157: 8122: 7806: 7691: 7645: 7497: 7393: 7385: 7259: 7254: 7154: 7126: 6934: 6891: 6739: 6637: 6609: 6583: 6239: 6197: 6192: 5788: 5743: 5677: 4690:. Occasional Papers Number One. Kalmyk American Cultural Association. 4195:Хошеутовский хурул как память о погибших воинах и лучших людях России 4084:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2801: 2280:, near Almaty, and at Sumbe in the Narynkol region, bordering China. 2210: 1859: 1571: 1381:

instead as part of a deliberate policy by the Qing to enfeeble them.

1301: 1225: 1142: 1070: 1017:

region where his descendants formed the Kalmyk Khanate. In the east,

921: 873:

At the beginning of the 17th century, the First Altan Khan drove the

824: 387: 5294: 3721: 1098: 699: 644:

in present-day Russia north of central Mongolia. They pitched their

612: 9272: 9242: 9211: 8883: 8863: 8855: 8766: 8581: 8390: 8196: 8076: 8069: 7801: 7753: 7735: 7706: 7608: 7578: 7420: 7414: 7358: 7214: 7184: 7174: 7147: 7133: 7119: 6878: 6832: 6822: 6588: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6415: 6163: 6001: 5978: 5728: 5702: 5672: 5667: 5647: 5637: 5349: 5062: 4802: 2769: 2744: 2355: 2312: 2246: 2234: 1830: 1795: 1764: 1753: 1645: 1545: 1541: 1202: 1164: 1160: 1078: 816: 659: 554:

conducted a military struggle for domination and control over both

515: 500: 384: 288: 173: 5301:

US Library of Congress Country Studies: Russia, The North Caucasus

4136: 3490: 2217: 865: 562:. The struggle ended in 1757 with the defeat of the Oirats of the 9111: 8736: 8715: 8635: 8576: 8532: 8058: 8033: 8027: 7902: 7884: 7879: 7711: 7603: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7472: 7364: 7277: 7179: 7169: 7161: 6886: 6778: 6548: 6526: 6491: 6487: 6372: 6045: 5988: 5968: 5953: 5934: 5929: 5903: 5846: 5821: 5816: 5793: 5778: 5768: 5760: 5692: 5682: 5662: 5652: 5617: 5576: 5551: 5541: 5508: 5332: 5167:

Kalmyk. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 7, 2006.

4978:

Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H. N. H. Williamson

4373:. Routledge studies in religion. New York and London: Routledge. 4193: 2691: 2579: 2525: 2513: 2483: 2308: 2288: 2250: 2242: 1899: 1891: 1666: 1654: 1201:. Ayuka Khan also waged wars against the Kazakhs, subjugated the 1058: 1022: 1010: 936: 925: 917: 909: 882: 598: 590: 308: 229: 5587: 4672:. Series I, No. 40. Munich: Institute for the Study of the USSR. 2947:

https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx

2173: 1790:

Kalmyk authorities claimed that under the terms of the 1991 law

1498: 1256: 857: 8690: 8591: 8566: 8226: 8221: 8063: 8048: 7729: 7598: 7588: 7548: 7519: 7482: 7458: 7450: 7371: 7287: 7264: 7221: 6924: 6901: 6896: 6092: 6072: 5946: 5898: 5893: 5880: 5841: 5697: 5687: 5632: 5627: 5546: 5513: 4907:

Customary Law of the Mongol Tribes (Mongols, Buriats, Kalmucks)

3951:"Deportation of the Kalmyks (1943–1956): Stigmatized Ethnicity" 3666:"К вопросу о бегстве волжских калмыков в Джунгарию в 1771 году" 3156: 2655: 2462: 2277: 2230: 2178: 2128: 2093: 2081: 1903: 1879: 1802: 1650: 1599: 1479: 1209:, and made multiple expeditions against the highlanders of the 1190: 1130: 948: 886: 874: 681: 551: 527: 511: 503: 461: 399: 312: 193: 177: 38: 5195: 5171: 5103:Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп 3976: 3226: 2570: 2249:

form of Buddhism. In the West, it was formerly referred to as

1818:

since 2022, the Kalmyks have been reported as one of Russia's

9018: 8362: 8322: 8250: 8242: 7912: 7825: 7811: 7743: 7701: 7614: 7190: 6754: 6682: 6425: 6260: 6202: 6098: 6007: 5924: 5856: 5738: 5723: 5707: 5556: 5536: 4765:. National Travel Club. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 2521: 2380: 2336: 2333: 2317: 2304: 2238: 2169:

A drawing of the interior of a Torghut Mobile Monastery, 1776

1895: 1887: 1842:

is one of the earliest references to the name of the Kalmyks.

1468: 1194: 1181:

against the neighboring Muslim population. During the era of

1145:. The remaining nomadic tribes became vassals of the Oirats. 1034: 971: 956: 944: 939:, by contrast, were the easternmost Oirat, encamped near the 928:

was motivated mostly by the desire to profit from trade with

769: 519: 491: 483: 296: 5320: 5274: 4946:, John Harris, Editor, The John Day Company, New York, 1970. 4584:"Походження Леніна: калмики, чуваші, євреї, німці, шведи..." 4530: 4143:Международный журнал прикладных наук и технологий «Integral» 3044: 1731: 445:= 209,412), and in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China ( 9232: 8746: 6993: 6536: 6243: 5811: 5594: 4703: 3788: 3543:

ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/5330/1/SES86_05.pdf

2748: 2254: 1721: 1475: 929: 645: 625: 617: 589:. The alliance comprised four major Western Mongol tribes: 506:, whose ancient grazing-lands spanned present-day parts of 5295:

Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1929–1944)

4462:"Kalmyk Buddhist leader speaks out against war in Ukraine" 3443: 2498:

denominations, and 1 mosque in the Republic of Kalmykia .

2350:

of the Kalmyks who reigned between 1737 and 1741, and his

2205:

An image of a wooden Kalmyk khurul that once stood at the

1626: 1349:

Catherine the Great asked the Russian army, Bashkirs, and

1248:

kinsmen in Dzungaria, as well as the Dalai Lama in Tibet.

4679:

Kalmykiya: A historic-political and socio-economic survey

4040: 3800: 3733: 3431: 3392: 839:

Ubashi Khuntaiji", recounting the Oirat victory over the

5198:"Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks" 5001: 4785:

Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads

4518: 3979:"Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks" 3764: 3575:

China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia

3404: 3333:""Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675–1726)" 3315:

Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies

3296:

Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies

2524:, Kalmyks elsewhere by and large remain faithful to the 1665:

Soviet scientists attempted to convince the Kalmyks and

1583:, the Don Kalmyks first fought under White army General 1110:(1675–1726), Map Collection of the Library of Congress). 5002:

Galushkin, S.K.; Spitsyn, V.A.; Crawford, M.H. (2001).

4405: 4064: 3752: 3695:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 142. 3275: 358: 134:

Kalmyks in the late 19th century. Picture taken in the

4393: 4223:[Kalmyk khurul (Khosheutovsky)] (in Russian). 3851:

B.Shirnen, Migration and language of the Buryats, 2005

1486:

was founded. This process lasted until well after the

30:"Kalmuk" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see 5279: 4117:"Старинные изображения, рисунки Хошеутовского хурула" 3776: 3709: 3455: 3263: 2284:

and prestige was to join the Kalmyk monastic system.

1798:

resurfaced in 2005, but no border changes were made.

1735:

Giant street chess in Elista, the capital of Kalmykia

1337:

Portrait of Kalmyk girl Annushka, by Russian painter

955:, who were the first Oirat leaders to convert to the 378: 5085:Калмыки в работах антропологов первой половины XX вв 4913: 4745:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

4437:"Europe's biggest Buddhist temple opens in Kalmykia" 4346: 3467: 3371: 1317:

Ubashi sent 30,000 cavalry in the first year of the

4846:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. 1540:. A volunteer "White Army" was raised to fight the 1493: 1291: 338: 118: 5265:Europe's biggest Buddhist temple opens in Kalmykia 3638:. Central European University Press. p. 113. 3103:"Origins of the Avars elucidated with ancient DNA" 1878:There are these main ethnic subgroups of Kalmyks: 1467:, Kalmyk cavalry units in Russian service entered 6159: 4896:Pozdneev, A.M. (1914). "Kalmytskoe Verouchenie". 4506: 4417: 4245:[Kalmyk khurul, year 1818] (in Russian). 3321:. International Association of Mongolists: 24–31. 3040: 3038: 2395:Number of Kalmyk monasteries in the Volga region 1273:themselves as well as the Khoshut and Dzungars. 1093: 9356: 5184:Трагедия Великой Степи (Tragedy of Great Steppe) 5004:"Genetic Structure of Mongolic-Speaking Kalmyks" 4752:Halkovic, Stephen A. (1985). Larry Moses (ed.). 4697:Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources 3510: 3365: 3089:Genghis Khan: the history of the world conqueror 2574:This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century 1450:Map showing location of the Kalmyks in the 1910s 989:(1763–1832), a painter-sculptor of Kalmyk origin 413:The ancestors of Kalmyks were nomadic groups of 5802: 4949: 4503:, 15th edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International 4300: 4298: 4296: 1639: 1049:In 1618, the Torghut and a small contingent of 966:Locked in between both tribes were the Choros, 893:region and along the northern stretches of the 3883:"BBC News - Regions and territories: Kalmykia" 3631: 3035: 2789: 478: 8803: 7080: 6145: 5365: 5321:Kalmuck Mongolian Buddhist Center, Howell, NJ 5132:Khoshotovsky Monastery Reconstruction Project 4769: 4694: 4325: 4058: 3829: 3827: 3794: 1711: 1559:The Astrakhan Kalmyk nobility, led by Prince 1384: 1330:executed influential nobles from among them. 1304:. Engraving by Charles Michel Geoffroy, 1845. 581:Kalmyk depicted by Struys Jan Janszoon (1681) 499:The contemporary Kalmyks are a branch of the 5311:Kalmyk Brotherhood Society, Philadelphia, PA 5014:(6). Wayne State University Press: 823–834. 4975:Williamson, Hudleston Noel Hedworth (1970). 4950:Jinglan, Wang; Xingzhou, Shao (1993-06-15). 4791: 4685: 4524: 4304: 4293: 4046: 3688: 3571: 3437: 1773:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1021:took part of the Khoshut to the Tsaidam and 846: 666:. This was documented among the Keraites in 616:A traditional Kalmyk encampment. The Kalmyk 7094: 5142:Kalmyk-Oirat: A Language of Russia (Europe) 4904: 4411: 3744:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBajanowa1976 ( 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 2582:. The red area shows where the majority of 1484:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1321:to gain weaponry before the migration. The 997:and began planning the resurrection of the 790:or prince who also functioned as the chief 332: 112: 8810: 8796: 7087: 7073: 6152: 6138: 5372: 5358: 5147:BBC News Regions and Territories: Kalmykia 4974: 4898:Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar Brokgauz-Efrona 4833: 4661:Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar Brokgauz-Efrona 4499:, in Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. 4490: 4399: 4163: 3824: 3806: 3758: 3608:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set 3378:. Cornell University Press. pp. 83–. 2709: 2611:– and Kalmyk Oirat fairly close together. 2253:, from the name of the Tibetan monks, the 1792:On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples 675: 672:before Genghis Khan took over the region. 402:, residing in the easternmost part of the 128: 5205:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5027: 4649: 4645:(PhD thesis). University of Pennsylvania. 4536: 4290:, November 2006. Retrieved on 2016-06-20. 4191: 4076: 3986:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3578:. Harvard University Press. p. 295. 3517:. Cornell University Press. p. 232. 3337:Map Collection of the Library of Congress 3183: 3119: 3091:. Manchester, UK: Manchester Univ. Press. 2996: 2782:general, commander of the anti-Bolshevik 2599:as a member of the Eastern branch of the 1680: 740:Learn how and when to remove this message 90:Learn how and when to remove this message 8817: 4895: 4873:(in German). Bey Johann Georg Fleischer. 4839: 4751: 4742: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4070: 3739: 3546: 3398: 3281: 3244: 3225:Government of the Republic of Kalmykia, 3003:Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 2727:Kristina Anna Evdokia Bange (1/2 Kalmyk) 2569: 2299:In the 1700s, some Kalmyks converted to 2229:The Kalmyks are the only inhabitants of 2216: 2200: 2184: 2172: 2164: 2156: 2075: 1829: 1738: 1730: 1715: 1690: 1570: 1497: 1445: 1438:Kalmyk soldier of the Russian Army, 1812 1433: 1405: 1332: 1295: 1255: 1097: 1069:. The Torghut were led by their taishi, 980: 864: 856: 611: 576: 530:emerged as a formidable foe against the 490: 482: 4877: 4760: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4640: 4603: 3972: 3970: 3943: 3782: 3770: 3625: 3565: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3410: 3372:Michael Khodarkovsky (1 October 2006). 3269: 3086: 1627:Formation of the Kalmyk Soviet Republic 1251: 772:, was in command of the Khoshut tribe. 456:The Kalmyks are the only traditionally 14: 9357: 5280:The proof of business life of Kalmykia 4866: 4782: 4699:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. 3918: 3727: 3715: 3611:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 100. 3604: 3504: 3422: 3349: 3312: 3293: 2997:Guchinova, Elsa-Blair M. (Fall 2002). 1594:By October 1920, the Red Army smashed 1587:and then under his successor, General 1189:, the Ottoman Empire, the Nogais, the 1041:and came to dominate Central Eurasia. 467: 8791: 7068: 6133: 5353: 5260:History of Buddhism in West Turkistan 5060: 4886: 4800: 4552:The Mongol Conquests in World History 4512: 4305:Khodarkovsky, Michael (5 July 2018). 4284:History of Buddhism in West Turkistan 4109: 3487:"Republic of Kalmykia | History" 3427:. The Australian National University. 2940: 1369:. This migration became the topic of 5379: 5162:Prayer Profile: The Kalmyk of Russia 5157:Kalmyk-Oirat: A Language of Mongolia 5069:(in Russian) (I). КИГИ РАН: 146–183. 4737: 4423: 3967: 3479: 2734: 2664:, the Kalmyk language classified as 1102:This map fragment shows part of the 1044: 722:adding citations to reliable sources 693: 160:Regions with significant populations 43: 27:Sole Mongolic ethnic group of Europe 5285:The Kalmyk between China and Russia 5270:Linguistic Lineage for Kalmyk-Oirat 4548: 3875: 3216:, NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies 3045:Содномпилова, М.М.; Нанзатов, Б.З. 1525:, Kalmyk leaders believed that the 522:. After the fall of the Mongol-led 24: 5094:Этническая история ойратских групп 4604:Kendall, Elizabeth (8 July 2013). 4501:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 3164:European Journal of Human Genetics 2730:Irina Kukanova (Kristina's mother) 2088:The Kalmyks live primarily in the 1156:was overtaken in 1639 by Kalmyks. 25: 9411: 5152:Kalmyk-Oirat: A Language of China 5110: 4891:. Center for Applied Linguistics. 4652:Novyi Entsliklopedicheskii Solvar 4549:May, Timothy (15 February 2013). 4105:Regions and territories: Kalmykia 3928:. ling.hawaii.edu. Archived from 2671: 2383:region during the 19th century . 1137:, itself a vassal or ally of the 1088: 669:The Secret History of the Mongols 654:translated the name "Torghut" as 8973: 6608: 4273:, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-11-01. 4221:"Калмыцкий хурул (хошеутовский)" 2661:Red Book of Endangered Languages 1621:fourth Buddhist temple in Europe 1494:Russian Revolution and Civil War 1292:Reduction in autonomy, 1724–1771 877:westward to present-day eastern 698: 240: 222: 204: 186: 166: 48: 9129:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 8921:Independent Churches/Communions 7044:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan 5333:Kalmyk tales in Kalmyk language 4889:The Mongolian Language Handbook 4659:Anuchin, D. (1914). "Kalmyki". 4634: 4597: 4576: 4542: 4472: 4454: 4429: 4276: 4260: 4235: 4213: 4192:Халгинова, Нелли (2018-08-21). 4185: 4157: 4130: 4097: 4020: 3896: 3854: 3845: 3812: 3682: 3658: 3598: 3537: 3416: 3343: 3325: 3306: 3287: 3250: 3238: 3219: 3200: 3150: 3136: 2488:collaborating with Nazi Germany 2177:This is an example of a mobile 1909: 1846:The name "Kalmyk" is a word of 1517:, was of mixed Kalmyk ancestry. 1410:Kalmyk wedding procession, 1880 1106:, 1706 ("Carte de Tartarie" of 709:needs additional citations for 9153:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 7235:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan 4882:. Vol. XXVII. T'oung Pao. 4792:Khodarkovsky, Michael (1992). 4164:Третьякова, Яна (2016-04-18). 3837:(in Mongolian). Archived from 3689:Khodarkovsky, Michael (2010). 3113: 3095: 3080: 3071: 2999:"Kalmyks in the United States" 2990: 2978: 2952: 2536:as their spiritual leader and 2534:Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama 2116:. The southeast border is the 1659:The Kalmyks founded sovereign 1527:Russian Provisional Government 1094:Period of self rule, 1630–1724 13: 1: 4686:Bormanshinov, Arash. (1990). 4151:10.24411/2658-3569-2020-10008 3077:Oirat-Kalmyk dictionary, 1977 2934: 1288:or the "red-buttoned ones" . 974:, collectively known as the " 285:Russian Orthodox Christianity 152: 9385:Mongolian diaspora in Europe 9303:Essence–energies distinction 9124:Christianization of Bulgaria 7049:Ethnic minorities in Georgia 7039:Ethnic minorities in Armenia 4695:Bretschneider, E.V. (1910). 4311:. Cornell University Press. 4247:Ministry of Culture (Russia) 4225:Ministry of Culture (Russia) 3885:. BBC News. 29 November 2011 3820:Kalmyk Community in Belgrade 3671:(in Russian). Archived from 3258:"The Construction of a Yurt" 2694:, devised a writing system, 1916:Kalmykia § Demographics 1873: 1825: 1640:Collectivization and revolts 1482:, the future capital of the 339: 119: 7: 9365:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan 9107:Antiochian Greek Christians 9005:Christianization of Georgia 9000:Christianization of Armenia 8907:Assyrian Church of the East 7054:Ethnic minorities in Russia 4887:Poppe, Nicholas N. (1970). 4840:Millward, James A. (1998). 4796:. Cornell University Press. 4747:. Rutgers University Press. 4610:. Oxford University Press. 4365:Gazizova, Valeriya (2017). 4200:Степные вести / Теегин зянг 3350:richardson, david and sue. 2884: 2790:Khans of the Kalmyk Khanate 2559: 2550:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2371:in St. Petersburg, Russia. 2287:As a matter of policy, the 2241:Buddhist sect known as the 2233:whose national religion is 2146: 2061: 1816:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1687:Kalmyk deportations of 1943 1319:Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) 1118:but was now claimed by the 628:covering and tension bands. 479:Early history of the Oirats 398:-speaking people living in 379: 359: 10: 9416: 9157:15th–16th centuries schism 9081:Oriental Orthodox Churches 8912:Ancient Church of the East 8897:Oriental Orthodox Churches 5127:The Construction of a Yurt 4956:Acta Anthropologica Sinica 4905:Riasanovsky, V.A. (1929). 4801:Khoyt, Sanj (2013-01-01). 4243:"Калмыцкий хурул, 1818 г." 4145:(in Russian) (1): 98–106. 3956:. src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp 3926:"About Me and My Language" 3605:Baumer, Christoph (2018). 3120:Bougdaeva, Saglar (2024). 2949:. All Russian census, 2021 2793: 2713: 2675: 2563: 2520:Although Sart Kalmyks are 2503:Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume 2150: 2123:After the collapse of the 2104:in the southwest; and the 2065: 1913: 1712:Return from Siberian exile 1684: 1589:Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel 1385:Life in the Russian Empire 850: 679: 471: 333: 113: 36: 29: 9380:Mongol diaspora in Europe 9316: 9220: 9179: 8990: 8971: 8951: 8920: 8902:Eastern Catholic Churches 8882: 8871: 8825: 8729: 8654: 8140: 8113: 7893: 7792: 7720: 7682: 7539: 7528: 7102: 7034: 6969: 6910: 6877: 6868: 6848: 6791: 6730: 6707: 6698: 6668: 6628: 6617: 6606: 6515: 6480: 6441: 6401: 6338: 6280: 6269: 6183: 6170: 6111: 6017: 5987: 5879: 5759: 5752: 5603: 5494: 5387: 4928:10.1163/22105018-12340092 4807:Journal of Human Genetics 4783:Krader, Lawrence (1963). 4761:Haslund, Henning (1935). 4627:– via Google Books. 4572:– via Google Books. 3795:Heller & Nekrich 1988 3511:Khodarkovsky, M. (2006). 3489:. kalm.ru. Archived from 3176:10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0 3015:10.2753/AAE1061-195941027 2614:Other linguists, such as 2045: 2031: 2017: 2003: 1989: 1975: 1961: 1947: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1371:The Revolt of the Tartars 987:Feodor Iwanowitsch Kalmyk 847:Resurgence of Oirat power 841:Altan Khan of the Khalkha 368: 348: 307: 302: 277: 272: 261: 256: 238: 220: 202: 184: 164: 159: 151: 146: 127: 110: 61:parenthetical referencing 4763:MEN AND GODS IN MONGOLIA 4194: 4166: 1759:In 1957, Soviet Premier 1720:Former President of the 1661:Republic of Oirad Kalmyk 1521:In the aftermath of the 1365:, the western border of 1148:The Kalmyks battled the 1009:near the modern city of 869:Portrait of a Kalmyk man 835:heartland of Dzungaria. 37:Not to be confused with 9390:Ethnic groups in Russia 9139:Eastern Orthodox Church 9093:Saint Thomas Christians 8892:Eastern Orthodox Church 7096:Ethnic groups in Russia 5316:Kalmyk American Society 4754:THE MONGOLS OF THE WEST 4743:Grousset, René (1970). 4643:Kalmyk Cultural Renewal 4271:Encyclopædia Britannica 3632:Maksimov, K.N. (2008). 3352:"Qaraqalpaq Sa'wkele 3" 3126:Central Asiatic Journal 3107:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 2710:List of notable Kalmyks 2658:'s 2010 edition of the 2607:– which is essentially 2293:Russian Orthodox Church 2092:, a federal subject of 916:people – prevented the 889:tribe, encamped in the 885:became the westernmost 676:Period of open conflict 636:in present-day eastern 460:who are located within 65:deprecated on Knowledge 8938:True Orthodox churches 8933:Spiritual Christianity 4880:Notes sur le Turkestan 4878:Pelliot, Paul (1930). 4677:Borisov, T.K. (1926). 4641:Adelman, Fred (1960). 3087:Juvaini, A-M. (1997). 2747:, former President of 2587: 2586:speakers reside today. 2512:live primarily in the 2226: 2214: 2198: 2182: 2170: 2162: 2085: 2084:, Republic of Kalmykia 1843: 1812: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1722:World Chess Federation 1696: 1681:World War II and exile 1617: 1576: 1518: 1451: 1439: 1411: 1342: 1305: 1261: 1245: 1111: 1029:, where he formed the 990: 870: 862: 629: 582: 526:of China in 1368, the 496: 488: 474:Timeline of the Oirats 8961:Eastern Protestantism 8834:that developed since 5020:10.1353/hub.2001.0079 4867:Pallas, P.S. (1779). 4772:Nekrich, Aleksandr M. 4119:. templkhosh.narod.ru 3730:, Vol. 1 pp. 122–123. 3572:Perdue, P.C. (2009). 2829:(Monchak) — 1661–1669 2780:Imperial Russian Army 2686:In the 17th century, 2676:Further information: 2666:definitely endangered 2573: 2220: 2204: 2188: 2176: 2168: 2160: 2151:Further information: 2079: 1833: 1807: 1742: 1734: 1719: 1695:Kalmyk people in 1942 1694: 1612: 1598:'s resistance in the 1575:Kalmyk people in 1917 1574: 1509:and commander of the 1507:Imperial Russian Army 1505:, WWI general of the 1501: 1449: 1437: 1409: 1398:to the northwest and 1336: 1299: 1259: 1234: 1101: 1065:on both banks of the 984: 868: 860: 615: 580: 550:. For 400 years, the 494: 486: 303:Related ethnic groups 9086:Council of Chalcedon 8832:Christian traditions 8819:Eastern Christianity 8655:Unrecognized peoples 8141:Other ethnic peoples 7428:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks 6161:Ethnic groups in the 5061:Khoyt, Sanj (2009). 4819:10.1038/jhg.2013.108 4732:Sovetskaia Kalmykiia 4670:Genocide in the USSR 4441:The Buddhist Channel 3051:. Imbt. p. 34. 2578:compared to today's 2191:Khosheutovsky khurul 2153:Buddhism in Kalmykia 2098:Republic of Dagestan 2090:Republic of Kalmykia 2068:Republic of Kalmykia 1644:On 22 January 1922, 1428:Pugachev's Rebellion 1252:From Oirat to Kalmyk 1207:Mangyshlak Peninsula 1172:Iki Tsaadzhin Bichig 1154:Mangyshlak Peninsula 891:Tarbagatai Mountains 718:improve this article 421:, who migrated from 72:improve this article 9395:East Asian diaspora 8862:, and parts of the 8730:Assimilated peoples 7323:Meadow-Eastern Mari 4539:, pp. 653–660. 4036:. 24 February 2024. 3560:ТИВ ДАМНАСАН НҮҮДЭЛ 3452:, pp. 214–215. 3227:History of Kalmykia 2743:- 1st President of 2486:, accusing them of 2408:early 19th century 2396: 2291:government and the 1922: 1523:February Revolution 1328:Catherine the Great 1242:Adelman, 1960:14–15 468:Origins and history 293:Mongolian shamanism 107: 9375:Buddhism in Russia 9059:Church of the East 9029:Ecumenical council 8980:Christ Pantocrator 8836:Early Christianity 8777:Siberian Bukharans 7913:Aukhovite Chechens 7865:Siberian Bukharans 7191:Aukhovite Chechens 6762:Trialeti Ossetians 6115:Donghu and Xianbei 5471:Mongolian nobility 5422:Slab Grave culture 5338:2007-09-27 at the 5326:2013-03-06 at the 5275:Kalmyk News Agency 5217:10.1002/ajpa.20159 5189:2006-08-18 at the 5177:2011-07-19 at the 5122:Minorityrights.org 4555:. Reaktion Books. 4486:. 27 January 2023. 4282:Alexander Berzin, 4059:Bretschneider 1910 3998:10.1002/ajpa.20159 3862:"История Калмыкии" 3247:, pp. 502–541 3232:2011-07-19 at the 3212:2007-09-27 at the 2966:on 6 December 2016 2839:Tseren Donduk Khan 2741:Kirsan Ilyumzhinov 2605:Standard Mongolian 2601:Mongolic languages 2588: 2394: 2332:are predominantly 2227: 2215: 2199: 2183: 2171: 2163: 2100:in the south; the 2086: 1920: 1864:Sebastian Muenster 1844: 1836:Sebastian Muenster 1745: 1737: 1729: 1726:Kirsan Ilyumzhinov 1697: 1577: 1519: 1488:October Revolution 1452: 1440: 1412: 1400:Lake Manych-Gudilo 1343: 1306: 1262: 1129:. Large groups of 1112: 991: 908:Further west, the 871: 863: 630: 583: 497: 489: 441:Western Mongolia ( 105: 9352: 9351: 9324:Sign of the cross 9134:Turkic Christians 8969: 8968: 8785: 8784: 8414: 8412:Astrakhan Kazakhs 8136: 8135: 7872:Zabolotnie Tatars 7351:Northwestern Mari 7062: 7061: 6965: 6964: 6864: 6863: 6787: 6786: 6604: 6603: 6511: 6510: 6127: 6126: 6107: 6106: 5875: 5874: 5402:Mongolian Plateau 4988:978-0-00-211164-5 4770:Heller, Mikhail; 4525:Bormanshinov 1990 4468:. 3 October 2022. 4047:Khodarkovsky 1992 3773:, pp. 30–36. 3702:978-0-253-21770-7 3438:Khodarkovsky 1992 3413:, pp. 14–15. 3401:, pp. 41–54. 2929:Liudmila Bodnieva 2906:Sandje Ivanchukov 2865:Donduk Dashi Khan 2735:Political figures 2609:Khalkha Mongolian 2447: 2446: 2301:Roman Catholicism 2059: 2058: 1761:Nikita Khrushchev 1515:Russian Civil War 1424:Yemelyan Pugachev 1375:Thomas De Quincey 1300:Kalmyk exodus to 1120:Tsardom of Russia 1116:Astrakhan Khanate 1108:Guillaume Delisle 1061:and north of the 1045:Torghut migration 750: 749: 742: 572:Dzungar–Qing Wars 377: 357: 322: 321: 100: 99: 92: 16:(Redirected from 9407: 9144:East–West Schism 9097:Malankara Church 9014:Byzantine Empire 8982:(circa 1261) in 8977: 8880: 8879: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8789: 8788: 8701:Crimean Italians 8670: 8600: 8556: 8522: 8489:Meskhetian Turks 8473: 8454: 8435: 8433:Sakhalin Koreans 8428: 8410: 8365: 8351: 8344: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8245: 8217:Crimean Karaites 8176: 8079: 8072: 8043: 8036: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7820: 7738: 7648: 7624: 7617: 7537: 7536: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7491:Astrakhan Tatars 7486: 7467: 7453: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7409: 7402: 7388: 7374: 7367: 7353: 7346: 7345: 7332: 7331: 7301: 7280: 7273: 7224: 7217: 7193: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7009:Azerbaijani Jews 6957:Meskhetian Turks 6875: 6874: 6705: 6704: 6626: 6625: 6612: 6278: 6277: 6181: 6180: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6131: 6130: 5804:Southern Mongols 5800: 5799: 5757: 5756: 5407:Mongol heartland 5381:Mongolic peoples 5374: 5367: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5236: 5202: 5070: 5057: 5031: 4992: 4971: 4939: 4910: 4901: 4900:. Vol. XIV. 4892: 4883: 4874: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4836: 4830: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4663:. Vol. XIV. 4655: 4654:. Vol. XVI. 4646: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4412:Riasanovsky 1929 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4302: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4227:. Archived from 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4061:, Vol. 2 p. 167. 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4033:The Moscow Times 4024: 4018: 4017: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3742:, p. 68–71. 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3223: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3170:(9): 1466–1474. 3154: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3109:. April 1, 2022. 3099: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962:. Archived from 2956: 2950: 2944: 2901:Mingiyan Semenov 2873: 2860: 2852:Donduk Ombo Khan 2847: 2828: 2815: 2635: 2530:Tibetan Buddhism 2397: 2393: 2354:-born wife (See 2322:Astrakhan Tatars 2209:settlement near 2114:Astrakhan Oblast 2110:Volgograd Oblast 2054: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2026: 2025: 2012: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1956: 1955: 1942: 1941: 1923: 1919: 1743:People in Elista 1664: 1550:decossackization 1243: 961:Tibetan Buddhism 808:Mandukhai Khatun 745: 738: 734: 731: 725: 702: 694: 423:Western Mongolia 410:the "pastures". 382: 372: 370: 362: 352: 350: 342: 336: 335: 317:Mongolic peoples 246: 244: 243: 228: 226: 225: 210: 208: 207: 192: 190: 189: 172: 170: 169: 154: 147:Total population 132: 122: 116: 115: 108: 104: 95: 88: 84: 81: 75: 52: 51: 44: 21: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9312: 9243:Filioque clause 9216: 9175: 9102:Arab Christians 9024:Proto-orthodoxy 8986: 8978: 8965: 8947: 8916: 8874: 8867: 8821: 8816: 8786: 8781: 8725: 8696:Caucasus Greeks 8668:Afro-Abkhazians 8666: 8650: 8596: 8552: 8520:Kola Norwegians 8518: 8469: 8450: 8431: 8424: 8361: 8347: 8340: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8241: 8172: 8132: 8109: 8075: 8068: 8039: 8032: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7889: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7831:Siberian Tatars 7816: 7788: 7734: 7716: 7678: 7644: 7620: 7613: 7531: 7524: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7480: 7463: 7449: 7440: 7435:Baikal Cossacks 7433: 7426: 7419: 7405: 7398: 7384: 7370: 7363: 7349: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7321: 7297: 7276: 7269: 7220: 7213: 7189: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7063: 7058: 7030: 6961: 6906: 6860: 6844: 6783: 6726: 6694: 6678:Caucasus Greeks 6664: 6620: 6613: 6600: 6519: 6507: 6476: 6437: 6397: 6334: 6273: 6265: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6103: 6083:Sichuan Mongols 6013: 5983: 5889:Altai Uriankhai 5871: 5798: 5748: 5605:Medieval tribes 5599: 5490: 5476:Writing systems 5444:Medieval tribes 5383: 5378: 5340:Wayback Machine 5328:Wayback Machine 5200: 5191:Wayback Machine 5179:Wayback Machine 5113: 4989: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4813:(12): 804–811. 4778:. Summit Books. 4734:, Moscow, 1940. 4730:Dzhimbinov, B. 4722: 4720: 4718: 4637: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4400:Loewenthal 1952 4398: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4026: 4025: 4021: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3906:. 17 April 2013 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3807:Williamson 1970 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3759:Loewenthal 1952 3757: 3753: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3311: 3307: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256:Monica Cellio, 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3234:Wayback Machine 3224: 3220: 3214:Wayback Machine 3205: 3201: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3118: 3114: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3043: 3036: 3027: 3025: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2917:Youri Djorkaeff 2887: 2867: 2854: 2841: 2822: 2809: 2807:Shukhur Daichin 2798: 2792: 2772:cavalry general 2766:Oka Gorodovikov 2737: 2722:Maria Kirbasova 2718: 2712: 2704:Cyrillic script 2684: 2674: 2638:Don Host Oblast 2629: 2568: 2562: 2546:14th Dalai Lama 2542:Kalmyk American 2538:Erdne Ombadykow 2508:The Kalmyks of 2369:Kazan Cathedral 2274:Ust Kamenogorsk 2155: 2149: 2074: 2072:Kalmyk American 2066:Main articles: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2013: 2009: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1918: 1912: 1876: 1828: 1820:ethnic minority 1780:desertification 1714: 1689: 1683: 1658: 1642: 1629: 1596:General Wrangel 1561:Danzan Tundutov 1496: 1465:Napoleonic Wars 1387: 1294: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1228:'s descendant, 1199:Crimean Khanate 1135:Crimean Khanate 1104:Dzungar Khanate 1096: 1091: 1047: 1039:Dzungar Khanate 1031:Khoshut Khanate 1027:Tibetan Plateau 1025:regions in the 855: 849: 746: 735: 729: 726: 715: 703: 692: 678: 564:Dzungar Khanate 532:Khalkha Mongols 481: 476: 470: 458:Buddhist people 394:) are the only 282: 241: 239: 223: 221: 205: 203: 187: 185: 167: 165: 142: 140:Don Host Oblast 123: 103: 96: 85: 79: 76: 69: 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9413: 9403: 9402: 9400:Kalmyk Khanate 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9329:Divine Liturgy 9326: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9151: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9099: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8877: 8869: 8868: 8844:Eastern Europe 8826: 8823: 8822: 8815: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8686:Astrakhan Jews 8683: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8429: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8345: 8333: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8271:Siberian Finns 8267: 8264:Murmansk Finns 8260: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8128:Tver Karelians 8125: 8119: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8073: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7828: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7726: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442:Kuban Cossacks 7438: 7431: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7403: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7368: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7333: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7290: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Crimean Tatars 7227: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7110: 7108: 7100: 7099: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6916: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6615: 6614: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6189: 6187: 6178: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5827:Eastern Dorbet 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5481:Soyombo symbol 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5454:Nomadic empire 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5437:Proto-Mongolic 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5211:(4): 846–854. 5193: 5181: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5111:External links 5109: 5108: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5058: 4999: 4996:Санчиров В. П. 4993: 4987: 4972: 4962:(2): 137–146. 4947: 4940: 4922:(2): 297–314. 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4864: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4716: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4616: 4596: 4575: 4561: 4541: 4537:Anonymous 1914 4529: 4517: 4505: 4489: 4471: 4453: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4379: 4357: 4345: 4324: 4317: 4292: 4288:Study Buddhism 4275: 4259: 4234: 4231:on 2016-04-06. 4212: 4184: 4156: 4129: 4108: 4096: 4086:. demoscope.ru 4075: 4073:, p. 506. 4063: 4051: 4039: 4019: 3992:(4): 846–854. 3966: 3942: 3917: 3895: 3874: 3853: 3844: 3841:on 2013-10-31. 3823: 3811: 3809:, p. 280. 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3732: 3720: 3718:, p. 121. 3708: 3701: 3681: 3678:on 2012-07-25. 3657: 3644: 3624: 3618:978-1838608682 3617: 3597: 3584: 3564: 3545: 3536: 3523: 3503: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3384: 3364: 3342: 3324: 3305: 3286: 3284:, p. 510. 3274: 3262: 3249: 3237: 3218: 3199: 3149: 3135: 3112: 3094: 3079: 3070: 3057: 3034: 2989: 2977: 2960:"PRESIDENT.MN" 2951: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2911:Jean Djorkaeff 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2891:Sanan Sjugirov 2886: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2817: 2804: 2796:Kalmyk Khanate 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2784:Volunteer Army 2773: 2763: 2757: 2754:Vladimir Lenin 2751: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2716:List of Oirats 2711: 2708: 2700:Oirat language 2673: 2672:Writing system 2670: 2622:Volga region. 2616:Nicholas Poppe 2564:Main article: 2561: 2558: 2465:(temples) and 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2376:Kalmyk Khanate 2148: 2145: 2133:St. Petersburg 2102:Stavropol Krai 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1914:Main article: 1911: 1908: 1875: 1872: 1834:This map from 1827: 1824: 1713: 1710: 1685:Main article: 1682: 1679: 1641: 1638: 1628: 1625: 1604:Constantinople 1538:White movement 1511:Volunteer Army 1495: 1492: 1386: 1383: 1351:Kazakh Khanate 1323:8th Dalai Lama 1293: 1290: 1253: 1250: 1239: 1211:North Caucasus 1179:Russian Empire 1139:Ottoman Empire 1095: 1092: 1090: 1089:Kalmyk Khanate 1087: 1075:Ural Mountains 1046: 1043: 976:Dzungar people 853:Dzungar people 848: 845: 748: 747: 706: 704: 697: 677: 674: 560:Outer Mongolia 556:Inner Mongolia 495:Kalmyk dancers 480: 477: 469: 466: 427:Eastern Europe 404:European Plain 320: 319: 305: 304: 300: 299: 278:Predominantly 275: 274: 270: 269: 259: 258: 254: 253: 250: 236: 235: 232: 218: 217: 214: 200: 199: 196: 182: 181: 162: 161: 157: 156: 149: 148: 144: 143: 133: 125: 124: 111: 101: 98: 97: 56: 54: 47: 32:Kalmak-e Gelal 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9412: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9370:Kalmyk people 9368: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9197:New Testament 9195: 9193: 9192:Old Testament 9190: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8953:Protestantism 8950: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8928:Old Believers 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8828:Cultural area 8824: 8820: 8813: 8808: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8711:Pontic Greeks 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504:Mountain Jews 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8426:North Koreans 8423: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8350: 8349:Volga Germans 8346: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8331:Georgian Jews 8329: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8257:Ingrian Finns 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8212:Bukharan Jews 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858:Kalmak Tatars 7855: 7852: 7851:Eushta Tatars 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7837:Baraba Tatars 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7505:Mishar Tatars 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7337:Mountain Mari 7334: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7106:nationalities 7101: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7019:Mountain Jews 7017: 7015: 7014:Georgian Jews 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004:Armenian Jews 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6811:in Azerbaijan 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6690:Pontic Greeks 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6611: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6077:Yunnan Mongol 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974:Upper Mongols 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5753:Ethnic groups 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Khamag Mongol 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5496:Proto-Mongols 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:Mongol Empire 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:Ordos culture 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008:Human Biology 5005: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 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Routledge. 4709: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4619: 4617:9780199959358 4613: 4609: 4608: 4600: 4585: 4579: 4564: 4562:9781861899712 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4382: 4380:9781315542140 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4353:Pozdneev 1914 4349: 4334: 4328: 4320: 4318:9781501731525 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4071:Grousset 1970 4067: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3932:on 2015-06-15 3931: 3927: 3921: 3905: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3828: 3821: 3818:Smitek 1988, 3815: 3808: 3803: 3797:, p. 87. 3796: 3791: 3785:, p. 84. 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740:Bajanowa 1976 3736: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3647: 3645:9789639776173 3641: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3587: 3585:9780674042025 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3540: 3526: 3524:9780801473401 3520: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3493:on 2013-06-13 3492: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3464:, p. 57. 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3399:Halkovic 1985 3395: 3387: 3385:0-8014-7340-3 3381: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3282:Grousset 1970 3278: 3272:, p. 30. 3271: 3266: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3245:Grousset 1970 3241: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3132:(1–2): 27–46. 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3060: 3058:9785792503649 3054: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923:Oan Djorkaeff 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2896:Batu Khasikov 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:Lavr Kornilov 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Buddhist monk 2689: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2654:According to 2652: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:Mongol Empire 2572: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2554:foreign agent 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 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1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1678: 1675: 1674:Joseph Stalin 1670: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585:Anton Denikin 1582: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Lavr Kornilov 1500: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1456:Kalmyk Steppe 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Balkhash Lake 1359: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1249: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1086: 1082: 1081:encampments. 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Dörbet Oirats 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 983: 979: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 943:area and the 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 867: 859: 854: 844: 842: 836: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 812: 809: 805: 799: 797: 793: 789: 784: 780: 779: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 755: 744: 741: 733: 723: 719: 713: 712: 707:This section 705: 701: 696: 695: 691: 687: 683: 673: 671: 670: 665: 664:garde de jour 662:, to the old 661: 657: 656:garde de jour 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:Lake Balkhash 627: 623: 619: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 579: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 493: 485: 475: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 381: 375: 366: 361: 355: 346: 341: 330: 326: 318: 314: 311:, especially 310: 306: 301: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 276: 271: 268: 264: 260: 255: 251: 249: 248:United States 237: 233: 231: 219: 215: 213: 201: 197: 195: 183: 179: 175: 163: 158: 150: 145: 141: 137: 131: 126: 121: 109: 94: 91: 83: 73: 67: 66: 62: 57:This article 55: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 9258:Nestorianism 9253:Dyophysitism 9248:Miaphysitism 9238:Apophaticism 9202:Deuterocanon 9047:Paulicianism 9037:Nestorianism 9010:Roman Empire 8984:Hagia Sophia 8979: 8499:Montenegrins 8187:Azerbaijanis 8023:Azerbaijanis 7478:Volga Tatars 7465:Tozhu Tuvans 7307:Komi-Permyak 7249: 7025: 6920:Azerbaijanis 6700:Indo-Iranian 6213:Imerkhevians 6175: 6119:Turco-Mongol 6076: 5940: 5464:Turco-Mongol 5449:Modern clans 5345:Kalmyk names 5208: 5204: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5066: 5011: 5007: 4995: 4977: 4959: 4955: 4943: 4942:Williamson, 4919: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4842: 4810: 4806: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4731: 4721:. Retrieved 4706: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4635:Bibliography 4621:. Retrieved 4606: 4599: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4551: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4500: 4497:Kalmyk-Oirat 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4445:. Retrieved 4443:. 2005-12-27 4440: 4431: 4426:, p. 7. 4419: 4407: 4395: 4384:. Retrieved 4370: 4360: 4348: 4336:. Retrieved 4327: 4307: 4287: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4251:. Retrieved 4249:. 2023-07-13 4237: 4229:the original 4215: 4204:. Retrieved 4202:(in Russian) 4199: 4187: 4176:. Retrieved 4174:(in Russian) 4172:astrakult.ru 4171: 4159: 4142: 4132: 4121:. Retrieved 4111: 4099: 4088:. Retrieved 4078: 4066: 4054: 4049:, p. 5. 4042: 4031: 4022: 3989: 3985: 3958:. Retrieved 3945: 3934:. Retrieved 3930:the original 3920: 3908:. Retrieved 3898: 3887:. Retrieved 3877: 3865:. Retrieved 3856: 3847: 3839:the original 3814: 3802: 3790: 3783:Borisov 1926 3778: 3771:Arbakov 1958 3766: 3761:, p. 4. 3754: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3691: 3684: 3673:the original 3660: 3649:. Retrieved 3634: 3627: 3607: 3600: 3589:. Retrieved 3574: 3567: 3539: 3528:. Retrieved 3513: 3506: 3495:. Retrieved 3491:the original 3481: 3476:, p. 6. 3474:Adelman 1960 3469: 3462:Anuchin 1914 3457: 3450:Haslund 1935 3445: 3440:, p. 8. 3433: 3424: 3418: 3411:Adelman 1960 3406: 3394: 3374: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3277: 3270:Pelliot 1930 3265: 3252: 3240: 3221: 3202: 3167: 3163: 3152: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3062:. Retrieved 3047: 3026:. Retrieved 3006: 3002: 2992: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2964:the original 2954: 2942: 2925:(1/8 Kalmyk) 2919:(1/4 Kalmyk) 2913:(1/2 Kalmyk) 2762:(1/2 Kalmyk) 2760:Ilya Ulyanov 2696:Clear Script 2690:, a Khoshut 2688:Zaya Pandita 2685: 2682:Clear Script 2678:Zaya Pandita 2659: 2653: 2649:Central Asia 2646: 2642:Don Cossacks 2627:Sal District 2624: 2620: 2613: 2597:Kalmyk Oirat 2590: 2589: 2566:Kalmyk Oirat 2519: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2480:Central Asia 2472: 2456: 2440:before 1923 2432:before 1895 2373: 2365: 2361: 2344: 2341: 2326:Sart Kalmyks 2298: 2286: 2282: 2263: 2259: 2228: 2141: 2125:Soviet Union 2122: 2087: 1910:Demographics 1877: 1868:Cosmographia 1867: 1852:Ibn al-Wardi 1845: 1840:Cosmographia 1839: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1758: 1749:Kalmyk Oirat 1746: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1671: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1618: 1613: 1608:Novorossiysk 1593: 1581:Don Cossacks 1578: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1535: 1520: 1473: 1453: 1441: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1360: 1348: 1344: 1339:Ivan Argunov 1316: 1310: 1307: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1246: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1187:Safavid Iran 1176: 1171: 1169: 1158: 1147: 1124: 1113: 1083: 1055:Volga region 1048: 1015: 992: 985:Portrait of 968:Dörbet Oirat 965: 934: 914:Turco-Mongol 907: 903:Tobol Rivers 872: 837: 833: 813: 800: 795: 791: 787: 785: 781: 774: 768:'s brother, 766:Genghis Khan 759: 753: 751: 736: 727: 716:Please help 711:verification 708: 667: 663: 655: 652:Paul Pelliot 650: 631: 621: 607:Genghis Khan 584: 566:against the 548:Qing dynasty 540:Ming dynasty 524:Yuan dynasty 498: 455: 450: 446: 442: 439: 435:Genghis Khan 431:Avar Khanate 412: 408: 391: 324: 323: 263:Kalmyk Oirat 136:Salsky Raion 102:Ethnic group 86: 77: 70:Please help 58: 9334:Iconography 9308:Metousiosis 9167:2018 schism 9162:1996 schism 8860:South India 8852:East Africa 8840:Middle East 8681:Armeno-Tats 8598:Ural Swedes 8484:Macedonians 8479:Lithuanians 8316:Mingrelians 8192:Belarusians 8174:Cherkesogai 7844:Chat Tatars 7340: [ 7326: [ 6999:Abkhaz Jews 6947:Karapapakhs 6912:Oghuz Turks 6648:Cherkesogai 6643:Armeno-Tats 6544:Circassians 6254:Mingrelians 6233:Meskhetians 5964:Sart Kalmyk 5714:Qara Khitai 4981:. Collins. 4267:Dge-lugs-pa 3728:Pallas 1779 3716:Krader 1963 3562:(Mongolian) 2987:(Ukrainian) 2880:— 1761–1771 2878:Ubashi Khan 2874:— 1741–1761 2868: [ 2861:— 1735–1741 2855: [ 2848:— 1724–1735 2842: [ 2835:— 1669–1724 2823: [ 2816:— 1654–1661 2810: [ 2630: [ 2595:classifies 2476:Soviet army 2467:monasteries 2296:officials. 2207:Tsagan Aman 2195:War of 1812 2118:Caspian Sea 2080:Kalmyks in 1929:population 1513:during the 1478:. In 1865, 1461:Tsar Paul I 1392:Caspian Sea 1312:Ubashi Khan 1286:Ulan Zalata 1150:Karakalpaks 1127:Nogai Horde 1067:Volga River 1063:Caspian Sea 1033:to protect 949:monasteries 941:Lake Zaysan 778:Four Oirat. 690:Esen Taishi 642:Lake Baikal 620:, called a 568:Qing Empire 385:archaically 360:Khalimaguud 74:if you can. 63:, which is 9359:Categories 9344:Omophorion 9339:Asceticism 9293:Hypostasis 9278:Philokalia 9207:Septuagint 9180:Scriptures 9117:Ghassanids 9052:Bogomilism 9042:Iconoclasm 8943:Tolstoyans 8884:Communions 8856:Asia Minor 8641:Vietnamese 8626:Ukrainians 8554:Ruska Roma 8528:Pakistanis 8514:Norwegians 8471:Latgalians 8381:Hungarians 8342:Mennonites 8207:Bulgarians 8090:Tabasarans 7584:Kamchadals 7530:Indigenous 7299:Izhma Komi 7245:Kabardians 6987:in Georgia 6982:in Armenia 6930:Karadaghis 6840:Ukrainians 6828:Doukhobors 6806:in Armenia 6709:Indo-Aryan 6579:Kabardians 6569:Chemirgoys 6532:Abkhazians 6383:Tabasarans 6282:Avar–Andic 6228:Kakhetians 6223:Javakhians 6185:Kartvelian 6113:See also: 6088:Sogwo Arig 5240:ibid., p7. 5100:Хойт С.К. 5091:Хойт С.К. 5082:Хойт С.К. 5073:Хойт С.К. 5029:1808/16193 4916:Inner Asia 4859:2014-03-10 4853:0804729336 4723:2014-03-10 4717:1134362226 4623:4 December 4589:4 December 4587:Retrieved 4568:4 December 4513:Poppe 1970 4447:2008-11-01 4386:2023-09-17 4338:4 December 4253:2023-09-09 4206:2023-09-10 4178:2023-09-10 4123:2014-12-12 4103:BBC News, 4090:2014-12-12 3960:2014-12-12 3936:2014-12-12 3910:4 December 3889:2014-12-12 3867:4 December 3651:2014-12-12 3591:2014-12-12 3530:2014-12-12 3497:2014-12-12 3357:4 December 3302:: 170–185. 3144:"Впн-2010" 3064:2014-10-25 3028:2023-04-25 2970:4 December 2935:References 2833:Ayuka Khan 2794:See also: 2714:See also: 2592:Ethnologue 2510:Kyrgyzstan 2352:Circassian 2330:Kyrgyzstan 2328:living in 1769:Ukrainians 1531:Bolsheviks 1396:Sarpa Lake 1394:as far as 1367:Qing China 1230:Ayuka Khan 1183:Ayuka Khan 1019:Güshi Khan 1007:Emil River 1001:under the 999:Four Oirat 995:Altan Khan 959:school of 953:Güshi Khan 879:Kazakhstan 851:See also: 821:Altan Khan 804:Dayan Khan 762:Dalai Lama 754:Four Oirat 686:Four Oirat 680:See also: 638:Kazakhstan 587:Four Oirat 508:Kazakhstan 472:See also: 419:Mongolians 417:-speaking 388:anglicised 349:Халимагууд 212:Kyrgyzstan 80:April 2024 9288:Theotokos 9228:Hesychasm 9033:Heresies 8875:divisions 8772:Pumpokols 8587:Spaniards 8562:Romanians 8494:Moldovans 8441:Krymchaks 8376:Hamshenis 8295:Adjarians 8289:Georgians 8237:Estonians 8182:Assyrians 8168:Armenians 8158:Americans 8123:Besermyan 8041:Kubachins 7966:Chamalals 7945:Bagvalals 7807:Kumandins 7736:Hamnigans 7692:Izhorians 7684:Northwest 7654:Nganasans 7646:Khandeyar 7541:Far North 7512:Nağaybäks 7498:Kryashens 7394:Ossetians 7386:Khandeyar 7260:Karelians 7255:Karachays 7155:Telengits 7127:Natukhajs 6977:Assyrians 6952:Küresünni 6935:Shahsevan 6892:Karachays 6740:Ossetians 6638:Armenians 6584:Natukhajs 6559:Besleneys 6517:Northwest 6498:Khinalugs 6467:Khwarshis 6320:Godoberis 6315:Chamalals 6305:Bagvalals 6274:(Caspian) 6271:Northeast 6240:Colchians 6198:Adjarians 6193:Georgians 6172:Caucasian 6041:Dongxiang 5789:Khotogoid 5774:Dariganga 5744:Uriankhai 5719:Qara'unas 5678:Khongirad 5432:Languages 5225:0002-9483 5038:0018-7143 4968:1000-3193 4936:1464-8172 4909:. Harbin. 4424:Grin 2000 4006:0002-9483 3023:144027029 2802:Kho Orluk 2528:Order of 2496:Christian 2324:. Today, 2225:in Elista 2211:Astrakhan 1874:Subgroups 1860:Kashgaria 1826:Etymology 1810:Russians. 1672:In 1929, 1490:of 1917. 1302:Dzungaria 1226:Kho Orluk 1143:Astrakhan 1071:Kho Orluk 1057:south of 922:Syr Darya 843:in 1587. 825:Karakorum 802:Batmunkh 570:, in the 501:Mongolian 396:Mongolian 374:romanized 354:romanized 345:Mongolian 283:Minority 257:Languages 9273:Phronema 9221:Theology 9212:Peshitta 8864:Far East 8767:Meschera 8721:Sireniki 8662:Africans 8611:Turkmens 8582:Slovenes 8538:Persians 8465:Latvians 8396:Japanese 8391:Italians 8197:Bosniaks 8105:Tsakhurs 8077:Karagash 8070:Ak Nogai 8001:Khwarshi 7973:Godoberi 7959:Botlikhs 7924:Akhvakhs 7895:Dagestan 7885:Tofalars 7802:Kamasins 7754:Negidals 7722:Far East 7707:Vepsians 7669:Yukaghir 7609:Alyutors 7579:Itelmens 7554:Chukchis 7421:Cossacks 7415:Russians 7359:Mordvins 7215:Besleney 7209:Cherkess 7185:Chechens 7175:Bashkirs 7162:Tubalars 7148:Chelkans 7142:Altaians 7134:Shapsugs 7120:Bzhedugs 6879:Kipchaks 6833:Molokans 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5969:Torghut 5954:Myangad 5930:Khoshut 5920:Dzungar 5904:Chantuu 5794:Sartuul 5784:Khalkha 5779:Eljigin 5769:Darkhad 5761:Mongols 5683:Manghud 5668:Katagan 5653:Eljigin 5648:Dughlat 5577:Didouyu 5552:Tuyuhun 5542:Kumo Xi 5525:Yujiulü 5509:Xianbei 5389:History 3207:Kalmyks 3185:6777519 2820:Puntsug 2636:of the 2580:Mongols 2526:Gelugpa 2522:Muslims 2514:Karakol 2484:Siberia 2463:khuruls 2403:Number 2337:Muslims 2320:by the 2313:Bashkir 2289:Tsarist 2276:and at 2266:Almalik 2251:Lamaism 2243:Gelugpa 2239:Tibetan 2052:183,372 2038:174,000 2024:165,103 2010:140,103 1996:131,318 1982:100,603 1968:129,786 1954:128,809 1940:190,648 1900:Torghut 1892:Khoshut 1667:Buryats 1655:Karelia 1205:of the 1079:Bashkir 1059:Saratov 1023:Qinghai 1011:Tacheng 1003:Dzungar 937:Khoshut 926:Siberia 910:Kazakhs 827:to the 599:Torghut 591:Khoshut 487:Kalmyks 380:Kalmyki 376:: 369:Калмыки 365:Russian 356:: 340:Xaľmgud 325:Kalmyks 309:Mongols 267:Russian 230:Ukraine 198:179,547 155:195,000 138:of the 120:Xaľmgud 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The 1131:Nogais 895:Irtysh 881:. The 875:Oirats 792:taishi 688:, and 682:Oirats 603:Dörbet 595:Choros 552:Oirats 544:Manchu 534:, the 528:Oirats 512:Russia 504:Oirats 462:Europe 400:Europe 329:Kalmyk 313:Oirats 245: 227: 216:12,000 209: 194:Russia 191: 178:Russia 171: 39:Kumyks 9298:Ousia 9187:Canon 9069:India 9064:China 9019:Copts 8873:Main 8848:North 8762:Merya 8752:Kotts 8742:Asans 8676:Ainus 8616:Turks 8572:Serbs 8543:Poles 8509:Mugat 8446:Kurds 8363:Urums 8323:Svans 8251:Finns 8243:Setos 8163:Arabs 8115:Other 7931:Andis 7918:Avars 7812:Shors 7784:Ulchs 7779:Udege 7769:Oroks 7749:Nanai 7744:Evens 7702:Setos 7664:Yughs 7630:Mansi 7615:Apuka 7574:Enets 7407:Irons 7344:] 7330:] 7312:Mansi 6801:Poles 6755:Kudar 6750:Irons 6683:Urums 6619:Indo- 6426:Aukhs 6421:Kists 6368:Kryts 6348:Aguls 6300:Avars 6290:Andis 6261:Svans 6203:Dvals 6099:Yugur 6093:Tuvan 6031:Bonan 6025:Aimaq 6018:Other 6008:Soyot 5997:Barga 5925:Khoid 5899:Bayad 5857:Tumed 5852:Ordos 5739:Tumed 5734:Tatar 5724:Sunud 5708:Ongud 5698:Oirat 5633:Bayad 5623:Barga 5557:Tuoba 5537:Yuwen 5201:(PDF) 5042:JSTOR 3982:(PDF) 3954:(PDF) 3676:(PDF) 3669:(PDF) 3019:S2CID 2872:] 2859:] 2846:] 2827:] 2814:] 2634:] 2424:1847 2416:1834 2381:Volga 2334:Sunni 2318:Islam 2305:Islam 2255:lamas 2046:2010 2032:2002 2018:1989 2004:1979 1990:1970 1976:1959 1962:1939 1948:1926 1934:1897 1926:year 1888:Khoid 1476:yurts 1469:Paris 1373:, by 1195:Kuban 1035:Tibet 972:Khoid 957:Gelug 945:Semey 899:Ishim 887:Oirat 829:Khovd 788:noyon 770:Qasar 646:yurts 546:-led 538:-led 520:China 415:Oirat 297:Islam 252:3,000 59:uses 9233:Icon 8850:and 8747:Chud 8621:Udis 8548:Roma 8401:Jews 8100:Tats 8054:Laks 8015:Tsez 7697:Sámi 7594:Kets 7481:(as 7317:Mari 7293:Komi 6994:Jews 6774:Tats 6722:Roma 6717:Loms 6653:Zoks 6537:Sadz 6503:Laks 6472:Tsez 6411:Bats 6403:Nakh 6393:Udis 6363:Jeks 6249:Lazs 6244:Zans 6036:Daur 5959:Olot 5862:Urad 5812:Asud 5595:Zubu 5588:Yelü 5567:Tufa 5562:Qifu 5532:Duan 5229:PMID 5221:ISSN 5050:PMID 5034:ISSN 4983:ISBN 4964:ISSN 4932:ISSN 4848:ISBN 4823:PMID 4712:ISBN 4625:2016 4612:ISBN 4591:2016 4570:2016 4557:ISBN 4375:ISBN 4340:2016 4313:ISBN 4010:PMID 4002:ISSN 3912:2016 3869:2016 3746:help 3697:ISBN 3640:ISBN 3613:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3380:ISBN 3359:2016 3190:PMID 3053:ISBN 2972:2016 2749:FIDE 2680:and 2540:, a 2482:and 2443:60+ 2411:200 2400:Year 2348:Khan 2311:and 2221:The 2189:The 2131:and 2070:and 1902:and 1896:Olot 1767:and 1653:and 1417:ulus 1356:Khan 970:and 935:The 930:Asia 912:– a 901:and 796:ulus 752:The 640:and 626:felt 622:gher 618:yurt 601:and 558:and 518:and 8830:of 8371:Han 8309:Laz 7818:Aba 7774:Taz 6660:Lom 5213:doi 5209:128 5024:hdl 5016:doi 4924:doi 4815:doi 4147:doi 3994:doi 3990:128 3180:PMC 3172:doi 3011:doi 2478:to 2435:62 2427:67 2419:76 1858:of 1838:'s 1193:of 720:by 536:Han 425:to 390:as 234:325 9361:: 8858:, 8854:, 8846:, 8842:, 7342:ru 7328:ru 6117:· 6095:** 6059:** 6048:** 6027:** 5227:. 5219:. 5207:. 5203:. 5048:. 5040:. 5032:. 5022:. 5012:73 5010:. 5006:. 4960:12 4958:. 4954:. 4930:. 4920:19 4918:. 4821:. 4811:58 4809:. 4805:. 4482:. 4464:. 4439:. 4295:^ 4286:, 4269:, 4030:. 4008:. 4000:. 3988:. 3984:. 3969:^ 3826:^ 3548:^ 3335:. 3319:52 3317:. 3300:51 3298:. 3188:. 3178:. 3168:27 3166:. 3162:. 3130:66 3128:. 3124:. 3105:. 3037:^ 3017:. 3007:41 3005:. 3001:. 2870:ru 2857:ru 2844:ru 2825:ru 2812:ru 2778:- 2768:- 2668:. 2632:ru 2556:. 2339:. 2257:. 2120:. 1898:, 1894:, 1890:, 1886:, 1882:, 1775:. 1756:. 1724:, 1657:. 1552:. 1471:. 1377:. 963:. 932:. 905:. 897:, 684:, 597:, 593:, 514:, 510:, 406:. 383:; 371:, 367:: 363:; 351:, 347:: 343:; 337:, 331:: 295:, 291:, 287:, 265:, 153:c. 9095:/ 9012:/ 8866:. 8811:e 8804:t 8797:v 7485:) 7088:e 7081:t 7074:v 6494:) 6490:( 6242:/ 6153:e 6146:t 6139:v 6079:) 6075:( 6010:* 6004:* 5937:* 5906:* 5710:* 5373:e 5366:t 5359:v 5297:; 5235:. 5215:: 5056:. 5026:: 5018:: 4991:. 4970:. 4938:. 4926:: 4862:. 4829:. 4817:: 4726:. 4681:. 4593:. 4527:. 4515:. 4450:. 4414:. 4402:. 4389:. 4355:. 4342:. 4321:. 4256:. 4209:. 4181:. 4153:. 4149:: 4126:. 4093:. 4016:. 3996:: 3963:. 3939:. 3914:. 3892:. 3871:. 3748:) 3705:. 3654:. 3621:. 3594:. 3533:. 3500:. 3388:. 3361:. 3339:. 3196:. 3174:: 3146:. 3067:. 3031:. 3013:: 2974:. 743:) 737:( 732:) 728:( 714:. 451:N 447:N 443:N 327:( 180:) 176:( 117:/ 93:) 87:( 82:) 78:( 68:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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